EK 5 – Eğitim Sürecinde Kullanılan Okuma Metinleri
Metin 2
Repeat after me: Memory takes practice
1 Meghan Pierce is a 16-year-old senior whose excellent memory has helped her achieve top grades in high school. But asked which of last year's lessons she is forgetting this summer, she joked,
"Everything."
2 It's not the summer sun causing the lapses. Pierce says she's having the most trouble remembering Spanish and history facts, and brain experts say the problem is infrequency of use. Memory lapses, once chiefly the worry of the elderly, have emerged as a source of anxiety among folks of all ages in this era of information overload.
3 "My mom will tell me to do a chore, and I'll walk upstairs to get the vacuum cleaner, and I'll have to walk back downstairs to ask her what I was supposed to do," said Pierce. "There are just so many things on our minds."
4 Researchers say memory can indeed be improved, but the keys to achieving it are simpler
than you might think - lots of practice and better organization. Not to mention focus, something that was reinforced to renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma after he left his $2.5 million, 266-year-old cello in a New York taxi in 1999. (It was recovered.)
5 Researchers say memory can indeed be improved, but to keys to achieving it are simpler than you might think- lots of practice and better organization. Not to mention focus, something that was reinforced to renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma after he left his $
2.5 million, 266-year-old cello in a New York taxi in 1999. (It was recovered.) 6 That doesn't mean that it is
easy to improve memory -studies by manufacturers of herbs that claim to do so have been challenged by many leading scientists- or that learning how to better retain certain information makes someone inherently smarter.
7 New research is showing that memories can be diminished by stress and even by physical trauma. Young soccer players who take a lot of headshots report some mild memory problems.
8 Besides, experts say, forgetting some things is normal. "We function so well as human beings because in fact we forget things at a very efficient rate," said neuroscientist James L. Olds.
"If we flawlessly remember everything about every aspect of every day, we would have tremendous difficulty given the fact that our brains are limited. Forgetting is as important biologically as memory."
9 And forgetting long division over the summer doesn’t count because the information isn't really "lost." The foundation has probably been retained in the brain, and it can be easily retrieved with review in the fall, experts said.
10 What students generally lose over the summer are isolated facts not associated with images and not embedded in a larger framework, said Ira B. Black, at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Jersey. "In a sense, then, you have to care to remember," he said.
11 It is also easier to forget information that is new and different, said psychology professor Alan S. Brown.
"If you have been studying English grammar all year, it is less likely to be forgotten than the Spanish which you first started taking in the spring semester."
12 Fifteen-year-old Lyndsey Wilson agreed.
"All the stuff they teach in one day I forget. We learned World War II over three weeks and I remember that.
Metin 3
Show me the way to go home
Unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents
In Denver, live-in Daughter Esther Rodriguez prepares dinner with her parents
‘‘The good life is not spontaneously generated out there.''
First Maggie, then 20, asked Step mom and Dad if she could store a few boxes with them in Washington while she looked for another place to live. Then Maggie said she would like to move in to be with her boxes until her boyfriend Joe bought a condominium. Next Maggie asked whether Joe could move in “temporarily”
until the condo deal was closed. When Lucy and Pablo Sanchez returned home from vacation last Christmas, they found their small living room crammed with his boxes and a second welcome mat next to their own on the front porch. Lucy Sanchez immediately did what any loving but put-upon parent would do:' 'I had a migraine,'' she says.
Such tales are becoming abundantly familiar as American parents are forced to make room for their adult children. ‘‘There is a naive notion that children grow up and leave home when they're 18, and the truth is far from that," says Sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin in Madison. Today, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, 59% of men and 47% of women between 18 and 24 depend on their parents for housing, some living in college dorms but most at home. In 1970 the figures were 54% and 41%. Also, 14% of men and 8% of women ages 25 to 34 are dependent on their parents for housing, in contrast to 9.5% and 6;6% in 1970. "This is
part of a major shift in the middle class,"
declares Sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestem University. He should know:
Schnaiberg's stepson, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.
Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its amenities particularly attractive to young people, say experts. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally battered survivors back to parental shelters.
For some, the expanse of an away-from-home college education has become so exorbitant that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs. Notes Sociologist Carlfred Broderick of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, who has a son, 31, and a daughter, 27, in residence: “They are finding that the good life is not spontaneously generated out there.”
Sallie Knighton, 26, moved back to her parents' suburban Atlanta home to save enough money to buy a car. Her job as a teacher provided only enough money to cover car payments and an additional loan she had taken out. Once the loan was paid off, she decided to take a crack at a modeling career.
Living at home, says Knighton, continues to
give her security and moral support. "If I had lived away," she says, "I would be miserable still teaching." Her mother concurs, "It's ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." Bradley Kulat, 25, makes about
$20,000 a year as an equipment technician in a hospital. That is enough to support a modest household, but he chooses to live at his parents' split-level ranch house outside Chicago, as does his sister Pamela, 20, who commutes to a nearby college. He admits to expensive tastes. He recently bought an
$8,000 car and owns an $800 stereo system, a
$300 ten-speed bike and an elegant wardrobe.
