Sema DO⁄AN
düzleminde ve yamac›nda, kare/dörtgen planl› yap›lar ile bir zeytin iflli¤i buradaki bir yerleflimin verileridir.
Günümüze gelen duvarlar›n malzeme tekni¤i ile yüzey-deki seramik buluntular, Bizans nitelikleri tafl›maktad›r.
Antalya’ya do¤ru devam eden k›y› yol fleridinde, Avsal-lar Mevkii’ni geçtikten sonra yer alan Tolhan (Yeflilköy) Beldesi’nde bir hamam›n duvar kal›nt›lar›, karayolunu geniflletme çal›flmalar› s›ras›nda kepçe ile tahrip edil-mifl, duruma Müze Müdürlü¤ünce müdahale edilerek yolun yönü de¤ifltirilmifltir. Hamam›n olas›l›kla calda-rium bölümüne ait üç cephesi büyük nifllerle geniflletil-mifl mekan, kubbe ve tonoz örtü elemanlar› ile tümüyle ayaktad›r. Bu mekana bitiflik, tepidarium ve frigidarium bölümleri duvar kal›nt›s› olarak günümüze gelebilmifltir.
Hamam›n içinde ve çevresinde künkler ve seramik buluntular, tarihlendirme verileri olarak önem tafl›mak-tad›r.
Konakl›’n›n kuzeydo¤usundaki Elikesik Köyü’nde bir kili-se ile bat›s›nda kare planl› bir yap› saptanm›flt›r. Kilikili-se- Kilise-nin yaln›z apsis duvar› ayakta olup, naos duvarlar› yok-tur. Bat›daki kare planl› yap› ise kesme tafl dolgu duvar tekni¤inde, yer yer k›r›k tu¤la kullan›larak infla edilmifl-tir. Duvar kal›nl›¤› yaklafl›k 1 m. olan yap›n›n, çevreye hakim konumu, boyutlar› ve plan›, gözetleme kulesi amac›yla kullan›ld›¤›n› düflündürür. Öte yandan apsisin arkas›nda, kuzeydo¤udan do¤uya do¤ru uzanan bir duvar, olas›l›kla antik döneme aittir. Apsisin do¤usunda farkl› kottaki dikdörtgen planl› yap› ise kule ile benzer teknikte duvarlar içerir.
Konakl›-Toslak’tan kuzeye do¤ru ayr›lan yol üzerinde yer alan Akkale olarak adland›r›lm›fl yap›, dörtgen plan-l›d›r. Duvarlar› kayrak tafl› ile örülmüfl, köflelerde kesme tafllarla güçlendirilmifltir. Akkale ile ayn› eksen üzerin-de, birbirine uzakl›klar› kufl uçumu birer kilometre olan iki yap› yer almaktad›r. Dörtgen planl›, küçük boyutlu bu yap›lar birlikte de¤erlendirildi¤inde, üç yan› da¤l›k genifl vadinin kontrolü için yap›lm›fl gözetleme ya da yol üzerinde konaklama yap›lar› olabilir.
Alanya’n›n kuzeyindeki Gündo¤mufl ‹lçesi’nde, Güzel-ba¤ Köyü’nün do¤usunda yer alan Kalybrassos antik kenti, tepe üzerine kurulmufltur. Yamaçta kayaya oyma bir mezar, aslan bezemeli levha ile kartal figürlü cephe düzeni ve basamakl› girifli nedeniyle kült alan› olarak nitelenebilir. Tepeye ç›kan merdivenler, do¤al kayalar biçimlendirilerek oluflturulmufltur. Tepede farkl› düzlem-de yer alan iki an›tsal tap›nak bölgenin Roma Dönemi’
ne ›fl›k tutar. Alttaki tap›na¤a iniflte buldu¤umuz, kabart-ma kabart-madalyon içinde haç motifi bezemeli k›r›k parça, bir vaftiz teknesine aittir (Res. 1). Tepenin en üst noktas›n-daki birbirine bitiflik mekanlar›n özensiz duvar kal›n-t›lar›, burada Bizans yerleflimi oldu¤unu düflündürür.
here and the materials and techniques of the extant walls and the potshards on the surface show Byzantine characteristics.
