&ú/792/6$<,12 605
Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Tarihi Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul
Başvuru tarihi: 07 March 2017 - Kabul tarihi: 02 May 2017 İletişim: Selim KILIÇOĞLU. e-posta: [email protected]
© 2017 Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi - © 2017 Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Architecture
Mimarinin vazgeçilmez unsurlarından biri süsleme ve dekoratif elemanlardır. Bu alandaki kaynaklarda “Erken İslam Dönemi” olarak ad- landırılan 9. yüzyıla kadar olan süreçte daha sonraki İslam devletlerinin süslemelerine temel oluşturan Emevi ve Abbasi süsleme anlayışı 7. yüzyıldan 10. yüzyıla kadar gelişim göstermiştir. Bu yüzyıllar arasında oluşan Erken İslam süslemelerinde hakim olunan coğrafyada İslamiyet öncesi uygarlıkların süsleme teknikleri ve motifleri de kullanmıştır. Böylece oluşan yeni sentez Emeviler Dönemi’nde başlayıp, Abbasi Devleti döneminde özellikle Orta Asya’dan askeri güç olarak gelen Türk nüfusunun artması ile yeni kültür ve sanat etkileriyle şe- killenmiştir. Bir başka değişle Doğu Roma, Sasani, Arap, Türk kültür ve sanatlarının etkileriyle Erken İslam yapılarının süsleme programları oluşmuştur. Bu sentez sanat içerisinde geometrik süsleme anlayışı sıklıkla kullanılmıştır. Tüm bu süsleme programlarının temel formu dairedir. İslam Sanat ve Mimarisi dendiğinde akla gelen sekiz ve altı kollu yıldızlar, birbiri içerisine geçmiş kareler, altıgen ve sekizgenlerin hepsi daireden türetilmiştir. Makale kapsamında şantiyede uygulama kolaylığı da getiren, daireden türetilmiş bu motiflerin geometrik çözümleri yapılmıştır.
Anahtar sözcükler:ďďĂƐŝ͖ŵĞǀŝ͖ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬďĞnjĞŵĞ͖7ƐůĂŵƐĂŶĂƨ͘
Ornaments and decorations were essential in the architectural design of the ninth century, the early Islamic period. Umayyad and Abbasid orna- mentation, which was the basis of the decorative elements used by later Islamic states, developed from the 7th century to the 10th century. Early Islamic art and architecture developed in the Umayyad period, then was further enriched during the Abbasid period, which saw an increase in the Turkish influence. Byzantine, Sasanian, Arab, and Turkish cultures contributed to foundational patterns of Islamic decorative elements. The new style was characterized by geometric patterns, in which the circle is essential. The six or eight-pointed star that is often the first image to come to mind when we think of Islamic art and architecture, is derived from interconnected squares, hexagons, and octagons that begin with a circle. These themes are also easily portrayed in construction. This article is a geometric analysis of motifs derived from the circle.
Keywords: ďďĂƐŝĚ͖ hŵĂLJLJĂĚ͖ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂů ƉĂƩĞƌŶ͖ Ăƌƚ ŽĨ /ƐůĂŵ͘
ÖZ
ABSTRACT
Giriş
DĂƚĞŵĂƟŬǀĞƐĂŶĂƚĨĂƌŬůŦĂůĂŶůĂƌŐŝďŝĚƵƌƐĂůĂƌĚĂƚĂƌŝŚ
ďŽLJƵŶĐĂďŝƌďŝƌůĞƌŝŝůĞŝůŝƔŬŝůŝŽůŵƵƔůĂƌĚŦƌ͘zĂƉŦĐĞƉŚĞůĞƌŝŶŝŶ
ĚĞŬŽƌĂƐLJŽŶƵŶĚĂ ŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶ ĕŝŶŝ͕ ĂůĕŦ͕ ƚĂƔ͕ ƚƵŒůĂ ǀĞ ďĞŶnjĞ- ƌŝĕĞƔŝƚůŝŵĂůnjĞŵĞůĞƌůĞƺƌĞƟůŵŝƔŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌďƵ
ĂůĂŶĚĂƂŶĞŵůŝƂƌŶĞŬůĞƌĚĞŶĚŝƌ͘SĂŶĂƚŝŶƐĂŶŽŒůƵŶƵŶǀĞƵLJ- ŐĂƌůŦŒŦŶŐĞůŝƔŝŵŝŶĞƉĂƌĂůĞůŽůĂƌĂŬǀĂƌŽůŵƵƔƐĂĚĞĐĞnjĂŵĂŶ- ƐĂůĚĞŒŝůďƂůŐĞƐĞůǀĞŬƺůƚƺƌĞůŽůĂƌĂŬƚĂĨĂƌŬůŦƚƺƌůĞƌŽůƵƔƚƵƌ- ŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘
'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŬƵƌŐƵůƵƐƺƐůĞŵĞƐĂŶĂƚůĂƌŦŵŝŵĂƌŝĚĞŚĞŵŝŬŝ
ďŽLJƵƚůƵ ŚĞŵ ĚĞ ƺĕ ďŽLJƵƚůƵ ŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔůĂƌĚŦƌ͘ 7Ŭŝ ďŽLJƵƚůƵ
ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ ƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌ njĞŵŝŶ͕ ĚƵǀĂƌ LJƺnjĞLJŝ͕ ŬĞŵĞƌ ŝĕůĞƌŝ͕
ŬĂƉŦǀĞƉĞŶĐĞƌĞLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌŝ͕ŬƵďďĞŝĕǀĞĚŦƔLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌŝŐŝďŝĚƺnj
ǀĞLJĂĞŒƌŝƐĞůLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌŬĞŶ͕ƺĕďŽLJƵƚůƵƐƺƐůĞŵĞ
ĞůĞŵĂŶŦŽůĂŶŵƵŬĂƌŶĂƐ͕ƉĂŶĚĂŶƟŇĞƌĚĞ͕ƐŝůŵĞůĞƌĚĞ͕ƐƺƚƵŶ
ďĂƔůŦŬůĂƌŦŶĚĂ͕ŬƵďďĞůĞƌĚĞǀĞŐŝƌŝƔƉŽƌƚĂůůĞƌŝŶĚĞLJĂLJŐŦŶŽůĂ- ƌĂŬƵLJŐƵůĂŶŵŦƔƨƌ͘1
BƵŵĂŬĂůĞĚĞŬĂLJŶĂŬůĂƌĚĂ͚͛ƌŬĞŶ7ƐůĂŵƂŶĞŵŝ͛͛ŽůĂƌĂŬ
ĂĚůĂŶĚŦƌŦůĂŶŵĞǀŝǀĞAďďĂƐŝƐĂŶĂƨŶĚĂŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚ- ƌŝŬƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌǀĞŬƵƌŐƵůĂƌŦĞůĞĂůŦŶŵŦƔƨƌ͘zĂƉŦůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ
ĕƂnjƺŵůĞŵĞůĞƌĚĞ ĚƂŶĞŵŝŶ ŝŶƔĂĂƚ ƚĞŬŶŝŬůĞƌŝ ĕĞƌĕĞǀĞƐŝŶĚĞ
ƔĂŶƟLJĞĚĞ ĞŶ ƚĞŵĞů Ƃůĕƺŵ ĂƌĂĕůĂƌŦLJůĂ ƺƌĞƟůŵŝƔ ŽůŵĂůĂƌŦ
ŐĞƌĞŬƟŒŝĚŝŬŬĂƚĞĂůŦŶĂƌĂŬƚĂƐĂƌŦŵŝůŬĞůĞƌŝďĞůŝƌůĞŶŵĞLJĞĕĂ- ůŦƔŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘
7ůŬ7ƐůĂŵĞǀůĞƟŽůĂŶŵĞǀŝůĞƌĚĞŶŝƟďĂƌĞŶƚĂƌŝŚďŽLJƵŶ- ĐĂŬƵƌƵůĂŶƚƺŵ7ƐůĂŵĚĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝŶŝŶƐĂŶĂƚǀĞŵŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĚĞ
ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬƚĂƐĂƌŦŵůŦƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌLJĂLJŐŦŶďŝƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦů- ŵŦƔƨƌ͘ ϳ͘ zƺnjLJŦůĚĂŶ ŝƟďĂƌĞŶ ƔĞŬŝůůĞŶŵĞLJĞ ďĂƔůĂLJĂŶ͕ ŽŒƵ
RŽŵĂ-BŝnjĂŶƐǀĞSĂƐĂŶŝĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝŶŝŶŐƂƌƺůĚƺŒƺŵĞǀŝSĂŶĂƨ
ŝůĞŝůŬƂƌŶĞŬůĞƌŝŶŝǀĞƌĞŶ7ƐůĂŵƐĂŶĂƚǀĞŵŝŵĂƌŝƐŝϴ͘LJƺnjLJŦů- ĚĂŶŝƟďĂƌĞŶAďďĂƐŝůĞƌƂŶĞŵŝŶĚĞŬĞŶĚŝƺƐůƵďƵŶƵŽůƵƔƚƵƌ- ŵĂLJĂďĂƔůĂŵŦƔƨƌ͘ϴ͘LJƺnjLJŦůŦŶŝŬŝŶĐŝLJĂƌŦƐŦŶĚĂŶƐŽŶƌĂAďďĂƐŝ
ĞǀůĞƟŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĚĞŶƺĨƵƐǀĞĞƚŬŝŶůŝŒŝĂƌƚĂŶTƺƌŬŐƌƵƉůĂƌŦ͕Aď- ďĂƐŝƐĂŶĂƚǀĞŵŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĞLJĞŶŝŬƺůƚƺƌĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝŬĂƚŵŦƔůĂƌĚŦƌ͘
BƵĞƚŬŝůĞƌůĞLJĞŶŝďŝƌƐĞŶƚĞnjĞŬĂǀƵƔĂŶAďďĂƐŝSĂŶĂƨǀĞDŝ- ŵĂƌůŦŒŦŬĞŶĚŝŶĚĞŶƐŽŶƌĂŬƵƌƵůĂŶ7ƐůĂŵĚĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝŶŝŶƐĂŶĂƚ
ǀĞŵŝŵĂƌŝůĞƌŝŶŝŬƂŬĞŶƚĞƔŬŝůĞƚŵŝƔƟƌ͘
7ƐůĂŵŵŝŵĂƌůŦŒŦǀĞƐĂŶĂƨŶŦŶďĂƔůĂŶŐŦĐŦŝůĞŝůŐŝůŝůŝƚĞƌĂƚƺƌ- ĚĞŐĞŶĞůŬĂďƵů7ƐůĂŵĚĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝŶŝŶŽůƵƔƚƵƌĚƵŒƵŵŝŵĂƌŝǀĞ
ƐƺƐůĞŵĞƐĂŶĂƚůĂƌŦŶŬƂŬĞŶŝŶŝŶϳ͘LJƺnjLJŦůůĂϵ͘LJƺnjLJŦůĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂ
ŽůƵƔŵƵƔŽůĂŶŵĞǀŝǀĞAďďĂƐŝƐĂŶĂƚůĂƌŦŽůĚƵŒƵĚƵƌ͘2<ŝŵŝ
ĂƌĂƔƨƌŵĂĐŦůĂƌŝƐĞ7ƐůĂŵSĂŶĂƚǀĞDŝŵĂƌůŦŬůĂƌŦŶŦŶŬƂŬĞŶŝŶ- ĚĞŬŝ TƺƌŬ-7ƐůĂŵ ĞƚŬŝƐŝŶĚĞŶ ƐƂnj ĞĚĞƌůĞƌ͘3 7ƐůĂŵ SĂŶĂƚ ǀĞ
DŝŵĂƌůŦŒŦŶŦŶ ŬƂŬĞŶŝ ŬŽŶƵƐƵŶĚĂ AďďĂƐŝ ǀĞLJĂ <ĂƌĂŚĂŶůŦůĂƌ
ƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞĨĂƌŬůŦůĂƔĂŶŚĞƌŝŬŝŐƂƌƺƔƚĞ7ƐůĂŵSĂŶĂƚǀĞDŝŵĂƌůŦ-
ŒŦŶŦŶƚĞŵĞůŝŶŝLJĂŬůĂƔŦŬŽůĂƌĂŬĂLJŶŦLJƺnjLJŦůĂϵ͘LJƺnjLJŦůĂĚĂLJĂŶ- ĚŦƌŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘
ϵ͘LJƺnjLJŦů7ůŬTƺƌŬ-7ƐůĂŵĚĞǀůĞƟŽůĂŶ<ĂƌĂŚĂŶůŦůĂƌŦŶŬƵƌƵů- ĚƵŒƵLJƺnjLJŦůĚŦƌ͘ALJŶŦnjĂŵĂŶĚĂAďďĂƐŝĞǀůĞƟŶĚĞ͞7ƐůĂŵ͛ŦŶ
