Haluk ABBASO⁄LU
parçalar, epikhorik Pamfilya dilinde yaz›lm›fl ‹.Ö. 6.
yy.’a tarihlenen di¤er keramik parçayla birlikte, Arkaik Dönem’de Perge’de iki farkl› dil grubunun var oldu¤unu öne sürmemize izin verir. Kutsal Alan’›n do¤u kenar›n-daki (1/59) bir sondajda Pamfilya için ilk kez Bronz ve Erken Demir Ça¤›’na ait kesintisiz bir stratigrafi yakalan-m›flt›r. Mevcut yüzey seviyesinin 1,80 m. alt›nda k›smen y›k›lm›fl bir duvar alt›nda kalm›fl keramik bir kaba ait çok say›da parçayla hemen hemen tüm bir içki kab›
bulunmufltur. Bu y›lki kampanyada flimdiye dek saptan-m›fl duvar kal›nt›lar›n›n ço¤u Erken Demir Ça¤›’ndan Geç Antik Dönem’e kadar tarihlenen yap›larla iliflkileri kurulabilmifltir (Res. 1).
Bronz Ça¤›’na tarihlenen sa¤lam duvarlar›n yo¤unlu¤u, K›br›s kökenli ithal Miken kerami¤i, Perge akropolisinde K›br›s ve Tarsus ile ticaret iliflkisi olan büyük bir yerlefli-min söz konusu oldu¤unu gösterir. Bunlar Hitit Dönemi Parha’s› ve Perge aras›ndaki ba¤lant›y› destekler nitelik-tedir. Keramik buluntular›n yard›m›yla Geç Bronz Ça¤›’
na kadar sadece Bat› Anadolu’nun iç bölgeleriyle (Beyce-sultan, Aliflar), sonralar› Bronz Ça¤›’n›n IIIC evresinden itibaren Tarsus ve K›br›s ile deniz ticareti iliflkisinin artt›¤›
anlafl›lmaktad›r. ‹.Ö. 9-8. yy.’dan itibaren yerel kerami¤i etkileyen ithal K›br›s kerami¤i ele geçmifltir. ‹.Ö. yak.
700’den itibaren Perge yeniden Bat› Anadolu bölgesine (Sardes, Konya) ve özellikle Rhodos a¤›rl›kl› olmak üze-re Ege’ye aç›lm›flt›r. Atina kerami¤i ilk olarak ‹.Ö. erken 5. yy.’da söz edilebilir flekilde artm›flt›r ve Atinal›lar›n Persler’e karfl› seferi ile ba¤lant›l› olabilir. Çeflitli kültürel etkilere sahip keramik ve piflmifl toprak figürinlerin fark-l› yap› tipleriyle ilgisinin bulunmas›, bundan sonraki de¤erlendirmelerin amac› olacakt›r. Ancak bugün için elimizdeki dil belgelerinin de dikkate al›nmas›yla, Perge örne¤inde Pamfilya kültürünün oluflumu hakk›nda ve
type, located to the northwest of the sanctuary, facilitat-ed its identification and it was datfacilitat-ed to the 6thcentury BC. Fragments of a bowl bearing six letters, probably in Greek and dated to the 6th century BC, as well as another shard of the 6th century BC bearing epichoric Pamphylian script lead us to propose that two language groups existed at Archaic Perge. In a sounding on the eastern edge (1/59) of the sanctuary, a continuous stratigraphy for the Bronze and Early Iron Ages have been shown for the first time in Pamphylia. Under a partially damaged wall, 1.80 meters below the present ground level, were found many shards belonging to a pot and an almost complete drinking vessel. It has been possible to relate most of the existing wall remains to the structures dating from the Early Iron Age to Late Antiquity (Fig. 1).
