'HQHWLPSUREOHPLQLQVHoLOPHVL
%|OP ¶GH J|VWHULOHQ LNL |UQHNWH ROGX÷X JLEL GHQHWLP SUREOHPLQL RUWD\D NR\DFDN RWRPDWLN ELU PHNDQL]PD \RNWXU %X QHGHQOH 6D\ÕúWD\
GHQHWLPLoLQELUNRQXGHQHWLPSUREOHPLVHoPHOLGLU 'HQHWLP NRQXVXQXQ VHoLPL 6D\ÕúWD\ LoLQ NULWLN ELU J|UHYGLU .RQXVXQXQ VDSWDQPDVÕQGD 6D\ÕúWD\ \|QHWLPLQLQ ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕ÷Õ 6D\ÕúWD\ODUÕQ IDUNOÕ \DVDO NRQXPODUÕ QHGHQL\OH ONHGHQ ONH\H GH÷LúPHNWHGLU %D]Õ ONHOHUGH SDUODPHQWHUOHU SUREOHP VHoLPLQGH E\N HWNL\H VDKLSNHQ GL÷HU ED]Õ ONHOHUGH SDUODPHQWHUOHULQHWNLVLEXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU
+HUKDQJL ELU GHQHWLPH EDúOD\DQ 6D\ÕúWD\¶ÕQ RODVÕ GHQHWLP SUREOHPOHULQL NÕ\DVODPDN]HUH\DUDUODQDFD÷ÕELUNDo³6HoPH.ULWHUL´EXOXQPDNWDGÕU(Q
|QHPOLOHUL
• 3UREOHPLQX\JXQOX÷X
|QHPOLOLN |QHPOLOL÷LQLQ SDUDVDO ER\XWX ±YDWDQGDúODU DoÕVÕQGDQ
|QHPL
ULVNHWNLQRODPDPDQÕQ
SUREOHPLQWU\DSÕVDOX]XQG|QHPOLYE
• 'HQHWLPL\UWPHRODVÕOÕ÷Õ
HOYHULúOLGHQHWLPPHWRWODUÕQÕQX\JXODQDELOLUOL÷L
PHYFXWND\QDNODUEWoHXODúÕP]DPDQ
X\JXQGHQHWLP\HWHQHNOHULQLQPHYFXGL\HWL
GL÷HUNXUXPODUFD\DSÕOPDNWDRODQGH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHU
• 'HQHWLPLQ\DUDWDFD÷ÕPXKWHPHOGH÷LúLNOLNOHU
PXKWHPHOo|]POHUND\QDNDUWÕúÕLOHVD÷ODQDELOHFHNOHULQGÕúÕQGD
KNPHWLQYH\DGHQHWOHQHQLQGH÷LúLPHJ|VWHUHFH÷LLOJL
gQHPOLOLN NULWHUL PXWODND SDUDVDO E\NON RODUDN GúQOPHPHOLGLU
gUQH÷LQ |QFHNL E|OPOHUGH WDUWÕúWÕ÷ÕPÕ] VÕWPD SUREOHPLQGH ROGX÷X JLEL
ED]Õ NRQXODUGD SDUDVDO DoÕGDQ LIDGH HWPH JoONOHUL EXOXQDELOLU gWH
\DQGDQ VÕWPDGDQ |OHQ YH PX]GDULS RODQ ELUoRN LQVDQ DoÕVÕQGDQ EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDKHPJHQHORODUDNXOXVKHPGHVÕWPDGDQROXPVX]HWNLOHQHQOHU EDNÕPÕQGDQSUREOHPLQE\N|QHPOLOL÷LQLQEXOXQGX÷XDoÕNWÕU.H]DVÕWPD JHoLFL ELU SUREOHP ROPD\ÕS X]XQ G|QHPOL YH \DSÕVDO QLWHOLNWH ELU SUREOHPGLU
3HUIRUPDQV GHQHWLPL DoÕVÕQGDQ ULVN NDPX NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ YH\D SURJUDPODUÕQHWNLQ YH\D YHULPOL oDOÕúDPDPD ULVNL RODUDNWDQÕPODQDELOLU
5LVN D\UÕFD |UQH÷LQ \HQL ELU \DVD X\JXODPD\D NRQXOGX÷XQGD YH\D \HQL ELU WHNQRORML KL]PHWH VXQXOGX÷XQGD SHUVRQHOLQ NRQXPXQGDNL GH÷LúPHOHUGHVR\XWDPDoOÕYHKHGHIOLSURJUDPODUGDYHDOÕúÕOPDGÕNLúOHUGH RUWD\DoÕNDELOLU
