Eugenia Equini SCHNEIDER
olan büyük bir kandil; gömülerden birinin bir flarap tüccar› oldu¤unu düflünmemize yol açan, mükemmel korunmufl halde ele geçen Campania flarap amforas›
(Dressel 2-4) kayda de¤erdir. Buluntular üzerinde yap›-lan bir ön inceleme, mezar›n ‹.Ö. 1. yy. ile ‹.S. 1. yy.’›n son ony›llar› aras›nda kullan›mda oldu¤unu göstermifltir.
Dairesel Yap› Civar›nda: Araflt›rmalar, yap›n›n d›fl›nda çeflitli sektörlerde, özellikle kompleksin bat›s›nda yo¤unlaflt›r›lm›flt›r. Burada, güneyde bir apsisi bulunan, yaklafl›k 22x11 m. boyutlar›nda büyük dikdörtgen bir mekan tamamen incelenmifltir (Res. 3). Yap›n›n do¤u çevre duvar›ndaki bir aç›kl›¤›n, Dairesel Yap›’n›n girifl-lerinden biriyle ayn› eksende olmas›ndan dolay›, ikisi-nin aras›nda ba¤lant› oldu¤u düflünülmüfltür. Ancak mekan›n ana giriflinin kuzeyde, an›tsal mermer bir kap›-dan sa¤land›¤› kaz› s›ras›nda gün ›fl›¤›na ç›kart›lan söve ve arflitrav fragmanlar›ndan anlafl›lmaktad›r.
Orijinalde kireçtafl› plakalardan oluflan taban döflemesi, apsiste, hemen önündeki alanda ve apsise ulaflan ram-pada yer yer iyi korunmufl durumdad›r. Antik Dönem’de yerinden sökülen kireçtafl› plakalar›n harç üzerindeki izleri halen rahatl›kla görülebilmektedir.
Ana mekan›n bat›s›ndaki di¤er küçük mekanlar da ince-lenmifltir. Bunlar›n tümü, 2003 y›l›nda apsisin güney-do¤usunda a盤a ç›kart›lan iki mekan gibi, yan›k malze-meyle birlikte ana mekan›n ve müfltemilat›n›n duvar kaplamalar›na ait çok say›da renkli mermer parçalar›, yaprak ve nar gibi bitkisel motifler oluflturan yine çok say›da opus sectile parças› içeren tabakalara sahiptir (Res. 4). Seramik buluntular 6. yy. ortalar›na tarihlenebi-lir. Bu tarih, kompleksin en az›ndan bir k›sm›n›n tahrip
burial findings, glasses, pottery etc, particularly interest-ing are: a terracotta osteotheke (Fig. 2) with a slip cover, traces of floral painting decoration and containing the bones of a girl of fifteen/sixteen years of age; a big lamp with two nozzles, floral decoration on the handle and two horses heads on the rim; a perfectly preserved Campanian wine amphora (Dressel 2-4) which leads us to suggest that one of the deceased was a wine mer-chant. A preliminary study of the findings suggests this tomb was in use between the 1st century BC and the final decades of the 1stcentury AD.
In the area of the Circular Building: investigation con-centrated on various sectors outside the monument, par-ticularly in the area to the west of the complex, where a vast rectangular hall (about 22x11 m) with an apse on the south side, was completely investigated (Fig. 3). This structure must have been connected to the Circular Building, as is suggested by the existence of an opening, located on the hall’s east perimeter wall, in axis with one of the entrances of the former. However, the main entrance to the hall opened on the northern side, through a monumental marble door and many frag-ments of the jambs and of the architrave have been brought to light.
The pavement, consisting originally of limestone slabs, is well preserved in the apse, in the area in front of it and in some parts of the approach ramp. The imprints of the position of the slabs can clearly be seen in the traces of mortar in those places where the slabs had been deliberately removed in antiquity.
Other small rooms to the west of the nave were investi-gated. All of these, as the two discovered in 2003 to the south-east of the apse, exhibit layers of burnt material together with a great number of fragments of poly-chrome marble and very numerous pieces of opus sec-tile (forming vegetal and floral patterns, such as leaves,
Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Res. 2 / Fig. 2
KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS
olup terk edildi¤i tarih ile daha önceki sezonlarda elde edilen verilerle uyum içindedir.