AůƨŶĂŒŦ͟ŽůĂƌĂŬĂĚůĂŶĚŦƌŦůĂŶƐĂŶĂƚ͕Ŭƺůƚƺƌ͕ĚƺƔƺŶĐĞǀĞŵŝ- ŵĂƌůŦŬĂůĂŶŦŶĚĂƂŶĞŵůŝŐĞůŝƔŵĞůĞƌŝŶŽůĚƵŒƵLJƺnjLJŦůĚŦƌ͘Aď- ďĂƐŝĞǀůĞƟŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĚĞĂƐŬĞƌŝŐƺĕŽůĂƌĂŬƂŶĞŵůŝďŝƌĕŽŒƵŶ- ůƵŒƵƚĞƔŬŝůĞĚĞŶAŬŚƵŶůĂƌǀĞĚŝŒĞƌTƺƌŬŐƌƵƉůĂƌŦŬƵƔŬƵƐƵnj
ďƵŐĞůŝƔŵĞůĞƌĚĞƂŶĞŵůŝƌŽůŽLJŶĂŵŦƔůĂƌĚŦƌ͘
TƺƌŬ ĚĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝŶĚĞ 7ƐůĂŵŝLJĞƚ ƂŶĐĞƐŝŶĚĞ ĚĞ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝ
ŬƵůůĂŶŦŵŦŵĞǀĐƵƩƵƌ͘'ƺŶĞLJSŝďŝƌLJĂ͛ĚĂAůƚĂLJĚĂŒůĂƌŦĞƚĞŬůĞ- ƌŝŶĚĞLJĂƉŦůĂŶ,ƵŶůĂƌĂĂŝƚŬƵƌŐĂŶŬĂnjŦůĂƌŦŶĚĂD͘Öϱ͘LJƺnjLJŦůĂ
Ăŝƚ͚͛WĂnjŦƌŦŬ,ĂůŦƐŦ͛͛ŽůĂƌĂŬďŝůŝŶĞŶŚĂůŦĚĂŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŵŽƟŇĞƌ
ǀĞLJŝŶĞD͘Ö͘ϵ͘LJƺnjLJŦůĚĂTƺƌŬŵĞŶŝƐƚĂŶ͛ĚĂLJĂƉŦůĂŶŬĂnjŦůĂƌĚĂ
ďƵůƵŶĂŶ Ŭŝů ǀĞ ŬĞƌĂŵŝŬ ƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞ LJĞƌ ĂůĂŶ ŬĂƌĞůĞƌůĞ LJĂƉŦů- ŵŦƔ ĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞůĞƌ ďƵůƵŶŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘4 ŵĞǀŝůĞƌ ƂŶĞŵŝŶĞ Ăŝƚ
,ŦƌďĞƚĞůDĞĨĐĞƌ͛ĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶnjĞŵŝŶŵŽnjĂŝŬůĞƌŝŶĚĞ͞WĂnjŦƌŦŬ
,ĂůŦƐŦŶĂ͟ďĞŶnjĞƌŵŽƟŇĞƌŐƂƌƺůŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ;bĞŬŝů1Ϳ͘
BĞŶnjĞƌďŝĕŝŵĚĞAďďĂƐŝƂŶĞŵŝ͛ŶĞĂŝƚ<ĂLJƌĞǀĂŶhůƵCĂ- ŵŝŝŵŝŚƌĂƉĚƵǀĂƌŦŶĚĂLJĞƌĂůĂŶĕŝŶŝŬĂƌŽĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞůĞƌŝǀĞ
TƺƌŬŵĞŶŝƐƚĂŶŬĂnjŦůĂƌŦŶĚĂďƵůƵŶŵƵƔŽůĂŶD͘Ö͘ϵ͘LJƺnjLJŦůǀĞ
ƂŶĐĞƐŝŶĞ ƚĂƌŝŚůĞŶĞŶϱ ŬĞƌĂŵŝŬ ŬĂƉ ƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞŬŝ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ
ƐƺƐůĞŵĞĚƺnjĞŶŝĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŝůŝƔŬŝŬƵƌƵůĂďŝůŝƌ;bĞŬŝů2Ϳ͘
Erken İslam ve Mimarlığında Geometrik Bezeme
ƌŬĞŶƂŶĞŵ7ƐůĂŵƐĂŶĂƚƺƐůƵďƵŬŝŵŝĂƌĂƔƨƌŵĂĐŦůĂƌƚĂ- ƌĂķŶĚĂŶAƌĂďĞƐŬŽůĂƌĂŬĂĚůĂŶĚŦƌŦůŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘AƌĂďĞƐŬǀĞLJĂ
͚͛ĂƌĂďĞƐĐŽ͛͛ ƚĞƌŝŵŝŶŝŶ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƺƌĚĞ ŝůŬ 14͘ zƺnjLJŦůĚĂ ŬƵůůĂŶŦů- ŵĂLJĂ ďĂƔůĂĚŦŒŦ ŐƂƌƺůŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ͘ BĂƨůŦ LJĂnjĂƌůĂƌ ƚĂƌĂķŶĚĂŶ
ŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶďƵƚĞƌŝŵ͚͛7ƐůĂŵƚŽƉůƵŵƵŶĂĂŝƚŽůĂŶ͛͛ĂŶůĂŵŦŶĚĂ
ŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘ BŝůŝŶĞŶ ŝůŬ ŬƵůůĂŶŦŵ 7ƚĂůLJĂŶ LJĂnjĂƌ 'ŝŽǀĂŶŶŝ
BĂĐĂĐĐŝŽ͛ŶŝŶ;1313-13ϳϱͿĞƐĞƌŝ͚͛TŚĞĞĐĂŵĞƌŽŶ͛͛ĚƵƌ͘BĂĐ- ĐĂĐŝŽĞƐĞƌŝŶĚĞĚŽŒƵƚĂƌnjŦŐŝLJŝŶŵŝƔďŝƌĞůďŝƐĞLJŝƚĂŶŦŵůĂŵŦƔ͕
ĚĂŚĂ ƐŽŶƌĂůĂƌŦ ďƵ ƚĂŶŦŵůĂŵĂ ďĞŶnjĞƌ ĂŶůĂŵĚĂ 1ϱ͘ ǀĞ 1ϲ͘
LJƺnjLJŦůůĂƌĚĂďŝƌĕŽŬLJĂnjĂƌƚĂƌĂķŶĚĂŶŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘ϲ
KůĞŐ'ƌĂďĂƌĂƌĂďĞƐŬƺƐůƵďƵŶďŝƌĨŽƌŵƐĂůLJĂŬůĂƔŦŵĚĞŒŝů
ďŝƌĮŬŝƌŽůĂƌĂŬĂůŐŦůĂŶŵĂƐŦŐĞƌĞŬƟŒŝŶŝďĞůŝƌƚŵŝƔƟƌ͘ϳ'ƌĂďĂƌ͕
ďƵLJĞŶŝƺƐůƵďƵŶŝŬŽŶŽŐƌĂĮŬĂŶůĂŵŦĂĕŦƐŦŶĚĂŶďĞnjĞŵĞŵŝ
LJŽŬƐĂƐŝŵŐĞƐĞůďŝƌĂŶůĂƨŵŦŽůĚƵŒƵŶƵƚĂƌƨƔŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘KƌƚĂ
ĂŒ ,ŦƌŝƐƟLJĂŶ ƂŶĞŵŝ͛ŶĚĞ ŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶ ƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌŝŶ ďĞůŝƌůŝ
ŵĞƐĂũůĂƌ ŝĕĞƌĚŝŒŝŶŝ ;7ŶĐŝů͛ĚĞŶ ƐĂŚŶĞůĞƌ͕ ,ƌŝƐƟLJĂŶ ŝŬŽŶŽŐ- ƌĂĨLJĂƐŦŶĂ Ăŝƚ ŬƌŝƐƚŽŐƌĂŵ Őŝďŝ ƐŝŵŐĞůĞƌͿ ǀĞ ďƵ ŵĞƐĂũůĂƌŦŶ
ĂĕŦŬďŝƌƔĞŬůŝĚĞŽŬƵŶĚƵŒƵŶƵǀƵƌŐƵůĂLJĂŶ'ƌĂďĂƌ͕ƌŬĞŶ7Ɛ- ůĂŵ SƺƐůĞŵĞ SĂŶĂƨŶĚĂ ďƂLJůĞƐŝ ŵĞƐĂũůĂƌ ŝĕĞƌĞŶ ƐŝŵŐĞůĞƌ
ďƵůƵŶŵĂĚŦŒŦŝůĞƌŝƐƺƌŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ͘ƌŬĞŶ7ƐůĂŵďĞnjĞŵĞůĞƌŝŶŝŶ
ŝƐƚĞƌƐƚƺŬŽϴŽůƐƵŶ͕ŝƐƚĞƌŵĞƚĂůŝƔĕŝůŝŒŝŐŝďŝƂnjĞůƂƌŶĞŬůĞƌŽů- ƐƵŶ ƐŝŵŐĞƐĞů ďŝƌ ĂŶůĂŵ ƚĂƔŦŵĂĚŦŬůĂƌŦŶŦ ƐĂĚĞĐĞ ŐƂƌƐĞů ďŝƌ
606 &ú/792/6$<,12
1 mĕďŽLJƵƚůƵŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬƐƺƐůĞŵĞŽůĂƌĂŬĚĂŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶŵƵŬĂƌŶĂƐĂƐŦůLJĂƉŦƐŦŝƟ- ďĂƌŝLJůĞďŝƌŐĞĕŝƔĞůĞŵĂŶŦŽůĂƌĂŬŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘
2 ;AƌƐĞǀĞŶ͕TƺƌŬSĂŶĂƨTĂƌŝŚŝ͕͘1ϵ2ϴͿ͕;ŝĞnj͕1ϵ4ϲͿ͕;AƐůĂŶĂƉĂ͕1ϵϳ2Ϳ͕;'ƌĂďĂƌ͕
1ϵϳ3Ϳ͕;CƌŝƚĐŚůŽǁ͕1ϵϳϲͿ͕;BĂŬŦƌĞƌ͕1ϵϴ1Ϳ͕;'ŽŽĚǁŝŶ͕1ϵϵ1Ϳ͕;Ğŵŝƌŝnj͕2ϬϬϬͿ͘
3 TƺƌŬ7ƐůĂŵƐĂŶĂƨŶĚĂŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬďĞnjĞŵĞŶŝŶŬƂŬĞŶŝŶŝŝĞnj͕AƐůĂŶĂƉĂ͕Ğŵŝ- ƌŝnj͕BĂŬŦƌĞƌǀĞDƺůĂLJŝŵŐŝďŝĂƌĂƔƨƌŵĂĐŦůĂƌKƌƚĂAƐLJĂƂnjĞůŝŬůĞ<ĂƌĂŚĂŶůŦůĂƌĂ
ĚĂLJĂŶĚŦƌŦƌŬĞŶEĞĐŝƉŽŒůƵǀĞďŝƌĕŽŬďĂƨůŦĂƌĂƔƨƌŵĂĐŦAďďĂƐŝůĞƌĞĚĂLJĂŶĚŦƌ- ŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘
4 ;AƐůĂŶĂƉĂ͕1ϵϳ2Ϳ͘
ϱ ;DƺůĂLJŝŵ͕1ϵϴ2Ϳ͘
ϲ ;DƺůĂLJŝŵ͕1ϵϴ3Ϳ͘
ϳ ;'ƌĂďĂƌ͕ TŚĞ &ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ /ƐůĂŵŝĐ
Aƌƚ͕1ϵϳ3Ϳ͘
ϴ AůĕŦƐŦǀĂŝƔůĞƌŝŶĞǀĞƌŝůĞŶĂĚ͘'ƌĂďĂƌ
ŵŝůĂƩĂŶ ƂŶĐĞŬŝ ĚĞǀŝƌůĞƌĞ Ăŝƚ AůƚĂLJ
ŬĂůŦŶƨůĂƌŦŶĂ ĚĂLJĂŶĂƌĂŬ ďƵ ƚĞŬŶŝŒŝŶ
KƌƚĂAƐLJĂ-TƺƌŬŬĂLJŶĂŬůŦŽůĚƵŒƵďĞ- ůŝƌƚŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ;'ƌĂďĂƌ͕1ϵϵϴ͕Ɛ͘1ϲ4Ϳ͘
ŐƺnjĞůůŝŬ ŬĂƚŵĂ ĂŵĂĕůĂƌŦŶŦŶ ŽůĚƵŒƵŶƵ ďĞůŝƌƚĞŶ 'ƌĂďĂƌ͕ ƌ- ŬĞŶ7ƐůĂŵƐĂŶĂƨŶŦŶŵĞƐĂũǀĞƌĞŶŝŬŽŶŽŐƌĂĮŬĂŶůĂƨŵůĂƌĚĂŶ
ŬĂĕŦŶĚŦŒŦŶŦ ĚĂŚĂ ĕŽŬ ďĞnjĞLJŝĐŝ ĂůĂŶĚĂ LJŽŒƵŶůĂƔƨŒŦŶŦ ŝĨĂĚĞ
ĞƚŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ͘ϵ
'ƌĂďĂƌ͛ŦŶ ďĞnjĞLJŝĐŝ ŽůĂƌĂŬ ŶŝƚĞůĞĚŝŒŝ ďŝƚŬŝƐĞů͕ ŐĞŽŵĞƚ- ƌŝŬǀĞŚĞƌŝŬŝƐŝŶĚĞďŝƌĂƌĂĚĂďƵůƵŶĚƵƌĂŶƚƺŵLJƺnjĞLJŝŬĂƉ- ůĂLJĂŶ ďĞnjĞŵĞ ƺƐůƵďƵ ŝĕŝŶ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƺƌĚĞ ŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶ ďŝƌ ďĂƔŬĂ
ƚĞƌŝŵ͚͛ŚŽƌƌŽƌǀĂĐƵŝͬďŽƔůƵŬŬŽƌŬƵƐƵ͛͛ĚƵƌ͘BƵĚĞLJŝŵǀĞLJĂ
ƐƂnjŵĞǀŝǀĞAďďĂƐŝĚƂŶĞŵůĞƌŝŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĚĞŝŶƔĂĞĚŝůŵŝƔďŝƌ
ĕŽŬŬĂƐŦƌǀĞƐĂƌĂLJůĂƌĚĂLJŽŒƵŶďŝƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔŽůĂŶ
ŚŝĕďŽƔůƵŬďŦƌĂŬŵĂĚĂŶLJƺnjĞLJŝŬĂƉůĂLJĂŶƚĞŬƌĂƌĞĚĞŶŵŽƟĨ- ůĞƌůĞŽůƵƔƚƵƌƵůŵƵƔďĞnjĞŵĞLJŝƚĂŶŦŵůĂŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘zƺnjĞLJůĞƌĚĞ
ďŽƔůƵŬďŦƌĂŬŵĂLJĂĐĂŬƔĞŬŝůĚĞLJĂƉŦůĂƌŦŶďĞnjĞŶŵĞƐŝŶŝ'ƌĂďĂƌ͕
7ƐůĂŵĨĞůƐĞĨĞƐŝĂĕŦƐŦŶĚĂŶŝŬŝƚĞŵĞůLJĂŬůĂƔŦŵĂĚĂLJĂŶĚŦƌŵĂŬ- ƚĂĚŦƌ͘BŝƌŝŶĐŝƐŝ͚͛ůŝůůĂŚĞůďĂŬŝ͛͛LJĂŶŝŬĂůŦĐŦŽůĂŶAůůĂŚ͛ƨƌ͘BƵ
ŝůŬLJĂŬůĂƔŦŵĚĂƺŶLJĂŶŦŶĚƵƌŵĂĚĂŶďŝƌĚĞŒŝƔŝŵŝĕŝŶĚĞŽů- ĚƵŒƵ ǀĞ ŐƂnjůĞ ŐƂƌƺŶĞŶ ŶĞƐŶĞůĞƌŝŶ ŐĞƌĕĞŬůŝŒŝ LJĂŶƐŦƚŵĂĚŦ- ŒŦŶĚĂŶŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĞĚŝůĚŝŒŝŶŝŝĨĂĚĞĞĚĞŶ'ƌĂďĂƌ͕ďƵƐĞďĞƉƚĞŶ
ŶĞƐŶĞůĞƌŝŶ ŐĞƌĕĞŬůŝŒŝŶŝŶ ďĞnjĞŵĞůĞƌůĞ ĂƌŬĂ ƉůĂŶĂ ŝƟůĚŝŒŝŶŝ
ƐƂLJůĞƌ͘'ƌĂďĂƌ͛ŦŶĂƚŽŵŝnjŵŽůĂƌĂŬĂĚůĂŶĚŦƌĚŦŒŦŝŬŝŶĐŝLJĂŬůĂ- ƔŦŵŦŶƚĞŵĞůŝŝƐĞ͕ĚŽŒĂĚĂŬŝŶĞƐŶĞůĞƌŝŶďĞůŝƌůŝĞƔŝƚůŝŬůĞƌůĞďŝƌ- ůĞƔƟƌŝůŵĞƐŝLJůĞLJĞŶŝďŝƌďŝĕŝŵŽƌƚĂLJĂĕŦŬĂĐĂŒŦĚƺƔƺŶĐĞƐŝĚŝƌ͘
BƂLJůĞůŝŬůĞƐĂŶĂƚĕŦTĂŶƌŦLJŦƚĂŬůŝƚĞƚŵĞŬƚĞŶŬĂĕŦŶŵŦƔ͕ǀĂƌŽůĂŶ
ŶĞƐŶĞůĞƌůĞŝƐƚĞĚŝŒŝƂnjŐƺƌůƺŬƚĞLJĞŶŝĚĞŶĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞůĞƌLJĂƉ- ŵĂŽůĂŶĂŒŦďƵůŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘1Ϭ
AƌĂďĞƐŬƺƐůƵďƵŶĚĂƚƺŵLJƺnjĞLJŝŶďĞnjĞŵĞŝůĞŬĂƉůĂŶŵŦƔ
ŽůƵƔƵ͕ĨŽƌŵůĂƌĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝŝůŝƔŬŝ͕ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŵŽƟŇĞƌŝŶƐŽŶ- ƐƵnjĂĚĞŬĕŽŒĂůŵĂƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝ͕ŬŽŶƵƐĞĕŝŵŝŶĚĞƂnjŐƺƌůƺŬ
ŐŝďŝƚĞŵĞůďĂƔůŦŬůĂƌŵĞǀŝǀĞAďďĂƐŝSĂŶĂƚůĂƌŦŶŦŶďĞůŝƌůĞLJŝĐŝ
ƂnjĞůŝŬůĞƌŝŶŝŽůƵƔƚƵƌŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘11
&ú/792/6$<,12 607
1Ϭ'ƌĂďĂƌ͕7ƐůĂŵSĂŶĂƨŶŦŶKůƵƔƵŵƵ͕1ϵϴϴ͕Ɛ1ϱϲ͘
ϵ ;'ƌĂďĂƌ͕ĂŐĞͿ͘ 11'ƌĂďĂƌ͕ĂŐĞ͘
Şekil 1. Sağda Pazırık Halısı (M.Ö.5.yy), (Aslanapa, 1972), sağ Hırbet el Mefcer zemin mozaiği.
