ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻝ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ) ( ﺔﻨﻣﺩ : ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ Dr. Walat Mohamad
Selçuk Üni. Edb. Fak. Arap Dili ve Edb. Bölümü Walathasan@hotmail.com ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ﻑﻼﲞ ـ ﺎ�ﻷ ( ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ) ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﺕﺀﺎﺟ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﺗ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻊﻀﻳﻭ .ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ـ ﺙﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻛ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﻋ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ... ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﱐﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﱐﺎﻌﳌﺎﺑ ﻲﻔﺘﻜﳌﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺭﻮﺻ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ :ﺓﺪ ﻡﺪﻘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎ�ﺄﺸﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻠﺣ ﺡﺮﺘﻘﻳﻭ ،ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺉﺭﺎﻗ ﻑﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﺘﻳ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑﻭ .ﱁﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﻷ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﲢ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﺗﻭ .ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟ ﹰﺍﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻙﺮﺗﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍﻭ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﺘﻣﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺂﺑ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻞﻛ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﺗﻭ .ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺘﻟ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﺻﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻳﺪﺸﻟﺍ ﻪﺻﺮﺣ ﻢﻏﺭ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺎﻫﺮﻣﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺺﺼﻗ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻮﻫ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻥﺃ ( ﻥﻭﺪﻛﺆﻳ ﻭﺃ ) ﻥﻮﺤﺟﺮﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺏﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻗﺃ ﺺﺼﻗ ﺃﺮﻘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻒﻴﻛ :ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻨﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﺎﳌ ﺎﺗﺍﺫ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻬﺮﻔﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ـ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ـ ﻲﻫﻭ .ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ .ﻪﻠﻌﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﺟﻮﺘﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ İBN MUKAFFA’NIN (KELİLE VE DİMNE) MUKADDİMESİ: OKUYUCU DÜZEYLERİ
Öz
Bu çalışma, İbn Mukaffâ’nın (Kelime ve Dimne) adlı eserinin mukaddimesindeki okuyucu seviyelerini incelemektedir. Bu eserin mukaddimesi, önceki mukaddimelerin aksine, kitabın içeriği ya da müellifine değil, okuyucunun seviyesine yoğunlaşır. İbn Mukaffâ, Kelime ve Dimne okuyucularına farklı seviyeler sunmuştur: Hayvan resimleriyle eğlence arayanlar, yüzeysel anlamla yetinenler ve anlamda derinlik arayanlar vs. Böylece bu hikâyeler okuyucularına, gerçekleşmesi muhtemel şeyleri düşündürür ve eserdeki sembolleri açıklamaksızın onlara çözümler önerir. Bu çalışma, İbn Mukaffâ’nın bu sembol ve işaretleri açıklamamasının sebeplerini ve okuyucunun bu hikâyelerdeki derin manaları anlamak için şiddetli isteğine rağmen, bu işi neden okuyucuya bıraktığını analiz eder. Bu çalışma, İbn Mukaffâ’nın Kelile ve Dimne hikâyelerini ya da en azından onlardan bazılarını yazdığını iddia eden Arap araştırmacıların bu görüşlerini bir araya getirir. Bu makale İbn Mukaffâ’nın okuyucuya, Kelile ve Dimne hikâyelerini nasıl okuyacaklarını ve yapılması gerekenleri mukaddimede empoze ettiğini açıklayan bir çalışmadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İbn Mukaffa, Kelile ve Dimne, semboller.
IBN MUQAFFA’S MUQADDIMAH (PANCHATANTRA): READERS LEVEL Abstract
This study researches the levels of the receiver as ibn Al-Muqaffa indicates in his introduction for the book (Panchatantra) because it ( unlike most of introductions of heritage books ) makes focus on the reader not on the content of the book or its author. Ibn Al- Muqaffa puts Panchatantra readers in several levels: researcher for entertainment in animal pictures, and who takes only the surface meanings, and the researcher for the deep meanings etc and therefore imagines the possibilities that could encounter of these stories reader, and propose solutions for them without providing an explanation of the symbols of (Panchatantra). The study provides its analysis of the reasons which push Ibn Al- Muqaffa to doesn't give interpretation of those symbols and signs, and left it to the reader, despite his strong interest in the reader to understand the deep purposes of those stories. The study is linking all of this to the views of Arab researchers who reckon (or affirm) that Ibn Al Muqaffa is who wrote the Panchatantra stories or some of them at least. It is - thus - a study imposed by the introduction itself because Ibn Al- Muqaffa in it gives a full attention to the reader: how must he read the stories of Panchatantra and what he must do.
ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﺍ ﻦﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﻴﺤﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺇ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺪﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻌﻟﺍ :ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﻲﺘﻟ .ﺦﻟﺇ...ﺮﻳﺪﺼﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻪﻳﻮﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﲈﻠﻛﻭ ﻑﻼﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻛﻭ ﻑﻼﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﻮﻟﻭ ﲇﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻦﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺓﺪﻴﻃﻭ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ (ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻌﻟﺍ) ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﳍ ﻥﻷﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﻧ ﺔﻴﻨﺑ ﺎﻬﻔﺻﻮﺑ ﺎﲥﺍﺫ ﺔﺒﺘﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﰲﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﻣ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﻟﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻠﻤﻬﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺖﻠﻇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﻣﻭ .ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦ ﺎﻫﺯﻭﺎﲡﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﺔﻴﺼﻧ ﺓﺪﺋﺍﺯ ﺎﻬﻔﺻﻮﺑ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺮﻈﻨﺗ ﱂﻭ ﻥﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺎﳍ ﺔﻴﺼﻧ ﺔﻴﻨﺑ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻥﺃ ﺖﺘﺒﺛﺃ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﲑﻏ ،ﺔﻟﻮﻬﺴﺑ ﺕﺍﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺎﲥﻻﻻﺩ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﱃﺇ ﹰﻼﺧﺪﻣﻭ ﻦﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻴﺛﻭ ﺔﻠﺻ :ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺩﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺻ " ﺩﺮﻟ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﻥﺇ ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﲥﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻠﻟ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ " ﻱﺮﻤﺠﳊﺍ) 1996 : 41 .( ﻳﲑﻏ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗﻭ (ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﺘﻜﻳ) ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺫ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ ﺎﻬﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﺘﻜﻳ) ﺔ ـ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ـ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﳘﺃ ﻊﺒﻨﺗﻭ .(...ﻢﺟﱰﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ﴍﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻖﻳﺪﺻ ﻭﺃ ﺪﻗﺎﻧ :ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﲑﻏ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻀﺗ ـ ﺎﻬﻌﺿﻮﻣ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ـ ﻲﻬﻓ ؛ﻦﺘﳌﺍ ﲆﻋ ﹰﺎﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﹰﺎﺑﺎﻄﺧ ﺎﳖﻮﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺎﲥﺭﻮﻄﺧ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﻮﺸﻨﳌﺍ ﻑﺪﻬﻠﻟ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﺗ ﹰﺎﺑﺎﳚﺇ ﻭﺃ ﹰﺎﺒﻠﺳ ﻪﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﰲ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺔﻳﺅﺭ ﻟﺍ : ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻲﺘ 1 .ﻱﺭﺎﻬﺷﺇ ﻱﺭﺎﲡ ﺎﻬﻓﺪﻫ ﺔﻴﻈﻳﺮﻘﺗ ـ 2 .ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺭﺍﻮﺣ ﰲ ﻞﺧﺪﺗ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻧ ﻭﺃ ـ 3 ،ﻮﻄﻴﻠﻴﻛ) ﻪﻨﻋ ﹰﺎﻣﺎﲤ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗﻭ .ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺯﺍﻮﻣ ﻭﺃ ـ 1983 ﺹ : 5 -6 ﺍﺫﺈﻓ .( ﻪﻴﻘﻠﺗ ﰲ ﲑﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻐﺑ ﹰﺍﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻣ ﺐﻃﺎﲣ ﺎﳖﺈﻓ ﲏﺎﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﲔﻋﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ
ﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻟ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻐﺑ ﹰﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺐﻃﺎﲣ ﺎﳖﺈﻓ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﺓ .ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﳌﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺩﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻬﺟﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ ﻦﻋ ﻥﻮﻟﻮﻳ ﺍﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺀﺎﻣﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﻔﻨﺼﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ـ ﺔﻤﻳﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻨﺼﳌﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ـ ﻭﺪﺒﻳ ﺣ ،ﻢﻬﺒﺘﻛ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﻘﳌ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻦﻋﻭ ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻬﺘﻴﺠﻬﻨﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻮﺛﺪﺤﺘﻳ ﺍﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺚﻴ ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻒﺸﻜﻠﻟ ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻊﻣ ﺭﺍﻮﺣ ﰲ ﻞﺧﺪﻳ ﻢﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﺮﻧ ﺪﻗﻭ ،ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻮﺘﳏ ﲆﻋ ﻝﺪﻳ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ .ﺦﻟﺇ...ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺘﻴﻘﺒﺳﺃ ﻦﻋﻭ ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﰲ ﻪﺣﺮﻄﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺏﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﻔﻨﺼﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ " ﻘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺄﺑ ،ﻲﻋﻮﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺪﺷﺃ،ﲔﻋﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﺋﺎﻇﻭﻭ ﺔﻣﺪ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﻗﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﻄﳋﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻄﻠﺳﻭ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﺘﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃﻭ " ﻝﻼﺑ) 2000 : 39 .( ﹰﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻬﺟﻮﻣ ﺎﳖﺈﻓ (... ﻉﺎﻨﻗﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺘﻟﺍ) ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﹰﺎﻳﺃ ﻞﺳﺮﻣ ﻪﻔﺻﻮﺑ ـ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺐﺗﺎﻛ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﺍﺬﳍﻭ ،(ﹰﺍﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻗ) ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﹰﺍﲑﺧﺃﻭ ﻄﺧ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺘﺑ ـ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﹰﺎﻘﻓﻭ ـ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻣ ﻪﻔﺻﻮﺑ ـ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻗ ﻪﻨﻫﺫ ﰲﻭ ﻪﺑﺎ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﺗ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ ﻢﻬﻴﻘﻠﺗ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻔﻠﺘﳜ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ﻭ .ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺐﺘﻛ ﺎﻬﻠﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺢﺼﻔﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺐﺗﺎﻛ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻓﺍﺪﻫﻷﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﲥﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﳌ ﺢﺋﺍﴍ ﱃﺇ ﹰﺎﻬﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻪﺘﻌﻴﺒﻃﻭ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﰲ ﻞﻤﺘﳛ ﻪﻧﻷ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﺡﻮﺿﻮﺑ ﻩﺎﻨﺴﳌ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﻗ .ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﰲ ﻪﺗﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣﻭ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻋ ﻒﺸﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻐﺑ ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻨﻌﻓﺩ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺙﻼﺛ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺭﺪﺼﺘﺗ ﲇﻋ ﺎﻬﺒﺘﻜﻳ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ :ﹰﺎﺑﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻤﺴﺗﻭ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﺩﴪﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺙﺪﺤﺘﻳﻭ ﳼﺭﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﺑ ﻒﱠﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻢﺛ ،ﻪﺘﻘﻓﺍﺭ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﺖﻘﺒﺳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ
ﺍﻭ ﻂﻠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺘﻴﻋﺭ ﻩﺎﲡ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﻚﻠﳌﺍ ﲑﻴﻐﺗ ﰲ ﻩﺮﺛﺃﻭ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﺢﻣﺎﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻊﻤﻘﻟ ﻪﻳﻭﺯﺮﺑ ﹶﺐﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﲑﺷﻮﻧﺃ ﴪﻛ ﻒﻴﻠﻜﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﻹﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﳼﺭﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﺘﳜﻭ .ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻪﻳﻭﺯﺮﺑ ﺔﻠﺣﺭ ﻒﺼﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ .ﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﻚﻠﻣ ﻦﺋﺍﺰﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﺠﺑ ﻲﻔﻇﻮﻣ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻧﻭﺎﻌﻤﺑ (ﺮﺧﺃ ﺐﺘﻛ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ) ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺨﺴﻧ ﲆﻋ ﻪﻟﻮﺼﺣﻭ ﻠﳌﺍ ﻁﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻮﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻪﻳﻭﺯﺮﺑ ﺐﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺓﲑﺴﻟ ﹰﺍﺩﴎ ﺔﻤﺛ ﻥﺃ ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺪﺟ .ﻱﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﻲﻜ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﴪﻛ ﱃﺇ ﺐﻠﻃ ﻪﻳﻭﺯﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﲆﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺎﺑ ﻪﻔﻴﻠﻜﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰐﺄﺗﻭ .ﻩﺯﺎﺠﻧﺇﻭ ﻪﻤﺳﻻ ﹰﺍﺪﻴﻠﲣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﲆﻋ ﻪﻟ ﺓﺄﻓﺎﻜﻣ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ (ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ) ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻊﻀﻴﻓ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ .ﺓﴍﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠ .ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻩﺪﺻﺎﻘﻣ (ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ) ﻞﺳﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻭ ،ﻲﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﻞﺳﺮﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻓﺮﻃ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﺏﺎﻄﺧ ﻞﻛ (ﺓﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟﺍ) ﻭ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺪﺻﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ ﲆﻌﻓ ﻪﺘﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﰲ ﺇ ﻦﻣ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﺪﻌﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﻧ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ،ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺀﺎﺸﻧ .ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﻳ ﲔﺑ ﻪﺘﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﻊﺿﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﻊﻓﺪﻳ ﲆﻋ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻳ ،ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻪﺒﻳﺮﻌﺘﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟ ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻳﻭ ،ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﻞﺳﺮﳌﺍ :ﺏﺎﻄﺨﻠﻟ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﴏﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻳ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ .ﺪﻌﺑ ﲈﻴﻓ ﻪﺼﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﲔﺒﺘﻨﺳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﻪﺑﻮﻠﺳﺄﺑ ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻓﻮﻗﻭ ﰲ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﻴﻓ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ؛ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﱃﺇ ـ ﺝﺭﺪﺘﻟﺎﺑ ـ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﺑ ﹺﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ) :ﻝﻮﻘﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﲢ ﹰﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ( " ﱂﻭ ﺀﲈﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺰﺗ ﺝﺍﺮﺧﺇ ﻥﻮﻐﺘﺒﻳﻭ ،ﻞﻴﳊﺍ ﻑﻮﻨﺼﺑ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻟﺎﺘﳛﻭ ،ﻢﻬﻨﻋ ﻞﹶﻘﻌﹸﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻮﺴﻤﺘﻠﻳ ﺔﻠﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ
ﻢﺋﺎﻬﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺍﻮﻓﺃ ﲆﻋ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻞﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻣ ...ﻝﻼﺧ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﻢﳍ ﻊﻤﺘﺟﺎﻓ ،ﲑﻄﻟﺍﻭ " ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ) 1974 : 52 .( ﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺩﺪﳛ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺪﻨﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﴏﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻊ :ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﴏﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺩﺪﺣ ﺪﻗﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ " ﺀﲈﻠﻌﻟﺍ " ﻭ ،ﺏﺎﹼﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﲔﻔﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﻢﲠ ﺪﺼﻘﻳﻭ " ﻢﻬﻨﻋ ﻞﻘﻌﹸﻳ " ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﲔﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ ( ﻞﻘﻌﹸﻳ )ـﺑ ﺪﺼﻘﻳﻭ ﻭ ، ﹰﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﳌﺍ ﺭﻮﻬﻤﳉﺍ ﻭﺃ " ﻢﻜﳊﺍﻭ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ " ﺸﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﱃﺇ ﲑ :ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺃ ﱃﺇ ﲑﺸﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻰﺴﻨﻳ ﻻﻭ .ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ " ﺍﺬﻫ ﻊﺿﻭ ﲑﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﺋﺎﻬﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺍﻮﻓﺃ ﲆﻋ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ " ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﻴﺣ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﲆﻋ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﻳﻭ ، ) ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻞﻴﳊﺍ ﻑﻮﻨﺼﺑ ﻥﻮﻟﺎﺘﳛ ﻰﻨﻌﳌﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻑﴫﻨﻳ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﳚ ﻲﻜﻟ ،( ﻠﻟ ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﻦﻣ ﹰﲈﻬﻣ ﹰﺎﻄﺴﻗ ﺬﺧﺄﻴﺳ ﺮﻣﺃ ﻮﻫﻭ .ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﲥﻻﻻﺩﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺺﺼﻘ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻧ ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺟ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ .ﹰﺎﻘﺣﻻ ﲔﺒﺘﻴﺳ ﲈﻛ ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ .ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﹰﺍﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﻪﺗﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ :ﻲﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ / ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺑ ﹰﺎﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﹰﺎﻴﻋﻭ ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻱﺪﺒﻳ ﻥﻮﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ ﺲﻴﻠﻓ ؛ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻤ ﰲ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺔﻤﺛ ﻞﺑ ،ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﹰﺎﻌﻴﲨ ﻢﻬﺘﻳﺎﻏ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﻭ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺗﺮﻤﺑ ﻢﻬﻠﻛ ،ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺘﻳﺎﻐﻟﻭ ،ﺉﺭﺎﻗ ﻞﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻮﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﺗ ﲔﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ :ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻝﻮﻘﻳ .ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻔﻟﺍﻭ " ﹺﻜﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃﻭ :ﹰﺍﻮﳍﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﺣ ﻊﹶﻤﹶﺠﻓ ﺏﺎﺘ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻈﻔﺣ ﰲ ﻂﺷﺎﻧ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍﻭ ،ﻩﻮﻬﻠﻟ ﺀﺎﻬﻔﺴﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻤﻜﳊ ﺀﲈﻜﳊﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻔﻇ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻑﺮﻋ ﻞﺑ ،ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ ﻱﺭﺪﻳ ﻻﻭ ﻩﺭﺪﺻ ﰲ ﻂﹶﺑﺮﹸﻳ ﺮﻣﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺭﺎﺻ ...ﻡﻮﻗﺮﻣ ﺏﻮﺘﻜﻤﺑ " ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ) 1974 ﺹ : 52 .(
ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ( ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ) ﺀﺍﺮﻗ ،ﻥﺫﺇ ﻑﺭﺎﻋ ﻢﻴﻜﺣ ﱂﺎﻋ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ : ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻤﻜﳊﺍﻭ ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺎﺑ (ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ) ﻦﻣ ﻰﻨﻌﹸﻴﺳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﺭﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﻦﻃﺍﻮﺒﺑ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺍ ﻮﺳ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻙﺭﺪﻳ ﻻ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻂﻴﺴﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ ﻮﻬﻓ ﲏﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻴﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺛﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﺗﻭ ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺃ ﲆﻋ ﻱﺮﲡ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻛ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﹼﲇﺴﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺎ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻪﻳﺪﻳ ﲔﺑ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺟﻭ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺊﺷﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻮﻬﻓ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍﻭ .ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺩﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﻴﻗ (ﹰﺍﻮﳍﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﺣ ﻊﲨ) ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻛ ﱃﺇ ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺱﻮﺒﻘﳌﺍ ﻞﻬﺘﺴﻣ ﰲ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﺇ ﻥﺇ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﺗ ﻞﺑ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺴﺘﻠﻟ ﺮﺧﻵﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻠﻟ ﺎﳘﺪﺣﺃ ﲔﻤﺴﻗ ﱃﺇ ﻢﺴﻘﻣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﺗ ﻻ ﻨﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ،ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ /ﻲﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ ﻮﺘﺴﳌ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﺗ ،ﺎﳘﺪﺣﺃ ﻭﺃ ﹰﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﲆﻋ ﻱﻮﻄ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﱰﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻉﺭﺎﺴﻳ ﺍﺬﳍﻭ .