Nevzat ÇEV‹K
Kithanaura-Sarayc›k: “Termessoslular’›n Kitanauras›” ola-rak Stadiasmus Patarensis’te ad› geçer. Yerleflim ‹.S. 1. yy.’
dan sonra Termessos egemenlik alan› içinde bulunmak-tad›r. Sonraki dönemde Perge Metropoliti’ne ba¤l›
önemli bir piskoposluk oldu¤u da hem piskopos listele-rinden hem de kentteki Bizans kal›nt›lar›ndan anlafl›l-maktad›r. Ana giriflin oldu¤u kesim (Res. 1) ve uzant›s›n-daki ön yüzün tamam› surlarla çevrilidir. Arka kesimler, ulafl›lmaz uçurum oldu¤undan sur sistemi kesintiye u¤ram›flt›r. Tepenin orta kesiminde yap›lar yo¤unlafl›r.
Pek çok bina kal›nt›s› ve ifllik unsurlar› görülür. As›l merkezi noktada büyük bir bazilika yer al›r. Üç neflidir.
Do¤u-bat› yönelimli Roma bazilikas›n›n bat› ve güney taraf›nda daha yo¤un olmak üzere ba¤lant›l› yap›lar vard›r. Buras› kentin sosyal ve ticari meydan›d›r. Akro-pol iniflinde, bat› eteklerde kentsel yap›lar devam etmek-tedir. Bunlar›n en niteliklisi Nekropol taraf›ndan gelen ve aquaduktla beslenen nymphaiondur. ‹ki yanda üç büyük kemerle infla edilmifltir. Bu yap›lardan orman yolunun geçti¤i boyna do¤ru yüründü¤ünde bat›ya uza-nan Nekropol’a gelinir. Mezarlar içerisinde en ünlüsü ve görkemlisi halen ayakta olan Sarayc›k Heroonu’dur.
Kemer-Çal›flda¤ Tepesi: Bat›, kuzey ve do¤u yamaçlar›-n›n ço¤u ulafl›lmaz uçurumlarla çevrilidir. Kayal›k tepe, ç›k›labilir durumda olan güney ve güneydo¤u yönde sa¤lam sur duvarlar›yla çevrilidir. Bu yönde alçalarak denize uzayan burun “Kocaburun” olarak adland›r›l-maktad›r (A¤va Burnu). Kayal›k tepenin tamam›na kuru-lan kaleyi 2.20-2.40 m. aras›nda de¤iflen kal›nl›klarda güçlü duvarlar çevirir. Surlar güney yamaç boyunca düm-düz uzan›r ve do¤u kesimde yaklafl›k 90 derece aç›yla kuzeye sapar: Yaklafl›k dikdörtgen bir plan oluflur. Kale-nin bütününde üç kule ve üç kap› aç›kl›¤› gözlemlen-mifltir (Res. 2). Kulelerden ikisi dörtgen biri yar›m yuvar-lakt›r. Bunlardan birisi iki taraf›ndan sur duvarlar›yla kaleye ba¤lanmaktad›r. Bu KD köfleyi oluflturan yar›m
Kitanaura-Sarayc›k: It is mentioned as the “Kitanaura of the Termessians” in the Stadiasmus Paterensis. This settlement was within the territory of Termessos in the 1stcentury AD. Both the bishopric lists and the Byzan-tine remains in the city support the fact that this city was an important bishopric under the Metropolite of Perge in the ensuing periods. The section with main entrance-way (Fig. 1) and the front side flanking it are entirely fortified with walls and, as the rear sides are on top of inaccessible sheer cliffs, they are not fortified. Structures cluster about the middle of the hill. Many building remains and of work areas have been noted. In the real centre of the settlement there is a big three-aisled basil-ica. This Roman basilica was orientated in an east-west direction and is flanked by annex structures to the north and with even more to the south. This was the social and commercial square of the town. Descending down from the Acropolis there are more urban structures. The most important is the nymphaion, built with three arches on both sides and fed by the aqueduct coming from the direction of the necropolis. Passing by these structures in the direction of the neck which the forest road pass-es through, one reachpass-es the Necropolis that extends towards west. The best-known and grandest of all the tombs is the Sarayc›k Heroon which is still standing.
Kemer-Çal›flda¤ Hill: The west, north and east slopes are mostly encircled by sheer and inaccessible cliffs and this rocky hill is fortified with sturdy walls only on the south and southeast, where it is accessible. This prom-ontory descending towards the sea is called Kocaburun (A¤va Burnu). The fortress occupying the entire rocky hill is constructed of sturdy walls 2.20-2.40 m in width.