Following the coastal road towards Antalya, at the Tolhan (Yeflilköy) district, past the Avsallar area are the extant walls of a bathhouse, which were damaged during road construction and the Museum directorate then caused the course of this road to be altered. Three facades, possibly of the caldarium of a bath house are provided with large niches and it is in a good state of preservation, standing with its dome and vaulting. Ad-joining this hall, are wall remains belonging to the tepi-darium and the frigitepi-darium. The pipes and potshards inside and around the baths provide important evidence for dating the structure.
A church and a square-plan structure to its west were noted at Elikesik village to the northeast of Konakl›.
Only the apse wall of the church remains standing. The square shaped structure to the west was built with rub-ble walls including with dressed stones, with brick pieces here and there. The structure has walls approxi-mately 1 m thick, and with its dominating position, dimensions and layout, its function as a watchtower is probable. Behind the apse of the church is a wall ex-tending from the northeast to the east, possibly dating to antiquity. The rectangular structure at a different eleva-tion, to the east of the apse, also has walls constructed in a similar fashion to that of the tower.
The structure called Akkale is situated on the way north from Konakl›-Toslak. It is a quadrangular structure built from slate stone and reinforced by cut stones at the corners. On the same axis as Akkale are two further structures, in a straight line 1 km from each other. When these quadrangular and small sized structures are together taken into consideration, it can be suggested that they were built to watch over the wide valley sur-rounded by mountains on three sides and/or to provide secure overnight facilities en route.
In the township of Gündo¤mufl, the ancient city of Kalybrassos is situated on a hill to the east of Güzelba¤
village. A rock-cut tomb on the slope can be considered a cult site from the relief with a lion, a facade arrange-ment with a figure of an eagle and a stepped entrance-way. The steps leading up the hill are carved from the bedrock. Two monumental temples situated on different levels on the top of the hill shed light on the Roman Period in the region. Descending to the lower temple, we discovered a broken piece of stone, decorated with a cross motif inside a medallion in relief being a part from a baptismal font (Fig. 1). The low quality wall
Olas›l›kla antik kent, Bizans Dönemi’nde kimi ek yap›-larla kullan›m›n› sürdürmüfltür.
K›z›lcaflehir Kale, Alanya’n›n Oba Beldesi’nde, K›z›lca-flehir Köyü’nde yer al›r. Tepenin üst düzleminde, Akde-niz’i ve Alanya’y› genifl görüfl aç›s› ile gören Kale, d›fl ve iç surlardan oluflmaktad›r (Res. 2). Surlarda kesme tafl, dolgu duvar tekni¤i, tu¤la-kiremit kullan›m› ile Bizans kalesi olarak niteledi¤imiz K›z›lcaflehir’de iki sur aras›n-da ve ‹ç Kale’de dörtgen planl› mekanlar ile ‹ç Kale’de bir flapel belirlenmifltir. fiapelin do¤usu üç apsisli, kuzey ve güney duvarlar› nifllerle geniflletilmifltir. Örtüsü y›k›lm›fl olan yap›da duvar resimlerine iliflkin kal›nt›lar dikkati çeker.
Obaköy’ün kuzeybat›s›nda Ç›plakl›-Aksaray Mevkii’n-deki Orman Deposu’nda bir yap› kal›nt›s› ve zeytin iflli¤i ile tek mekanl›, do¤usu apsisli, üzeri tonoz örtülü bir flapel yer al›r. fiapelin içte tüm duvarlar› ve tonoz örtüsü duvar resimleri ile bezenmifltir.
Alanya-Gazipafla yolunda, Mahmutlar Beldesi’nde Gözüküçük Köyü’nün kuzey bat›s›ndaki tepede yer alan Laertes antik kenti, Hellenistik ve Roma surlar› ile kent içinde hamam, odeon gibi kimi antik yap›lar bar›nd›r-maktad›r. Surlarda yer yer Bizans duvar örgüsü, kentin Bizans Dönemi’nde kullan›m›na iliflkin verilerdir.
Antik kaynaklarda Laertes’in liman kenti olarak belirti-len Naula, Mahmutlar Beldesi’nde, k›y› yolunun kenar›n-daki yazl›k evlerin arkas›nda yer al›r. Kent, günümüzde muz bahçelerinin içinde kalm›flt›r. Kentin çevresi surlar-la çevrilmifl olup, sursurlar-lar üzerinde iki katl› kule benzeri, kare planl› yap›lar yer al›r. Surlarda kayrak tafl› ile kire-mit örgü görülür.
remains belonging to the adjoining structures on the summit of the hill suggest the presence here of a Byzan-tine settlement. Possibly the ancient city continued to be inhabited in the Byzantine Period with some additions made to the antique buildings.