Yeni elde edilen bilgiler, her ne kadar tamamlay›c› olmak-tan uzaksa da (asl›nda inceleme sürdürülmelidir), bu büyük ve gösteriflli yap›n›n halen tart›fl›lma olan ifllevi konusunda, baz› savlar ileri sürmemize olanak vermek-tedir. Apsisli salon ve portikolu dairesel yap›n›n, sivil erke ait etkileyici resmi bir yap›n›n nüvesi olmas› muh-temeldir. Daha erken tarihli ticari ifllevli yap›lar›n üzeri-ne 5. yy.’da infla edilen bu yap› grubu, Elaiussa Sebaste’
nin Erken Bizans Dönemi’ni karakterize eden yo¤un bir inflaat evresine kan›t oluflturdu¤u gibi, ayn› zamanda da ticari faaliyet ve ekonomik refahta canlanman›n bir göstergesidir. Seramiklerin incelenmesi zaten yerel üre-tim merkezlerinin bir yenilenme sürecinden geçti¤ini ve pazar›n do¤uya, K›br›s, Suriye ve Filistin’e do¤ru genifl-ledi¤ini göstermektedir. Kompleks fliddetli bir olayla ömrünü tamamlam›fla benzemektedir. Ancak bunun bir deprem de¤il de Procopius’un anlatt›¤› üzere yerel sivil ayaklanma olmas› muhtemeldir. Apsis duvar›n›n
bitifli-¤indeki kulede yap›lan kaz›lar, silah parçalar› ve kalkan kal›nt›lar›n›n yang›nla k›smen eridi¤ini ve örne¤in m›zraklarla delinmifl amforalarda oldu¤u gibi Vandal kundaklama izlerini aç›kça gözler önüne sermifltir.
Ancak dairesel yap›n›n kuzey cephesinin önünde a盤a ç›kart›lan, liman havzas› boyunca uzanan ve anakaraya ba¤lant›y› sa¤layan yol, giriflin yaklafl›k olarak 7. yy. orta-lar›nda savunma amaçl› olarak büyük bloklarla bloke edilmesine kadar kullan›mda kalm›flt›r. Burun üzerinde böylesi güçlü savunma sistemine gerek duyulmas› Pers veya daha büyük olas›l›kla Arap iflgalleriyle ba¤lant›l›
olmal›d›r. Kaz›n›n bitmesine yak›n, çöken duvar›n alt›n-da, kap›n›n önünde, gö¤sünde bir okucuyla a盤a ç›kar-t›lan iskeletin keflfi de dönemin savafl aletleri için örnek
pomegranates etc.) (Fig. 4), originating both from the wall revetment of the hall and its annexes. The ceramic findings can be dated to the period of the mid-6th centu-ry AD, a date corresponding to the period of the de-struction and the abandonment of at least some parts of the complex, confirming the data from previous cam-paigns.
The new information acquired, even if far from com-plete (in fact the investigation is to be continued), makes it possible to advance some hypotheses as regards to the function, still under discussion, of this great and lavish-ly decorated complex. It is quite probable that the apse hall and the circular building with the portico may rep-resent the essential nucleus of an impressive official building belonging to the civil power. Built in the 5th century over earlier installations for commercial, or at any rate related uses, it testifies to the new extensive building phase which characterizes the early Byzantine period at Elaiussa Sebaste, also marked by a revival of commercial activity and of economic prosperity. In fact from the study of the ceramic evidence, the local cen-tres of production appear to have undergone a phase of renewal and the market seems to have broadened oncee again, especially toward the East, to Cyprus, Syria and Palestine.
The complex appears to have been destroyed by a vio-lent event, probably not to an earthquake, but more likely to a local civil revolt, as is reported by Procopius.
Indeed, excavations inside the tower annexed to the apse wall revealed fragments of arms and the remains of shields partially melted by fire and clear traces of vandalism and arson, for example the amphorae had been pierced by lances.
Res. 3 / Fig. 3 Res. 4 / Fig. 4
sa¤lam›flt›r. Di¤er kaz› alanlar›nda da gözlendi¤i üzere, bu dönemden itibaren kentte yaflam sona ermifltir.
Tap›nak Alan›: 2003 y›l›nda tap›nakta bafllat›lan çal›fl-malar bu sezonda da sürdürülmüfltür. Peripteros yap›, uzun kenar› boyunca 12 sütun yer alan heksastil olup, Attik kaideli Korinth düzenindedir. Mimari bezeme üze-rinde yap›lan ön inceleme, yap›n›n 1. yy.’›n ortas› veya ikinci yar›s›nda infla edildi¤ini göstermifltir.
2004 kaz› sezonunun hedeflerinden biri de, cella’n›n kuzeydo¤u k›sm› alt›na uzanan yeralt› odas›n› mekti. Bu odan›n varl›¤› 1950’lerde tap›nakta ön incele-me yapan ‹ngiliz bilimadam› Gough taraf›ndan bildiril-miflti. Orijinalde basamakl› rampayla eriflilen odaya gir-mek, k›smen çökmüfl yap›lar nedeniyle bugün oldukça zordur. Beflik tonozlu ve düzgün kesme tafllarla infla edilmifl mekan›n Bizans Dönemi’nde sarn›ç olarak kul-lan›ld›¤› duvarlar›ndaki hidrolik s›vadan anlafl›lmaktad›r (Res. 5). Mekan›n tap›nakla ilintili as›l ifllevi ancak 2005 kaz›lar›nda kesinlefltirilebilecektir.
Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çal›flmalar›
Statik konsolidasyon ve konservasyon amaçl› müdaha-leler dairesel yap›n›n yak›n›ndaki Bizans su yolunun kemerine ve üst kesim duvarlar› giderek bozulan ago-radaki baz› binalara yap›lm›flt›r. Tüm bu müdahaleler ve önceki sezonlardaki tüm restorasyon çal›flmalar› sevgili dostumuz Mimar Ezio Mitchell taraf›ndan gerçeklefltiril-mifltir. Bu yaz›y›, 13 Eylül 2004 günü aniden yitirdi¤imiz bu arkadafl›m›za ithaf etmek istiyorum.
Bazilikan›n opus sectile taban döflemesi restorasyonu Trakya Üniversitesi’nden H. Ak›ll›’n›n gözetiminde ger-çeklefltirilmifltir.
However the road running along the port basin, ex-posed in front of the northern façade of the Circular Building that connected it to the mainland, still remain in use until about the middle of the 7th century AD, when the entrance was closed by large blocks for defen-sive purposes. This need for strong defences on the promontory must be related to the Persian or most prob-ably to the Arabic invasions. An example of this period of warfare is proved by the discovery, almost at the end of the season, of a skeleton with an arrow point inside his chest, leaning in front of the door and covered by the collapsed wall. From this period on, life in the city, as it is also shown from other areas of excavation, came to an end.
Area of the Temple: The investigation of the temple, initiated in 2003, continued. The building is peripteral, hexasytl with 12 columns on the long sides; the order is Corinthian, with Attic bases.
A preliminary analysis of the architectural decoration suggests that the temple was built around the mid- or second half of 1stcentury AD.
One of the purposes of the 2004 campaign was to inves-tigate the underground chamber which extends under the north-east side of the cella, the existence of which had been mentioned in a preliminary study of this tem-ple by the English scholar Gough in the early nineteen fifties.
Access to this chamber, which is now very difficult due to partially collapsed structures, was by stair ramps. The room, barrel vaulted and very well built of regular lime-stone blocks, was certainly used in the Byzantine age as a water reservoir, as is shown by the hydraulic mortar applied to its walls ( Fig. 5). Its previous exact function, related to the Roman temple, remains to be determined by the 2005 excavations.
Restoration and Conservation Activities
The interventions made for static-structural consolida-tion and conservaconsolida-tion, largely concerned the arch of the Byzantine aqueduct by the Circular Building and some structures in the agora where a progressive deterioration of the upper walls was evident. These interventions and all the restoration works conducted in past campaigns have been followed by the architect and our dear friend Ezio Mitchell, who suddenly died on the 13thSeptember 2004 and to whom I wish to dedicate this paper.
The restoration of the opus sectile floors of the basilica was also conducted under the supervision of H. Ak›ll› of Trakya University.
Res. 5 / Fig. 5
KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS
Paleo-Antropolojik ‹ncelemeler: Antropolojik inceleme-ler, en az 27 iskeletin rekonstrükte edildi¤i yeni bulunan kaya mezar›nda yo¤unlaflt›r›lm›flt›r. Bu iskeletlerden 22’
si yetiflkinlere, 2’si ergenlere ve 3’ü de çocuklara aittir.
Yola aç›lan kap› kaz›s›nda bulunan iskelet üzerinde de ön inceleme yap›lm›flt›r. Bu iskelet, öldü¤ünde 23 ila 39 yafllar› aras›nda ve boyu da 1.66-1.70 m civar›nda olan yetiflkin bir erke¤e aittir. Baz› kemik fragmanlar› DNA analizi yap›lmak üzere al›nm›flt›r.
Paleo-Anthropological Studies: Anthropological studies focussed in particular on the remains of bones found in the newly discovered rock-hewn tomb, where at least 27 individual skeletons were reconstructed: 22 adults, 2 adolescents and 3 children. A preliminary analysis began of the skeleton discovered during the excavation of the access door leading to the port basin road. This skeleton is from a male whose age at death is estimated as being between 23 and 29 years; with a height of between 166-170 cms; some fragments of the bones have been removed to be subjected to DNA analysis.