Şekil 2. Sağ Türkmenistan Kazısında Bulunan Keramik, sol Kayrevan Ulu Cami Mihrap Duvarındaki çi- niler.
Emevi Sanatı
7ůŬ7ƐůĂŵĞǀůĞƟŵĞǀŝůĞƌƂŶĞŵŝ͛ŶĚĞŝŶƔĂĞĚŝůĞŶLJĂƉŦ- ůĂƌŦŶƐƺƐůĞŵĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵůĂƌŦBŝnjĂŶƐ͕SĂƐĂŶŝǀĞAƌĂƉĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝůĞ
ďŝƌƐĞŶƚĞnjƺƌƺŶŽůĂƌĂŬŽƌƚĂLJĂĕŦŬŵŦƔƨƌ͘BƵLJĞŶŝƐĞŶƚĞnjƐĂŶĂƚ
ŬĂůŝŐƌĂĮǀĞLJĞŶŝďŝƚŬŝƐĞůŵŽƟŇĞƌŝŶ͕ŶĞŚŝƌŬĞŶĂƌŦŶĚĂĞǀůĞƌ
ŐŝďŝƚĂƐǀŝƌůĞƌŝŶŬĂƨůŵĂƐŦLJůĂLJĞŶŝďŝƌƺƐůƵƉŽůƵƔƚƵƌŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘
ŵĞǀŝƂŶĞŵŝ͛ŶĚĞďŝƌnjŝLJĂƌĞƚŵĞŬĂŶŦŽůĂƌĂŬŝŶƔĂĞĚŝůĞŶ
ŝůŬĂŶŦƚƐĂůĚŝŶŝŵŝŵĂƌŝLJĂƉŦŽůĂŶ<ƵďďĞƚ͛ƺƐSĂŚƌĂ;ϲϵ1-ϵ2Ϳ
,ĂůŝĨĞAďĚƵůŵĞůŝŬďŝŶDĞƌǀĂŶƚĂƌĂķŶĚĂŶDĞƐĐŝĚ-ŝAŬƐĂ͛ĚĂ
ďƵůƵŶĂŶ ŬƵƚƐĂů ŬĂLJĂŶŦŶ ƺnjĞƌŝŶĞ LJĂƉŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘ <ĂLJĂŶŦŶ ŝĕŝŶ- ĚĞďƵůĂŶĂŶ,nj͘ÖŵĞƌƂŶĞŵŝ͛ŶĚĞLJĂƉŦůŵŦƔŵŝŚƌĂƉůĂƌĚĂŶ
ƂƚƺƌƺďĂnjŦŬĂLJŶĂŬůĂƌĚĂ,nj͘ÖŵĞƌCĂŵŝŽůĂƌĂŬĚĂŐĞĕĞŶnjŝ- LJĂƌĞƚŐĂŚLJĂƉŦƐŦƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶƉůĂŶĂƐĂŚŝƉƟƌ͘AƌƐĞǀĞŶ͕TƺƌŬSĂ- ŶĂƨŬŝƚĂďŦŶĚĂLJĂƉŦŶŦŶŵŽnjĂŝŬůĞƌŝŶŝŶ7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͛ĚĂŶŐĞƟƌŝůĞŶ
BŝnjĂŶƐůŦ njĂŶĂĂƚŬĂƌůĂƌ ƚĂƌĂķŶĚĂŶ LJĂƉŦůŵŦƔ ŽůĚƵŒƵŶƵŶ 7ďŶ-ŝ
,ĂůĚƵŶTĂƌŝŚŝ͛ŶŝŶŵƵŬĂĚĚŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞďĞůŝƌƟůĚŝŒŝŶŝLJĂnjŵŦƔƨƌ͘
7ůŬ7ƐůĂŵĞǀůĞƟŵĞǀŝůĞƌŝŶŝůŬĂŶŦƚƐĂůLJĂƉŦƐŦŽůĂŶLJĂƉŦŶŦŶ
ƐƺƐůĞŵĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŦŶĚĂBŝnjĂŶƐǀĞSĂƐĂŶŝĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝďƵůƵŶŵĂŬ- ƚĂĚŦƌ͘12
<ƵďďĞƚ͛ƺƐSĂŚƌĂ͛ŶŦŶƉůĂŶŦŝĕŝĕĞŐĞĕŵŝƔŝŬŝŬĂƌĞĚĞŶŽůƵ-
608 &ú/792/6$<,12
Şekil 3. Kubet’üs Sahra planı ve geometrik açılımı (plan kaynak: archnet.org/publications/1239 (Erişim Tarihi:
30.11.2016).
Şekil 4. Kubbet-üs Sahra cephe rölöveleri (Abdulkadir Pekşen arşivi).
12;AƌƐĞǀĞŶ͕C͕͘͘TƺƌŬSĂŶĂƨTĂƌŝŚŝ͕͘͘͘1ϵ2ϴͿ͘
ƔĂŶƐĞŬŝnjŬŽůůƵLJŦůĚŦnjůĂƌůĂŽůƵƔƚƵƌƵůŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘TĂƔŦLJŦĐŦĂLJĂŬůĂ- ƌŦŶƉůĂŶĚƺnjůĞŵŝŶĚĞƐĞŬŝnjŬŽůůƵLJŦůĚŦnjŦŶŬĞƐŝŵŶŽŬƚĂůĂƌŦŶĂ
ĚĞŶŬŐĞůĞĐĞŬƔĞŬŝůĚĞLJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůĚŝŒŝŐƂƌƺůŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ;bĞŬŝů3Ϳ͘
<ƵďďĞƚ͛ƺƐ SĂŚƌĂ͚ĚĂ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ ŵŽƟŇĞƌĚĞŶ ŽůƵƔĂŶ ƐƺƐůĞ- ŵĞůĞƌĚŦƔĐĞƉŚĞĚĞŬĂůŝŐƌĂĮŝůĞďŝƌůŝŬƚĞLJĞƌĂůŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ;bĞŬŝů
4͕ϱͿ͘ŦƔĐĞƉŚĞĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŵŽƟŇĞƌŬĂƌĞ͕ĂůƨŐĞŶ
ǀĞƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶůĞƌůĞŽůƵƔƚƵƌƵůŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘7ĕŝĕĞŐĞĕŵŝƔŝŬŝŬĂƌĞĚĞŶ
ŽůƵƔĂŶƐĞŬŝnjŬŽůůƵLJŦůĚŦnjůĂƌǀĞďŝƚŬŝƐĞůŬŦǀƌŦŵůŦĚĂůůĂƌŝůĞLJĂƉŦ- ůĂŶƐƺƐůĞŵĞLJĂƉŦŶŦŶďĞnjĞŵĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŦŶŦŽůƵƔƚƵƌƵƌ;bĞŬŝůϲͿ͘
DŝŵĂƌŝƂnjĞůůŝŬůĞƌŝǀĞƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌŝĂĕŦƐŦŶĚĂŶŵĞǀŝƐĂŶĂ- ƨŶĚĂƂŶĞŵůŝďŝƌLJĞƌŝŽůĂŶ7ůŬ7ƐůĂŵĞǀůĞƟŵĞǀŝůĞƌŝŶďĂƔ- ŬĞŶƟ bĂŵ͛ĚĂŬŝ ŝůŬ ĂŶŦƚƐĂů ĐĂŵŝŝ͕ bĂŵ ŵĞǀŝLJĞ CĂŵŝŝ͛ŶŝŶ͕
ƉĞŶĐĞƌĞƔĞďĞŬĞůĞƌŝŶĚĞĚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞůĞƌŬƵůůĂ- ŶŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘CĂŵŝŶŝŶBĂƨĚƵǀĂƌŦƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ
ŬƵƌŐƵůƵƉĞŶĐĞƌĞƔĞďĞŬĞůĞƌŝĚĂŝƌĞ͕ĂůƨŐĞŶǀĞĚŝLJĂŐŽŶĂůŐŝ- ƌŝĚĕŝnjŐŝůĞƌůĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞŬŽŶƵƐƵŶĚĂnjĞŶŐŝŶďŝƌ
ĕŽŬƂƌŶĞŬŽůƵƔƚƵƌŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬƚĂƐĂƌŦŵŦŬĂƌŵĂƔŦŬŽů- ŵĂLJĂŶďƵƔĞďĞŬĞůĞƌŝŶƚĞŵĞůĂůĚŦŒŦŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞ
ƉƌĞŶƐŝƉůĞƌŝŬŽůĂLJůŦŬůĂĂLJŦƌƚĞĚŝůĞďŝůŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ;bĞŬŝůϳͿ͘