The K›z›lcaflehir Kale is found in the village of K›z›lca-flehir in the Oba district of Alanya. The fortress on top of the hill comprises outer and inner walls and it has a wide angle view encompassing the Mediterranean and Alanya (Fig. 2). Cut stones, rubble, bricks and tiles are employed in the walls and we identified this structure as a Byzantine fortress. There exist quadrangular structures between the inner and outer walls and inside the inner fort as well as a chapel within the inner fort. The chapel has three apses and its south and north walls were artic-ulated with niches. The superstructure has not survived but traces of wall paintings are discernible.
To the northwest of Obaköy is the Forestry storage area in the Ç›plakl›-Aksaray area and within this forestry stor-age area are the remains of a structure, an olive press and a single nave chapel covered by a vault and termi-nating in an apse in its east end. The entire walls and vault of this chapel are decorated with paintings.
The ancient city of Laertes is located on a hill to the northwest of Gözüküçük village in Mahmutlar district on the Alanya-Gazipafla road. The ruins include Helle-nistic and Roman city walls and some ancient structures such as baths and an odeon within the city. Byzantine masonry observed at places in the city walls is evidence for the Byzantine use of this city.
Naula, mentioned as the port of Laertes in the ancient sources, lies concealed behind the summer resort hous-es by the coastal road in Mahmutlar district and, YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS
Res. 1 Kalybrassos-vaftiz teknesi / Fig. 1 Kalybrassos, piece of the baptismal font.
Res. 2 K›z›lcaflehir Kale / Fig. 2 K›z›lcaflehir Kale (the Fort).
Kent içinde belirledi¤imiz dört kilise an›tsal boyutlar› ile dikkati çeker. A Kilisesi’nin apsisi günümüze gelebilmifl, apsiste duvar resimlerine iliflkin kal›nt›lar belirlenmifltir.
B Kilisesi’nin apsisi ile naosun kuzey ve güney duvarlar›
günümüze gelmifltir. Yap›, yaklafl›k 20 m. uzunlu¤u ile an›tsal boyutludur. Duvarlar› s›val› ve yer yer duvar resimleri izlenebilmektedir. Apsisin güneydo¤u duvar›n-da bir nifl, olas›l›kla prothesis olarak kullan›lm›fl olmal›-d›r. Naosun bat›s›nda ise eksende olmayan, iki katl› pen-cereli bir yap› yer al›r.
C Kilisesi, günümüzde yerleflimin içinde kalm›fl bir köy evinin bahçesindedir. Yaln›z apsisi ayaktad›r. Kiliseye iliflkin baflka veri yoktur.
D Kilisesi, bir köy evinin arka bahçesinde, muzluklar›n bafllang›c›ndad›r. Yap›n›n apsisi ile naosun kuzey duva-r›n›n bir bölümü günümüze gelebilmifltir (Res. 3). Apsis-te ikiz pencere aç›kl›¤› vard›r. Kilisenin bugün toprakla dolmufl zeminindeki tesserae, özgün mozaik döflemenin varl›¤›na iliflkin bir veridir.
Kilise ile sur duvarlar›n›n malzeme ve teknikleri, ilk gözlemlerimizde ça¤dafl olduklar› izlenimi vermektedir.
Varl›¤›n› kaynaklardan bildi¤imiz beflinci kilise ise önü-müzdeki y›l belirlenecektir.
Alanya-Gazipafla karayolunda yer alan ‹otape antik ken-ti, iki ilçenin s›n›r›ndaki bir tepenin, yamac›ndan deniz k›y›s›na kadar inen eteklerinde kurulmufltur. Günümüz-de karayolu kentin ortas›ndan geçmektedir. Kentin k›y›-da kalan bölümünde do¤u-bat› yönünde uzanan tek nefli, do¤usu apsisli bir kilise ile ayn› yönlerde yap›lm›fl tek mekanl›, do¤usu apsisli bir flapel kentin Bizans Dönemi’ne iliflkin yap›lard›r. Kentte dinsel yap›lar›n d›fl›nda sivil ifllevli Bizans yap›lar›n›n varl›¤› da belirlen-mifltir.
surrounded by banana plantations, the site has two-sto-ried tower-like structures rising upon the fortifications.
The city walls were built from slate stone and brick masonry. Four churches identified within the city are noteworthy for their monumental size.
Church A, all that remains is its apse wall, which carries traces of wall paintings.