2004 Y›l› Harmanören (Göndürle Höyük) Tunç Ça¤
Mezarl›k Kaz›s›’na, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤›’n›n izni ile Isparta Müzesi ad›na, ‹stanbul Üniversitesi
Rektörlü-¤ü Bilimsel Araflt›rma Projeleri Yürütücü Sekreterli¤i’
nin deste¤i ve Suna - ‹nan K›raç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araflt›rma Enstitüsü (AKMED) ile Türk Tarih Kurumu Bafl-kanl›¤›’n›n katk›lar›yla devam edilmifltir.
Alan yöneticili¤ini N. Özsait’in yapt›¤› kaz›ya, ‹.Ü. Ede-biyat Fakültesi’nden Dr. E. Konyar, Mimar-Restoratör H. I. Kocabafl, doktora ve yüksek lisans ö¤rencileri P. Ercan, D. Ç›¤›r, Ö. Özdemir, B. Güvel, H. Oy, ‹. Baytak, S. Kaymakç›, B. Demirtop, G. A¤ao¤lu, B. Öner, Arkeo-loji, Tarih, Tafl›nabilir Kültür Varl›klar›n› Koruma ve Ona-r›m Bölümlerinden sekiz lisans ö¤rencisi, Selçuk Üni-versitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Eskiça¤ Tarihi Anabilim Dal›’ndan Yard. Doç. Dr. Ö. Koçak, M. Bilgin, Cumhu-riyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Eskiça¤ Tarihi Anabilim Dal›’ndan Dr. A. Ifl›k kat›lm›fllard›r. Çal›flmala-r›m›za maddi destek sa¤layan kurumlara, kaz›da bulu-nan iskelet kal›nt›lar›n› inceleyen Paleoantropolog Dr.
S. Alparslan Roodenberg’e, büyük bir özveriyle çal›flan ekibimize ve ö¤rencilerimize candan teflekkür ederim.
18.8.2004-27.9.2004 tarihleri aras›nda sürdürülen kaz›-da tek açmakaz›-da çal›fl›ld›. Açma U’nun kuzeyinde 3x5 m.
boyutlar›nda bafllanan açma V, mezar küplerinin gelifli-ne göre, aç›lan ceple bat›ya do¤ru 2 m. geniflletildi (Res.
1, 2).
Bu y›l da küp mezarlardan baflka gömü tipine rastlan-mad› (Res. 3). Do¤u-bat› do¤rultusunda yerlefltirilen küplerin do¤uya bakan a¤›z aç›kl›klar› düz, büyük bir taflla örtülmüfltür. Yaln›z bir mezar küpünün (HÖM04V4) a¤z› çömlekle kapat›lm›flt›r. Her iki tipte de kapak tafl›
veya çömle¤in etraf› ve arkas› büyük tarla tafllar›yla des-teklenerek, üstleri daha ufak toplama tafllarla korunma-ya al›nm›flt›r. A盤a ç›kar›lan on üç mezardan Mezar V1, V2, V13 hariç, tümü el de¤memifl fakat do¤an›n tahribine
The 2004 campaign of the excavations at the Bronze Age necropolis at Harmanören (Göndürle Höyük), with the permission granted by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, was conducted on behalf of Isparta Museum.
The work was supported by the Administrative Secretar-iat of Scientific Research Projects of Istanbul University, the Suna & ‹nan K›raç Research Institute on Mediterra-nean Civilisations (AKMED) and the Turkish Historical Society.
The field work was directed by N. Özsait. The team members were Dr. E. Konyar of Istanbul University Faculty of Letters, architect-restorer H. I. Kocabafl, grad-uate students engineer P. Ercan, D. Ç›¤›r, Ö. Özdemir, B. Güvel, H. Oy, ‹. Baytak, S. Kaymakç›, B. Demirtop, G. A¤ao¤lu, B. Öner, eight undergraduate students from the departments of Archaeology, History, and Conserva-tion and RestoraConserva-tion of Portable Cultural Heritage, Dr.
Ö. Koçak of Selçuk University Department of History, M. Bilgin, specialist Dr. A. Ifl›k of Cumhuriyet Univer-sity, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of Ancient History. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to these institutions for supporting our work, palaeoanthropologist Dr. S. Alparslan Roodenberg for studying the skeletal remains that were uncovered, and our team and our students for their invaluable work.
The work was carried out from August the 18thto Sep-tember the 27th2004 in only one trench. Trench V of 3x5 m was opened to the north of Trench U, and it was later extended with a pocket another 2 m towards west, due to the finds that were uncovered (Fig.s 1-2).
Only burial jars were encountered in 2004 (Fig. 3). The jars are orientated in an east-west direction with their mouths opening toward east and they were closed with large stone slabs. Only one burial jar’s (HÖM04V4) mouth was closed by another jar. In both types, the slab stone or the jar itself and its rear end were encircled