AůĕŦ ƔĞďĞŬĞůĞƌ ƚĞŵĞů ŽůĂƌĂŬ ĂůƨŐĞŶ ǀĞ ĚĂŝƌĞ ŬŽŵƉŽ- njŝƐLJŽŶůĂƌŦŶĚĂŶŽůƵƔŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘bĞŬŝůϴ͛ĚĞďĞůŝƌƟůĞŶAŚĂƌŇŝ
ƉĞŶĐĞƌĞƔĞďĞŬĞƐŝƺnjĞƌŝLJĂƌŦŵĚĂŝƌĞŬĞŵĞƌůŝƉĞŶĐĞƌĞĂĕŦŬ- ůŦŒŦ ĚƺƔĞLJ ďŝƌ ĂŬƐ ŝůĞ ŝŬŝ ƉĂƌĕĂLJĂ ĂLJƌŦůŵŦƔ͕ ŬĂůĂŶ ƉĂƌĕĂůĂƌ
ŝŬŝŶĐŝůďŝƌĚƺƔĞLJĂŬƐŝůĞƚĞŬƌĂƌŝŬŝLJĞďƂůƺŶŵƺƔƚƺƌ͘KƌƚĂĚĂ- Ŭŝ ĂŶĂ ĂŬƐ ϲ ĞƔ ƉĂƌĕĂLJĂ ďƂůƺŶƺƉ ďŝƌďŝƌŝŶĞ ƚĞŒĞƚ 3 ĚĂŝƌĞ
LJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůŵŝƔƟƌ͘ĂŝƌĞŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĞĕŝnjŝůŵŝƔŽůĂŶĂůƨŐĞŶǀĞďƵ
ĂůƨŐĞŶŝŶŬƂƔĞŶŽŬƚĂůĂƌŦŶĂLJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůĞŶĚĂŝƌĞůĞƌůĞƉĞŶĐĞƌĞ
ƔĞďĞŬĞƐŝŶŝŶĂƐŦůĨŽƌŵƵŽƌƚĂLJĂĕŦŬŵŦƔƨƌ͘BƵƉĞŶĐĞƌĞƔĞďĞ- ŬĞƐŝŶĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶĂůƨŐĞŶĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞ<ƵďďĞƚ͛ƺƐSĂŚƌĂ͛ĚĂ
ŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔŽůĂŶĂůƨŐĞŶůĞƌĚĞŶŽůƵƔĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬďĞnjĞŵĞLJ- ůĞďĞŶnjĞƌůŝŬŐƂƐƚĞƌŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ;bĞŬŝůϱďͿ͘BǀĞCŚĂƌŇŝƉĞŶĐĞ- ƌĞůĞƌ ďĞŶnjĞƌ ĨŽƌŵůĂƌĚĂ ŽůƵƉ͕ ƉĞŶĐĞƌĞ ĂĕŦŬůŦŒŦŶŦŶ ŵĞƌŬĞnj
ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶ ŝŬŝ ĞƔ ƉĂƌĕĂLJĂ ďƂůƺŶŵƺƔƚƺƌ͘ DĞƌŬĞnjĚĞ LJĞƌ
ĂůĂŶĚŝŬĞLJĂŬƐ4ĞƔŝƚĚĂŝƌĞŶŝŶďŝƌďŝƌŝŶĞƚĞŒĞƚŽůĂĐĂŬƔĞŬŝů- ĚĞ ĞƔŝƚ ƉĂƌĕĂůĂƌĂ ĂLJƌŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘ ĂŝƌĞůĞƌ ŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĞ LJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝ- ůĞŶŬĂƌĞůĞƌŐŝƌŝĚĂůƐŝƐƚĞŵŝŶŝŶƚĞŵĞůŝŶŝŽůƵƔƚƵƌŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘
ŚĂƌŇŝƉĞŶĐĞƌĞĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶŵŽƟĨŝƐĞ͕ŵĞƌŬĞnjĚĞLJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůĞŶ
ĚŝŬĞLJ ĂŬƐŦŶ ďŝƌďŝƌŝŶĞ ƚĞŒĞƚ ϵ ĚĂŝƌĞŶŝŶ ďƂůƺŵůĞŶŵĞƐŝ ŝůĞ
ŽůƵƔŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘BƵĚĂŝƌĞŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĞLJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůĞŶďĂƐŝƚĂůƨŐĞŶ
&ú/792/6$<,12 609
Şekil 5. Kubbet-üs Sahra cephe rölöveleri (soldan sağa sekizgen (a), altıgen (b), iç içe geçmiş kare yıldızlar (c) (Abdulkadir Pekşen arşivi).
Şekil 6. Kubbet-üs Sahra Cephe Çizimleri (Abdulkadir Pekşen arşivi).
60 &ú/792/6$<,12
ĨŽƌŵƵƉĞŶĐĞƌĞƔĞďĞŬĞƐŝŶŝŶĞƐĂƐĨŽƌŵƵĚƵƌ͘zĂƚĂLJĚĂŝƐĞďƵ
ĂůƨŐĞŶĨŽƌŵƵŶŐĞŶŝƔůŝŒŝŬĂĚĂƌϲĞƔƉĂƌĕĂLJĂďƂůƺŶŵƺƔƚƺƌ͘
DĞƌŬĞnj ĂŬƐƚĂ LJĞƌ ĂůĂŶ ĂůƨŐĞŶ ĚŝnjŝƐŝŶŝŶ LJĂŶŦŶĂ LJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝ- ůĞŶĚŝŒĞƌĚŝnjŝďŝƌĂůƨŐĞŶďŝƌŝŵŬĂĚĂƌŬĂLJĚŦƌŦůŵĂƐŦŝůĞŽůƵƔ- ŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘BƵĚƵƌƵŵŵĞƌŬĞnjĂŬƐŦŶƐĂŒǀĞƐŽůďƂůƺŵůĞƌŝŶĚĞ
ďĞŶnjĞƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞLJĂƉŦůŵŦƔƨƌ;ƔĞŬŝůϴͿ͘ŚĂƌĮŝůĞƚĂŶŦŵůĂŶŵŦƔ
ƉĞŶĐĞƌĞŶŝŶŬŽƌŬƵůƵŬůĂƌŦŶĚĂŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬĚƺnjĞŶůĞ- ŵĞ<ƵďďĞƚ͛ƺƐSĂŚƌĂ͛ŶŦŶĐĞƉŚĞůĞƌŝŶĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶŵŽƟŇĞƌ-
ůĞďĞŶnjĞƌůŝŬůĞƌŐƂƐƚĞƌŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ;bĞŬŝůϱĐͿ͘
ŵĞǀŝƐĂƌĂLJůĂƌŦŶĚĂŶ,ŦƌďĞƚĞůDĞĨĐĞƌŵĞǀŝƐĂƌĂLJǀĞŬĂ- ƐŦƌůĂƌŦŶĂƂŶĞŵůŝďŝƌƂƌŶĞŬƟƌ͘zĂƉŦŶŦŶƺƐůƵďƵSƵƌŝLJĞ͕BŝnjĂŶƐ
ǀĞSĂƐĂŶŝĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝŶŝŶďŝƌŬĂƌŦƔŦŵŦĚŦƌ͘BŝnjĂŶƐ͛ŦŶŵŽnjĂŝŬƺƐůƵďƵ
LJĂŶŦŶĚĂ ĂůĕŦ ŬĂďĂƌƚŵĂ ǀĞ ŚĞLJŬĞůůĞƌůĞ ĚƵǀĂƌ ƌĞƐŝŵůĞƌŝŶĚĞ
ŐƂƌƺůĞŶSĂƐĂŶŝƚĞƐŝƌŝ͕ŵĞǀŝůĞƌŝŶƐĂŶĂƚĂŶůĂLJŦƔŦŝůĞŵŝŵĂƌŝLJĞ
LJĂŶƐŦƨůŵŦƔƨƌ͘ŽŬƌĞŶŬůŝLJĞƌĞůŵĂůnjĞŵĞŝůĞLJĂƉŦůĂŶŵŽnjĂŝŬ-
Şekil 7. Şam Emeviye Camii pencere şebekeleri (soldan sağa A, B, C ve D pencereleri) (archnet.org/sites/31/
media_contents/4470/ [Erişim Tarihi: 28.11.2016]).
