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يﺮﺸﳐﺰﻠﻟ ِبَﺮَﻌﻟا ِﺔﱠﻴِﻣ َﻻ ِحْﺮَﺷ ِﰲ ِﺐَﺠَﻌﻟا ِﺐَﺠْﻋَأ ِبﺎَﺘِﻛ ِﰲ ِّيِﻮَﻐُﻠﻟا ِﻞﻴِﻠ ْﺤﱠﺘﻟا ُت ََﻮَـﺘ ْﺴُﻣ

Z ̂’ A‘ ’ -‘ ’ -‘ A

D A D ̈

L L A ʿA -ʿ -ʿA

-Z

M KADDUM

Doç. Dr. Bartın Universitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Mütercim ve Tercümanlık Bölümü, Bartın, Türkiye Associate Professor, Bartın University, Faculty of Arts, Departmant of Translation, Bartın, Turkey

[email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-4903 Makale Bilgisi Artıcle Informatıon

Makale Türü Article Types Araştırma Makalesi Research Article

Geliş Tarihi Received 27 Temmuz 2020 27 July 2020

Kabul Tarihi Accepted 25 Ekim 2020 25 October 2020

Yayın Tarihi Published 30 Aralık 2020 30 December 2020

Yayın Sezonu Pub Date Season Aralık December

Doi

https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.774307

A /C :

Kaddum, Mahmud, “ﻱﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻠﻟ ﹺﺏﹶﺮﹶﻌﻟﺍ ﹺﺔﱠﻴﹺﻣ ﹶﻻ ﹺﺡﹾﺮ ﹶﺷ ﻲﹺﻓ ﹺﺐﹶﺠﹶﻌﻟﺍ ﹺﺐﹶﺠﹾﻋﹶﺃ ﹺﺏﺎﹶﺘﹺﻛ ﻲﹺﻓ ﱢﻱﹺﻮﹶﻐﹸﻠﻟﺍ ﹺﻞﻴﹺﻠﹾﺤﱠﺘﻟﺍ ﹸﺕﺎﹶﻳﹶﻮﹶﺘ ﹾﺴﹸﻣ” [Levels of Linguistic Analysis in ʿAjab al-ʿajab i sharh lamiyya al-ʿArab by al-Zamakhshari], [Zemahşerı̂’nin A‘cebu’l-‘Aceb Fî Şerhi Lâmiyyeti’l-‘Arab Adlı Eserinde Dilsel Analiz Düzeyleri], Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi- Journal of

Divinity Faculty of Hitit University 19/2 (December 2020): s. 793-821.

İ /P :

Bu makale, en az iki hakem tarafından incelendi ve intihal içermediği teyit edildi.

This article has been reviewed by at least two referees and scanned via plagiarism software.

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Levels of Linguistic Analysis in ‘Ajab al-’ajab fi sharh lamiyya al-’Arab by al Zamakhshari

Abstract

The Arabic literature has witnessed since its early times the interest and emphasis on a specific poem as well as the explanation and demonstration of its primary meanings and contextual clues. There is a close connection betwe- en grammar and literary texts, which made many linguists tend to explain these texts and derive meanings and grammar from them. Therefore, this study addresses the multi-levels of the linguistic analysis in a book that focu- sed mainly on a single poem called ʿAjab al-ʿajab fi sharh lamiyya al-ʿArab “ by al Zamakhshari (d. 538/1143). Lamiyya al-ʿArab is one of the most famous Arabic poems, and al-Zamakhshari is considered one of the most important linguists and grammarians.

In this poem, al-Shanfara was able to intensively use all the phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical capabilities of the language, so that the language was his primary tool in depicting his reality, describing his portra- yals precisely accurately, expressing his most accurate emotions, as well as revealing his most important features from the sole of his foot to the top of his head. Consequently, he makes himself a person who leads and lives in each scene he describes. Then, after he is determined to leave, and informs his people about it, he provides us with an introduction highlighting his qualities and describing his suffering in the life of the tramp, which involved hunger, coldness and heat. The accuracy of the observation drives him to describe his cheering bow that mourns at the launch of their arrows, observe the movement of the hungry wolves whose mouths’ sides are like the cracks of the sticks, the movement of the snakes that fidget because of the hot ground, and the sounds of the grouses whose guts’ sounds are heard because of the severe thirst, the expression of the worries that besiege him from all sides, the crimes that follow him and penetrates him, as well as the description of his felted hair, which has not been combed for one year.

The study demonstrated, that al-Zamakhshari also employed Quranic verses, noble prophetic hadiths, poetic expressions, and Arabic proverbs to re- veal the semantics, and he sometimes elaborates in mentioning the evidence.

For instance, in his explanation of the first verse, he cited three poem verses and three Qur’anic verses. al-Zamakhshari is also known for his scientific in- tegrity, whereby in many instances he is keen to attribute the words to their owners. In addition, al-Zamakhshari employed the phenomena of lamia as a

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starting point to theoretical statements, the discussions of controversial issues, and simplify the problems as much as possible. Further, al-Zamakhshari was skillful in addressing the morphological and syntactic issues and associating the grammatical rules with the literary and rhetorical style. Al-Zamakhshari cited the well-knowns scholars of language and grammar, such as Hebron, Sebaweh, Al-Kesa’ei, Al-Fara’a, Al-Akhfash, Al-Assma’ai, Ibn Kisan, Al-Farisi, and Al-Jawhari and extensively mentioned their grammatical perspectives.

Moreover, the article demonstrated the levels of the linguistic analysis in the explanation of the book. And that the lexical meaning (dictionary meaning) is the most common linguistic analysis used in the explanation of al-Zamak- hshri in the majority of the poem verses. It also showed al-Zamakhshari’s in- genuity in dealing with grammatical and morphological issues, while linking grammatical guidance to literary taste and rhetorical style. Al-Zamakhshari’s commentary also included the most important grammar issues that are frequ- ently mentioned by grammaians and are found in the grammatical sources.

Through reading in the book, he produced the” encyclopedia of Al-Zamak- hshari”, which combined various language sciences, in addition to religious and poetic abundance.

However, one of the most important methodological deficiencies that was directed towards the explanation of al-Zamakhshari of Arabs’ lamia was that he did not follow a specific approach in his explanation.

The method of the study was descriptive and analytical, and the research plan was presented, prepared, in six chapters and conclusion. The introduction includes the importance of the research, its goal, plan, limits, methodology, the profiling brief of the insembly, the al-Shanfara, lamiyya al-ʿArab, and the first chapter covers methodological features in the commentary. The second research highlightes the features of the phoneme. The third research highlightes the features of the semantic significance, the fourth discusses the grammar function, the fifth shows the features of the miracle significance, and the sixth stopps at the meaning of the liberation of meaning, followed by a conclusion that reflected the findings of the research, and a list of sources.

Keywords: Arabic Language and Eloquence, Linguistic Analysis, Dictio- nary meaning, Morphological meaning, Syntactical meaning, ʿAjab al-ʿajab, lamiyya al-ʿArab

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Zemahşerî’nin A‘cebu’l-‘Aceb Fî Şerhi Lâmiyyeti’l-‘Arab Adlı Eserinde Dilsel Analiz Düzeyleri

Öz

Arap edebiyatı; ilk çağlarından itibaren bizzat kasidelere, bu kasidelerin şerhlerine ve mana, delaletlerinin beyanına yönelik bir ilgiye tanıklık etmiştir.

Dilbilgisi ve edebi metinler arasında yakın bir bağlantı vardır. Bu da birçok dilbilimcinin bu metinleri açıklamasına bunun yanında onlardan anlam ve dilbilgisi kuralları türetmesine vesile olmuştur.

İşte bu çalışma, Zemahşerî’nin (ö. 538) tek bir kasideyi inceleyip tahlil et- mekte ve “A‘cebu’l-‘aceb fî Lâmiyyeti’l-‘Arab” adlı eserinin anlamsal analiz düzeyini ele almaktadır. Nitekim “Lâmiyyetu’l-‘Arab” Arapların en ünlü şiir kasidelerinden biri olarak kabul edilirken, Zemahşerî ise en önemli dilbilimci ve gramercilerinden biri olarak bilnmektedir.

Şenferâ, bu kasidede dildeki tüm fonetik, morfolojik, sözdizimsel ve söz- cüksel performansını açığa çıkarmayı başarmıştır. Durumları hassaslıkla resmetmede, duygularını itinayla aktarmada ve gerçekliği tasvir etmede kul- landığı ilk araç dil olgusudur. Bir kişinin özelliklerini tepeden tırnağa res- metmiştir. Bir durumu ifade ederken tasvir etmek istediği her bir sahnede, kendini ana karakter ve o olayı bizzat yaşayan kişi konumuna koymuştur.

Bulunduğu yerden başka bir yere ayrılmak üzere göç etmeden önce halka ko- nuşma yapmıştır. Bize kendini anlatan bir tarif sunmuştur. Zor zamanlarında çektiği sıkıntıları, açlığı, soğuğu, sıcağı anlatmıştır. Okun fırlamasının yasını tutan yayı, bir sopanın çatlarken çıkardığı ses gibi çenelerinden sesler çıkan aç kurtları, yanmış toprağın üstünde kıvranıp duran yılanları, susuzluktan kar- nı guruldayan kedilerin haykırışlarını, dört bir yandan etrafını saran acıları, peşine düştüğü cinayetleri ve taranmamış, keçeleşmiş saçlarına kadar birçok şeyi betimlemiştir.

Çalışma neticesinde Zemahşerî, Kuran ayetlerini, Hz. Peygamberin hadis- lerini, şiir şevahitlerini ve Arap atasözlerini delil göstermek üzere kullanmış- tır. Bazen çok fazla şevahitlerde bulunmaktadır. İlk beytin şerhinde üç be- yit ve Kur’an’ın üç ayetile istişhat etmiştir. Zemahşerî’nin şerhinde bilimsel emanet karakteri ağır basmaktadır. Çünkü şevahitlerinin çoğunda, sözlerini arkadaşlarına sıkça atfetmektedir. Zemahşerî, Lâmiyye olguları çerçevesinde teorik raporları, ihtilaflı meseleleri ve nedenlerini basitleştirmeye çalışmıştır Yine Zemahşerî’nin gramer eğitiminde edebi zevki ve retorik üslubu kulla- narak gramer ve morfolojik konuları itinayla ele alması, onun bu husustaki ustalığını göstermektedir.

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Zemahşerî, el-Halîl, Sîbeveyh, el-Kisâî, el-Ferrâ’, el-Ahfaş, el-Esma’î, İbn Keysân, el-Fârisi ve el-Cevherî gibi lügat ve nahiv âlimlerinden istişhatta bu- lunmuştur. Ayrıca Nahiv görüşlerini daha fazla zikretmiştir. Zemahşerî’nin Lâmiyyetu’l-Arab üzerine yaptığı şerhinde yer alan en önemli metodolojik eksikliklerden biri, açıklama yaparken belirli bir metodu takip etmemesidir.

Çalışma neticesinde sözlüksel delaletin şerhte daha yaygın olduğu görülmüştür. Zemahşerî, kasidenin çoğu beytinde bunu hedef almıştır.

Zemahşerî’nin yaratıcılığı sarf ve nahiv meselelerini, edebi zevk ve edebi üs- lup ile birleştirilmesinde yatmaktadır. Zemahşerî’nin bu şerhi aynı zamanda nahivcilerin üzerinde sıklıkla durdukları ve nahiv kaynaklarında bulunan te- mel dilbilgisi konularını da içermektedir. Kitap üzerinde yapılan okuma neticesinde Zemahşerî’nin dini ve şiirsel yönden zenginliğinin yanı sıra çeşitli lügat ilimlerini cem eden ansiklopedici yönü de ortaya çıkmıştır.