The extensive walls of the Bronze Age are in a good state of preservation and imported Myceneaen wares of Cyprian origin suggest the presence of a large settlement on the Perge Acropolis, which had strong trade relations with Cyprus and Tarsus. These findings seem to support the connection between the Hittite Period name Parha and Perge. The pottery finds suggest that there were relations with the inner parts of western Anatolia (Beyce-sultan, Aliflar) and from Bronze Age IIIC, maritime trade relations with Tarsus and Cyprus increased. Cyprian pot-tery, which influenced the local pottery from the 9th -8thcenturies BC, has also been recovered. From about 700 BC, Perge again turned towards western Anatolia (Sardes and Konya) and opened to the Aegean world, especially to Rhodes. The increase in Athenian pottery finds is noteworthy in the early 5thcentury BC for the first time, and this may be related to the Athenian cam-paign against the Persians. The goal of further studies is to identify the connection between the pottery and baked clay figurines reflecting various cultural influen-ces and the various building types. However, linguistic data at hand provides us with more solid information on the acculturation process and the formation of the Pam-phylian culture as exemplified by Perge, thus the hypoth-esis that Parha existed is becoming stronger.
The first work at the Western Necropolis was carried out on Monumental Tomb M6 located in the north of the excavation area. The eastern corresponding pier of the arch of M6 uncovered in 2002 and in the south, the peribolos wall built from rubbles, brick and mortar were found in 2004. The work to expose the peribolos wall entirely led to the uncovering of a rectangular burial chamber, named M6.3, located where this wall ends.
The chamber built with limestone blocks has a lintel with an inscription in Greek. Its floor is paved with bricks in various colours. The small finds from this Res. 1 / Fig. 1
KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS
akültürasyon sürecinde daha somut verilere sahip olun-makta ve bunlar›n sonucu olarak Parha’n›n varl›¤› fikri kuvvetlenmektedir.
Bat› Nekropolis’te birinci çal›flma, kaz› alan›n›n kuze-yinde M6 kodlu mezar yap›s›nda gerçeklefltirilmifltir.
2002 y›l›nda ortaya ç›kar›lm›fl M6’n›n kemer aya¤›n›n do¤udaki karfl›l›¤› bulunmufl, güneyde ise mezar yap›s›n›n moloz tafl, tu¤la ve harçtan örülmüfl peribolos duvar›yla karfl›lafl›lm›flt›r. Peribolosun tamam›n› ortaya ç›kartmak için yap›lan çal›flmalarda, duvar›n sona erdi¤i k›s›mda Grekçe yaz›tl› bir lentoya sahip M6.3 kodu verilen dikdörtgen planl›, kireçtafl› bloklardan infla edilmifl, taban›, çeflitli renklerde tu¤lalarla kapl› mezar odas›na rastlanm›flt›r,. Bu mezar odas›n›n buluntular›, çeflitli boyut ve flekillerde cam boncuklar, sikkeler ve unguen-tariumlard›r. Kuzeye do¤ru devam eden çal›flmalarda, M6 mezar yap›s›n›n 2002 kaz› sezonunda bulunmufl M6.1 ve M6.2 kodlu odalarl›n›n devam›nda M6.4 kodu verilen yeni bir odaya rastlanm›flt›r. Mezar odas›n›n, do¤uda az bir k›sm› korunagelmifl tonozlu bir çat›s› ve kuzey, do¤u ve güney kenarlar›nda yer alan üç arkosoli-umu vard›r. Arkosoliumlar›n içinde tu¤ladan örülmüfl lahitlerin üçü de önceden soyulmufltur. Odada, bol say›-da boncuk, sikke ve unguentarium ile alt›n bir küpe bulunmufltur.
Bat› Nekropolisi’nde di¤er çal›flma alan› 2003 y›l›nda içinde 5 lahit bulunan an›tsal M9 mezar yap›s›d›r. Bu mezar›n peribolos duvar›n›n bat›s› a盤a ç›kart›lm›fl ve bunun üç evre tafl›d›¤› saptanm›flt›r. Mezar yap›s›n›n avlusu da bu y›l kaz›larak temizlenmifl ve geometik motifli mozaik döfleme tamamen ortaya ç›kar›lm›flt›r.
Bu an›tsal mezar yap›lar›n›n d›fl›nda, M9’un kuzey-do¤usundaki alanda yap›lan çal›flmada ise bir piflmifl toprak kap içinde kremasyon mezarla karfl›lafl›lm›flt›r.