The walls extend straight along the south and in the east, they turn north, forming almost a right angle and an approximately rectangular layout is formed. Three towers and three gates were observed in the entire
Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Res. 2 / Fig. 2
yuvarlak planl› olan kuledir. Di¤er ikisi, birer yan›ndan uçuruma aç›lmaktad›r. Duvar örgü sistemi Hellenistik Dönem özellikleri göstermektedir. Ancak kalenin kapla-d›¤› yaklafl›k 5.000 m2alan tan›d›¤›m›z Likya Klasik Ça¤
yerleflimlerine göre çok büyüktür. Likya’n›n en önemli kentlerinin bile Klasik akropolleri bu boyutlarda de¤il-dir. As›l sorun bu kalenin antik ad›n›n ne oldu¤udur.
Daha önce T. Özoral “‹dyros” olarak adland›rm›fl, sonra-s›nda da S. fiahin “Olbia” oldu¤unu iddia etmifltir. Bura-n›n Olbia olmas› için Idyros’un tamamen iptal edilmesi gerekir ki, bu da çok mümkün de¤ildir. Çünkü Idyros’un Roma Ça¤›’nda yok oldu¤unu gösteren bir belge mevcut olmad›¤› gibi buran›n Olbia oldu¤unu gösteren bir yaz›t ya da herhangi bir veri de henüz söz konusu de¤ildir.
2. Etap: (N. Çevik, B. Vark›vanç, S. Bulut, ‹. K›zgut, E. Akyürek, I. P. Pedarros, M. Kunze, B. Özdilek, E. Akal›n)
Neapolis Çal›flmalar›: 2004 sezonunda da bafltan plan-land›¤› gibi haritalama ve envanterleme çal›flmalar›
tamamlanmaya çal›fl›lm›flt›r. Haritalama çal›flmalar›
S. Çoflgun, E. Akal›n ve N. Çevik taraf›ndan sürdürülmüfl-tür. Kentteki kal›nt›lar dört ayr› bafll›kta gruplanm›flt›r.
I. Dinsel yap›lar, II. Kamu yap›lar›, III. Nekropoller, IV. Konut, ifllik ve sarn›çlar.
I. Kutsal Yap›lar (N. Çevik)
Yeni tespit edilen bir yap›n›n kült amaçl› oldu¤u anlafl›l-m›flt›r. Bununla beraber kentte tespit edilen tap›nak say›-s› 3 olmufltur. Bu yap› yerleflimin KD taraf›nda kayal›k tepenin ete¤inde ve bu yöndeki son sivil kal›nt›lardan yaklafl›k 100 m. do¤udaki çok e¤imli yamaçta bulun-maktad›r. Di¤er yap›lardan tamamen ayr› bir konumda ve hiçbir yap› veya yap› grubuyla ilgisi olmayan ayr› bir alanda konumlanm›flt›r. En kuzeydeki evler aras›ndan yukar›ya do¤ru ç›kt›¤› izlenen basamakl› sokak, sadece bu yap›ya ç›kmak için yap›lm›flt›r. Bu sokak Nekropol’
den gelen ana kent yoluyla ba¤lanmaktad›r. Kemerlerin ortas›na denk gelen ön kesimde büyük bir monoblok tafltan “altar masas›” bulunmufltur. Dört yan› profillerle bezeli altar›n iki yan›nda ayak b›rak›lm›flt›r. Bu alanda bulunan bir yaz›t tamamen deflifre edilebilmifltir. Bu yaz›tta Aurelius, Artemis, Herakleion Eigis... gibi adlar›n (yapt›rd›¤›) yazmaktad›r.
II. Kamu Yap›lar› (‹. K›zgut, E. Akal›n)
Bu çal›flmalar 2003 sezonunda bir exedra ile bafllanan çal›flmalar›n devam› niteli¤indedir. Kent merkezinin kuzey bafllang›c›ndaki ilk iki yap› yan yana dizili iki exedrad›r. ‹liflkili düzenlenen bu iki exedra da “U” plan-l›d›r. Güney ilerisinde di¤er bir exedra yer al›r. Bu 2003
fortress and two of the towers are quadrangular while the third is semi-circular (Fig. 2). The semi-circular tower forms the northeast corner and is connected to the fortress by walls on both sides. The other two tow-ers face the gorges on one side and their masonry sug-gests a date in the Hellenistic Period. However, the fortress encompassing an area of approximately 5,000 square meters is considerably larger than other Classical Period fortresses known in Lycia. The Classical Period acropolises of the most important cities of Lycia do not attain this size. A real problem is that the ancient name of this fortress is not as yet known. Previouly, it was claimed to be “Idyros” by T. Özoral, and then it was claimed as “Olbia” by S. fiahin, but, for this site to be claimed as Olbia, the possibility of its identification as Idyros must be entirely disproven, which is not very probable at the present time as no evidence exists showing that Idyros entirely disappeared in the Roman Period, nor is there any inscription or data available to date proving that this site was in fact Olbia.