Says his mother Evelyn: ' 'It keeps you thinking younger, trying to keep up with them."
Sharing the family home requires adjust-ments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. At 34, Esther Rodriguez dreaded returning to her parents' Denver home after three years of law school forced her $20,000 into debt. "I thought it was going to be a restriction on my independence," she recalls. Instead, she was touched when her father installed a desk and phone in the basement so she would have a private study. The Sanchez family too has made a success of the arrangement. Says Lucy Sanchez:' 'Family is family, and we believe and act on that." But for others,
the setup proves too difficult. Michelle Dellurco, 24, of Englewood, Colo., a Denver suburb, has been home three times—and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem," she ex-plains. "He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to sneak around or meet them at friends' houses."
Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Lucille Carlini of Brooklyn returned home with her two daughters after a divorce. That was almost twelve years ago. She is now 37 and her daughters 18 and 16. They still live with Carlini's mother Edie, who has welcomed having three generations in the same house. Still, most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake.
Offspring, struggling to establish separate identities, can wind up with "a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure," says
Kristine Kratz, a counselor with the Personal Development Institute in Los Angeles. And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves bogged down with respon-sibilities. Says Debra Umberson, a researcher at the University of Michigan:
"Living with children of any age involves compromise and obligation, factors that can be detrimental to some aspects of well-being.
All children, even adult children, require accommodation and create stress."
Brief visits, however, can work benefi-cially. Five years ago Ellen Rancilio returned to the Detroit area to live with her father after her marriage broke up. She stayed only seven months, but "it made us much closer," she says. Indeed, the experience was so positive that she would not hesitate to put out the welcome mat when her own three sons are grown. Declares she: "If they needed help like I did, yes."
—ByAnastas/a Tbufex/s.
Reported by Barbara Cornell/Washington, with other bureaus
Metin 4
TALKING TO BABIES
All of the world's languages, from English to Urdu, share one special kind of speech: baby talk. Recent research has confirmed that in spite of the differences among cultures and languages, the general properties of speech used with babies who are learning to talk remain the same.
Baby talk sounds different from adult speech. When talking to 1- or 2-year olds, adults usually raise the pitch of their voices and adopt a "sing song" intonation, in which the voice rises and drops dramatically, often ending a sentence at a high point, (imagine the way you would say to a baby, "Hi Johnny. You're playing with your teddy, aren't you?"
What is the point of these peculiarities? Research has shown that babies prefer sounds in higher pitch ranges (Kearsley, 1973). Adults may quickly learn that they are more likely to get a smile or a satisfied gurgle from a baby when they raise their voices a bit. And the melodious rise and the fall of the speech signal may hold the babies attention that isn't easy to do. For the toddler who has begun to utter a few words, the rising voice at the end of the sentence serves as a signal; "Your turn." It marks the end; of the adult's verbal offering and invites the child to make a response.
Adult speech to toddlers is also characterized by short sentences, limited vocabulary, and straight forward grammar. There are lots of questions and there is plenty of repetition (Snow, 1972). Furthermore, speech to beginning talkers tends to be tied to the here and now, with few references to the past or future. A father is much more likely to say, "See the birdie, Franny?"
than "Do you remember the bird we saw yesterday?: The grammar simplicity and concreteness of baby talk help make the structure and rules of language clearer to someone just starting to learn it, and they help ease communication with a small person who cannot yet understand much speech.
Adults seem to catch on to baby talk quite naturally, Catherine Snow (1972) found that non-mothers (who almost no experience with babies) made the same speech changes when they talk to babies that mothers did. And Marilyn Shatz and Rochel Gelman (1973) found that even 4-year-old children will make similar speech modifications when talking to 2-year-4-year-olds. Babies themselves help to shape baby talk, through their reactions to adult utterances. When mothers
were asked to talk to an imaginary baby, they did not simplify their speech as much as when they spoke to a real one (Snow, 1972). The child's presence-giving evidence of comprehension, boredom, or pleasure was necessary to elicit "true" baby talk from the mothers. True baby talk, with .its particular grammatical simplifications, does not appear in parents until the baby is about 18 months old and begins to demonstrate some understanding of what is being said (Phillips, 1973).
Roger Brown. (1977) suggests that there is something else baby talk can do besides helping babies learn to talk: It can express affection in ways that normal speech can't. He points out that sometimes baby talk occurs between adults, but that such behavior is usually limited to lovers.
And this may be as important a function as language learning and communication. Children need to learn to talk. They need to understand "Stay away from the stove" and "Don't eat the Swedish ivy". But they also need to hear "I love you" and to feel the meaning of these words even before the words themselves are actually understood.
EK 6- İstatistiksel Çözümlemeye Tabi Tutulamayan Bulgular