Church B, its apse, south and north walls remain still standing. This monumental structure has a length of approximately 20 m and the walls are plastered and traces of wall paintings are discernible in places. A niche in the southeast wall of the apse should have been used as a prothesis. To the west of the naos and off the axis of this church is a two-storied building with windows.
Church C is located today within the garden of a village house. Only its apse is standing and there is no other evidence regarding this structure.
Church D is located in the back yard of a village house, by the start of the banana plantation. Only its apse and part of the north wall remain (Fig. 3) and the apse has a twin window. Tesserae on the ground suggest the pres-ence of an original mosaic floor, concealed beneath the earth filling.
Our first observations and impressions based on the materials and masonry techniques are that the church and the city walls were constructed at the same time.
The fifth church, whose existence is known from the sources, should be identified next year.
The ancient city of Iotape is situated on a hill on the Alanya-Gazipafla road, on the border between these two townships. The site extends from the slopes of the hill down the slope towards the sea and the modern Res. 3 Naula-D Kilisesi / Fig. 3 Naula, Church D Res. 4 Halil Liman› Kilise / Fig. 4 The Church at the Halil Liman›
Alanya-Gazipafla yolu üzerinde ‹otape kentini geçtikten sonra Halil Liman› Mevkii’nde karayolunun üst yan›nda bir kilise, alt yan›nda ise tonozlu bir mezar yap›s› yer al›r. Kilise, do¤usu içte ve d›flta yar›m daire biçimli apsisli, bazilikal planl›d›r (Res. 4). Apsisin yan› s›ra yap›-n›n kuzey duvar› günümüze gelmifltir. Apsisin örtüye geçifl seviyesinde bir yaz›t yer al›r. Karemsi plandaki mezar›n ifllevine ve dönemine iliflkin veriler önümüz-deki sezonda araflt›r›lacakt›r.
Alanya-Gazipafla yolunda B›çk›c› Çay›’n›n denize dökül-dü¤ü k›y›daki burunda yer alan B›çk›c› (Bal›kç›) Kule, iki katl›, tonozlu bir yap›d›r. Denizi ve günümüz karayolu-nu görüfl aç›s›na alan kulenin gözetleme-kontrol amaçl›
kullan›ld›¤› düflünülebilir. Kulenin arkas›ndaki tepe üze-rinde ise B›çk›c› Manast›r ad›yla bilinen Bizans yerlefli-mi yer al›r. Tepe üzerinde denize hakim konumda bir kilise, surlara ait duvarlar ile hamam oldu¤u düflünülen bir yap›, ilk tespitlerimizdir (Res. 5). Kilise, do¤u-bat›
yönünde uzanan, do¤usu yar›m daire biçimli apsisli, olas›l›kla üç nefli bazilikal planl›d›r. Yap›n›n naosu, duvarlar›n ve nefleri ay›ran kemerlerin y›k›nt›lar› ile dolmufltur. Kuzeydo¤u köflede tonozlu bir mekan›n, duvarlar›n›n yaklafl›k 10 cm. kal›nl›¤›nda pembe renkte harçla kaplanmas› sarn›ç havuzu oldu¤unu düflündürür.
Kilisenin güneydo¤usundaki yamaçta kemerli bir yap›, olas›l›kla hamamd›r.
Gazipafla-Mersin karayolunda, K›c›k (Muzkent) Köyü’n-deki Nephelis antik kenti, dik yamaçlarda, da¤›n›k yap›lar toplulu¤u biçiminde kurulmufltur. Muzluklar aras›ndaki yap›lar, 2004 y›l› çal›flmalar› kapsam›nda ince-lenememifltir.
Alanya çevre yolunun kuzeyinde yola yaklafl›k 2 km.
mesafede Hac›mehmetli Köyü’ndeki Hagios Georgios Kilisesi / halk aras›nda H›drellez ad›yla an›lan yap›,
road passes through the site. In the part of the city between the sea and the road there is a single nave church with an apse in the east and a chapel with an apse, reflecting the Byzantine Period in this city. In ad-dition, other Byzantine civic structures were identified.
Past Iotape on the Alanya-Gazipafla road, in the Halil Liman› area is a vaulted tomb on the lower side of the road and a church on the upper side of the road. The church is a basilica with an apse that is semi-circular both on the interior and on the exterior (Fig. 4). Besides the apse, the north wall of the structure also has sur-vived to the present day. There is an inscription where the apse wall joins the superstructure. The function and dating of the squarish tomb will be examined during the next season’s work.