³'HQHWLPL \UWPH RODVÕOÕ÷Õ´ NULWHUL GHQHWLPLQ ND\QDNODU \|QQ \DQL WXWXPOXOX÷XQXYHGHQHWLPLoLQJHUHNOL\HWHQHNOHULYHPHWRGRORML\|QOHULQL NDSVDU .XUXP GÕúÕ GDQÕúPDQODUÕQ \DUGÕPÕ ROPDGDQ YH\D |QHULOHQ PHWRWODUOD GHQHWLP X\JXODPDVÕQÕQ oRN SDKDOÕ YH\D ]RU ROGX÷X GXUXPODU EXOXQDELOLUgUQH÷LQNÕUVDODODQODUGDYHULWRSODQPDVÕ]DPDQDOÕFÕYHSDKDOÕ RODELOLU +DWWD ED]HQ X\JXQ YHULOHULQ WRSODQPDVÕ LPNkQVÕ] RODELOLU %X QHGHQOHYHULQLQHOGHHGLOHELOLUOL÷LQLQNRQWUROXGHQHWLPSUREOHPLVHoLPLQLQ
|QHPOLELUSDUoDVÕGÕU
'HQHWOHQHQ ELULP GL÷HU NXUXPODU WDUDIÕQGDQ \DSÕODQ GH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHULQ REMHVLRODELOLU%XGXUXPGDD\QÕ]DPDQGDELUNDoGH÷HUOHQGLUPHQLQREMHVL ROPDNWDQ GROD\Õ GHQHWOHQHQLQ LVWHNVL]OL÷L GHQHWOHQHQ EDNÕPÕQGDQ X\JXODPDGDSUREOHPOHUGR÷XUDELOLU.D\QDNODU\HWHUVL]ROGX÷XLoLQEXJLEL GXUXPODUGDGL÷HUELUGHQHWLPSUREOHPLQLQVHoLOPHVLGDKDSUDWLNRODELOLU
6D\ÕúWD\ DoÕVÕQGDQ EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD ED]HQ ³WHPDWLN GHQHWLP´ RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ EHQ]HUWUGH ELUNDo GHQHWLP \DSPDN ELU DYDQWDM RODELOLU %X WU GHQHWLPOHUGH EHQ]HU PHWRW YH \DNODúÕPODU NXOODQÕODELOLU YH oHúLWOL DODQODUGDQ HOGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODU GDKD E\N HWNL \DUDWPDN DPDFÕ\OD NDUúÕODúWÕUÕODELOLU
3HUIRUPDQV GHQHWoLOHUL GDKD HWNLQ ELU NDPX VHNW|U \DUDWPDN ]HUH KNPHWLQ YH NDPX NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ HWNLQOL÷LQLQ GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL\OH LOJLOHQGLNOHULQGHQ ³'HQHWLPLQ \DUDWDFD÷Õ PXKWHPHO GH÷LúLNOLNOHU´ NULWHUL
|QHPOLGLU'DKDID]ODND\QDNWDKVLVHWPHNVXUHWL\OHSUREOHPOHULQo|]P
NXUXPODUÕQ HWNLQOL÷LQL ELUHELU RODUDN JHOLúWLUPH] 'HQHWoLOHU WDKVLVDWODUGD DUWÕú VD÷OD\DFDN WDYVL\HOHUGHQ ]L\DGH LGDUL VLVWHPOHUGH RUJDQL]DV\RQGD YEGH÷LúLPLVD÷OD\DFDNWDYVL\HOHUGHEXOXQPD\D|]HQJ|VWHUPHOLGLUOHU
'HQHWLPGHGHQHWOHQHQELULPLQNDUDUODUÕYHLOJLVLSHUIRUPDQVGHQHWLPLLoLQ ELU |Q úDUW GH÷LOGLU DPD ELU ]DPDQODPD VRUXQX RODUDN GLNNDWH DOÕQDELOLU
gUQH÷LQ KHQ] \HQL WDPDPODQPÕú ELU SURJUDP QRUPDOGH ELU GHQHWLP NRQXVX LoLQ X\JXQ GH÷LOGLU %XQXQ \HULQH GHQHWoL GR÷UX ]DPDQ LoLQ EHNOHPH\L WHUFLK HGHELOLU (OGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODUÕQ ELUNDo \ÕO VRQUD GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL 3DUODPHQWRGD YH GHQHWOHQHQ ELULPGH GDKD ID]OD LOJL X\DQGÕUDELOLU
'HQHWLPSUREOHPLQLQIRUPODV\RQX
• 'HQHWoLOHULQ GHQHWLP SUREOHPLQL VHoWLNWHQ VRQUD EX SUREOHPL GR÷UX ELU úHNLOGH IRUPOH HWPH\H oDED VDUI HWPHOHUL |QHPOL ELU KXVXVWXU
