FINAL DISCUSSION

Dam-calf rearing will be a new practice in many organic dairy herds, which will require changes in daily practices and long-term priorities. It will be different solutions in different countries, as well as in different farms. However, it will be very useful to continue to work with these questions across countries. New risks may occur in new situations, and farmers need to observe and interact differently. Perceptions, experience and strategies shape the priorities of individual farmers, and advisors and colleagues may be influential partners to the farmers. Hence, besides technical aspects, transition to new innovative practices needs changes in human and social perceptions and actions (Padel et al., 2015; Ivemeyer et al., 2015). These transition processes towards implementing new practices needs description across contexts, so that barriers and practical solutions are found. The transition process itself may also need guidance, involvement, and context-specific orientation of research, e.g. using feedback loops and project elements enhancing common learning of researchers and stakeholders. This will minimize risks, support development towards resilient and robust dairy farming and stimulate farmers to take ownership and shape innovative strategies and context-relevant practices.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the financial support for this project provided by transnational funding bodies, being partners of the H2020 ERA-net project, CORE Organic Cofund, and the cofund from the European Commission. Furthermore, we are grateful to all the actors who participated in this research by giving interviews and discussion points, and participate in our studies.

Photo: Ibrahim Ak, from Turkish farm

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118 TÜRKİYE’DE EKOLOJİK HAYVANCILIK

İbrahim AK¹, Mustafa ÖZDEMİR², Altan DENİZ³

Özet

Türkiye son yıllarda sanayileşen bir ülke olmakla birlikte hala bir tarım ülkesi olma özelliğini korumaktadır. Hayvan varlığı bakımından önemli bir potansiyele sahip bulunan ülkede tavukçulukta oldukça gelişmiş olup, daha çok ithal girdiye dayalı yoğun üretim şeklinde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Buna karşın küçükbaş hayvan varlığının çok büyük bir bölümünü yerli ırklar oluşturmaktadır. Başta İç Anadolu olmak üzere ülkede koyunculuk meraya dayalı olarak yapılmaktadır. Keçi yetiştiriciliği ise daha çok Akdeniz ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde orman ve makilik alanlarda yetiştirilmektedir. Batı bölgelerinde entansif süt sığırcılığı önem taşırken, Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde sığır besiciliği daha yaygındır. Dünya’da olduğu gibi ülkemizde de son yıllarda organik tarım konusunda önemli gelişmeler sağlanmıştır. Ancak, ülkemizde organik tarımda bitkisel üretimde sağlanan başarı organik hayvancılıkta sağlanamamıştır. Tüketici bilinci ve alım gücünün düşük olması, bazı hayvan hastalıkları nedeniyle organik hayvan ve hayvansal ürünlerin ihracatında sorun olması ülkede organik hayvancılığın gelişimini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu makale ülkemizin genel hayvan varlığı, hayvansal üretim ve tüketim düzeyi, organik hayvancılığın durumu, sorunları ve çözüm önerileri konusunda bilgiler içermektedir.

Anahtar kelimeler: Organik tarım, organik hayvancılık, hayvansal üretim