Araştırmacı, analitik açıklayıcı bir metot kullanmıştır. Araştırmamız bir giriş, önsöz, altı bölüm ve bir sonuçtan oluşmaktadır. Giriş kısmı araştırma- nın önemini, amacını, planını, sınırlarını ve metodolojisini içermekte, önsöz kısmında ise Zemahşerî’nin Îcâz’ı ile Şenferâ’nın Lâmiyye’si tanıtılmaktadır.

İlk bölüm, şerhteki metodolojik özellikleri ele almıştır. İkinci bölüm sesbirimi- nin özelliklerini vermektedir. Üçüncü bölüm morfolojik özellikleri açıklamak- tadır. Dördüncü bölüm nahvin (sözdizimi) delâletini ele almaktadır. Beşinci bölüm, sözlüksel delâletin özelliklerine değinmiştir. Altıncı bölüm, mananın tahrir delâleti üzerinde durulmuştur. Devamında sonuç bölümü bulunmak- tadır. Araştırmamızda kullanılan kaynaklar ve referanslar ile kaynakça listesi oluşturulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Arap Dili ve Belagati, Anlamsal Analiz, Sözlük Delale- ti, Sarf Delaleti, Nahiv Delaleti, A‘cebu’l-‘aceb, Lâmiyyetu’l-‘Arab.

يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻠﻟ « ِبَﺮَﻌﻟا ِﺔﱠﻴِﻣ َﻻ ِحْﺮَﺷ ﻲِﻓ ِﺐَﺠَﻌﻟا ِﺐَﺠْﻋَأ» ِبﺎَﺘِﻛ ﻲِﻓ ِّيِﻮَﻐُﻠﻟا ِﻞﻴِﻠ ْﺤﱠﺘﻟا ُتﺎَﻳَﻮَـﺘ ْﺴُﻣ ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟا ٍنﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻣ نﺎَﻴﺑو ﺎﻬﺣﺮﺷو ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻌﺑ ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﺑ مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻا ﻰﻟإ َﻩﺎﺠِّﺗﻻا ﻰﻟوﻷا ﻩِرﻮﺼﻋ ﺬﻨﻣ ﱡﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ُبدﻷا ﺪﻬﺷ نﻮﻬﺠﺘﻳ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ءﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﻞﻌﺟ يﺬﻟا ﺮﻣﻷا ،ﺔّﻴﺑدﻷا صﻮﺼﻨﻟاو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻖﻴﺛو طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺔﻤﺛ ذإ ؛تﻻﻻدو

.ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟاو ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻤﻟا طﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳاو صﻮﺼﻨﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ حﺮﺷ ﻰﻟإ ،ةﺪﺣاو ًةﺪﻴﺼﻗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟاو سرﱠﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﺬﺧأ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ّيﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤّﺘﻟا تﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ لوﺎﻨﺗو ﺪﺋﺎﺼﻘﻟا ﺮﻬﺷِأ ﻦﻣ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ ﺪﻌﺗ ذإ ،(ﻫ⁵³⁸) يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻠﻟ (بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ) بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮﻫو

.ﻦﻴّﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟاو ﻦﻴﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ّﻢﻫأ ﻦﻣ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﺪﻌﻳو ،ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ،ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻟاو ،ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟاو ،ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﻟاو ،ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا تﺎﻗﺎﻃ ﻞﻛ ﺮﻴﺠﻔﺗ ﻦﻣ ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﺗ ﺪﻘﻟ

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تﺎﺠﻠﺧ قدأ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟا ﻲﻓو ،ﺔﻘﻴﻗد ةرﻮﺼﺑ ﻪﺗﺎﺣﻮﻟ ﻢﺳر ﻲﻓو ،ﻪﻌﻗاو ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻟوﻷا ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا ةادأ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻜﻓ ﺎﺸﻳﺎﻌﻣو ﺎﺴﻴﺋر ﺎﺼﺨﺷ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻌﺠﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ؛ﻪﺳأر ﻰﻠﻋأ ﻰﻟإ ﻪﻣﺪﻗ ﺺﻤﺧأ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺤﻣﻼﻣ ﻢﻫأ ﻢﺳر ﻲﻓو ﻞﺑ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﻨﻟ مﺪﻘﻳ ،ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻳو ،ﻞﻴﺣﺮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ مﺰﻌﻳ نأ ﺪﻌﺒﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻔﺻو ﻰﻟإ قﺮﻄﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻤﻟا ﺔﻗد ﻪﻌﻓﺪﺗو ،ﺮﺣو دﺮﺑو عﻮﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻳﺮﺘﻌﻳ ﺎﻣو ،ﺔﻜﻠﻌﺼﻟا ةﺎﻴﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺗﺎﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﻒﺼﻳو ،ﻪﺗﺎﻔﺻ ﻪﻴﻓ زﺮﺒﻳ ﻪﺴﻔﻨﺑ ﺎﻬﻗوﺪﺷ تﺪﺑ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺠﻟا بﺎﺋﺬﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ﻰﻟإو ،ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻬﺳ قﻼﻄﻧﻻ نﺰﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا فﻮﺘﻬﻟا ﻪﺳﻮﻗ ﻒﺻو ﻰﻟإ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫؤﺎﺸﺣأ ﻞﺼﻠﺼﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﻄﻘﻟا تاﻮﺻأ ﺪﺻر ﻰﻟإو ،ءﺎﻀﻣﺮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﻤﻠﻤﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻋﺎﻓﻷا ﺔﻛﺮﺣو ،ّﻲﺼﻌﻟا قﻮﻘﺸﻛ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﺑ ،ﻪﻴﻟإ ﻞﻐﻠﻐﺘﺗو ﻩدرﺎﻄﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻳﺎﻨﺠﻟاو ،نﺎﻜﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻩﺮﺻﺎﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا مﻮﻤﻬﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟاو ،ﺪﻳﺪﺸﻟا ﺶﻄﻌﻟا .ﻞﺟﺮﻳ نأ نود لﻮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﻮﺤﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺪﺒﻠﻤﻟا ﻩﺮﻌﺷ ﻒﺻو ،ﺔﱠﻳﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﺪﻫاﻮﺸﻟاو ،ﺔﻔﻳﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﱠﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟا ﺚﻳدﺎﺣﻷاو ،ﺔﱠﻴﻧآﺮﻘﻟا تﺎﻳﻵا ﻒﱠﻇو ّيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﱠنأ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻦﱠﻴﺒﺗو ثﻼﺜﺑ ﺪﻬﺸﺘﺳا لوﻷا ﺖﻴﺒﻠﻟ ﻪﺣﺮﺷ ﻲﻔﻓ ؛ﺪﻫاﻮﺸﻟا ﺮﻛذ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣأ ﺾﻴﻔﺘﺴﻳ نﺎﻛو ،ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﻲﻓ ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا لﺎﺜﻣﻷاو نﺎﻛ ﻩﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﻦﻣ ٍﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻪﱠﻧإ ذإ ؛ﺔﱠﻴﻤﻠِﻌﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﻣﻷا ُﻊﺑﺎﻃ ﻪِﺣﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ّيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻐﻳو ،تﺎﻴﺑأ ﺔﺛﻼﺛو ،ﺔﻴﻧآﺮﻗ تﺎﻳآ تﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣو ،ﺔّﻳﺮﻈﻧ تاﺮﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻰﻟإ ًﺎﻘﻠﻄﻨﻣ ﺔﱠﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﺮﻫاﻮﻇ ﻦﻣ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﺬﺨﱠﺗاو ،ﺎﻬِﺑﺎﺤﺻﻷ لاﻮﻗﻷا ِﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ صﺮﺤﻳ :ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﻮﺤﻨﻟاو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا مﻼﻋﺄﺑ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﺪﻬﺸﺘﺳاو ،ًﻼﻴﺒﺳ ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻟإ عﺎﻄﺘﺳا ﺎﻣ ﻞَﻠِﻌﻟا ﻂﺴَﺑ ﻰﻟإو ،ﺔّﻴﻓﻼﺧ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻤِﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺎﻤﻛ ،يﺮﻫﻮﺠﻟاو ،ﻲﺳرﺎﻔﻟاو ،نﺎﺴﻴﻛ ﻦﺑاو ،ﻲﻌﻤﺻﻷاو ،ﺶﻔﺧﻷاو ،ءاﱠﺮﻔﻟاو ،ﻲﺋﺎﺴﻜﻟاو ،ﻪﻳﻮﺒﻴﺳو ،ﻞﻴﻠﺨﻟا .ﺔّﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻢﻬﺋارآ ﺮﻛذ ﱡيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ﺪﻤﻋ ﺪﻘﻓ ؛حﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ًﺎﻋﻮﻴﺷ تﻻﻻﺪﻟا ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺔﱠﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ﱠنأ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻦﱠﻴﺒﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ يﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺘﻟا ﻂﺑر ﻊﻣ ﺔّﻴﻓﺮﺼﻟاو ﺔّﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻪﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﺔﻋاﺮﺑ تﺮﻬﻇ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا تﺎﻴﺑأ ِّﻞُﺟ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺴﻟأ ﻰﻠﻋ دّدﺮﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ تﺎﻬﻣأ ﻰﻠﻋ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا حﺮﺷ ىﻮﺘﺣا ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻲﻏﻼﺒﻟا بﻮﻠﺳﻷاو ﻲﺑدﻷا قوﺬﻟﺎﺑ مﻮﻠﻋ ﻊﻤﺟ يﺬﻟا ّيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﺔّﻴﻋﻮﺳﻮﻣ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ ةءاﺮﻘﻟا لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺞﺘﻧو ،ﺔّﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ردﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺪﺟﻮﺗو ،ةﺎﺤﻨﻟا .ﺔّﻳﺮﻌﺸﻟاو ﺔّﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟا ةراﺰﻐﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿإ ،ﺔﻋِّﻮﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ًادﱠﺪﺤﻣ ًﺎﺠﻬﻨﻣ ﻊِﺒﱠﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻪّﻧأ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ ﻰﻠﻋ ّيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا حﺮﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ تَﺬِﺧأ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﱠﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟا ﺬﺧﺂﻤﻟا ّﻢﻫأ ﻦﻣ نﺎﻛو

.حﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﻪﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺧو ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺔّﺘﺳو ﺪﻴﻬﻤﺗو ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻄﺧ تءﺎﺟو ،ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺎﻴﻔﺻو ﺎﺠﻬﻨﻣ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﺪﻤﺘﻋاو ،يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟﺎﺑ زﺎﺠﻳﺈﺑ ﺪﻴﻬﻤﺘﻟا فّﺮﻋو ،ﻪﺘﻴﺠﻬﻨﻣو ،ﻩدوﺪﺣو ،ﻪﺘﻄﺧو ،ﻪﻓﺪﻫو ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻫأ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻨﻤﻀﺗ ﺢﻣﻼﻤﻟ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا ضﺮﻋ ﺪﻗو ،حﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﱠﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟا ﺢﻣﻼﻤﻟا لوﻷا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا لوﺎﻨﺗو ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻو ،ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟاو ﻦّﻴﺑو ،ﺔّﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا لوﺎﻨﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔّﻴﻓﺮ ﱠﺼﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ﺢﻣﻼﻣ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا زﺮﺑأو ،ﺔّﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﻼﺗو ،ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟا ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺔﻟﻻد ﺪﻨﻋ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا ﻒّﻗﻮﺗ اًﺮﻴﺧأو ،ﺔّﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ﺢﻣﻼﻣ ﺲﻣﺎﺨﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا .ﻊﺟاﺮﻤﻟاو ردﺎﺼﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗو ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ﺺﻠﺧ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا ﺮﻬﻇأ ﺖﻨﻤﻀﺗ ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺧ ،ﺔﱠﻴِﻤ َﺠْﻌُﻤﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ،ﺔﱠﻳِﻮ ْﺤﱠﻨﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ،ﺔﱠﻴِﻓﺮ ﱠﺼﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ،يﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ،ﺎﻬﺘﻏﻼﺑو ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا :تﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻﻻا

بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ ،ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ ﺔﻣِّﺪﻘﻣ ٍنﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻣ نﺎَﻴﺑو ﺎﻬﺣﺮﺷو ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻌﺑ ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﺑ مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻا ﻰﻟإ َﻩﺎﺠِّﺗﻻا ﻰﻟوﻷا ﻩِرﻮﺼﻋ ﺬﻨﻣ ﱡﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ُبدﻷا ﺪﻬﺷ ﺚﻴﺣ ؛ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻠﻟ «بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ» ﺎﺜﻳﺪﺣو ﺎﻤﻳﺪﻗ ﻦﻴﺳارﺪﻟا مﺎﻤﺘﻫﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻈﺣ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﺋﺎﺼﻘﻟا ﺮﻬﺷأ ﻦﻣ ﱠﻞﻌﻟو ،تﻻﻻدو ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻧﻻا ﻲﻋﺮﺘﺴﻳ ﺮﻣأ اﺬﻫو ،ﻦﻴﻗﺮﺸﺘﺴﻤﻟاو ،بﺮﻌﻟا دﺎّﻘﻨﻟاو ءﺎﺑدﻷاو ،ةﺎﺤﻨﻟاو حاﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻛ مﺎﻤﺘﻫا ﻞﺤﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻐﻴﻠﺒﻟا تﺎﻬﻴﺒﺸﺘﻠﻟ وأ ،ﺐﺴﺤﻓ ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ رﺎﺳ يﺬﻟا ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻا اﺬﻫ نﻷ ؛ﻞﻣﺄﺘﻟاو

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ﻚﺌﻟوأ ﻞﻛ بﺎﺠﻋإ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻧإو ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﻲﻓ تدرو ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻳزﺎﺠﻤﻟا تاﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻟ وأ ،ﻪﺘﻴﻌﻗاوو ﻪﻗﺪﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻟدو ﺎﻬﺑ ﻰﺗأ ذإ ؛ﻪﺠﺴﻧو ﻪﻤﻈﻧ ﻲﻓ ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺄﻜﺗا يﺬﻟا يﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﻢﺠﻌﻤﻟاو ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﻩﺬﻬﻟ ﺪﻳﺮﻔﻟا يﻮﻐﻠﻟا ءﺎﻨﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ اﺪﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻟوﻷا ﻪﺗادأ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻜﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻟاو ،ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟاو ،ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﻟاو ،ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا تﺎﻗﺎﻃ ﻞﻛ ﺮﻴﺠﻔﺗ ﻦﻣ ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﺗ .¹ﺔﻘﻴﻗد ةرﻮﺼﺑ ﻪﺗﺎﺣﻮﻟ ﻢﺳر ﻲﻓو ،ﻪﻌﻗاو ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻲﻓ حﺮﺷ» ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ (م898/ه285 ت) دﺮﺒﻤﻟا :ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟاو حﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﺪﻨﻋ اﻮﻔﱠﻗﻮﺗ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا ِّﻢﻫأ ﻦﻣو يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﻪﻠﻟا رﺎﺟو ،«بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ» ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ (م1108 /ـﻫ502 ت) يﺰﻳﺮﺒﺘﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﻦﺑ ﻰﻴﺤﻳو ،«بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ (م1219/ـﻫ616 ت) يﺮﻜﺒﻌﻟا ءﺎﻘﺒﻟا ﻮﺑأو ،«بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ» ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ه538ت .«بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ»

ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﻪﻠﻟا رﺎﺟ ﺎﻬﺣرﺎﺸﻟو ،ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﺎﻬﺑ زﺎﺘﻤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺒﻟا ﺔّﻴﻤﻫﻸﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧو (بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ) بﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ّيﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤّﺘﻟا تﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ» عﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ تﺮﺘﺧا ﺪﻘﻓ ،ﺮﺧآ

.«(ﻫ538) يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻠﻟ :ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ﺎًﻌﻤﺟ :يﺮﺠﻬﻟا ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا نﺮﻘﻟا ﺮﺧاوأ ﻰﺘﺣ ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻠﻟ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حوﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻳﺮﺼﺘﻟاو ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻤﻟا«-¹ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ فاﺮﺷﺈﺑ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا دﻮﻌﺳ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ مﺎﻣﻹا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻩارﻮﺘﻛد ﺔﻟﺎﺳر ،ﻲﻤﻌﺸﻘﻟا ﻪﻠﻟاﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺣأ ،«ﺔﺳاردو

.م2001 ،ﺔﻳدﻮﻌﺴﻟا ،ﻞﺿﺎﻔﻟا ﺪﻟﺎﺧ ﻦﺑ ﻰﻴﺤﻳ ﻲﻠﻋ ،“ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﻟاو ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﺳارد ﻊﻣ (يﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ باﺮﻋإ) ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ يﺮﺒﻜﻌﻟا ﺞﻬﻨﻣ” -2

.م2003 ،ﺔﻳدﻮﻌﺴﻟا ،يﺮﻤﻌﻟا ﺪﻤﺤﻣ فاﺮﺷﺈﺑ ،ىﺮﻘﻟا مأ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺮﻴﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳر ،ﻲﻧﺎﺣﺮﺴﻟا .2008 ،1ط ،ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟا ،ﻊﻳزﻮﺘﻟاو ﺮﺸﻨﻟاو ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻠﻟ بادﻵا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ ،ﻲﻨﻔﺣ ﻢﻴﻠﺤﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ،«بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ» -3

تﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ لوﺎﻨﺘﺗ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻲﺘﺳارد ﺎّﻣأ مﺎﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ حﺮﺸﻟﺎﺑ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ لوﺎﻨﺘﺗ ﺎﻬّﻧأ ﺪﺠﻳ تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ﻩﺬﻬﻟ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﻟاو ﺐﺠﻋأ«:بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮﻫو اًدﱠﺪﺤﻣ ﺎًﺑﺎﺘﻛ لوﺎﻨﺘﺗ ﺎﻬّﻧأ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤﻟاو يﻮﺤﻨﻟاو ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻟاو ﻲﺗﻮﺼﻟا ّيﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤّﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ةدﱠﺪﺤﻣ

.«بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا :ﻪﺘﱠﻄﺧو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ،ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺧو ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺔّﺘﺳو ﺪﻴﻬﻤﺗو ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻄﺧ تءﺎﺟو ،ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺎﻴﻔﺻو ﺎﺠﻬﻨﻣ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﺪﻤﺘﻋا ،يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟﺎﺑ زﺎﺠﻳﺈﺑ ﺪﻴﻬﻤﺘﻟا فّﺮﻋو ،ﻪﺘﻴﺠﻬﻨﻣو ،ﻩدوﺪﺣو ،ﻪﺘﻄﺧو ،ﻪﻓﺪﻫو ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻫأ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻨﻤﻀﺗ ﺢﻣﻼﻤﻟ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا ضﺮﻋ ﺪﻗو ،حﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﱠﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟا ﺢﻣﻼﻤﻟا لوﻷا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا لوﺎﻨﺗو ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟاو ،ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟاو ﻦّﻴﺑو ،ﺔّﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا لوﺎﻨﺗو ،ﺔّﻴﻓﺮ ﱠﺼﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ﺢﻣﻼﻣ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا زﺮﺑأو ،ﺔّﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺧ ﻚﻟذ ﻼﺗو ،ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟا ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺔﻟﻻد ﺪﻨﻋ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا ﻒّﻗﻮﺗو ،ﺔّﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟا ﺢﻣﻼﻣ ﺲﻣﺎﺨﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا .ﻊﺟاﺮﻤﻟاو ردﺎﺼﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗو ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ﺺﻠﺧ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا ﺮﻬﻇأ ﺖﻨﻤﻀﺗ

:ﺪﻴﻬﻤﺗ :²يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟﺎﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ-¹ ،ﻦﻳِّﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺔّﻤﺋأ ﻦﻣ ، ّيِﺮَﺸ ْﺨَﻣﱠﺰﻟا ّﻲﻣزراﻮﺨﻟا ﺪﻤﺣأ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻦﺑ ﺮﻤﻋ ﻦﺑ دﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﻢﺳﺎﻘﻟا ﻮﺑأ ﻪﻠﻟا رﺎﺟ ﻮﻫ

،(2014 ،₂₇ ﺩﺪﻋ ،₁ﺝ ،ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﺔﻠﺠﻣ ،ﺎﻄﻨﻁ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ :ﺮﺼﻣ) ،«ﺔّﻴﺼﻧ ﺔّﻳﻮﺤﻧ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ :ﺏﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻻ »،ﺪﻳﺯ ﻮﺑﺃ ﻒﺼﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ ¹ .9-8

،(م1559 ،فرﺎﻌﳌا ﺔﻌﺒﻄﻣ :داﺪﻐﺑ) ،ﻲﺋاﺮﻣﺎﺴﻟا ﻢﻴﻫاﺮﺑإ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،ء دﻷا تﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﰲ ءﺎﺒﻟﻷا ﺔﻫﺰﻧ ،ـﻫ577 :ت ،يرﺎﺒﻧﻷا ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﺑ ﻦﲪﺮﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ تﺎﻛﱪﻟا ﻮﺑأ :ﻪﺘﲨﺮﺗ ﺮﻈﻨُﻳ ² ،فرﺎﻌﳌا ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ :توﲑﺑ) ،عﺎّﺒﻄﻟا قورﺎﻓ ﺮﻤﻋ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،ﺐﻳدﻷا ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﱃإ ﺐﻳرﻷا دﺎﺷرإ :ء دﻷا ﻢﺠﻌﻣ ،ﻫ⁶²⁶ :ت ،يﻮﻤﳊا ﻲﻣوﺮﻟا ﷲ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ تﻮﻗ و .274-276

(8)

ًﺎﻨﻣز ﺎﻬﺑ روﺎﺠﻓ ،ﺔﱠﻜَﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﺮﻓﺎﺳو ،«ه ⁴⁶⁷ » ﺔﻨﺳ (مزراﻮﺧ ىﺮُﻗ ﻦﻣ) ﺮَﺸ ْﺨَﻣَز ﻲﻓ ﺪﻟُو .بادﻵاو ﺔﻐﻠﻟاو ﺮﻴﺴﻔّﺘﻟاو ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﻴﻟ ىَرﺎَﺨُﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﺣر ﻢﺛ ،ﺮَﺸ ْﺨَﻣَز ﻲﻓ سرد .ﻪﻤﻠﻋ ةراﺰﻐﻟ «مزراﻮﺧ ﺮﺨﻓ«ـﺑ ﺐِّﻘُﻟ ﺎﻤﻛ ،«ﻪﻠﻟا رﺎﺟ«ـﺑ ﺐِّﻘُﻠﻓ ﻮﺑأ ،ﻢﻬﻨﻋ ﺬﺧأ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ﻩﺮﺼﻋ ءﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺮﻬﺷأ ﻦﻣو ،ﻦﻳﺮﻴﺜﻛ خﻮﻴﺷ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻤﺳو ،ةﺮﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ داﺪﻐﺑ دروو ،ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﻊﻠﻄﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻪﻠﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻮﺑأ ةﺎﻀﻘﻟا ﻲﺿﺎﻗ ﻲﻔﻨﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻘﻔﻟاو ،(م1100/ه 494) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻰﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﺮﻄﺒﻟا ﻲﺑأ ﻦﺑ بﺎﻄﺨﻟا

507) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻰﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻧﺎﻬﻔﺻﻷا ﻲﺒﻀﻟا ﺮﻳﺮﺟ ﻦﺑ دﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﺮﻀﻣ ﻮﺑأو ،(م1105/ه 498) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻰﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻧﺎﻐﻣاﺪﻟا ،ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﺜﻤﻟا ﻪﺑ بﺮﻀﻳ نﺎﻛو ،ﻮﺤﻨﻟاو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻫﺪﻟا ﺪﻴﺣوو ﺮﺼﻌﻟا ﺪﻳﺮﻔﺑ ﺐﻘﻠﻳ نﺎﻛ يﺬﻟا ،(م1113/ه بﻮﻫﻮﻣ رﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﻮﺑأو ،(م1124/ه 518) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻰﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﺴﻟﺪﻧﻷا يﺮﺑﺎﻴﻟا ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻦﺑ ﺔﺤﻠﻃ ﻦﺑ ﻪﻠﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﺮﻜﺑ ﻮﺑأو ،تادﺎﻌﺴﻟا ﻮﺑأ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻦﺑ ﻪﻠﻟا ﺔﺒﻫ يﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟاو ،(م1143/ه 539) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻰﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻘﻴﻟاﻮﺠﻟا ﺪﻤﺣأ ﺮﻫﺎﻃ ﻲﺑأ ﻦﺑ .(م1141/ه 542) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻰﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا يﺮﺠﺸﻟا ﻦﺑﺎﺑ رﻮﻬﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﻧاﺮﻤﻌﻟا ﺪﻤﺣأ ﻦﺑ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻦﺑ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻦﺴﺤﻟا ﻮﺑأ :ﻢﻫﺮﻬﺷأ ﻦﻣو ،نوﺮﻴﺜﻛ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﻦﻋ َﻢْﻠِﻌﻟا ﻰﱠﻘﻠﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻞﻀﻔﻟا ﻮﺑأ ﻢﻬﻨﻣو ،«ﺦﻳﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﺮﺨﻓ«و «ﻞﺿﺎﻓﻷا ﺔﺠﺣ«ـﺑ ﺐﻘﻠﻤﻟا (م1164/ه 560) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻰﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻣزراﻮﺨﻟا ﺐﻘﻠﻤﻟا (م1165/ه 562) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻰﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا يﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻲﻣدﻷا ﻲﻣزراﻮﺨﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻘﻴﻟا كﻮﺠﻳﺎﺑ ﻦﺑ ﻢﺳﺎﻘﻟا ﻲﺑأ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ فوﺮﻌﻤﻟا (م1177/ـﻫ573) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻰﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻚﻠﻤﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﻞﻴﻠﺠﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣو ،«ﺦﻳﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻦﻳز«ـﺑ .«طاﻮﻃﻮﻟا«ـﺑ فﺎﺸﻜﻟا» :ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ،ضوﺮﻌﻟاو ﺮﻌﺸﻟاو ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟاو لﻮﺻﻷاو ﻪﻘﻔﻟاو ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟاو ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﻒﻴﻧﺎﺼﺗ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻠﻟو ﻮﻫو ،«ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻟا سﺎﺳأ«و ،ﻪﺒﺘﻛ ﺮﻬﺷأ ﻮﻫو ،نآﺮﻘﻠﻟ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﻮﻫو ،«ﻞﻳوﺄﺘﻟا ﻩﻮﺟو ﻲﻓ ﻞﻳوﺎﻗﻷا نﻮﻴﻋو ﻞﻳﺰﻨﺘﻟا ﻖﺋﺎﻘﺣ ﻦﻋ صﻮﺼﻧو راﺮﺑﻷا ﻊﻴﺑر«و ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻮﺤﻧ ﻲﻓ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮﻫو ،«ﻞﺼﻔﻤﻟا«و ،«ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟا ﺐﻳﺮﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻖﺋﺎﻔﻟا«و ،يﻮﻐﻟ ﻢﺠﻌﻣ ،«سﺎﻄﺴﻘﻟا«و ،ﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺠﻟا ﻲﻓ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮﻫو ،«ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟاو لﺎﺒﺠﻟاو ﺔﻨﮑﻣﻷا«و ،تﺎﻳﺎﻜﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮﻫو ،«رﺎﺒﺧﻷا ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ«و ،لﺎﺜﻣﻷا ﻲﻓ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮﻫو «ﻰﺼﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا«و ،لﻮﺻﻷا ﻲﻓ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮﻫو ،«جﺎﻬﻨﻤﻟا«و ،ضوﺮﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮﻫو .«بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ«و ،ﻆﻋاﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻮﻫو ،«ﻢﻠﻜﻟا ﻎﺑاﻮﻧ«و ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻲﻓ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮﻫو ،«بدﻷا

.(ﻫ538) ﺔﻨﺳ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻲﻓﻮُﺗو ،(مزراﻮﺧ ىﺮُﻗ ﻦﻣ) ﺔّﻴﻧﺎﺟﺮﺠﻟا ﻰﻟإ دﺎﻋ ّﻢﺛ ،ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﻞّﻘﻨﺗ :³ىﺮﻔﻨ ﱠﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ-² ﻞﺜﻤﻟا بﺮﻌﻟا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺑﺮﺿو .(يدزﻷا ىَﺮَﻔْـﻨﱠﺸﻟا):لﺎﻘﻴﻓ ﺐﺴﻨﻳ ﺎﻬﻴﻟإو ،دزﻷا ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ،يدزﻷا ﻚﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﺑ وﺮﻤﻋ ﻮﻫ

.⁴«ىَﺮَﻔْـﻨﱠﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ىﺪﻋأ«:اﻮﻟﺎﻘﻓ ،وﺪﻌﻟا ةﺪﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻞﺜﻤﻟا بﺮﻀﻣ نﺎﻛ ﺪﻘﻓ ،ﻢﻬﻴﻓ ﻚﺘﻔﻳو نﺎﻣﻼﺳ ﻲﻨﺑ ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﻐﻳ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ لوأ ﻲﻓ ﺎًﻛﻮﻠﻌﺻ ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا ﺄﺸﻧ ﻦﻣو ،ﻢﻬﻠﺟرأ ﻰﻠﻋ نوﺰﻐﻳ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا :ﻢﻫو ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﻞﻴﺑآر ﻦﻣ يﺮﻜﺴﻌﻟا لﻼﻫ ﻮﺑأ ﻩﱠﺪﻋ ﺪﻗو ،ﻪﺳﺄﺑ ةّﺪﺷو ،ﻪﺘﻋﺎﺠﺷ ،ﺺﺼﻠﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻩﺎﺒﺣﺎﺻ ﺎﻤﻫو ،قاﺮﺑ ﻦﺑ وﺮﻤﻋو اﺮﺷ ﻂﺑﺄﺘﻟ ﺎﻘﻴﻓر نﺎﻛ ﻪﻧَأ ردﺎﺼﻤﻟا تﺮﻛذ ﺪﻗو .ﺪﺳﻷا :لﺎﺒﺋﺮﻟا ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣ :ﺎﻬﻌﻠﻄﻣ ﻲﺘﻟا بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﻮﻫو،(ﻫ.ق100) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻞِﺘُﻗ .بﺮﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻴﺋاﺪﻌﻟا ىﺪﻋَأ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟا نﺎﻛو

ُﻞـَﻴْﻣََﻷ ْﻢُﻛاَﻮـِﺳ ٍمْﻮـَﻗ ﻰﻟإ ﻲـِّﻧﺈَﻓ ْﻢُﻜـِّﻴِﻄَﻣ َروُﺪـ ُﺻ ﻲـِّﻣُأ ﻲـِﻨَﺑ اﻮـُﻤﻴِﻗَأ

.5/168 ،(م1977 ،ردﺎﺻ راد :توﲑﺑ) ،سﺎّﺒﻋ نﺎﺴﺣإ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،نﺎﻴﻋﻷا تﺎﻴﻓو ،ﻫ⁶⁸¹ :ت ،نﺎﻜّﻠﺧ ﻦﺑا ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﺑ ﺪﲪأ ﻦﻳِّﺪﻟا ﺲﴰ سﺎّﺒﻌﻟا ﻮﺑأو .⁷/91 ،(م1999

،(م2004 ،ﺔّﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﺘﻜﻟا راد :توﲑﺑ) ،¹ط ،ﺎﻄﻋ ردﺎﻘﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،ةﺎﺤﻨﻟاو ﲔِّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا تﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﰲ ةﺎﻋﻮﻟا ﺔﻴﻐﺑ ،ﻫ⁹¹¹ :ت ،ّﻲﻃﻮﻴﺴﻟا ﺮﻜﺑ ﰊأ ﻦﺑ ﻦﲪﺮﻟا ﺪﺒﻋو .7/178 ،(م2005 ،ﲔﻳﻼﻤﻠﻟ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا راد :توﲑﺑ) ،16ط ،مﻼﻋﻷا ،ﻲﻠﻛرﺰﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﲑﺧو .2/284

.10-9 ،(م1987 ،ﻦﻳّﺪﻟا ﺪﻌﺳ راد :ﻖﺸﻣد) ،¹ط ،رﱠﻮُﺣ ﺪّﻤﳏ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ ،ـﻫ⁵³⁸ :ت ،يﺮﺸﳐﺰﻟا ﺮﻤﻋ ﻦﺑ دﻮﻤﳏ :ﻪﺘﲨﺮﺗ ﺮﻈﻨُﻳ ³ :توﲑﺑ) ،1ط ،يدﻮﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺪﻤﳏ دﻮﻤﳏ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﰲ بَرﻷا ﻞﻫأ بﻮﻠﻗ ﻦﻋ بَﺮُﻜﻟا ﺞﻳﺮﻔﺗ ،ﻫ¹¹²¹ :ت ،ﻲﺳﺎﻔﻟا رﻮﻛاز ﻦﺑا ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﺑ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﳏو

.379 ،(م2003 ،فرﺎﻌﳌا راد :ﺮﺼﻣ) ،ﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺮﺼﻌﻟا ،ﻒﻴﺿ ﻲﻗﻮﺷو .5-4 .(م1995 ،ﺔّﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﺘﻜﻟا راد ﻊﺒﻄﻠﻟ ﺮﺼﻣ ﺔﻀ راد :ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟا) ،ﻢﻴﻫاﺮﺑإ ﻞﻀﻔﻟا ﻮﺑأ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،بﻮﺴﻨﳌاو فﺎﻀﳌا ﰲ بﻮﻠﻘﻟا رﺎﲦ ،ـﻫ491 :ت ،ﱯﻟﺎﻌﺜﻟا ﻞﻴﻋﺎﲰإ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﺑ ﻚﻠﳌا ﺪﺒﻋ رﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﻮﺑأ ⁴