Where the B›çk›c› Creek flows into the sea on the Alanya-Gazipafla road there is a promontory with the two-storied and vaulted B›çk›c› (Bal›kç›) Tower. It is plausible to suggest that this was a watchtower, as it has a wide view out over the sea and the modern highway.
On the hill behind the tower there is a Byzantine settle-ment known as B›çk›c› monastery. Amongst our first identifications from this site are a church on top of the hill and dominating the sea, the city walls and a struc-ture understood to have been a bathhouse (Fig. 5). The church is orientated in an east-west direction with a semi-circular apse in the east and it is probably a three-aisled basilica. The naos is filled with debris from the walls and arches separating the aisles. A vaulted room in the northeast corner has walls covered with a 10 cm thick pink plaster, suggesting its function as a cistern tank. The arched structure on the slope to the southeast of the church was possibly a bathhouse.
The ancient city of Nephelis in the K›c›k (Muzkent) vil-lage on the Gazipafla-Mersin road comprises scattered groups of buildings on steep slopes. The structures with-in the banana plantations could not be examwith-ined with-in 2004.
The Hagios Georgios Church, known locally as H›drel-lez, is located in the village of Hac›mehmetli, 2 km north of the Alanya highway by-pass. This is a Greek Ortho-dox church, dating to 1873 from to its inscription. This single nave church has a small apse in the east, also visible on the exterior. To the west of the naos is the women’s gallery accessed via a stairway from the exte-rior of the church. The timber ceiling of the church and the woodwork of the women’s gallery embody the char-acter of late 19th century Ottoman art. On the upper slopes of the hill, where the church is situated, there is a water source reached by an original stepped path and YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS
Res. 5 B›çk›c› Manast›r / Fig. 5 The B›çk›c› Monastery
1873 tarihli yap›m yaz›t› ile günümüze gelmifl bir Rum kilisesidir. Tek nefli bazilikal planl› yap›n›n do¤usunda küçük bir apsis d›fltan da izlenebilmektedir. Naosun bat›s›nda, d›flar›dan merdivenlerle ç›k›lan ikinci kat, gynekaion kad›nlar bölümüdür. Kilisenin ahflap tavan›
ve gynekaion’un ahflap iflçili¤i 19. yy. geç Osmanl›
Dönemi sanat özelliklerini yans›t›r. Kilisenin yer ald›¤›
tepenin yukar› yamac›nda, dönemine ait özgün basa-maklarla ç›k›lan yol, bir su kayna¤›na ulaflmaktad›r. Ön cephesinde bir aziz kabartmas› ile haç bezemeli levha-n›n yer ald›¤› çeflme, kayna¤›n kutsall›¤›na da iflaret eder.
Alanya ve çevresinde belirledi¤imiz yap›lar›n ço¤un-lu¤u, Alanya Müzesi Müdürlü¤ü’nce tescil edilmifl olup, plan ve röleve çizimleri yap›lmam›fl, ifllev ve tarihlendir-meye yönelik veriler henüz incelenmemifltir. Yüzey araflt›rmam›z, önümüzdeki sezondan itibaren, belirle-nen yap›lar› belgeleme ve de¤erlendirme çal›flmalar› ile sürdürülecektir.
Alanya Müzesi Müdürlü¤ü’ne ve Bakanl›k temsilcisi Müze Uzman›, Sanat Tarihçisi Say›n B. Taymaz’a yard›m-lar› ve katk›yard›m-lar›ndan dolay› teflekkürlerimi sunar›m.
this fountain is decorated with a plaque with a cross motif and the figure of a saint in relief, a further indica-tion of the sacredness of this water source.
Most of the structures we have identified in and around Alanya have been registered by the Alanya Museum;
however, their plans and measured drawings have not been prepared, and the evidence regarding their func-tions and dates has not as yet been studied. Our surveys will continue the next season with the documentation and evaluation of the structures that have been identi-fied to date.
I would like to forward my sincere thanks to the direct-orate of Alanya Museum and art historian B. Taymaz, museum curator and the state representative for their help and contributions.
Asi Nehri Vadisi ve Asi Deltas› Arkeoloji Projesi, 1998-2001 y›llar› aras›nda Chicago Oriental Institute ve
Asi Nehri Vadisi ve Asi Deltas› Arkeoloji Projesi, 1998-2001 y›llar› aras›nda Chicago Oriental Institute ve