ﻙﺍﺫ ﻭﺃ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻫﻷﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺍ ﲆﻋ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻴﻓ ،ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺻ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ ﻪﻴﻘﻠﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻔﻐﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ :ﻝﻮﻘﻴﻓ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻞ " ﻩﻮﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺃﺮﻗ ﻦﳌ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻳ ﲑﻏ ﱃﺇ ﻪﻓﺎﺿﺃﻭ ،ﻢﺋﺎﻬﺒﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺮﺟ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﻱﺃ ﱃﺇﻭ ،ﻪﻟ ﺖﻌﺿﻭ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﹺﺭﺪﻳ ﱂ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻞﻌﻔﻳ ﱂ ﻰﺘﻣ ﻪﺋﺭﺎﻗ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﹰﻻﺎﺜﻣﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺟ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﲑﻏﻭ ،ﺢﺼﻔﻣ ﻣ ﻲﻨﺘﳚ ﺓﺮﻤﺛ ﻱﺃ ﻻﻭ ،ﲏﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻚﻠﺘﺑ ﺪﻳﺭﺃ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻟ ﻞﺼﲢ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱﺃ ﻻﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨ ﺃﺮﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻩﺮﺧﺁ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻡﲈﺘﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﻨﻣ ﻪﺘﻳﺎﻏ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻥﺇﻭ ﻪﻧﺇﻭ .ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻪﻨﻤﻀﺗ ﻪﹸﻌﻔﻧ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻊﺟﺮﻳ ﺀﳾ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺪﻌﻳ ﱂ ﻪﻨﻣ " ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ) 1974 : 53 .( ﻷﺍ :ﲔﺘﻄﻘﻧ ﲆﻋ ﻪﻨﻣ ﺰﻛﺮﻳﻭ ﹰﺍﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﲆﻋ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻳ ﻊﻄﻘﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻥﺃ ﱃﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺰﻴﻣﺮﺗ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺃ ﲆﻋ ﻱﺮﲡ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻛ ﲆﻋ ﻪﺒﻨﺘﻳ ﻻﺃﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻣﺍﺮﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻣﺄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻳ ﺔﹼﻴﻔﺧ ﺮﺧﺃ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ
ﻻ ﺪﻗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﻷﺍﻭ (ﺔﻴﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ) ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻒﻘﻳ ﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻮﺳ ﻖﻘﲢ ـ ﲏﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ .ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻮﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﺎﳖﻷ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺴ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﹰﺎﺌﻴﺷ ﺪﻴﻔﻳ ﻦﻟ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﺇ ﻮﻬﻓ ـ ﻝﻭﻷﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﻮﻋﺩ ﻲﻬﻓ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ .ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺎﻣ ﰲ ﺮﻜﻔﻳ ﱂ ﺎﻣﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻖﻤﻌﺘﻳ ﱂ ﺎﻣ ﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏ ﱃﺇ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﹰﺎﻗﻼﻄﻧﺍ ﻪﻳﺯﺎﻐﻣ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣﻭ ،ﻩﺮﻫﺍﻮﻇ ﱃﺇ ﹰﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻕﲈﻋ ،ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺴﻟﺍ ﲆﻋ ﻪﺋﺭﺎﻗ ﻊﺿﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﻳ ﻚﻟﺬﺑﻭ .ﻪﺗﺍﺭﺎﺷﺇﻭ ﻩﺯﻮﻣﺭ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻌﹸﺗ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺎﻓ ؛ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺻ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﺑ ﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﻡﻮﻘﻴﻟ " ﺎﻬﺘﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻱﺪﺘﳞ ،ﺔﻬﺟﻮﻣ ﺔﻠﺻﻮﺑ ﺷ ﻞﻛ ﻪﺒﻨﲡ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻴﳉﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ [ ﺍﺬﻛ ] ...ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻳﻭﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻂﻄ " ﻥﻮﺒﻬﺷﺃ) 2009 : 74 .ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﲢ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ .( ﺺﺼﻗ ﰲ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍﻭ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻡﺪﻘﻳ ﻻ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻖﺒﺳ ﲈﻴﻓ ﺖﻓﻼﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻏ ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺃ ﲆﻋ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻥﺃ ﲆﻋ ﻪﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﺑ ﻲﻔﺘﻜﻳ ﻞﺑ ،ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺕ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺓﻮﻋﺩ ﺎﳖﺇ .ﺎﻬﻛﺍﺭﺩﻹ ﺪﻬﳚ ﻥﺃ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﲆﻋ ﻲﻣﺍﺮﻣﻭ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﺗ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻒﻠﺘﳜ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﻩﺯﻮﻣﺭ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻨﺘﻤﻳ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻞﻌﺟ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫ ﲈﺑﺭﻭ .ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟ ﹰﻼﺑﺎﻗ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﺒﻳﻭ ﺕﻼﻳﻭﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻚﻓﻭ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻖﻠﻐﻨﻳ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺣﻭ ،ﻲﺋﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﺴﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺏﺎﺼﻳ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺯﻮ ﻦﻣ ـ ﺬﺌﻨﻴﺣ ـ ﻖﻠﻄﻨﺘﺳ ﺎﳖﻷ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺎﳖﺄﻛﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻭﺪﺒﺘﻓ ،ﻪﺗﻻﻻﺩ ﲆﻋ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻑﻭﺰﻋ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺩﻮﻌﻳ ﺪﻗﻭ .ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻣ ﺀﴚﺑ (ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ) ﳼﺭﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﲇﻋ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﱃﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍﻭ ﲔﺣ ،ﻞﻴﺒﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦ ﻦﻋ ﺙﺪﲢ ﻚﻠﳌﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻟ ﹰﺔﻴﺒﻠﺗ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﲠﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ ﻢﻴﻜﳊﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻘﺑﺎﺴﺑ ﺓﻮﺳﺃ ﻚﻠﳌﺍ ﻢﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪﹼﻠﺨﻴﻟ ﺔﻤﻜﳊﺍﻭ ﻮﻬﻠﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻊﻤﳚ ﹰﺎﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻒﻟﺆﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺪﻨﳍﺍ
ﺐﺒﺳﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﻦﻣ ﳼﺭﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﲇﻋ ﻪﻟﺎﻗ ﺎﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺄﺸﻳ ﱂ ﺍﺬﳍﻭ .ﻙﻮﻠﳌﺍ ﺗ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﳌﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻑﻮﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻑﴫﻧﺍ ﻞﺑ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺃ ﲆﻋ ﻪﺋﺍﺮﺟﺇﻭ ﻪﻔﻴﻟﺄ ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺎﲠ ﺾﻬﻨﺗ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻪﺼﺼﻘﻟ ﺓﺪﻴﺟ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻦﻤﻀﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ Auctorial ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﻬﺒﺘﻜﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻱﺃ ، " ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺾﻬﻨﺗ ﲈﺿ ﰲ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﻫﻮﺟ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻮﺑ ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﻴﺟ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻥ " ﴫﻨﻣ) 2007 : 69 ﻥﻷﻭ .( ﻪﻘﺗﺎﻋ ﲆﻋ ﺔﻤﻬﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺬﺧﺃ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﰲ ﺔﺒﺋﺎﻏ (ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ) ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻪﻟ ﻢﺟﺮﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ) ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺪﻴﺟ ﹴﻖﻠﺗ ﲆﻋ ﹰﺎﺻﺮﺣ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻀﺗ ـ ﹰﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ـ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺎﻓ ،(ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺐﺘﻛﻭ ﻱﺮﻫﻮﺟ " ﻪﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺪﻌﻳ ؟ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻢﻜﻨﻜﻤﻳ ﻒﻴﻛﻭ ﺍﺫﺎﳌ : ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ ﻢﲥﺍﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟ ﳼﺎﺳﻷﺍ " ﺪﺑﺎﻌﻠﺑ) 2008 : 118 ﺺﺼﳜ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻪﻨﻣ ﻖﻠﻄﻧﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﺆﺴﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ .( ﴪﻔﻳ ﱂ ﺍﺫﺎﳌ (ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺓﺮﻣ) ﻦﻜﻟﻭ .ﻝﺍﺆﺴﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﺜﻣ ﲆﻋ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﱪﻛﻷﺍ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﻠﻟ .؟ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺉﺭﺎﻘ ﲏﺎﻌﻤﺑ ﺢﻳﴫﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﹶﻊﻨﻣ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺔﻤﺛ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺓﺭﻭﴐ ﲆﻋ ﺪﻳﺪﺸﻟﺍ ﹺﺹﺮﳊﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﱃﺇ ﻪﹶﻌﹶﻓﺩﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺯﻮﻣﺭﻭ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺺﺼﻗ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻮﻫ (ﻞﻤﺘﺤﳌﺍ) ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ .ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻔﳋﺍ ﲏﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻋ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺎﻨﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺮﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺍﺬﳍﻭ ،ﻪﻣﲈﻋﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺑﺃ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺎﺋﻭ ﲆﻋﻭ ﺭﻮﺼﻨﳌﺍ ﺮﻔﻌﺟ ﰊﻷ ﹰﺎﺋ ﺪﻌﺒﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﲑﻏ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺮﻳﻭ ،ﻪﻠﺘﻗ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻥﺎﻛ ﲈﺑﺭ ﻚﻟﺫ " ﺖﻠﺘﻗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﳌ ،ﺎﳘﲑﻏﻭ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛﻭ ﺔﺑﺎﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻛ ﻪﻠﺋﺎﺳﺭﻭ ﻪﹸﺒﺘﻛ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺡﻼﺻﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺓﻮﻋﺩﻭ (...) ﺢﻳﴏ ﲈﻓ ،ﺭﲈﻋﻹﺍﻭ " ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ " ﺓﻮﻋﺩ ﻻﺇ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ...ﻊﻴﻨﺸﻟﺍ ﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻈﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻃﺎﺑﻭ ﻝﺰﳍﺍ ﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎﻇ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺃ ﲆﻋ ﺔﻴﺣﻼﺻﺇ " ﻦﺑﺍ)
ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ 1986 : 11 ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ) ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﻙﺍﺬﻧﺁ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ .( ﺃ ﲆﻋ ﺓﺪﻗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃﻭ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺁ ﺾﻌﺑ ﲆﻋ ﻞﻤﺘﺸﺗ (ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻤﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ﻦﻋ ﺢﺼﻔﻳ ﻻﺃ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ،ﺭﻮﻄﺴﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺎﻣ ﰲ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻌﻣﺇ ﱃﺇ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻮﻋﺪﻳ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺺﻤﻘﺗ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺍﺬﻜﻫﻭ .ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺧ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﲏﺎﻌﳌﺍ .ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ (ﻢﺟﱰﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ) ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺭﻵﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺪﻳﺆﻳ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺮﺗﻭ ،ﺓﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺮﻬﻇ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺍ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﲑﺸﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،( ﻞﻗﻷﺍ ﲆﻋ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ) ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺺﺼﻗ ﻒﻟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻮﻫ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻌﲨ ﲔﺴﺣ " ﺏﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻑﺎﺿﺃ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻥﺃ " ﺔﻌﲨ) 2005 : 35 ﺎﻣﺃ .( ﻖﺤﺑ ﺖﺒﻜﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻄﳋﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺐﻫﺬﻴﻓ ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﺟﺭ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﱰﻟﺍ " ﹰﺎﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺕﺭﺩﻮﺻ ﻥﺃ ﺬﻨﻣ ،ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﴪﻟﺍ ﺙﻭﺭﻮﻤﻠﻟ ،ﹰﲈﻳﺪﻗ ﺓﻮﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻫﺎﲡ ﺎﻨﻧﺃ ﺐﻳﺮﻐﻟﺍﻭ ،(...) ﻙﺍﺬﻧﺁ ﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﹰﺍﺮﻳﺎﻐﻣ ﹰﺎﻴﻀﻳﺮﲢ ﹰﺎﺼﻧ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﹰﺎﻴﺑﺎﻗﺭﻭ ﻢﺟﱰﻣ ﺺﻧ ﺎﳖﺄﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﻋﺰﻟﺍ ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺎﻨﻗﺪﺻ " ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ) 2006 : 8 ﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ( ﺭ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ .ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻻ ﹰﺎﻔﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ :ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻌﺑ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﲔﺘﻨﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻮﻫ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ .ﻢﺟﱰﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻫ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺢﺻ ﻦﻋ ﻪﻟ ﺡﺎﺼﻓﻹﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺺﺼﻘﻟ ﺽﱰﻔﳌﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋ ﺕﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﺘﺒﻃﺎﳐ ﺐﺒﺳ ﲨﱰﳌﺍ ﻞﻌﻔﻳ ﲈﻛ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﺻﺎﻘﻣ .ﻢﲥﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﻮ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻳ ﻪﻠﻌﳚ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻔﳋ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻬﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﴐ ﲆﻋ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺹﺮﳊﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ .ﺎﻫﺪﺻﺎﻘﻣﻭ (ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ) ﺺﺼﻗ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﲠ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﲈﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﹰﻼﻳﻮﻃ ﰲ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﰲ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻘﻟ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﳌﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﺪﺻﺭ ﱃﺇ ـ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺪﻌﺑ ـ ﺪﻤﻌﻴﻓ ﺮﻘﻳ ﺎﳌ ﻪﻤﻬﻓ ﺓﲑﺼﻗ ﺺﺼﻘﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺗﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺄﺠﻠﻳ ﻪﺗﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻌﻴﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻤﻀﻳ ﻲﻜﻟﻭ .ﺃ
ﰲ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﺘﻣ ،ﻩﺪﺼﻘﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻧﺍ ﺖﻔﻟ ﻪﻧﺄﺷ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻣ ،ﻪﻟ ﹰﺎﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗﻭ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﲆﻋ ﺔﻠﺜﻣﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﳚ ﻪﺑﺎﻌﻴﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﲈﺿﻭ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺐﻳﺮﻘﺘﻟ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻳﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﳊﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻝﺎﲨﺇ ﻦﻜﻤﻳﻭ .ﻪﻴﻣﺍﺮﳌ :ﰐﻵﺍ ﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﲆﻋ ﺕﻻﲈﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻻﺎ 1 :ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻝﲈﺘﺣﻻﺍ ـ :ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻝﻮﻘﻳ " ﻝﲈﻋﺇ ﲑﻏ ﻦﻣ ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗﻭ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﲨ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻜﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺯﺎﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺀﲈﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺖﻤﻋﺯ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺮﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺻﺃ ﺎﻣ ﻻﺇ ﻪﺒﻴﺼﻳ ﻻﺃ ﹰﺎﻘﻴﻠﺧ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻩﺅﺮﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﰲ ...ﺰﻨﻛ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﻟ ﺮﻬﻈﻓ ﺯﻭﺎﻔﳌﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ " ﻴﺑ) ﺎﺑﺪ 1974 : 53 .( ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﺰﻨﻛ ﲆﻋ ﺮﺜﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻝﺎﺣ ﲔﺒﺗ ﺔﺼﻗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺩﴪﻳﻭ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻳ (ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ) ﻪﻳﺪﻳ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻥﺃ ﲆﻋ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻪﺒﻴﻨﺗ ﻮﻫﻭ .ﺀﳾ ﰲ ﻪﻨﻣ ﺪﻔﹸﻳ ﱂﻭ ﻪﻋﺎﺿﺃ ﻪﻠﻬﺠﺑ ﻝﺎﺤﻛ ﻪﻟﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻱﻭﱰﻟﺍﻭ ﲏﺄﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻔﺘﻨﻳﻭ ﻪﻤﻬﻔﻳ ﻒﻴﻛ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺰﻨﻛ ﺍ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ،ﻥﺫﺇ ،ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻝﲈﺘﺣﻻﺎﻓ .ﺰﻨﻜﻟ ﺔﻧﻮﻨﻜﳌﺍ ﲏﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﺟ ﻝﻼﻐﺘﺳﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﺴﳛ ﻻﺃ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺺﺼﻗ ﰲ .ﹴﻥﺄﺘﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻪﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﰲ ﹰﺎﻋﴪﺘﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ،ﻪﻳﺪﻳ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻫﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻢﻏﺭ 2 :ﲏﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻝﲈﺘﺣﻻﺍ ـ :ﻦﻳﺮﻄﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﲠ ﺎﳍ ﻡﺪﻘﻳ ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﻒﺼﻧ ﰲ ﺔﺼﻗ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻳ " ﺃﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﹺﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻭ ﹰﺍﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻪﺿﺮﻏ ﻢﻠﻌﻳ ﱂﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻣ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ ﱂﻭ ، ﹰﺎﻨﻃﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻟ ﺍﺪﺑ ﲈﺑ ﻊﻔﺘﻨﻳ ﱂ ، ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ؛ﻩﴪﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻔﺘﻨﻳ ﱂ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﺯﻮﺟ ﻪﻟ ﻡﺪﹸﻗ ﹰﻼﺟﺭ ﻥﺃ ﻮﻟ ﲈﻛ ؛ﻪﺸﻘﻧﻭ ...ﺢﻴﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺮﻟﺎﻛ " ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ) 1974 : 54 .( ﻝﲈﺘﺣﺍ ﲆﻋ ﻱﻮﻄﻨﻳ ﻝﲈﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺀﻭﺮﻘﻤﻠﻟ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻓ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻷ ، ﱂﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻖﻤﻌﺘﻳ ﱂ ﻪﻧ ؛ﲔﻟﺎﺜﻤﺑ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﰐﺄﻳﻭ .ﺭﻮﺸﻘﻟﺍ ﻻﺇ ﻪﻨﻣ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﱂﻭ ،ﻩﺩﺎﻌﺑﺃ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇﻭ ﻪﺘﻤﻛﺎﳏ ﲆﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻳ
ﲆﻋ ﻞﺼﺣ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻋ ﱪﻌﻳ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ " ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﺯﻮﺟ " ﻩﴪﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻻﺇ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻔﺘﻨﻳ ﻦﻟ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ، ﺔﻔﻴﺤﺻ ﺢﻨﹸﻤﻓ ﺔﺣﺎﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﻴﻓ ﲏﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﻪﻧﻮﻨﻜﻣ ﲆﻋ ﻞﺼﺣﻭ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﺄﻄﺧﺄﻓ ،ﻪﺑﺎﻌﻴﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﻪﺑ ﱡﴩﺗ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻪﻔﻳﺭﺎﺼﺗﻭ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﺼﻓ ﻖﻤﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﲆﻋ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻳ ﲔﻟﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﻫ ﰲ .ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻡﺰﻟ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﰲ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ؛ﻪﻴﻣﺍﺮﻣ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﻪﻨﻣﺎﻜﻣﻭ ﻩﺮﻫﺍﻮﺟ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏﻭ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﰲ ﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﲣ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻒﻘﺘﺳ ﻚﻟﺫ .ﺓﺪﺋﺎﻓ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻦﻟﻭ ﺺ 3 :ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻝﲈﺘﺣﻻﺍ ـ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻈﳊ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻈﳊ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻳ ﺔﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻬﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺎﺑ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻈﺤﻠﻟﺍ ﱂ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺃﺮﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺐﻋﻮﺘﺴﻳﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻔﻜﻳ ﻻ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻪﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﰲ ـ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﻳ ﺔﺼﻗ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻳ ﺓﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺘﻟﻭ .ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﲠ ﻖﻄﻧ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﲏﺎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﻢﻜﹺﳊﺍ ـ ﲇﻤﻌﻟﺍ :ﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﲆﻋ ﺎﳍ ﻡﺪﻘﻳﻭ (ﺺﻠﻟﺍ ﲆﻋ ﺮﺑﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺮﻟﺍ) ﻦﻋ ﺓﲑﺼﻗ " ﺍﺫﺇ ﻞﻗﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻢﺛ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻟ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻳ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﻪﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﺎﳖ ﻎﻠﺑﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻓ ﻢﻠﻋ ﲈﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻳ ﻠﻌﳚﻭ ؛ﻪﺑ ﻊﻔﺘﻨﻴﻟ ﻪﻨﻣ ﻪﻟ ﹰﻼﺜﻣ ﻪ ...ﹰﺎﻗﺭﺎﺳ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻮﻤﻋﺯ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺮﻟﺎﻛ ﻪﻠﺜﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ،ﻚﻟﺫ ﻞﻌﻔﻳ ﱂ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ .ﻪﻨﻋ ﺪﻴﳛ ﻻ " ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ) 1974 : 55 ﱃﺇ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻮﻋﺪﻳ ﺔﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ .( ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺀﺍﺮﻘﻓ ؛ﻢﻠﻋ ﲈﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻳ ﱂ ﺎﻣ ﲔﻴﻓﺎﻛ ﲑﻏ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻣ ﺏﺎﻌﻴﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﲠ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﻢﻠﻌﻳ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻝﺰﻨﳌﺍ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﻥﺃ ﺢﺿﻮﺗ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﻮﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺼﻘﻟﺍﻭ .ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺣ .ﹰﺎﻌﻴﲨ ﻪﺗﺎﻳﻮﺘﳏ ﲆﻋ ﻕﺭﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﺗﺃ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻪﺘﻴﺑ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻄﳋﺍ ﺀﺭﺪﻟ ﹰﺎﺌﻴﺷ ﻞﻌﻔﻳ ﱂ ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﻕﺭﺎﺴﻟﺍ .ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﲠ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﱂ ﺎﻣ ﺀﴚﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻔﻜﻳ ﻼﻓ