.135 ،(م1965 ،ﺮﺸﻨﻟاو

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ةﺎﻴﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺗﺎﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﻒﺼﻳو ،ﻪﺗﺎﻔﺻ ﻪﻴﻓ زﺮﺒﻳ ﻪﺴﻔﻨﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻦﻣ ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﺗ ﺪﻘﻟ ﻒﺻو :ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻣو ،ﺎﻬﺸﻳﺎﻋ ﻲﺘﻟا فوﺮﻈﻟا ّقدأ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻒّﻗﻮﺘﻳ ﻪّﻧإ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﺮﺣو دﺮﺑو عﻮﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻳﺮﺘﻌﻳ ﺎﻣو ،ﺔﻜﻠﻌﺼﻟا ،ﻲﺼﻌﻟا قﻮﻘﺸﻛ ﺎﻬﻗوﺪﺷ تﺪﺑ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺠﻟا بﺎﺋﺬﻟا ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﺔﺒﻗاﺮﻣو ،ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻬﺳ قﻼﻄﻧﻻ نﺰﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا فﻮﺘﻬﻟا ﻪﺳﻮﻗ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟاو ،ﺪﻳﺪﺸﻟا ﺶﻄﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫؤﺎﺸﺣأ ﻞﺼﻠﺼﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﻄﻘﻟا تاﻮﺻأ ﺪﺻرو ،ءﺎﻀﻣﺮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﻤﻠﻤﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻋﺎﻓﻷا ﺔﻛﺮﺣو لﻮﺤﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺪﺒﻠﻤﻟا ﻩﺮﻌﺷ ﻒﺻو ﻞﺑ ،ﻪﻴﻟإ ﻞﻐﻠﻐﺘﺗو ﻩدرﺎﻄﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻳﺎﻨﺠﻟاو ،نﺎﻜﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻩﺮﺻﺎﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا مﻮﻤﻬﻟا ﻦﻋ .⁵ﻞﺟﺮﻳ نأ نود لﻮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺷو ﺔﻤﻴﻜﺷ ةﻮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺮﺛُأ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﺘﻃﺎﺳﻮﺑ ُزّﺰَﻌُـﻳ ،ٍﺔّﻴﻓﺎﺿإ َﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﺑ ّيدزﻷا ىﺮﻔﻨّﺸﻟا ﻦُﻜَﻳ ﻢﻟو ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻠﻋ ًﺎﺴﻴﺳﺄﺗو ،ﺔّﻴﺴﻔّﻨﻟا ِﻢﻴﻘﻟا ﻩﺬﻬﺑ -ﺎﻬَﻟْﻮَﺣ روﺪﻳ ﺎﻣو -ﻪﺘﺌﻴﺑ ﻲﻓ ًﺎﻓوﺮﻌﻣ ُسرﺎﻔﻟا اﺬﻫ نﺎﻛ ﺪﻘﻓ .ٍءﺎﺑِإو ٍﺔﻟﺎﺴَﺑَو ﻪﺘﻴﺳوﺮﻓو ﻪﺘّﻴﺴﻔﻧ ُﺪّﺴﺠﺗ ،َﺞﻋاﻮﻟو َﺲﻴﺳﺎﺣأ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻗﺎﻤﻋأ ﻲﻓ ﺞﻠﺘﺨﻳ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ ّﻞﻜﻟ ًﺎّﻴﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ًﻻدﺎﻌُﻣ ﻩﺮﻌﺷ نﺎﻛ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺎﻣ َﺪّﻴَﺤُﻳ نأ ﻊﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻚﻟذ َﻊَﻣ ﻪّﻨﻜﻟو ،ىﺮﺧأ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻓﺮﻌﻳ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ ْﻦَﻣ سﻮﻔﻧ ﻲﻓو ،ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻧﺎﻜﻣو ﻲﻓ ﻒﻨﻌﺑ عﺮﻄﺼﺗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔّﻴﻧاﺪﺟﻮﻟا ﺞﻋاﻮّﻠﻟاو ،ﺔّﻴﺴﻔﻨﻟا ﻦﻣاﻮﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ ،ﻪﻤﻈﻧ ءﺎﻨﺛأ ﻲﻓ ،ﻪﻴْﻋَو ﻻ ﻲﻓ روﺪﻳ نﺎﻛ ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا ضرأ ﻰﻠﻋ ُﻪُﺳرﺎﻤﻳ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﺑ ﻲِﺸَﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ،ِﺔّﻳﻮﻐّﻠﻟا ِتﺎﺤﻤّﻠﻟا ﺾﻌﺒﺑ ًﺎﻐﺒﻄﺼﻣ ُﻩُﺮْﻌِﺷ ءﺎﺟ اﺬﻟ ،ِﻪِﺴﻔﻧ ِراﻮﻏَأو ،ﻪﻗﺎﻤﻋَأ ؛ﺮّﺑَﺪﺗ ﻦ ْﺴُﺣَو ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻌﺑ ﱠيﺮﻌّﺸﻟا َبﺎﻄﺨﻟا اﺬﻫ ّيدزﻷا ىﺮﻔﻨّﺸﻟا َﺞَﺴَﻧ ﺪﻘﻓ ...ءﺎﺑِإو ﺔّﻴﻤﺣو ةّﺰﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺔّﻴﻌﻗاﻮﻟا ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﻲﻓ ُعاﺪﺑِإ بﺎﻄﺨﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺪّﺴﺠﺘﻳ ،ًﺔﻜﺳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ًﺔّﻴﻨﻓ ًﺔﻴْﻨِﺑ ﻞّﺜﻤﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﺔّﻳﺮﻴﺒﻌّﺘﻟا ﺎﻬﻔﺋﺎﻇو ىﻮﻗأ ﻲﻓ وﺪﺒﺗ َﺔﻐّﻠﻟا َﻞَﻌَﺟ ذإ .⁶ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟاو سﺎّﻨﻟاو ةﺎﻴﺤﻠﻟ ﻪﺘﻳؤر -ًﺎﻀْﻳأ– ﻪﻴﻓ رﻮﻠﺒﺘﺗو ،ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺻ

:⁷ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻼﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ-³ نﻷ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﺳ ،ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﺘﻴﺑ ﻦﻴﺘﺳو ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﺛ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻧﻮﻜﻣ ةﺪﻴﺼﻗ ءاﺮﺤﺼﻟا ﺪﻴﺸﻧ وأ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﺑ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺪﺣأ ﻞﻠﻋ ﺪﻗو ،ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا بدﻷا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﺪﺋﺎﺼﻘﻟا ﺮﺋﺎﺳ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻬﻟ اﺰﻴﻴﻤﺗو ،مﻼﻟا ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻓﺎﻗ ﻢﻫﺮﺧﺎﻔﻣ نﺎﻴﺑو ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧأ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﻛ بﺮﻌﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻂﻘﺳأ ىَﺮَﻔْـﻨﱠﺸﻟا نﺄﻛ وأ ،ﻦﻴﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ بﺮﻌﻟا ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﻜﻓ»

حوﺮﺸﻟا ةﺮﺜﻛ ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﱡﻟﺪﻳ ؛ﺔﱠﻴﻨﺳ ٌﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ ِّﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا بدﻷا ﻲﻓ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﱠﻴﻣﻼﻟو ،⁸«ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧأ ﻲﻓ ةزﻮﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﻊﺑﺎﺘﺗ ﻰﻟإ ًﺔﻓﺎﺿإ ،⁹ﺎﻬﺑ ﺎﺻﺎﺧ ﺎﺣﺮﺷ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺪ ِﺻُر ﻪﱠﻧإ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﺒﻗﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻩﺮﻛذ ﺎﻣ ،ءﺎﻣﺪﻘﻟا ﺎﻬﻠ ﱠﺠﺳ ﻲﺘﻟا تادﺎﻬﺸﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻣو ؛ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻟﺎﺻأو ﺮﻳﻮﺼّﺘﻟا قﺪﺻ ﺖﺣﺪﻣ ﻲﺘﻟا تادﺎﻬﺸﻟا .¹⁰«لﻮّﻄﻟاو ﺔﺣﺎﺼﻔﻟاو ﻦﺴﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻣّﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻲﻫو«:(ﻲﻟﺎﻣﻷا) ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ (م⁹⁶⁶/ﻫ356) ﻲﻟﺎﻘﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﻮﺑأ عﻮﻳﺬﻟاو ةﺮﻬﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺻ وأ ﺮﻴﺒﻛ رود ﺎﻬﻟ ﺢﻴِﺗُأ ﺪﺋﺎﺼﻗ كﺎﻨﻫ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗو ،ﻪّﻠﻛ ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا بدﻷا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻣﻻ ةّرُد ﺎﻬﱠﻧأ ﻊﻗاﻮﻟﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﻓ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﻪّﻠﻛ ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ىﺮﺧأ ةﺪﻴﺼﻗ فﺮﻌُﺗ ﻻ ﻦﻜﻟو ،ﺔﻨّﻴﻌﻣ ثاﺪﺣﺄﺑ ﺎﻬﻃﺎﺒﺗرﻻ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﺋﺎﻃ ةﺎﻴﺣ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋو ،ﺔﻜﻠﻌﺼﻟا ةﺎﻴﺣ ﻲﻫ ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ةﺎﻴﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ نﻮﻟ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺗرﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻓو ،تاﺬﻟﺎﺑ ،ىَﺮَﻔْـﻨﱠﺸﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ ﻪﺘﻐﻠﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻋﻮﻳذو ﺎﻬﺗﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺪﺋﺎﺼﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ ةﺪﻴﺼﻗ ﻎﻠﺒﺗ ﻢﻟو ،¹¹ﻚﻴﻟﺎﻌﺼﻟا ﻮﻫو ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا

.10 ،«ﺔّﻴﺼﻧ ﺔّﻳﻮﺤﻧ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ :ﺏﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻻ »،ﺪﻳﺯ ﻮﺑﺃ ﻒﺼﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ ⁵ ﺔﻠﺠﻣ :ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ) ،“ًﺎﺟﺫﻮﻤﻧُﺃ ّﻱﺩﺯﻷﺍ ﻯﺮﻔﻨّﺸﻠﻟ ِﺏﺮﻌﻟﺍ ُﺔّﻴﻣﻻ :ّﻲﻠﻫﺎﺠﻟﺍ ّﻱﺮﻌّﺸﻟﺍ ّﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟ ّﻲﺠَﻬْﻨَﻣ ٍﻖَﺴَﻧ َﻮْﺤَﻧ” ،ﺮﻀﺧ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻲﺤﺘﻓ ⁶

.228-227 ،(ﻡ 2016 ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻛ /ﻩ 1437 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﺑﺭ ،(1) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺪﻠﺠﻤﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﺓﺎﻜﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻗﻮﺷو .5-4 ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﰲ بَرﻷا ﻞﻫأ بﻮﻠﻗ ﻦﻋ بَﺮُﻜﻟا ﺞﻳﺮﻔﺗ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻔﻟا رﻮﻛاز ﻦﺑاو .¹⁰-9 ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ ،يﺮﺸﳐﺰﻟا :ﺮﻈﻨُﻳ ⁷ ﺔﻌﺒﻃ :ﺮﺼﻣ) ،نﺎﻓﺮﻋ قازﺮﻟاﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏو ،ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟا ﻢﻴﻜﳊاﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻖﻴﻘﲢو ﻊﲨ ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﰲ برﻷا غﻮﻠﺑ ،يﺮﺼﳌا ءﺎﻄﻋ ﻦﺑاو .379 ،ﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺮﺼﻌﻟا ،ﻒﻴﺿ