Şekil 8. Şam Emeviye Camii pencere şebekesi çizimi (Kılıçoğlu,S., 2016).
1
1
1 2 3 4 D
2 3 4 B C
2 3 4 A
&ú/792/6$<,12 6
ůĞƌĚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬǀĞďŝƚŬŝƐĞůŵŽƟŇĞƌŚĂŬŝŵĚŝƌ͘13ϳ24ʹϳ43
ƚĂƌŝŚůĞƌŝĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŝŶƔĂĞĚŝůĞŶLJĂƉŦŬŽŵƉůĞŬƐŝŶĚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ
ƚĞŵĂůŦ ďŝƌ ĕŽŬ ŵŽnjĂŝŬ͕ ĂůĕŦ ŝƔůĞŵůĞƌ ǀĞ ŵŝŵĂƌŝ ĞůĞŵĂŶůĂƌ
ŐƂƌƺůĞďŝůŝƌ14;bĞŬŝůϵͿ͘
,ŦƌďĞƚĞůDĞĨĐĞƌ͛ĚĞďƵůƵŶĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬƐƚƺŬŽƐƺƐůĞŵĞůŝ
ŬŽƌŬƵůƵŬůĂƌǀĞƉĞŶĐĞƌĞůĞƌĚĞĚĂŝƌĞ͕ĂůƨŐĞŶǀĞƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶďŝ- ƌŝŵŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌŝůĞƚƺƌĞƟůŵŝƔƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌďƵůƵŶŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘AŶĂ
ŚŽůĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶƉĞŶĐĞƌĞĚĞĚŝŒĞƌŬŦƐŦŵůĂƌĚĂƚĞŬƌĂƌĞƚŵĞLJĞŶ
ĚƺŒƺŵůƺĚĂŝƌĞŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĚĞĂůƨŐĞŶĚĞŶŽůƵƔĂŶďŝƌĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞ
ďƵůƵŶŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ;bĞŬŝů1ϬͿ͘ĂŝƌĞĨŽƌŵƵŶĂƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂŶƉĞŶĐĞ- ƌĞĂĕŦŬůŦŒŦŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĚĞƚĞŵĞůŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŬƵƌŐƵŽůĂƌĂŬĂůƨŐĞŶ-
ůĞƌŵĞǀĐƵƩƵƌ;bĞŬŝů1Ϭ-1Ϳ͘KƌƚĂĚĂŬŝĚĂŝƌĞŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĞLJĞƌůĞƔƟ- ƌŝůŵŝƔĂůƨŐĞŶŝŶŬĞŶĂƌůĂƌŦŶŦŽůƵƔƚƵƌĂŶLJĂLJůĂƌďŝƌďŝƌŝŶĞďŝƟƔŝŬ
ŽůĂŶĂůƨŐĞŶůĞƌŝŶŵĞƌŬĞnjůĞƌŝŶĞLJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůĞŶĚĂŝƌĞůĞƌŝŶƉĂƌ- ĕĂůĂƌŦĚŦƌ;bĞŬŝů1Ϭ-2Ϳ͘
SĂƌĂLJŦŶ ƐƚƺŬ ŬŽƌŬƵůƵŬůĂƌŦŶĚĂ ĂƌĂ ŵŽƟĨ ŽůĂƌĂŬ ƐǀĂƐƟŬĂ
LJŽŒƵŶ ďŝƌ ƔĞŬŝůĚĞ ŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔƨƌ ;bĞŬŝů 11-1͕2͕3Ϳ͘ bĞŬŝů 11- 1͛ĚĞŬŝ ƐƺƐůĞŵĞŶŝŶ ŬƵƌŐƵƐƵ ĂŶĂ ŵŽƟĨ ŽůĂŶ ŬĂƌĞ ŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĞ
LJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůŵŝƔĚƂƌƚĚĂŝƌĞǀĞŵĞƌŬĞnjĞLJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůĞŶďĞƔŝŶĐŝďŝƌ
ĚĂŝƌĞĚĞŶŽůƵƔŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ;bĞŬŝů11-1Ϳ͘BƵĂŶĂŵŽƟĨƚĞŬƌĂƌůĂ- ŶĂƌĂŬƐŽŶƐƵnjĂĚĞŬĚĞǀĂŵĞĚĞŶďŝƌLJƺnjĞLJĞƚŬŝƐŝŽůƵƔƚƵƌƵů- ŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘bĞŬŝů11-2ĂŶĂŵŽƟĮŝƐĞbĞŬŝů1Ϭ͛ĚĂŬŝƉĞŶĐĞƌĞĚĞ
13;BĞŬƐĂĕ͕1ϵϵϴͿ͘ 14;BƌŽŐ͕2Ϭ13Ϳ͘
Şekil 9. Hırbet el Mefcer Zemin Mozaikleri (Taha & Whitcomb, 2014).
Şekil 10. Hırbet el Mefcer Pencere geometrik açılımı (Kılıçoğlu,2016).