4 :ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻝﲈﺘﺣﻻﺍ ـ ﻠﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺃ .ﻝﲈﳉﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴ ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﺣ ﺪﻌﺒﻓ ﻊﺒﺳ ﺪﻣ ﲆﻋ) ﺩﺍﺮﻄﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻶﻟ ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﻟ ﻪﻠﺜﲤ ﺓﺭﻭﴐﻭ ،ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺻ 57 -64 ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺩﴪﻳ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻟ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻻ ( ﺉﺭﺎﻗ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺩﻮﻌﻳ (ﻆﻋﺍﻮﳌﺍﻭ ﺢﺋﺎﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺩﻮﻌﻳﻭ ﹰﺍﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ :ﻝﻮﻘﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﻳ ﻪﻧﺄﻛ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻫﺮﻛﺫ ﻪﻧﺃ ﴘﻧ ﻪﻧﺄﻛﻭ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﲏﺎﻌﳌﺍ " ﺪﻗﻭ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﲆﻋ ﻑﴩﻳ ﻞﺑ ،ﻪﻘﻳﻭﺍﺰﺘﻟ ﺢﻔﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻳﺎﻏ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻻﺃ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺎﻨﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﰲ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﻠﻟ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻳ ﺘﻳﻭﺭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﻳﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻛﻭ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻒﻘﻳﻭ ؛ﻪﻨﻣ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻝﺎﺜﻣﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪ " ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ) 1974 : 64 ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺺﺼﻘﻠﻟ (ﲇﺴﳌﺍ)ﻲﺤﻄﺴﻟﺍ ﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﲡ ﱃﺇ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻮﻋﺪﻳ ﻮﻬﻓ .( ﰲ ﻖﻤﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﳘﻭ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲔﺘﻨﺛﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻊﲨ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻼﳌﺍ .(ﻝﺎﺜﻣﺃ) ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﲈﻋ .ﻩﺩﻮﺼﻘﻣ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺢﺿﻮﺗ ﺔﺼﻘﺑ ـ ﻪﺗﺩﺎﻌﻛ ـ ﰐﺄﻳ ﻢﺛ .ﺔﻳﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﻝﲈﻋﺇﻭ ﲏﺎﻌﳌﺍ 5 :ﺲﻣﺎﳋﺍ ﻝﲈﺘﺣﻻﺍ ـ ﻥﺃ ﲔﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﰲ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻌﻤﻳ ﱂ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻞﻠﳌﺍﻭ ﺮﺠﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺼﻳ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ :ﻪﻟﻮﻘﺑ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﱪﻌﻳﻭ، " ﻥﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺉﺭﺎﻗ ﲆﻋ ﺐﳚ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ ﻦﻋ ﹸﺭﺎﺒﺧﻹﺍ ﻪﹶﺘﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻈﻳ ﻻﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﺟ ﺲﻤﺘﻠﻳﻭ ،ﺮﺠﺿ ﲑﻏ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻳﺪﻳ ﺑ ﻑﴫﻨﻴﻓ : ﺭﻮﺜﻟ ﻊﺒﺳ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﳏ ﻭﺃ ﲔﺘﻤﻴﲠ ﺔﻠﻴﺣ ﻪﻠﺜﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻳﻭ .ﺩﻮﺼﻘﳌﺍ ﺽﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻚﻟﺬ ...ﻥﺎﺠﻠﳋﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ " ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ) 1974 : 65 ﺔﻳﺎﻜﺣ ﺩﴪﻳ ﻢﺛ ،( .(ﺔﻓﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﻴﺼﻟﺍ)
ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺋﺭﺎﻗ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟ ﺩﻮﻌﻳ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ " ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻳﺪﻳ " ﻭ " ﺮﻫﺍﻮﳉﺍ ﺲﻤﺘﻠﻳ " ﲏﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺎﻇ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﲑﺸﻳ ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ ،ﹰﺎﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﻞﻌﻓ ﲈﻛ ﺪﺻﺎﻘﳌﺍﻭ ﲔﺑ ﻱﺮﲡ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺃ ﺎﻫﺮ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﲆﻋ ﻪﺋﺭﺎﻗ ﻪﺒﻨﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻪﳘ ﻥﺄﻛﻭ ،ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻌﺑﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻲﻣﺮﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﺣ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻡﻼﻛ ﻦﻣ ﲔﺒﺘﻳ .ﻢﻫﺃﻭ ﻖﻤﻋﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺎﻫﺮﻫﺍﻮﻈﺑ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺬﺧﺄﻳ ﻻ ﱃﺇ ﻪﻌﻓﺩ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫ ﹰﺔﺣﺍﴏ ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ ﺺﺼﻗ ﰲ ﻞﻘﹸﻳ ﱂ ﺎﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻮﻄﺴﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺧ ﻲﻔﺨﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﻤﻳﺪﻘﺗﻭ (ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﻭﺃ) ﺎﻬﺘﲨ .ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻣ ﹰﺍﺭﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺩﻮﻌﻳ ﺮﻣﺃ ﻮﻫﻭ .ﻮﻬﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻒﻨﺼﻳﻭ ،ﺽﺍﺮﻏﺃ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻢﺴﻘﻣ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺮﻛﺬﻳ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺔﲤﺎﺧ ﰲ ﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻢﲥﺎﻳﺎﻏﻭ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﳌ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﺗ ـ ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ـ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻷﺍ :ﻝﻮﻘﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮ " ﻝﺰﳍﺍ ﻞﻫﺃ ﻪﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﱃﺇ ﻉﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟ ﺔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﲑﻏ ﻢﺋﺎﻬﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺃ ﲆﻋ ﻪﻌﺿﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺪﺼﻗ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻫﺪﺣﺃ ﻍﺎﺒﺻﻷﺍ ﻑﻮﻨﺼﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻴﺧ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺇ ﲏﺎﺜﻟﺍﻭ .(...) ﻢﲠﻮﻠﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻝﲈﺘﺴﺘﻓ ،ﻥﺎﺒﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻠﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻫﺰﻨﻠﻟ ﺪﺷﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻢﻬﺻﺮﺣ ﻥﻮﻜﻳﻭ ،ﻙﻮﻠﳌﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟ ﹰﺎﺴﻧﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻟ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﻷﺍﻭ .ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻻﻭ ،ﻪﺧﺎﺴﺘﻧﺍ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﺮﺜﻜﻴﻓ ،ﺔﻗﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻙﻮﻠﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﺨﺘﻴﻓ ،ﺔﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﲆﻋ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻐﻟﺍﻭ .ﹰﺍﺪﺑﺃ ﺦﺳﺎﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺼﳌﺍ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﻊﻔﺘﻨﻴﻟﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻳﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﲆﻋ ﻖﻠﺨﻴﻓ ﻞﻄﺒﻳ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻑﻮﺴﻠﻴﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺹﻮﺼﳐ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﴡﻗﻷﺍ ﻮﻫﻭ " ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ) 1974 : 67 .( ﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﺃ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻪﺟﻮﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺩﺪﳛ ـ ﺔﻌﺑﺭ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺺﺼﻗ ﻥﻮﺒﳛ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺒﺸﻟﺍ :ﻢﻫﻭ ﻪﻟ ﻢﻬﻴﻘﻠﺗ ﻊﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻢﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺔﻤﻜﳊﺍ ﻞﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻔﺳﻼﻔﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺎﳍ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺘﺑ ﻥﻮﺴﻧﺄﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﳌﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ .ﺔﻤﻜﺣ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﲈﺑ ﻥﻮﻨﻌﹸﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺪﻗ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑ ﻊﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻚﺌﻟﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻛﺬﺑ ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺎﻫﺎﳖﺃﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺃﺪﺑ
.ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺓﺭﻮﻛﺬﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﹰﺎﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻪﻔﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﻢﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﲆﻋ ﻢﳍﺎﺒﻗﺇ ﻲﻌﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻞﹾﻌﺟ ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺱﻮﺒﻘﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻧﻼﻟ ﺖﻓﻼﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ﻠﻟ ﺩﺍﺯ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻌﻔﺘﻨﻴﺳ ﺭﻮﺼﳌﺍﻭ ﺦﺳﺎﻨﻟﺎﻓ ؛ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﲆﻋ ﻪﻔﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﺃ ﺪﺣﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﲔﻘﻠﺘﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻌﺳﺍﻭ ﺢﺋﺍﴍ ﱃﺇ ﹰﺎﻬﺟﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻻﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻳ ﻦﻟﻭ ،ﻪﺋﺍﴍ ﲆﻋ ﻝﺎﺒﻗﻹﺍ .ﺔﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﻢﲥﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻤﺑﻭ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻫ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ـ ﺮﻬﻇﺃ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻛ ﲆﻋ ﹰﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﹰﺎﻴﻋﻭ ـ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬ ﲆﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﲆﻋ ﺐﺼﻨﻳ ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﺰﻴﻛﱰﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻦﻣﺯ ﰲ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺄﺴﻤﺑ ﹰﺎﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﺩﻮﻌﻳ ﲈﺑﺭﻭ .ﺓﺮﺑﺎﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺷﺈﺑ ﻻﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﻳ ﱂﻭ ،ﹰﺎﻌﻣ ﲈﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻗﻭ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻚﻓ ﲆﻋ ﻲﻨﺒﻨﺗ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ (ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ) ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﱃﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺎﻣ ﺓ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﻇ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻑﻮﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻔﻠﺧ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺭﻮﻄﺴﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﻹ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻖﻤﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﴐ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻗﻭ ﰲ ﲑﺸﻳ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺎﻧﺪﺟﻭ ﺍﺬﳍﻭ ﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺋﺭﺎﻘﺑ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﻪﻧﻷ ،ﺔﻴﻔﳋﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺻﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ " ﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻓ ﹰﺎﺣﻮﺘﻔﻣ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺑﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﻙﱰﺗ ﻲﻘ " ﻭﺪﻧﺎﻛ) 2009 : 162 ﻪﻗﲈﻋﺃ ﰲ ﺹﻮﻐﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﻇ ﲆﻋ ﻒﻘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺲﻜﻌﺑ ،( ﻲﺘﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﲆﻋ ﺰﻛﺮﻳ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﻞﻇ ﺍﺬﳍﻭ .ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺟﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺪﻴﻌﺘﻟ " ﻖﻤﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﹼﻳﻭﺮﻟﺍ " ﰲ ﻮﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﲑﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺺﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻭ .ﺪﺻﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻢﻬﻔﻟ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺓﻮﻋﺩ ﻻﺇ ﺓﺮﻣ ﻞﻛ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺩﺭ .ﻩﺮﻫﺍﻮﻇ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋﻭ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻕﲈﻋﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻐﺑ ﻪﺘﻠﻴﳐﻭ ﻩﺮﻜﻓ ﻝﲈﻋﻹ
ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻖﻠﻄﻧﺍ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻜﺳﲈﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺿﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﳌﺎﺑ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺕﺯﺎﺘﻣﺍ ﺗ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ ﺍﺪﻋ ،(ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﹰﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃﻭ) ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﲆﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﹰﺍﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻕﺮﻄ ﻕﺮﻐﺘﺳﺍﻭ ،ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻤﺑ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺋﺭﺎﻘﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻤﺑ ﺎﳍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻻ ﺢﺋﺎﺼﻧﻭ ﻆﻋﺍﻮﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﴐ ﻝﻮﺣ ﹰﺎﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﻪﻟﺎﻗ ﲈﺑ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﻛﺬﻴﻟ ﺩﺎﻋ ﻢﺛ ،ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺻ ﻊﺒﺳ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻻﻮﻟﻭ .ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺃ ﲆﻋ ﺔﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻛ ﱃﺇ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻖﻤﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻜﻟ ﺩﺍﺮﻄﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﰲ ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ .ﺔﻤﻳﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻜﺳﲈﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺻﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣ ﻢﻬﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻤﺑﻭ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﲈﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﻻ ﻞﺠﺴﻳ ﻝﺍﻮﺣﻷﺍ ﻞﻛ .ﻞﻳﻭﺄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﻁ ،ﻚﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ .ﺩ ،ﻥﻮﺒﻬﺷﺃ ـ 1 ، ) 2009 ( ،ﺔﻴﻗﺫﻼﻟﺍ .ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺘﻋ . .ﺭﺍﻮﳊﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻝﻼﺑ ـ ,ﻕﺍﺯﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ) 2000 ( ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ـ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺘﻋ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ، .ﴩﻨﻠﻟ ﻕﴩﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻘﻳﺮﻓﺃ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ .ﻢﻳﺪﻘﻟﺍ ـ ﻁ ﻖﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﺪﺑﺎﻌﻠﺑ 1 ، ) 2008 ( ،ﺕﻭﲑﺑ .ﺹﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺖﻴﻨﻴﺟ ﺭﺍﲑﺟ ـ ﺕﺎﺒﺘﻋ . .ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺸﻨﻣ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ / ﻥﻭﴍﺎﻧ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ، ﺎﺑﺪﻴﺑ ـ ) 1974 ( ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻖﺸﻣﺩ . (ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑ ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ :ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻪﲨﺮﺗ) .ﺔﻨﻣﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻛ . .ﴩﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻠﻟ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻃﻮﻟﺍ ،ﲔﺴﺣ .ﺩ ،ﺔﻌﲨ ـ ) 2005 ( ﺔﻠﳎ .ﳼﺭﺎﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﺑﺩﻷﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻛﱰﺸﳌﺍ ﻢﺳﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ . ﻉ ،ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﱰﻟﺍ ) 7 ( .ﺏﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ،ﻖﺸﻣﺩ ،
ﻁ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﻱﺮﻤﺠﳊﺍ ـ 1 ، 1996 ،ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ .ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ ـ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺘﻋ . .ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺸﻨﻣ ـ ،ﻞﻳﻮﺟ ،ﻭﺪﻧﺎﻛ ) 2009 ( ،ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ،ﻖﺸﻣﺩ .(ﺪﻌﺳﺃ ﻪﻴﺟﻭ :ﺕ) ﺔﻳﻮﳍﺍﻭ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ . . ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﻁ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﻮﻄﻴﻠﻴﻛ ـ 2 ، )( 1983 ( .ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﻮﻴﻨﺑ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ـ ﺔﺑﺍﺮﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ . .ﴩﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻠﻟ ﺔﻌﻴﻠﻄﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺕﻭﲑﺑ ،ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ـ ) 1986 ( .ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺕﻭﲑﺑ ،ﻊﻔﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ . ﻁ ،ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ،ﴫﻨﻣ ـ 1 ، ) 2007 ( ﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ . ﺓﴏﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻴﺼﻘﻠﻟ ﻱﺯﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺍ . .ﻝﺎﻘﺑﻮﺗ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ،ﺐﺟﺭ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ـ ) 2006 ( ﺙﺍﱰﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻲﻤﺤﻠﳌﺍ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ . ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ .ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻟﺍ . ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﴫﳌﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ
