Gıda ışınlama konusundaki araştırmalara liderlik yapan ABD ordusu, 1948-1980 yılları arasında araştırmaları desteklemiştir. 1991 yılında ise ABD ordusu, Natick Araştırma, Geliştirme ve Mühendislik Merkezi yürütülen çalışmalara tekrar katılmıştır [41].
Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti’nde 1977 yılında ordunun isteği üzerine ışınlanmış et ürünlerinin üretimi konusunda çalışmalar başlatılmıştır. 1987-1995 yılları arasında orduda toplam olarak 1.8 milyon porsiyon (yaklaşık 3 milyon kg) yüksek dozda ışınlanmış gıda tüketilmiş ve herhangi bir sağlık sorunu ile karşılaşılmamıştır [42].
KAYNAKLAR
1 Brown, C., 2003, The Irradiation Control Point, from Ontario Dairy Farmer, Sept / Oct, 2000, http://www.uoguelph.ca/OAC/CRIFS/media/dairyfarmer902000.html
2 Anonymous 1999a, High-Dose Irradiation: Wholesomeness of Food Irradiated with Doses above 10 kGy, Report of a Joint FAO/IAEA/WHO Study Group, Geneva, 197p.
3 Brynjolfsson, A., 1985, Wholesomeness of Irradiated Foods: A Review, Journal of Food Safety, Vol 7(2), pp. 107-126.
5 Anonymous 1986a, United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), Irradiation in the Production, Processing, and Handling of Food, Final Rule, Part 179, Federal Register, 51(75): 13376-13399.
6 Murano, E.A., 1995, Food Irradiation: A Source Book, Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 7 Pauli, G.H., Tarantino, L.M., 1995, FDA Regulatory Aspects of Food Irradiation, J. Food Prot., 58: 209-212.
8 Anonymous 1983, Codex General Standard for Irradiated Foods, Codex Stan. 106.
9 Anonymous 2001, General Codex Methods for the Detection of Irradiated Foods, Codex Stan. 231.
10 Anonymous 2003a, General Codex Methods for the Detection of Irradiated Foods, Codex Stan 231, Rev.1.
11 Anonymous 2003b, Revised Codex General Standard for Irradiated Foods, Codex Stan. 106- 1983, Rev.1.
12 Anonymous 1999b, The Use of Irradiaton for Food Quality and Safety, Food Sci. Tech. Today, 13 (1): 177-179.
13 Delincee, H., 1998, Detection of Food Treated with Ionizing Radiation, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 9 (2): 73–82.
14 Diehl, J.F., 1995, Safety of Irradiated Foods, 2nd revised ed., New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc., 454p.
15 Anonymous 2001, ANZFA, Final Assessment Report (Inquiry – Section 17), and Regulatory Impact Statement, Application A413, Request to Include Herbs, Peanuts, Cashew Nuts, Almonds and Pistacho Nuts in Standards A17 and 1.5.3-Irradiation of Foods in the Food Standards Code, 19 Sept, 04/02, 112p.
16 Farkas, J., 1992, Safety and Quality of Irradiated Foods, Conference on Irradiated Foods, 8- 12 June, Budapest-Hungary.
17 Anonymous 1999c, Setting New Standards, Booklet, PURIDEC.
18 Anonymous 1993, Irradiation of Food, Chicago, III: American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs Report 4.
19 Thorne S., 1991, Food Irradiation, New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishers.
20 Anonymous 1997a, Food and Drug Administration. Irradiation in the Production, Processing and Handling of Food, 62 Federal Register 232 (§ 64107-64121).
21 Olson, D.G., 1998, Scientific Status Summary, Irradiation of Food, A Publication of the IFT Expert Panel on Food Safety and Irradiation, Food Technol., 52(1):56-62.
22 Thayer, D.W., 1994, Wholesomeness of Irradiated Foods, Food Technol., 48(5):132-135. 23 Anonymous 1979, F.A.S.E.B., Report prepared for U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Further Toxicological Considerations of Volatile Compounds, Ibid., Supplement I. by Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 9650 Rockville, Bethesda Md., 20014.
24 Delincee, H., Pool-Zobel, B.L., 1998, Genotoxic Properties of 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone, a Compound Formed on Irradiation of Food Containing Fat, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 52, 39-42.
25 Thayer, D.W., Christopher, J.P., Campbell, L.A., Ronning, D.C., Dahlgren, R.R., Thomsom, G.M., Wierbicki, E., 1987, Toxicology Studies of Irradiation-Sterilized Chicken, Journal of Food Protection, 50:278.
26 Diehl, J.F., 1990, Safety of Irradiated Foods. Marcel and Dekker Inc., NewYork, Basel, p345. 27 Bierman, E.L., Plough, I.C., Sellars, J.H., McGary V.E., Novels, E.M., Baker, E.M., Harding, R.S., Richmond, J., Bowman B.O., 1958, Short- Term Human Feeding Studies of Foods Sterilized Gamma Radiation and Stored at Room Temperature, US Army Medical Nutrition Laboratory, Fitzsimons Army Hospital, Denver, CO, Report No. 224.
28 Kraybill, H.F., 1958, Nutritional and Biochemical Aspects of Food Preserved by Ionizing Radiation, J.Home Econ., 50:695.
29 Barna, J., 1979, Compilation of Bioassay Data on the Wholesomeness of Irradiated Food Items., Acta Alimentaria, 8(3):205.
30 Anonymous 1986b, Study on Safety Evaluation of Diets Consisting of 35 Kinds of Irradiated Foods for Human Consumption, FAO/IAEA Seminar for Asia and the Pacific on the Practical Application of Food Irradiation, International Atomic Energy Agency and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Seminar held in April 7-11,1986, Shanghai, China.
31 Dai, Y., 1986, An Introduction of Safety Evaluation on Irradiated Foods in China, FAO/IAEA Seminar for Asia and the Pacific on the Practical Application of Food Irradiation. International Atomic Energy Agency and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Seminar held in April 7-11, 1986, Shanghai, China.
32 Han, C., Guo, S., Wang, M., Lui, W., Cui, W., Dai, Y. 1986, A Feeding Trial of Irradiated Diet in Human Volunters, FAO/IAEA Seminar for Asia and the Pacific on the Practical Application of Food Irradiation, International Atomic Energy Agency and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Seminar held in April 7-11, 1986, Shanghai, China.
33 Anonymous 2003c, Radiation Processing for Safe, Shelf-Stable and Ready-to-Eat Food, IAEA-TECDOC-1337, IAEA, 264s.
34 Aker, S.N., 1984, On the Cuting Edge of Dietetic Science, Nutrition Today, 19(4):24-27. 35 Anonymous 1997b, Food Irradiation, Press Release WHO/68, 19 September 1997, http://www.who.int/archives/inf-pr-1997/en/pr97-68.html
36 Derr, D.D., 1998, Food Irradiation - The Basics, http://www.food-irradiation.com/basics.htm 37 Anonymous 2003d, NASA FTCSC News, 3(3):9.
38 Bourland, C.T., 1992, NASA and Food Irradiation, International Conference on Seafood Irradiation, New Orleans, June 16-18.
39 Anonymous 1995, Food and Drug Administration (HHS), Irradiation in the Production, Processing, and Handling of Food, Final Rule Federal Register, 60, 12669-12670.
40 Loveridge, V.A., 1996, Substitution/Introduction of Irradiated Foods (IF) (Information Paper, Subject, A94-18), Natick, M. A. United States Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center.
41 Anonymous 2003e, The U.S. Army Impact, http://www.sbccom.army.mil/programs/food/ irradiation.html
42 Bruyn, I., 1997, Application of High Dose Irradiation, Proceedings of National Seminar on Food Irradiation, Toluca, pp.32-40.
BÖLÜM 4
IŞINLAMANIN GIDA BİLEŞENLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ
Dr. Emine DENLİ, Dr. Hülya GÜÇLÜ, Doç. Dr. İbrahim TÜKENMEZ 4.1. GİRİŞ
Karbonhidratlar, proteinler ve lipitler gibi temel gıda bileşenleri üzerine ışınlamanın etkisini belirlemeye yönelik olarak bir çok araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir [1-13]. Işınlamanın gıda bileşenleri üzerine etkisi, gıdanın kompozisyonu, ışınlama koşulları (düşük sıcaklık, oksijen varlığı) ve depolama şartları gibi faktörlere bağlı olarak değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu nedenle uygun doz, uygun koşullar ve doğru ambalajlama ile istenmeyen değişikliklerin minimuma indirilmesi mümkün olmaktadır İyonlaştırıcı radyasyonun her bir kGy’i gıdadaki 10 milyon kimyasal bağdan sadece 6 tanesini kırabilmektedir [14,15,16].
4.2. RADYASYONUN TEMEL ETKİLERİ