Yine bu alanda, birarada toplam 11 adet topra¤a gömü a盤a ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Baz›lar›nda hemen hiç buluntunun olmad›¤› bu gömülerin bir k›sm›nda ise, bronz sikke, bronz ayna ve cam unguentairumlardan oluflan bir buluntu toplulu¤una rastlanm›flt›r. Sadece ikisinde ikifler adet basit alt›n küpe in situ ele geçmifltir. Tüm bunlarla birlikte Bat› Nekropolis’te bugüne dek gerçeklefltirilen çal›flmalarda gün yüzüne ç›km›fl tüm mezarlar Total Station ile dijital ortama geçirilerek, daha güvenilir ölçümlerle bir nekropolis plan› oluflturulmufltur.
Sütunlu Cadde kaz›s› bat›da J9-J10 sokaklar› aras›ndaki galeride, caddede ve su kanal›nda gerçeklefltirilmifltir.
Bat› galeride sürdürülen çal›flmalarda yaklafl›k 13 m.’lik bir alan aç›lm›flt›r. Ayr›ca, Su kanal›nda yap›lan çal›fl-malarda J9 soka¤› ile ayn› aksta yer alan köprü a盤a ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Köprünün kuzeyinde, kanal›n daha sonraki bir dönemde darald›¤› görülmüfltür. Kaz› çal›flmalar›
chamber include glass beads of various sizes and shapes, coins and unguentaria. As the excavation ex-tended toward north, a new chamber, named M6.4, was discovered, a continuation of chambers M6.1 and M6.2 discovered in 2002. The chamber was originally covered with a vaulted roof, preserved only a little in the east. There are three arcosolia in the north, east and south. The brick sarcophagi in the arcosolia had already been robbed. Small finds include numerous beads, coins, unguentarium and a gold earring.
Another area of work at the Western Necropolis was the monumental tomb M9 uncovered in 2003 with five sar-cophagi inside. The western part of its peribolos wall was uncovered and three phases of construction were noted. The courtyard was also entirely exposed this year uncovering the geometric mosaic pavement.
In addition, work to the northeast of M9 brought to light a cremation burial in a baked clay pot. Again in the same area, a total of 11 inhumation burials were uncov-ered. Some of these burials did not have any small finds, while others had an assemblage of bronze coins, bronze mirror and glass unguentaria. Only two burials had two pairs of simple golden earrings in situ. All the burials uncovered in the Western Necropolis to date were dig-itally mapped using Total Station, thus yielding a more accurate map of the necropolis.
Excavations at the Colonnaded Street were carried out at the gallery between the alleys J9 and J10 in the west, at the street itself and at the water canal. An area of approximately 13 meters was uncovered during the work in the gallery. The work at the water canal brought to light a bridge on the same axis as alley J9. It was observed that the canal, at a later date, became narrow-er to the north of the bridge. Amongst othnarrow-er finds from the work in this area are three marble heads belonging to statues (two are probably portraits while the third is possibly of Asklepios), a marble torso of a dressed woman (Hygeia) and the left foot of a monumental bronze statue (Figs. 2-3).
The anthropological studies carried out in parallel with the excavations entailed the examination of the bones belonging to 114 individuals recovered on the Acropo-lis and in the Western NecropoAcropo-lis. This study focussed on the average life span, the reasons for death, the com-mon types of diseases and the relationships between individuals. The most interesting find was the skull with eight trepanation holes recovered in the M6.4 burial chamber and this is the only example with eight holes known from Anatolia. It is thought that this individ-ual did not survive this operation or even, that this
s›ras›nda mermerden iki adet portre özelli¤i gösteren, bir adet Asklepios olmas› muhtemel toplam üç adet heykel bafl› ile, gene mermerden giyimli bir kad›n torso-su (Hygeia) ve ayr›ca an›tsal bir bronz heykele ait sol ayak bulunmufltur (Res. 2-3).
Kaz› çal›flmalar›na paralel olarak yürütülen antropolojik çal›flmalarda bu sene, Akropolis’te ve Bat› Nekropolis’
te bulunmufl toplam 114 bireye ait kemikler üzerine incelemeler yap›lm›fl, bu çal›flmalarda, bireylerin ortala-ma yaflam süresi, hangi sebeplerle öldükleri, ne tür hastal›klar›n yayg›n oldu¤u ve bireyler aras›ndaki akra-bal›k iliflkileri üzerinde durulmufltur. Bu incelemelerin en ilginç sonucu, M6.4 mezar odas›nda bulunmufl bir
operation was executed after death, perhaps to train for future operations.