Second Stage (N. Çevik, B, Vark›vanç, S, Bulut,
‹. K›zgut, E. Akyürek, I. P. Pedarros, M. Kunze, B. Özdilek, E. Akal›n)
Work at Neapolis: As previously planned, the goal of the work at Neapolis in 2004 was to complete the map-ping and inventory. The mapmap-ping work was continued by S. Coflgun, E. Akal›n and N. Çevik. The architectural remains in the city are grouped under four main titles:
I. Religious structures; II. Public structures; III. Necropo-lises; and, IV. Houses, work areas and cisterns.
I. Sacred Structures (N. Çevik)
A newly identified structure was understood to have been used for cult purposes and so today the total num-ber of temples identified within the city has risen to three. This structure is located on a very steep slope, approximately 100 meters east of the last civic remains on the slope of the rocky hill to the northeast of the set-tlement. Entirely isolated from the rest of the buildings in the area, it is located in an area without any connec-tion to any individual structure or group of structures.
The stepped street amidst the northern houses extends only to this structure. This street also connects to the main street of the city coming from the Necropolis. In the front area corresponding to the middle part of the arches is an “altar” fashioned from a large stone mono-lith. Decorated with profiles on four sides, this altar has two legs. An inscription discovered in this area has been fully read, listing names such as Aurelius, Artemis, Her-akleion Eigis... (as patrons).
YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS
y›l›nda ele al›nan yar›m yuvarlak exedrad›r. Di¤er ikisi yolun solunda bat›ya bakar biçimde düzenlenmiflken söz konusu bu exedra tam ters taraftad›r ve do¤u bak›-fl›ml›d›r. An›tsal yol güzergah›n› tamamlayan bu yap›lar›n oluflturdu¤u Roma merkezi kent yolunu heykel altl›klar›
bütünler. Altl›k ön yüzünde ‹mparator Commodus an›l-maktad›r. B. ‹plikçio¤lu’nun çevirisine göre Commodus öldükten sonra Septimius Severius döneminde ‹.S. 195’te yap›lm›flt›r.
III. Nekropoller (N. Çevik, B. Özdilek)
Bu sezon, kentteki tüm mezar yap›lar› çal›fl›lm›fl, haritaya ifllenmifl ve tek tek rölöveleri ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Kent içerisin-de da¤›n›k durumda bulunan üç lahit, üç khamosorion, bir oda mezar ve bir de aedicula d›fl›nda di¤er tüm mezarlar kente ulaflan yol boyunca dizilidirler. Ço¤un-lukla lahit olan bu mezarlar içerisinde khamosorionlar ve ostothekler yan›nda örme mezarlar da bulunmak-tad›r. Kentte toplam 1 oda mezar, 1 aedicula mezar, 23 lahit, 11 khamosorion, 1 ba¤›ms›z ostothek ve 3 adet de kaya ostotheki bulunmaktad›r. Mezarlar çevresinde, ölü kültüne yönelik unsurlar da bulunmufltur. Bunlardan en önemlisi bugüne dek sadece z›vana yuvalar›n› bul-du¤umuz, üstü kavisli biten yal›n bir steldir. Özellikle kent içindeki yan yana yerlefltirilmifl iki khamosorion yan›ndaki stel z›vanalar› ve ayn› alanda ana kayaya oyu-lu biçimde buoyu-lunan ölü kültü suna¤› dikkati çekmekte-dir. Genellikle Pisidya tipi kalkanlar aras›nda tabula ansata düzenindeki ön yüz bezemeleri d›fl›nda yan yüz-lerinde portreler ifllenmifl mezarlar da vard›r (Res. 3).