.68-63 (1991 ،ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ :ﺕﻭﺮﻴﺑ) ،ﺏﻮﻘﻌﻳ ﻊﻳﺪﺑ ﻞﻴﻣأ :ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،ناﻮﻳﺪﻟا ،ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟاو .50-49 (م1959 ،ﺚﻳﺪﳊا راد .14 ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﰲ برﻷا غﻮﻠﺑ ،يﺮﺼﳌا ءﺎﻄﻋ ﻦﺑا ⁸ بﺎﺘﻜﻟ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﲢ ﺔﻣِّﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ يﺪﻣﺎﻌﻟا دﻮﻤﳏو ^.⁹-8 ،يﺮﺸﳐﺰﻠﻟ (بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّ ﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ) بﺎﺘﻜﻟ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﲢ ﺔﻣِّ ﺪﻘﻣ ﰲ رﱠﻮُﺣ ﺪّﻤﳏ ﻦﻣ ﱞﻞﻛ حوﺮﺸﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﺮﻛذ ⁹ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حوﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻔﻳﺮﺼﺘﻟاو ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌا » ،ﻲﻤﻌﺸﻘﻟا ﷲﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺪﲪأو .12-10 ،رﻮﻛاز ﻦﺑﻻ (بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﰲ بَرﻷا ﻞﻫأ بﻮﻠﻗ ﻦﻋ بَﺮُﻜﻟا ﺞﻳﺮﻔﺗ) ،ﻞﺿﺎﻔﻟا ﺪﻟﺎﺧ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﳏ فاﺮﺷإ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا دﻮﻌﺳ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﳏ مﺎﻣﻹا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ :ﺔّﻳدﻮﻌﺴﻟا) ،ةارﻮﺘﻛد ﺔﻟﺎﺳر ،«ﺔﺳاردو ًﺎﻌﲨ :يﺮﺠﳍا ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا نﺮﻘﻟا ﺮﺧاوأ ﱴﺣ ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻠﻟ .25-18 ،(م2001

.156 ،(ﻡ1987 ،ﻞﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ :ﺕﻭﺮﻴﺑ) ،2ﻁ ،ﻲﻟﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻣﺃ ،ـﻫ³⁵⁶ :ﺕ ،ﻢﺳﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﺑ ﻞﻴﻋﺎﻤﺳﺇ ﻲﻟﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻋﻮﺑﺃ^ﺃ ¹⁰ .56 (م2008 ،ﻊﻳزﻮﺘﻟاو ﺮﺸﻨﻟاو ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻠﻟ بادﻵا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ :ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟا) ،1ط ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ،ﲏﻔﺣ ﻢﻴﻠﳊا ﺪﺒﻋ ¹¹

(10)

ﺎﻬﻧإ ﻞﺑ ،¹²«ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟاو ﻢﻳﺪﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ ءاﻮﺳ مﺎﻤﺘﻫا ﻦﻣ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻴﻈﺣ ﺎﻣ ﻞﺜﻤﺑ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻋ ةﺪﻴﺼﻗ ﻆﺤﺗ ﻢﻟ» ﻞﺑ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ تﺎﻘﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻢﺣاﺰﺗ ﺔﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ ﻲﻓ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ أﻮﺒﺘﺗ» ذإ ؛تﺎﻘﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﺗﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻤﺣاز لﻮﻗ داﺮﻣ اﺬﻫ ﻞﻌﻟو ،¹⁴(ﺎﻬﻟ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا تادﺮﻔﻤﻟا ﺪﺋﺎﺼﻘﻟا) ﻦﻣ ةدوﺪﻌﻣ ﺎﻬﻧأ ﺎﻤﻛ .¹³«ﺎﻬﺑ ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻋو ةﺮﻬﺸﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟا نأ ﻦﻣ بﻮﻛﺎﻳ جرﻮﺟ قﺮﺸﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻈﺣﻻ ﺎﻣو ،¹⁵«ﻼﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺎﻳﺮﻌﺷ ﺎﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻞﺜﻤﺗ ﺎﻬﻧأ» ﺎﻬﻨﻋ نﺎﻤﻠﻛوﺮﺑ ﻒﺻﻮﻟاو لﻼﻃﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ فﻮﻗﻮﻟاو ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا مﺎﻈﻨﺑ ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا مﺪﻋ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻠﻫﺎﺠﻟا ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﺪﺋﺎﺼﻗ ﺮﺋﺎﺳ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ادﻮﺼﻘﻣ ﺎﺿﺮﻏ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻏو ﻲﻓﺎﻴﻔﻟاو لﺎﺒﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا ﻒﺻو ﻲﻠﻫﺎﺠﻟا ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﻞﻌﺠﻳ ﻦﻴﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ» ﻪﻧَأ ىﺮﻳ ذإ ؛ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻤﻟاو ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻣ ﻦﻣو ،¹⁶«ﻪﻟﺎﻤﻋأو ﻪﺴﻔﻧ نﺎﺴﻧﻹا ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟ ﺞﻴﻬﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﺑﺎﺜﻤﺑ ﻒﺻﻮﻟا اﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﺮﻋﺎﺷ ﺬﺨﺘﻳ ،ﻪﺗاﺬﻟ ﻢﺛ ةاوﺮﻟا ﺎﻬﻟواﺪﺗ ﺪﻘﻓ» ؛ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟا مأ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻚﻟذ نﺎﻛ ءاﻮﺳ مﺎﻤﺘﻫا ﺎﻤﻳأ ﺎﻬﺑ ءﺎﺑدﻷاو ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا مﺎﻤﺘﻫا ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫأ اﺬﻫ ﺖﻐﻠﺑ ﺪﻗو ،¹⁷«ﺎﻬﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ حوﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ حاﺮﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺒﻛ دﺪﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻰﻟاﻮﺗ ﻢﺛ ﻦﻴﻔﻟﺆﻤﻟاو ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﺎﻬﻠﻗﺎﻨﺗ ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا تﺮﻏأ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ةدﺎﻤﻟا ةﺮﻓوو ،ةرﻮﺼﻤﻟا ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﻓاﺮﻃو ﺔﻳﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا ةدﻮﺠﻟا» ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻀﻔﺑ ﻎﻠﺒﻤﻟا ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا ﻩﺬﻫو ،ةواﺪﺒﻟا بﻮﻠﺳأ ،ﻲﻠﻫﺎﺠﻟا بﻮﻠﺳﻷا ﻞﺜﻤﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﺮﻴﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻀﻳأ ﻲﻫو ،¹⁸«ﺎﻬﺑاﺮﻋإو ﺎﻬﺣﺮﺸﺑ ﺔﺳﺎﻤﺤﻟاو ﺔﻔﻧﻷاو ةﻮﻘﻟاو ﺔﻧﻮﺸﺨﻟا حور نﻷ ﻚﻟذو ،ﺔﻗرو ﺎﺑﻮﻠﺳأ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ثاﺪﺣﺄﺑ نﻮﻨﻐﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ نﻮﺑدﺄﺘﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﺑ ﻰﻨﻐﺘﻳ .ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻠﺛﺎﻣ ﻦﺴﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻲﻫ«:ﻲﻟﺎﻘﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﻮﺑأ ﻩﺮﻛذ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﻲﻓ ءﺎﻣﺪﻘﻟا ﺎﻬﻠﺠﺳ ﻲﺘﻟا تادﺎﻬﺸﻟا ﻦﻣو بﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ درو ﺎﻣ ،نﻮﺛﺪﺤﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﻠ ﱠﺠﺳ ﻲﺘﻟا تادﺎﻬﺸﻟا ﻦﻣو .¹⁹«ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ سﺎﻨﻟا رﺪﻗا نﺎﻜﻓ لﻮﻄﻟاو ﺔﺣﺎﺼﻔﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺋاﻮﺘﺣﺎﺑ ﻪﱡﻠﻛ ﱡﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ُﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﱡﺰﺘﻌﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻫو «:ﻪﻟﻮﻘﺑ ﺔّﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﻒﺻو ﻪﱠﻧأ ﻲﻨﻔﺣ ﻢﻴﻠﺤﻟا ﺪﺒﻌﻟ (ﻚﻴﻟﺎﻌﺼﻟا ﺮﻌﺷ) ﺖَﻴِﻈﺣ ﻲﺘﻟاو ،ﺔّﻴﺒﻨﺟأ تﺎﻐﻟ ﺲﻤﺧ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻰﻟإ ﺖﻤﺟﺮُﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺟﺮﺘﺑو ﺎﻬﺑ اﻮﻌﻟوﺄﻓ ﻦﻴﻗﺮﺸﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺖﻨﺘﻓ ﻲﺘﻟاو ،ﺎﻬﻠﺜﻣ .²⁰«حوﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﻬﻟ اودﺮﻓأ ﻰّﺘﺣ دﺎﱠﻘﻨﻟاو ءﺎﺑدﻷا بﺎﺠﻋﺈﺑ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﻟا ﺬﻨﻣ ﺎﻬِﺘ ﱠﺤﺻ ُﺔﺒﺴﻧ ُﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ بﱠﺮﺴﺗ ﺪﻗ ﱠﻚﺸﻟا ﱠنأ ﻻإ ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ﺖﻠﺻو ﻲﺘﻟا ةﺮﻬﺸﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺎﺑو ءارﻶﻟ ﺎﻴﻓاو ﺎﺿﺮﻋ ﻲﻨﻔﺣ ﻢﻴﻠﺤﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ مّﺪﻗ ﺪﻗو ،²¹(ﻫ180) ﺮﻤﺣﻷا ﻒﻠﺨﻟ ﺎﻬﱠﻧأ ﻰﻟإ سراد ُﺮﻴﻏ ﺐﻫذ ﺪﻘﻓ ؛ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻠﻟ ﺔّﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻓاد - رﱠﻮُﺣ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ - ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ ﻖِّﻘﺤﻣ ﱠﻦﻜﻟ ،²²ﺮﻤﺣﻷا ﻒﻠﺨﻟ ﺔّﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺖَﻠﻴﻗ ﻲﺘﻟا ،ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺔّﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﺮﻛذ رﻮﻔﻴﻃ ﻦﺑا ﱠنأ ﻮﻬﻓ ّﻲﻠﻘﻌﻟا ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟا ﺎّﻣأ ،ّﻲﻠﻘﻧو ّﻲﻠﻘﻋ ؛ﻦْﻴﻠﻴﻟد ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩدﺎﻨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻚﻟذو ،ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻠﻟ ﻚﺷ كﺎﻨﻫ نﺎﻛ ﻮﻟو ،ﺮﻤﺣﻷا ﻒﻠﺧ ﺮﻌﺸﺑ ﺔّﻣﺎﺗ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ نﺎﻛ ﻪّﻧﺄﺑ ﻲﺣﻮﻳ اﺬﻫو ،ﺮﻤﺣﻷا ﻒﻠﺨﻟ ًةﺪﻴﺼﻗ رﺎﺘﺧاو دﻮﺟو ﻮﻬﻓ ّﻲﻠﻘﻨﻟا ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟا ﺎّﻣأو ،ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﻬﻋ بﺮﻘﻟ ؛ﻚﻟﺬﺑ سﺎﻨﻟا فﺮﻋأ رﻮﻔﻴﻃ ﻦﺑا نﺎﻜﻟ ،ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻠﻟ ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻓ

.161 ،(م1979 ،بﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻳﺮﺼﳌا ﺔﺌﻴﳍا :ﺮﺼﻣ) ،ﻪﺼﺋﺎﺼﺧو ﻪﺠﻬﻨﻣ ﻚﻴﻟﺎﻌﺼﻟا ﺮﻌﺷ ،ﲏﻔﺣ ﻢﻴﻠﳊا ﺪﺒﻋ ¹² .6 ،(م1983 ،ةﺪﻳﺪﳉا قﺎﻓﻵا راد :توﲑﺑ) ،ﱐاﻮﻠﳊا ﲑﺧ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ،ـﻫ616 :ت ،يﱪﻜﻌﻟا ﲔﺴﳊا ﻦﺑ ﷲ ﺪﺒﻋ ءﺎﻘﺒﻟا ﻮﺑأ ¹³ .69ﺹ ،(ﻡ1977 ،تاﺪﻳﻮﻋ تارﻮﺸﻨﻣ :توﲑﺑ) ،ضﺎﻴﻏ ﻦﺴﳏ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،ﺎﳍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻻ ﱵﻟا تادﺮﻔﳌا ﺪﺋﺎﺼﻘﻟا ،رﻮﻔﻴﻃ ﻦﺑ ﺮﻫﺎﻃ ﰊأ ﻦﺑ ﺪﲪأ ﻞﻀﻔﻟا ﻮﺑأ ¹⁴ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ :توﲑﺑ) ،1ط ،ﻲﻛﱰﻟا ﷲ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،نﺎﻗﺮﻔﻟا يآو ﺔّﻨﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻨﻤﻀﺗ ﺎﳌ ّﲔﺒﳌاو ﱘﺮﻜﻟا نآﺮﻘﻟا مﺎﻜﺣﻷ ﻊﻣﺎﳉا ،ـﻫ⁶⁷¹ :ت ،ﱯﻃﺮﻘﻟا ﺮﻜﺑ ﰊأ ﻦﺑ ﺪﲪأ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﳏ ¹⁵

.114/1 ،(م2006-ـﻫ1427 ،ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟا .107/1 ،(م1977 ،فرﺎﻌﳌا راد ،ﺮﺼﻣ) ،4ط ،رﺎﺠﻨﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﳊا ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﱃإ ﻪﻠﻘﻧ ،ﰊﺮﻌﻟا بدﻷا ﺦﻳر ،نﺎﻤﻠﻛوﺮﺑ لرﺎﻛ ¹⁶

.161 ،ﻚﻴﻟﺎﻌﺼﻟا ﺮﻌﺷ ،ﲏﻔﺣ ﻢﻴﻠﳊا ﺪﺒﻋ ¹⁷ .6،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻣﻻ ،يﱪﻜﻌﻟا ءﺎﻘﺒﻟا ﻮﺑأ ¹⁸ .156/1 ،ﱄﺎﻣﻷا ،ﱄﺎﻘﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﻮﺑأ ¹⁹ .122 ،ﻚﻴﻟﺎﻌﺼﻟا ﺮﻌﺷ ،ﲏﻔﺣ ﻢﻴﻠﳊا ﺪﺒﻋ ²⁰ .153-152ص ،ﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺮﺼﻌﻟ^ا ،ﻒﻴﺿ ﻲﻗﻮﺷ ²¹ .163-161 ،ﻚﻴﻟﺎﻌﺼﻟا ﺮﻌﺷ ،ﲏﻔﺣ ﻢﻴﻠﳊا ﺪﺒﻋ ²²

(11)

ﺔّﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﺮﻛذ ﺪﻗو .(ﻫ²⁸⁰)رﻮﻔﻴﻃ ﻦﺑﻻ (ﺎﻬﻟ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا تادﺮﻔﻤﻟا ﺪﺋﺎﺼﻘﻟا :مﻮﻈﻨﻤﻟاو رﻮﺜﻨﻤﻟا):بﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺔّﻴﻣﻼﻟا :²⁴ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﺔﻟدﻷا ﻦﻣو .²³ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﻊﻣ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ ًﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ .ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻠﻟ ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ اﻮﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ﻦﻴﺛﺪﺤﻤﻟاو ءﺎﻣﺪﻘﻟا ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا ةﺮﺜﻛ 1-

.ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻓ شﺎﻋ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺎﻘﻟا ءاﺮﺤﺼﻟا ﺔﻴﺌﺒﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ -2

شﻮﺣﻮﻟا ﻊﻣ ةﺎﻴﺤﻟا ﻪﻠﻴﻀﻔﺗو ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ﺮﺠﻫ ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻬﺒﺣﺎﺻ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ رّﻮﺼﺗ ﺐﻟﺎﻘﻟاو ﻒﻃاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻠﻫﺎﺟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟا نﻮﻛ -³ .ﻢﻬﻌﻣ ةﺎﻴﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﺞﻬﻨﻣ :لﱠوﻷا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا .¹ ﻩﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻣ حاﱠﺮﺸﻟا ﺖّﻠﻌﺟ ﻲﺘﻟا بﺎﺒﺳﻷا ّﻢﻫأ ﻦﻣ نﺎﻛ ﺎًﺤﺿاو ﺎًﺠﻬﻧ َﺞَﻬَـﻧ ﻪﱠﻧأ ﻩﺪﺠﻳ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا حﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﻟا بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻞﻌﺟ ﺎَﻤﻣ ،ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟاو ﺔّﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻤﻟﺎﺑ حﺮﺸﻟا ءﻼﺘﻣا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿإ ،ﻪﺘﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ نوﺮﻴﺴﻳو ﻪﺠﻬﻨﻣ نﻮﻌﺒﺘﻳ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣأ زﺎﺠﻳﻹا ﺔﻏﻼﺑ ﻦﻜﻟ ،ﻪﺣﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ءﻲﺸﺑ ﱠﻞﺧأ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﱠنأ ﻲﻋﱠدأ ﻻو ؛«ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ» ﻢﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻘﻴﻘﺣ ،ﺎﻨﻠﻌﻔﻟ ﻒﻴﻌﻀﻟاو يﻮﻘﻟا ﻪﻴﻓ يﻮﺘﺴﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻪﺣﺮﺸﻧ نأ ﺎﻨﺌﺷ ﻮﻟ ﺎﻣ باﻮﺑﻷا ﻦﻣ«:ﻞﻴﻠﺨﻟا لﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺧﺄﺘﻤﻟا ﺐﻌﺘﺗ ﻻإ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟا حﺮﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ اﻮﺒﻗﺎﻌﺗ ٌﻒْﻠَﺧ ﱠيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا َﻒَﻠَﺧ ﺪﻗ نﺎﻛ نإو .²⁵«ﺎﻧﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻳﺰﻣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻠﻟ نﻮﻜﻳ نأ ﺐﺠﻳ ﻦﻜﻟ اﺪﺻرو ،ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻤﻠﻟ اﺮﺼﺣ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻟا ﻚﻟﺎﺴﻤﺑ طﺎﺣأ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻩﺪﻌﺑ ءﺎﺟ ﻦﻤﻟ ﺔﻳﺰﻣ كﺮﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻚﻟذ ﻩزﺎﺠﻳإ ﻊﻣ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ّنأ :ﻲﺗﺄﻳ ﺎﻣ ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ ﻰﻠﻋ يﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا حﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔّﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟا ﺢﻣﻼﻤﻟا زﺮﺑأ ﻦﻣو ،²⁶ردﺎﺼﻤﻠﻟ اﺮﻛذو ،ﺪﻫاﻮﺸﻠﻟ َﻦﻘﺗأ ﻦَﻤِﻟ ﻪﱠﻧأ ﻦِﻣ ﺔﱠﻴﺗﺄﺘﻤﻟا ،حﺮﺸﻟا اﺬﻫ ﺔّﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ بَﺮﻋأ ،ﺔﻣِّﺪﻘﻤِﺑ ﻪَﺣﺮﺷ ﱡيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا أﺪﺑ :لوﻷا ﺢﻤﻠﻤﻟا دَﺮَﺳو ،باﺮﻃﻹاو ﺐَﺠَﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻩرﺎﻜﻓأ ِﻦﻳدﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻖﱠﻘﺣو ،باﺮﻋﻹا ﻢﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺄﺸﻧ ﻦَﻤِﻟ ﻲﺑﺎﻄﺧو «:لﺎﻘﻓ ،ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا َمﻮﻠﻋ ُلﺄﺳأ َﻪﻠﻟاو ،ﺔﻋاﺮﻴﻟا َﺔﻋاﺮﺑ فﺮﻋو ،ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻟا َسﺎﺳأ َﻊَﻟﺎﻃو ،نﺎﻴﺒِﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻓ َﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟا فﺮﻋو ،نﺎﻴﺒﻟاو ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻲَﻤﻠِﻋ .²⁷«ﻪِﻣَﺮﻛو ﻪِّﻨﻤِﺑ ، ُﺖﻟﱠﻮﻋ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ َةﺮﻔﻐﻤﻟاو ، ُتﺪﺼﻗ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ َنﻮﻌﻟا :ﻲﺗﻵا ﻮﺤﱠﻨﻟا ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ،ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳأ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪَﺣﺮﺷ ﱡيﺮﺸﺨﻣَﺰﻟا ﺐﱠﺗر :ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺢﻤﻠﻤﻟا

:حﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻟﺎﻐﻟا ﻮﻫو ،لﱠوﻷا بﻮﻠﺳﻷا .ﺔﱠﻳﻮﻐُﻠﻟا تادﺮﻔﻤﻟا حﺮﺸِﺑ ءْﺪَﺒﻟا-أ .تادﺮﻔﻤﻟا باﺮﻋإ ﺮﻛذ ﱠﻢﺛ-ب :ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا لﻮﻗ ،ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺜﻣﻷا ﻦﻣو

ُﻞـﱠﺴُﺑَو ٌتﺎـَﺤِﻟﺎَﻛ ِّﻲـ ِﺼِﻌﻟا ُقﻮُﻘُﺷ ﺎﻬـَﻗوُﺪُﺷ ﱠنَﺄـَﻛ ٌﻩﻮـُﻓ ٌﺔـَﺗﱠﺮَﻬُﻣ .ءﺎﻫﻮﻓو ُﻩَﻮﻓأ ﺎﻫُﺪﺣاو ،ﻢﻔﻟا ُﺔﺣﻮﺘﻔﻣ :ﻩﻮﻓو .قاﺪﺷﻷا ُﺔﻌﺳاﻮﻟا :ُﺔَﺗﱠﺮﻬُﻤﻟا «:لﺎﻘﻓ ،ظﺎﻔﻟﻷا حﺮﺸﺑ ﱡيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا أﺪﺑ

.ﻩﻮﺟﻮﻟا ﺔﻬﻳﺮﻛ يأ :ﻞ ﱠﺴُﺑو .سﻮﺒﻋ ﻲﻓ ٌﺮﱡﺸﻜﺗ :حﻮﻠﻜﻟاو .ﻢﻔﻟا ﺐﻧﺎﺟ :قﺪِّﺸﻟاو

.8-6،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ ،يﺮﺸﳐﱠﺰﻟا ²³ ،ﺮﻴﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ،«ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﻣ ﻯﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻻ ﺏﺍﺮﻋﺇ» ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺮﺒﻜﻌﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ» ،ﻲﻧﺎﺣﺮﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻴﺤﻳ ﻲﻠﻋ ²⁴

.36-31 .(ﻡ2003 ،ﻱﺮﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﺷﺈﺑ ،ﻯﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ :ﺔﻳﺩﻮﻌﺴﻟﺍ) ،ﻞﺼﻔﳌا ﺡﺮﺷ ،ﻩ⁶⁴³ :ﺕ ،ﺶﻴﻌﻳ ﻦﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ءﺎﻘﺒﻟا ﻮﺑأ ،279 ،(ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟا بﺎﺘﻜﻟا راد :توﲑﺑ) ،بﻮﻘﻌﻳ ﻊﻳﺪﺑ ﻞﻴﻣإ :ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ،باﺮﻋﻹا ﺔﻌﻨﺻ ﰲ ﻞّﺼﻔﳌا ،يﺮﺸﳐﺰﻟا ²⁵

.21/1 (م2001 ،ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﺘﻜﻟا راد ،نﻮﻀﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ تارﻮﺸﻨﻣ :توﲑﺑ) ،1ط ،بﻮﻘﻌﻳ ﻞﻴﻣإ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ .161 ،«ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﻣ ﻯﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻻ ﺏﺍﺮﻋﺇ» ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺮﺒﻜﻌﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ» ،ﻲﻧﺎﺣﺮﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻴﺤﻳ ﻲﻠﻋ ²⁶ ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﻪّ ﻠﻌﻟ «:ًﻼﺋﺎﻗ ،ﺎﻬِﺴﻔﻧ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟا ﺶﻣﺎﻫ ﰲ ،ﺺﻨﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ رّﻮُﺣ ﺪﻤﳏ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻖﻘﳏ ﻖّﻠﻋ ﺪﻗو .¹⁰-9 ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ ،يﺮﺸﳐﺰﻟا ²⁷

.» (ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻟا سﺎﺳأ)

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.ٌﺔَﺗﱠﺮﻬُﻣ ﻲﻫ ﻩُﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ،فوﺬﺤﻣ أﺪﺘﺒﻣ َﺮﺒﺧ َنﻮﻜﻳ نأ زﻮﺠﻳ :ﺔَﺗﱠﺮﻬُﻣ «:ﻪﻟﻮﻘﺑ تادﺮﻔﻤﻟا َباﺮﻋإ ﱡيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﺮﻛذ ﱠم تﺎﻌﺳاو ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﱠنﻷ ،ﻩﻮﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﻤﻀﻟا ﻦﻣ ٌلﺎﺣ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺖﻠﻤَﻋ ﺎﻣو «ﱠنﺄﻛ«و .ٌﻩﻮﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻛو .ﺮﺋﺎﻈﻨﻠﻟ ًﺔﻔﺻ نﻮﻜﻳ نأ زﻮﺠﻳو

.²⁸» فوﺬﺤﻣ أﺪﺘﺒﻣ ُﺮﺒﺧ وأ ،ًﺎﻀﻳأ ٌﺖﻌﻧ ﻞﱠﺴُﺑو ٌتﺎﺤﻟﺎﻛ .ﺮﺋﺎﻈﻨﻟ ًﺎﺘﻌﻧ ﻪﻠﻌﺟ زﻮﺠﻳو .ﻢﻔﻟا :ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا لﻮﻗ ًﺎﻀﻳأ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻞﻴﺒﻗ ﻦﻣو

ُﻞـﱠﻜُﺛ َءﺎـَﻴْﻠَﻋ َقْﻮَـﻓ ٌحﻮﻧ ُﻩﺎـّﻳإو ﺎﻬـﱠﻧﺄﻛ ِحاَﺮـَﺒﻟﺎﺑ ْﺖـﱠﺠ َﺿَو ﱠﺞـ َﻀَﻓ ءﻲﺷ ﻦﻣ اﻮﻋﺰﺟ اذﺈﻓ ،اﻮﺣﺎﺻو اﻮﺒﻠﺟ اذإ ،ًﺎﺟﺎﺠ ِّﺿا ُمﻮﻘﻟا ﱠﺞﺿأ :لﺎﻘُﻳ «:لﺎﻘﻓ ،ظﺎﻔﻟﻷا حﺮﺸﺑ ﱡيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا أﺪﺑ .ﺢﺋاﻮﻨﻟا ءﺎﺴِّﻨﻟا :ُحﻮﱠﻨﻟاو .ﺮﺠﺷ ﻻو ﺎﻬﻴﻓ َعرز ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا ،ﺔﻌﺳاﻮﻟا ضرﻷا :حاَﺮﺒﻟاو ...نﻮﱡﺠﻀﻳ اﻮﱡﺠﺿ :ﻞﻴﻗ ،اﻮﺒِﻠُﻏو ،ٌﻞﻛﺎﺛ ﺎﻫﺪﺣاو .ﱠﻦﻫدﻻوأ ﻞﻴﻗو ﱠﻦُﻬﺟاوزأ َنﺪﻘﻓ ﻲﺗﻼﻟا :ﻞﱠﻜﱡﺜﻟاو .ًﺎﻀﻌﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻳ ﱠﻦﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﱠنﻷ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﺢﺋاﻮﻨﻟا ﻲِّﻤُﺳ ﺎﻤﱠﻧإو .«ﻊﻴﻓﺮﻟا نﺎﻜﻤﻟا :ءﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟاو .ﻰﻠﻜَﺛو نأ زﻮﺠﻳ حاﺮَﺒﻟﺎﺑو .ﺮﺋﺎﻈﻨﻠﻟ ﺖﱠﺠﺿ ﻲﻓو .ﱠلزﻷ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺮﻴﻤﻀﻟا ﱠﺞﻀﻓ «:ﻪﻟﻮﻘﺑ تادﺮﻔﻤﻟا َباﺮﻋإ ﱡيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﺮﻛذ ﱠﻢﺛ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺖﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻣو «ﺎﻬﱠﻧﺄﻛ«و .ﻊ ِﺿﻮﻤﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ يأ ،ًﺎﻓﺮﻇ نﻮﻜﻳ نأ زﻮﺠﻳو .حاﺮﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬِﺘَﻣﺎﻗإ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ يأ ،ًﻻﺎﺣ نﻮﻜﻳ ،ًارﺪﺼﻣ نﻮﻜﻳ نأ زﻮﺠﻳو .ﱠنﺄﻛ ﺮﺒﺧ ٌحﻮﻧو ...ﻞﺼﻔﻨﻣ ٌبﻮﺼﻨﻣ ٌﺮﻴﻤﻀﻓ ،ﻩﺎﱠﻳإ ﺎﱠﻣأو .ﻦﻴﻬﺒﺸُﻣ يأ ،ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ ٌلﺎﺣ .ﺔﻌﻘﺒﻟا ﻪﺑ داﺮﻤﻟا ﱠنﻷ ،ﻪﻣوﺰﻟو ﺚﻴﻧﺄﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻓﺮﺼﻨﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ :ءﺎﻴﻠﻋو ...نﺎﻜﻣ فﺮﻇ :قﻮﻓو ...حﻮﻧ ءﺎﺴﻧ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟاو .ﻪﺑ ﻒ ِﺻُو .²⁹«حﻮﻨﻟ ﺔﻔﺻ :ﻞﱠﻜُﺛو :ﻲﺗﻵا ﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮﻫو ،ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا بﻮﻠﺳﻷا ﻦﻣ ًﺎﻋﻮﻴﺷ ﻞﻗأ ﻮﻫو ،ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا بﻮﻠﺳﻷا

.ﺔﱠﻳﻮﻐُﻠﻟا تادﺮﻔﻤﻟا حﺮﺸِﺑ ءْﺪَﺒﻟا-أ .ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟا ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺮﻛذ ﱠﻢﺛ -ب .تادﺮﻔُﻤـﻟا باﺮﻋإ ﺮﻛذ ﱠﻢﺛ -ج :ىﺮﻔﻨﺸﻟا لﻮﻗ ،ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺜﻣﻷا ﻦﻣو

ُﻞـ ﱠﺤُﻧ ُﺮـِﺋﺎَﻈَﻧ ُﻪـْﺘَـﺑﺎَﺟﺄَﻓ ﺎـَﻋَد ُﻪـﱠﻣَأ ُﺚـْﻴَﺣ ْﻦِﻣ ُتﻮـُﻘﻟا ُﻩاَﻮَﻟ ﺎﱠﻤَﻠَـﻓ :ﺔّﻣﺮﻟا وذ لﺎﻗ .ﻊﻓﱠﺪﻟاو ،ُﻞﻄَﻤﻟا ﱡﻲﻠﻟا «:لﺎﻘﻓ ،ظﺎﻔﻟﻷا حﺮﺸﺑ ﱡيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا أﺪﺑ ﺎﻴﺿﺎﻘﺘﻟا ِحﺎﺷِﻮﻟا َتاذ ﺎﻳ ُﻦﺴﺣأو ٌﺔﱠﻴﻠَﻣ ﺖﻧأو ﻲﺗﺎﱠﻴَﻟ ﻦﻴﻠﻴﻄُﺗ ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻣ ﻪُﻟﻮﺼﺣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ رﱠﺬﻌﺗو ،ﻪﻨﻋ ُتﻮﻘﻟا ﻪَﻌَـﻓَد ،نﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ، َتﻮﻘﻟا َﺐﻠﻃ ﺎّﻤﻟ ﻪﱠﻧأ :ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻣو .ﻩَﺪﺼﻗ :ﻪﱠﻣأو

.ﻞﻳزﺎﻬﻤﻟا «ﻞ ﱠﺤُﻨﻟاو .لﺎﺜﻣﻷاو ﻩﺎﺒﺷﻷا :ﺮﺋﺎﻈﱠﻨﻟاو .تﻮﻘﻟا ﻩاﻮﻟ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﺑ زﱠﻮﺠﺗ ﺪﻗو .نﺎﻜﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪِﻟﺎﺤﻛ ﻪَﻟﺎﺣ َﺪﺟﻮﻓ ،ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﺒﻠﻃ ،تﻮﻘﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﱠﺰﻋ ﺎّﻤﻟ ﻪﱠﻧأ ﺪﻳﺮﻳ «:ﻪﻟﻮﻘﺑ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟا ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﱡيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا ﺮﻛذ ﱠﻢﺛ

.³⁰«عﻮﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ لاﺰﻬﻟا ﺎﻬﻟ ثﺪﺣ ،ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟا ﺪﻨﻋو .ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ُةﺪﻳﺰﻤﻟا ﻲﻫ :«ﺎّﻤﻟ«و «:ﺖﻴﺒﻟا ظﺎﻔﻟأ باﺮﻋﺈﺑ ﱡيﺮﺸﺨﻣﺰﻟا أﺪﺑ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑو ﻞﻄَﻤﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ءاﺪﺘﺑا ،نﺎﻜﻤﻟا ﻚﻟذ يأ ،نﺎﻜﻤﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ءاﺪﺘﺑﻻ :ﻦِﻣو ،ﻪﻴﻟإ ﺎّﻤﻟ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺈﺑ ،ﺮﺟ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﻓ :ﻩاﻮﻟو ...ﻰﻨﻌﻣ

.نﻮﺛﻼﺜﻟاو يدﺎﳊا ﺖﻴﺒﻟا .105 ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ ،يﺮﺸﳐﺰﻟا ²⁸ ،71 ،70 ،69 ،67 ،65 ،61 ،60 ،53 ،51 ،50 ،46 ،44 ،42 :تﺎﺤﻔﺼﻟا ﺮﻈﻨﻳو .نﻮﺛﻼﺜﻟاو ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟا .105 ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ ،يﺮﺸﳐﺰﻟا ²⁹ ،137 ،133 ،132 ،131 ،130 ،129 ،126 ،126 ،125 ،123 ،120 ،115 ،113 ،112 ،111 ،110 ،108 ،107 ،103 ،86 ،85 ،84 ،79 ،77 ،75 ،73 ،72

.138

.نوﺮﺸﻌﻟاو ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟا .90-89 ،بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔّﻴﻣﻻ حﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺐﺠﻌﻟا ﺐﺠﻋأ ،يﺮﺸﳐﺰﻟا ³⁰