In order to form a corpus of Perge mosaics, and even one for Pamphylia in the future, the northeast corner of the Agora, the mosaic with an inscription in front of the western shop, and the mosaics in the palaestra of the South Baths were once again uncovered, one-to-one and scale drawings were made of them and the deterio-rated sections were conserved. Thereafter, these mosaics were re-covered with geotextile and a layer of sand and pebbles from creeks. This same process was also conducted on the mosaics of tomb M9 in the Western Necropolis (Fig. 4).
Res. 3 / Fig. 3 Res. 2 / Fig. 2
Res. 4 / Fig. 4
KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS
kafatas›nda görülen 8 adet trepanasyon deli¤inin bu flekliyle Anadolu’da tek örnek olmas›d›r. Bu cerrahi müdahele sonras›nda bireyin yaflamad›¤› veya müdaha-lenin bireyin ölümünden sonra gerçeklefltirildi¤i düflü-nülmekte ve cerrahi müdahelenin e¤itim amaçl› yap›l-m›fl olabilece¤i tahmin edilmektedir.
2004 kaz› sezonunda, Perge ve daha ileride bir Pamfilya mozaik korpusunu oluflturabilmek amac›yla, Agora’n›n kuzeydo¤u köflesi, bat› k›sm›ndaki dükkan önünde bulunan yaz›tl› mozaik ve Güney Hamam Palaestras›
mozaikleri yeniden aç›lm›fl, bunlar›n birebir ve ölçekli çizimleri, bozulan k›s›mlar›n konservasyonu yap›lm›flt›r.
Bu çal›flmalar›n ard›ndan söz konusu mozaikler geotek-stil serilerek, dere kumuyla ve çak›lla kapat›lm›flt›r. Ayn›
hususlar Bat› Nekropolis’teki M9 mezar yap›s›ndaki mozaikler için de uygulanm›flt›r (Res. 4).
Koruma, Onar›m ve Düzenleme Çal›flmalar›na ayr›ca Hellenistik kulelerin güneybat›s›nda yer alan ve Güney Hamama geçifli sa¤layan Propylon ile sütunlu caddenin kavfla¤a yak›n bat› galerisinde anastylosis uygulamas›y-la devam edimifltir. Bu çal›flmada topuygulamas›y-lam 16 adet sütun Kültür Bilincini Gelifltirme Vakf›’n›n “Bir Sütun da Sen Dik” kampanyas› kapsam›nda yap›flt›r›l›p fiber barlarla birlefltirilerek, postamentlerinin üzerinde aya¤a kald›r›lm›flt›r (Res. 5). Bunlar›n d›fl›nda Bat› Nekropo-lis’teki M6 mezar yap›s›n›n üzeri, öncekiler gibi bir sun-durma ile örtülmüfltür. Kaz› esnas›nda bulunmufl olan, piflmifl toprak, cam ve metal buluntular ile sikkeler yön-temlerine uygun olarak temizlenmifl ve gerekenler tüm-lenmifltir. 2004 kaz›s› sonunda Antalya Arkeoloji Müzesi’ne 57 adet envanterlik 164 adet etüdlük eser teslim edilmifltir.
Conservation, repair and arrangement works continued at the Propylon providing access to the South Baths, to the southwest of the Hellenistic towers, and with the anastylosis of the western gallery of the Colonnaded Street close to the junction. The anastylosis work cov-ered the restoration of 16 columns using fiber rods and the re-erected on their postaments within the campaign
“You can Erect One Column” launched by the Founda-tion for the Improvement of Cultural Consciousness (Fig. 5). In addition, tomb M6 in the Western Necro-polis was also protected with a lean-to roof, like other structures in the area. Baked clay, glass and metal finds, as well as coins, were cleaned and where possible re-assembled. At the end of the 2004 campaign, 57 finds of inventory quality and 164 finds of study quality were turned over to Antalya Archaeological Museum.