IV. Konutlar, ‹fllikler ve Sarn›çlar (B.Vark›vanç, S. Bulut)
2003 y›l›ndan eksik kalan konutlar›n çizimleri yan›nda di¤er tüm konutlar›n rölöveleri de ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Tüm konut, ifllik (Res. 4) ve sarn›çlar›n planlar› kontrol edilmifl
II. Public Structures (‹. K›zgut, E. Akal›n)
This work is a continuation of that initiated at an exedra in 2003. The first two structures at the northern end of the city centre are two exedrae side by side. Arranged in connection to each other, both structures have a U-shaped form. Somewhat to the south is another exedra, the semi-circular one investigated in 2003. The other two are located on the left of the street and face west while this one is on the other side and faces east. These structures compliment the monumental road, which is further embellished by with statue bases. On the front side of the base, the Emperor Commodus is commemo-rated and, according to the translation by B. ‹plikçio¤lu, this base was made in 195 AD in the reign of S. Severus, following the death of Commodus.
III. Necropolises (N. Çevik, B. Özdilek)
In this campaign, all the tombs in the city were studied, marked on the map and plan and elevation drawings were made of them. Apart from three sarcophagi, three chamosorions, one chamber-tomb and one aedicula inside the city, all the other tombs are aligned along the road leading to the city. Most of the tombs are sarcoph-agi, while there are also chamosorions, ostotheks and masonry tombs as well. The total number and tomb types in the city are as follows: 1 chamber-tomb, 1 aedic-ula tomb, 23 sarcophagi, 11 chamosorions, 1 independ-ent ostothek and 3 rock-cut ostotheks. Other elemindepend-ents related to the cult of the dead were also found around the tombs. The most important is a plain stele with a round top, whose holes in the ground we have found so far. Especially noteworthy are the stele holes near to two chamosorions placed side by side, and a rock-cut altar for the cult of the dead also situated in the same area.
Generally, there are also tombs with portraits on the outer lateral sides, as well as the tabula ansata decora-tion flanked with Pisidian type shields on the front sides (Fig. 3).
IV. Houses, Work Areas and Cisterns (B. Vark›vanç, S. Bulut)
The incomplete drawings left from 2003 were complet-ed and the relévés of all the other houses were also pre-pared. The plans of all the houses, work areas (Fig. 4) and cisterns were doublechecked and their detailed description was completed. The detailed work focussed on the identification of the phases, especially those of the Roman and Byzantine periods, and of the function of every unit. The mapping work initiated the previous year was completed this year, crucial to the process of the identification of the original house organisation, Res. 3 / Fig. 3
ve detayl› deskripsiyonlar› tamamlanm›flt›r. Evrelerin, özellikle Roma ve Bizans dönemlerinin ayr›mlanmas›
ve her bir birimin fonksiyon tespiti detay çal›flmalar›n›n bafl›nda gelmifltir. As›l konut organizasyonunun anlafl›l-mas› flehirleflme mant›¤› ve topografyan›n etkileri ile mahalleleflme süreci ve evler aras› iliflkinin saptanmas›
tüm konutlar›n haritaya ifllenmesiyle ancak mümkün olabilece¤i için geçen y›l bafllayan haritalama çal›flma-lar› bu y›l tamamlanm›flt›r. Konutlar Neapolis kentinin en önemli konusudur. Arkeolojide, bu bölge için az bilinen konutlar›n planlamas›, farkl› sosyal gruplara ait konut-lar›n çeflitlemesi, birbirleriyle iliflkileri, birimlerinin fonk-siyonlar›, flehircilikteki yerleri, teknik ve malzeme, kap›, pencere ve üst örtülerinin ayd›nlat›lmas›nda Neapolis’te sa¤lam kalm›fl çok say›da konut ve konut kompleksi sayesinde mümkün olmufltur.
Kelbessos Çal›flmalar› (N. Çevik, ‹. P. Pedarros, O. Henry, B. Özdilek, P. Labotuier, J. F. Pichonneau) 2003’te bafllanan sur ve savunma sistemine iliflkin eksik-ler giderilmifltir. Kentin haritalanmas›nda büyük yol al›n-m›fl, 2005’te bitecek duruma getirilmifltir. 2004 y›l›nda detayl›ca ele al›nan iki yap›dan biri Kelbessos Yönetim Binas›’d›r. Bu yap› benzeri bilinmeyen önemli bir örnek-tir. Kent yönetimine iliflkin tüm fonksiyonlar›n ayn› bina-ya yüklendi¤i kompleks bir binad›r. Tafl ve duvar iflçilik-leri çok kaliteli ve güçlüdür. Yap›, do¤u-bat› aks›nda uzan›r. Uzun dikdörtgen plan›n do¤u bafl›nda bir girifl odas› ve oradan da ilk kap›ya yak›n nitelikte iç kap›
bulunur. Binan›n güneye bakan uzun taraf›nda koridor uzan›r. Koridorun sa¤ yan›nda da üç oda yer al›r. Kori-dorun sonunda di¤er büyük bir oda daha vard›r. Ortada-ki büyük oda, duvardaOrtada-ki izlerin oturma s›ralar›na ait
pattern of urbanisation, effects of topography and the process of formation of quarters, and the relations estab-lished between the houses. Numerous houses and house complexes in a good state of preservation at Neapolis facilitated our understanding of the planning of the houses - not well-known for this region, the variety of houses belonging to various social groups and their re-lations to each other, the functions of the units, their place within the urban structure, the techniques and materials used, their doorways, windows and superstruc-tures.