$\UÕFD GHQHWLP SUREOHPLQLQ VRPXW ELU úHNLOGH IRUPODV\RQX JHUoHN GHQHWLP SUREOHPOHULQL EX SUREOHPOHULQ VRQXoODUÕQGDQ YH EHOLUWLOHULQGHQ D\ÕUW HWPH\H \DUDU $úD÷ÕGD NÕVPÕQGDNL SUREOHP DQDOL]OHULQH GD\DQDUDN WDQÕPODQDQ ELUNDo GHQHWLP SUREOHPL |UQHN RODUDNYHULOPLúWLU
• 6ÕWPDGDQELUoRNNLúL|O\RU
• %LUoRNLQVDQVÕWPD\D\DNDODQÕ\RU
• 6ÕWPDLOHLOJLOLVD÷OÕNH÷LWLPLHWNLQGH÷LO
• 2NXONLWDSODUÕJHFLNL\RU
)RUPODV\RQODLOJLOLRODUDNED]ÕWDYVL\HOHU
• 7HNSUREOHP]HULQH\R÷XQODúÕQYHELUNDoIDUNOÕNRQX\XNDUÕúWÕUPD\Õ GHQHPH\LQ
• 'HQHWLPSUREOHPLQLSUREOHPLQYDUOÕ÷ÕQÕDoÕNoDúHNLOGHDoÕNOD\ÕQ
• 3UREOHPLQ QHGHQOHULQL YH\D SUREOHPH LOLúNLQ L]DKDWODUÕ J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUPD\ÕQEXQODUGDQKLSRWH]RODUDN\DUDUODQÕODELOLUEN]
'HQHWLP SUREOHPLQLQ |Q LQFHOHPH DúDPDVÕQGD RUWD\DNRQXOPDVÕ
øGDUL DoÕGDQ GHQHWLP SUREOHPLQLQ VHoLPL |Q oDOÕúPD UDSRUXQXQ JHQHO NÕVPÕQGDRUWD\DNRQXOPDOÕGÕU%HOLUOLELUGHQHWLPSUREOHPLQLQVHoLOPHVLQH LOLúNLQNDUDUGHQHWoLOHULQGHQHWLPDODQÕWDQÕPÕQDRODVÕSUREOHPOHUHLOLúNLQ GúQFHOHULQHYH|QLQFHOHPHGH\DSÕODQEXOJXDQDOL]OHULQHGD\DQÕU%N]
(N
'HQHWLP3UREOHPLQLQ6HoLPL
'HQHWLP SUREOHPL VHoPHQLQ IDUNOÕ \ROODUÕ EXOXQPDNWDGÕU %XQODUGDQ LNLVL DúD÷ÕGD YHULOPLúWLU
'DKD VRQUD SUREOHPOHUL DúD÷ÕGDNL NULWHUOHUH J|UH ROXPOX YH ROXPVX]
UHIHUDQVODUÕQÕYHUHUHNGH÷HUOHQGLUGLN
3UREOHPOHU
.ULWHUOHU D E F G H
5LVNYH|QHPOLOLN
'HQHWoLOHULQ\HWHUOLOL÷L
3UREOHPLQX\JXQOX÷X
0HYFXWND\QDNODU
7RSODP3XDQ
%X WHVW EL]H WDPLU YH EDNÕP IRQNVL\RQXQGDNL GúN YHULPOLOL÷LQ WHPHO GHQHWLP SUREOHPLROGX÷XQX J|VWHUGL 'DKD VRQUD EX JHUoHN |Q LQFHOHPHGH YH WDP LQFHOHPH VÕUDVÕQGDWRSODQDQNDQÕWODUODGR÷UXODQGÕ´
*D\UÕUHVPvDUDúWÕUPDVUHFL
³.LWOH LOHWLúLP DUDoODUÕ DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD 7DUÕP %DNDQOÕ÷ÕQGD \DSÕODQ LúOHULQ X]XQ ]DPDQ DOGÕ÷Õ úHNOLQGH oHúLWOL VLQ\DOOHU DOGÕN %XQGDQ \ROD oÕNDUDN ELU |Q LQFHOHPH \DSWÕN
3HUVRQHOOH PODNDWODU \DSDUDN JHFLNPHOHUOH LOJLOL ELU SUREOHP ROGX÷XQX VDSWDGÕN
gQFH DúÕUÕ VWRNXQ GD E\N ELU SUREOHP ROGX÷XQX GúQPúWN %D]Õ JD]HWH KDEHUOHULQHJ|UH7DUÕP%DNDQOÕ÷ÕQÕQ\DNODúÕNG|UW\]\ÕO\HWHFHNVWRNXEXOXQX\RUGX
%DúODQJÕoWD DúÕUÕ VWRNX GHQHWLP SUREOHPL RODUDN NDEXO HWPH\L NDUDUODúWÕUGÕN $QFDN GDKD VRQUD SODQODPD LúOHPL VÕUDVÕQGD VDGHFH ELUNDo PDGGHQLQ DúÕUÕ ELoLPGH VWRNODQGÕ÷ÕQÕDQODGÕNE|\OHFHVWRNSUREOHPLDUWÕNJHoHUOLOL÷LQL\LWLUGL6RQXoWDGHQHWLP SUREOHPLRODUDNJHFLNPHSUREOHPLQLVHoWLN´
øVYHo6D\ÕúWD\ÕSHUIRUPDQVGHQHWLPLNXUVODUÕQGDNLNDWÕOÕPFÕODUGDQDOÕQWÕODU