Res. 5 / Fig. 5
Kent Kaz›lar›
2004 y›l› kaz› çal›flmalar› afla¤›daki alanlarda yo¤unlafl-m›flt›r:
Afla¤› Agora’n›n kuzeyindeki Hadrian Dönemi Nymphaion
2003 y›l›nda Afla¤› Agora’n›n kuzeyindeki üst terasta infla edilen geç Hadrian dönemine ait nymphaion kaz›s›, 2004 y›l›nda tamamlanabilmifltir. Söz konusu çeflme yap›s›, agora seviyesindeki Traian dönemi çeflme-sinden, burada yaklafl›k 10 m. geniflli¤inde bir meydan oluflturan ana do¤u-bat› caddesiyle ayr›lmaktad›r. Çeflme, 8 basamakla ç›k›lan daha yüksek bir platform üzerinde olup geniflli¤i 17.20 m.’dir. Efes’deki prototipleri gibi (C. Laecanius Bassus ve Traian çeflmeleri) ç›k›nt› yapan iki yan kanad› (genifllik: 2.35 m., ç›k›nt›: 2.80 m.) ile 12x2.75 m. (derinlik: 0.90 m.) ölçülerindeki bir havuzu çevreleyen U biçimli bir yap›d›r. Yap›n›n düzenlemesi, Perge’deki ça¤dafl›yla çok benzerdir. An›t›n üç yönün-de, 1.40 m. yüksekli¤indeki kaide üzerinde hafifçe ç›k›n-t› yapan plasterler (orta k›s›mda alç›k›n-t› adet) bulunmakta-d›r. Ç›k›nt›l› kanatlar›n ön ve yan yüzleri, ön yüzde uzanm›fl Nehir Tanr›s› ile onu iki yönde çeviren deniz yarat›klar› üzerinde ayakta duran Nymphelerle bezeli-dir. Orta k›s›mda dokuz Mousa’dan alt› tanesi (Ourania, Terpsichore, Kalliope, Klio, Melpomene ve Erato) betim-lenmifltir, dolay›s›yla Apollon’a bir at›f söz konusudur (Res. 1). Kaidenin üzerinde iki katl› ve aedikulal› cephe yükselmektedir. Yan kanatlarda muhtemelen her katta tek bir aedikula vard›. Geride kalan ana cephede ise arka duvardaki üç büyük dikdörtgen niflin aralar›na gelecek flekilde her katta yuvarlak niflli, d›fla taflk›n ikifler aedikula yer al›yordu. Zengin bezemelere sahip saçak-l›k, Korinth sütunlarla tafl›n›yordu. Geçmiflte mimari bezeme üzerinde yap›lan inceleme, Hadrian’›n hüküm-darl›¤›n›n ikinci yar›s›na ve Pamfilya’dan getirilen mimar veya tafl ustalar›na iflaret ediyordu. Yan kanatlar, deniz kabu¤u üfleyen tritonlarla bezenmifl gibidir. Son iki
Urban excavations
In 2004 the excavations focussed on the following areas:
The Hadrianic nymphaeum on the north side of the Lower Agora
The excavation of a late Hadrianic nymphaeum that was erected on a terrace to the north of and above the Upper Agora, which was initiated during the campaign of 2003 was completed in 2004. The fountain was se-parated from the Trajanic nymphaeum at the agora level by the main east-west street of the city, which in this area formed a kind of esplanade, nearly 10 m wide. The fountain itself stood on a higher platform, accessible by means of 8 steps and was 17.20 m wide. Like its proto-types at Ephesus (the fountain of C. Laecanius Bassus, the nymphaeum of Trajan) it is U-shaped with two projecting side wings (W. 2.35 m; projection: 2.80 m), surrounding a water basin of 12 m by 2.75 m (depth:
0.90 m). The whole arrangement is also very similar to that of the contemporary nymphaeum at Perge. On all three sides, the monument has a 1.40 m high socle with slightly projecting pilasters (six in the central part). On the front and sides of the projecting side wings, they are decorated with Nymphs standing on sea creatures, flanking a reclining river god on the front side; in the central part they are decorated with the representations of six of the nine Muses (Ourania, Terpsichore, Kalliope, Klio, Melpomene, Erato), and thus referring to Apollo (Fig. 1). Above the socle an aediculated facade, two stories high, rose up. In the side wings it probably was composed of a single aedicula for each floor, whereas in the receding central part, there were on each floor, apparently two projecting aediculae preceding a round-ed niche, flanking three large rectangular niches in the back wall. Corinthian columns carried a richly decorat-ed entablature. In the past, the study of the architectur-al decoration had architectur-already suggested a date during the