Work at Kelbessos (N. Çevik, I. P. Pedarros, O. Henry, B. Özdilek, P. Labotuier, J. F. Pichonneau) The missing parts of the work initiated on the fortifica-tions and defence system were completed. Mapping of the city progressed rapidly and will probably completed in the 2005 season. One of the two structures studied in detail in 2004 was the Kelbessos Administrative Build-ing. This is an unparalleled and important structure as it is a complex encompassing all the functions related to the administration of the city. Stone and masonry work are of high quality and very strong. The long rectangu-lar structure extends in an east-west direction and at the east end is an entrance hall, which houses another doorway of the similar quality to the first entrance.
Along the southern side of the structure extends a corri-dor with three rooms on the other side and this corricorri-dor terminates at another large hall. The big hall in the cen-tre has holes in its walls for timber supports for the rows of seats and its location and features of the layout further support the hypothesis that this was a meeting hall with a capacity for 150 people. The corridor extending along YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS
Res. 4 / Fig. 4
ahflap konstrüksiyonu tafl›yan delikler olmas›, konum ve plan özellikleri nedeniyle yaklafl›k 150 kiflilik bir toplan-t› salonu olarak tan›mlanm›fltoplan-t›r. Toplantoplan-t› salonu önünde uzanan koridor çok pencereli aç›kl›¤›yla bir fuaye nite-li¤indedir. Koridorun arsenal taraf›ndaki sonunda bir heykel altl›¤› bulunmas› binan›n önemli kamu yap›s›
de¤erlendirmesini do¤rular niteliktedir. Altl›k üzerinde-ki yaz›ttan “Hermaios o¤lu ...’n›n alt›n çelenkli bir hey-keli peribolion ad›na adad›¤›” yazmaktad›r. Bu adak kamusal bina ve onun fuayesi fonksiyonunu do¤rula-maktad›r. Binan›n önünde ve uzun yüzü önünde birer exedra bulunur. Afla¤›dan gelen basamakl› yol, buradan sarn›ca ve kent ç›k›fl›na yönelir. 2005 y›l›nda nekropol çal›flmalar›na bafllanacakt›r (Res. 5).
‹n Önü Çal›flmalar› (N. Çevik - M. Kunze - ‹. K›zgut - S. Bruer)
2003 y›l›nda N. Çevik taraf›ndan keflfedilen yerleflim, resmi yap›lar›n bulundu¤u orta, sivil yap› ve iflliklerin yer ald›¤› bat›, çiftlik yerleflimlerinin bulundu¤u do¤u olmak üzere üç ana bölümden ibarettir. Yerleflimin üç farkl› bölümde kurulmas›n› topografyan›n de¤iflkenli¤i de yönlendirmifl olmal›d›r. Bat›da yer alan sivil yerleflim bölgesi, yar›mada formunda uzanan kayal›k ve uzun bir tepe üzerine kuruludur. Bu alana yay›lm›fl birçok konut,
the meeting hall is more like a foyer with multiple windows. The presence of a statue base at the end of the corridor (in the arsenal direction) verifies that this struc-ture was an important public building. The inscription on the base reads, “.... son of Hermaios, dedicated a statue with a golden wreath on behalf of the peribol-ion”. This dedication verifies the function as public structure and its foyer. There is one exedra on the side to the front and another one on the long side of the structure. The stepped road ascending turns toward the cistern and city’s exit from here. In 2005, work will be initiated at the necropolis (Fig. 5).
Work at ‹n Önü (N. Çevik, M. Kunze, ‹. K›zgut, S. Bruer)
This settlement was discovered by N. Çevik in 2003 and it comprises three sections: the central part with the public structures; the western part with the civic struc-tures and work areas; and, the eastern part with farming sites. This partitioning must have arisen from the nature of the topography. The civilian part in the west extends
This settlement was discovered by N. Çevik in 2003 and it comprises three sections: the central part with the public structures; the western part with the civic struc-tures and work areas; and, the eastern part with farming sites. This partitioning must have arisen from the nature of the topography. The civilian part in the west extends