1 2 3 4
ŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞŶŝŶďŝƌĕĞƔŝƚůĞŵĞƐŝĚŝƌ͘bĞŬŝů
11-2bĞŬŝů1Ϭ͛ĚĂŶĨĂƌŬůŦŽůĂƌĂŬŵĞƌŬĞnjĚĞŬŝĂůƨŐĞŶŝŶŬĞŶĂƌ- ůĂƌŦŶĂŬĂƌĞŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĞƐǀĂƐƟŬĂůĂƌLJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůŵŝƔŬĂůĂŶďŽƔůƵŬ- ůĂƌŽƌŐĂŶŝŬƂƌŐƺůƺĚƺŒƺŵůĞƌůĞďĞnjĞŶŵŝƔƟƌ͘BƵĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞ- ŶŝŶ ďŝƌ ďĂƔŬĂ ƂƌŶĞŒŝ bĞŬŝů 11-3͛ĚĞ ŐƂƐƚĞƌŝůĞŶ ŬŽƌŬƵůƵŬƚƵƌ͘
BƵƌĂĚĂĚĂĂLJŶŦƚĞŵĞůƉƌĞŶƐŝƉůĞŽůƵƔƚƵƌƵůĂŶĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞĚĞ
ƂƌŐƺĚĂůůĂƌŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵĂŵŦƔŽŶƵŶLJĞƌŝŶĞƐǀĂƐƟŬĂůĂƌŦŶŬŽůůĂƌŦ
ƵnjĂƨůĂƌĂŬĚĂŝƌĞƐĞůďŝƌƐƺƐůĞŵĞŽůƵƔƚƵƌƵůŵƵƔŵĞƌŬĞnjĞĕŝĕĞŬ
ŵŽƟĮLJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůŵŝƔƟƌ;bĞŬŝů11-3Ϳ͘
,ŦƌďĞƚĞůDĞĨĐĞƌ͛ĚĞŬŝƌŽnjĞƚůĞƌŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶŝŶƐĂŶ
ďĂƔŦĮŐƺƌůĞƌŝRŽŵĂǀĞBŝnjĂŶƐĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝŐƂƐƚĞƌŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ;bĞŬŝů
12Ϳ͘ŵĞǀŝƐƺƐůĞŵĞƐĂŶĂƨŶŦŶƚĞŵĞůŝŶĚĞĚĂŝƌĞŬĂƌĞǀĞLJĂĂů-
ƨŐĞŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬĚƺnjĞŶůĞŵĞůĞƌǀĞĂƌĂůĂƌŦŶĂĞŬůĞŶŵŝƔĕĞƔŝƚůŝ
LJŽŒƵŶďĞnjĞŵĞůĞƌďƵůƵŶŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘SĂŶĂƚĕŦůĂƌƐĂĨďŝƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞ
ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬĨŽƌŵůĂƌŦŬƵůůĂŶŵĂLJŦƉĕĞƔŝƚůŝĮŐƺƌůĞƌůĞŐĞŶĞůĚĞ- ƐĞŶŝnjĞŶŐŝŶůĞƔƟƌŵĞLJĞĕĂůŦƔŵŦƔƨƌůĂƌ͘
Abbasi Sanatı
ϴ͘LJƺnjLJŦůŦŶŝŬŝŶĐŝLJĂƌŦƐŦŶĚĂŶŝƟďĂƌĞŶ7ƐůĂŵƐĂŶĂƨǀĞŵŝ- ŵĂƌŝƐŝŬĞŶĚŝƂnjŐƺŶƺƐůƵďƵŶƵŬĂnjĂŶŵĂLJĂďĂƔůĂŵŦƔƨƌ͘ϳ4ϵ
LJŦůŦŶĚĂLJŦŬŦůĂŶŵĞǀŝ,ĂŶĞĚĂŶůŦŒŦ͕LJĞƌŝŶŝ,nj͘WĞLJŐĂŵďĞƌ͛ŝŶ
ĂŵĐĂƐŦ ŽůĂŶ ,nj͘ AďďĂƐ ƐŽLJƵŶĚĂŶ ŐĞůĞŶ ŚĂŶĞĚĂŶůŦŒĂ ďŦ- ƌĂŬŵŦƔƨƌ͘ BƵ ƚĂƌŝŚƚĞŶ ŝƟďĂƌĞŶ ƐĂŶĂƚ ǀĞ ďŝůŝŵŝŶ ŵĞƌŬĞnjŝ
bĂŵ͛ĚĂŶBĂŒĚĂƚ͛ĂŬĂLJŵŦƔƨƌ͘7ƐůĂŵĞǀůĞƟ͛ŶŝŶLJĞŶŝďĂƔŬĞŶ-
6 &ú/792/6$<,12
Şekil 12. Hırbet el Mefcer’deki İnsan Başlı ve At Figürlü Rozet (Burckhardt, 1970).
Şekil 11. Hırbet el Mefcer stuko korkuluk çizimi (Kılıçoğlu, S., 2016).
1
2
3
ƟLJĞŶŝďŝƌƺƐůƵƉůĂAďďĂƐŝSĂŶĂƚǀĞDŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶŝƵLJŐƵŶŽůĂƌĂŬ
ŝŶƔĂĞĚŝůŵŝƔƟƌ͘
ƌŬĞŶƂŶĞŵ7ƐůĂŵƐĂŶĂƚƺƐůƵďƵŶƵŶĂŶĂŚĂƚůĂƌŦŵĞǀŝ
ƺƐůƵďƵŶĚĂ ƔĞŬŝůůĞŶĞŶ SƵƌŝLJĞ-bĂŵ͛ĚĂŶ ĕŽŬ /ƌĂŬ-BĂŒĚĂƚ-SĂ- ŵĂƌƌĂǀĞDŦƐŦƌ-<ĂŚŝƌĞ͛ĚĞŬŝƂƌŶĞŬůĞƌůĞĂĕŦŬůĂŶŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘Aď- ďĂƐŝƂŶĞŵŝ͛ŶĚĞŽůƵƔĂŶSĂŶĂƚǀĞDŝŵĂƌůŦŬƺƐůƵďƵBĂŒĚĂƚ
ǀĞSĂŵĂƌƌĂ͛ĚĂŶAďďĂƐŝĞŐĞŵĞŶůŝŒŝŶĚĞŽůĂŶDĂŒƌŝƉ;<ƵnjĞLJ
AĨƌŝŬĂͿǀŝůĂLJĞƚůĞƌŝŶĞ ƚĂƔŦŶŵŦƔƨƌ͘ TŽůƵŶŽŒůƵͬ 7ďŶ TŽůƵŶ ǀĞ
<ĂLJƌĞǀĂŶͬSĞLJĚŝhŬďĂĐĂŵŝůĞƌŝŶŝŶďĞnjĞŵĞŵŽƟŇĞƌŝďƵƂƌ- ŶĞŬůĞƌĚĞŶĚŝƌ͘
BŝƌĕŽŬŬĞnjLJŦŬŦůŦƉŐĞŶŝƔůĞƟůĞŶ<ĂLJƌĞǀĂŶhůƵCĂŵŝŝ͛ŶŝŶͬ
SĞLJĚŝ hŬďĂ TƵŶƵƐ͛ƚĂ hŬďĂ ďŝŶ EĂĮ ƚĂƌĂķŶĚĂŶ ƚĞŵĞůůĞƌŝ
ŚŝĐƌŝϱϬ,ͬ͘ϲϳϬD͘LJŦůŦŶĚĂĂƨůŵŦƔƨƌ͘SĞLJĚŝhŬďĂCĂŵŝŝLJĂĚĂ
CĂŵŝƺ͛ů-<ĞďŝƌŽůĂƌĂŬĚĂďŝůŝŶĞŶCĂŵŝŵŝŚƌĂƉĚƵǀĂƌŦĚĞŒŝƔ- ƟƌŝůŵĞĚĞŶϴ3ϲLJŦůŦŶĂŬĂĚĂƌĞŬůĞŵĞůĞƌůĞƵůĂƔŵŦƔƨƌ͘ϴ3ϲLJŦ- ůŦŶĚĂAŐůĞďŝŚƺŬƺŵĚĂƌ/͘ZŝLJĂƚĞĚƵůůĂŚƚĂƌĂķŶĚĂŶƚĂŵĂŵĞŶ
LJŦŬŦůŦƉ LJĞŶŝĚĞŶ ŝŶƔĂ ĞĚŝůĞŶ ĐĂŵŝŶŝŶ ŐƺŶƺŵƺnjĚĞŬŝ ŵĞǀĐƵƚ
LJĂƉŦƐŦďƵĚƂŶĞŵĞĂŝƫƌ͘CĂŵŝďŝƚŬŝƐĞůŵŽƟŇĞƌůĞƐƺƐůĞŶŵŝƔ
ŽůƐĂĚĂďĂƐŝƚĚƺnjĞLJĚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬďĞnjĞŵĞůĞƌĞƐĂŚŝƉƟƌ͘DŝŚ- ƌĂƉŶŝƔŝǀĞĕĞǀƌĞƐŝŶĚĞLJŽŒƵŶďŝƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬďĞnjĞŵĞ- ůĞƌ ŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘ DŝŚƌĂƉ ĚƵǀĂƌŦ ĕĞǀƌĞƐŝŶĚĞŬŝ ŬĂƌĞ ĕŝŶŝůĞƌ
ŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĚĞďŝƌĕŽŬŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬǀĞďŝƚŬŝƐĞůĚĞƐĞŶůĞƌŵĞǀĐƵƚ- ƚƵƌ͘BŝƌŬŝůŽŵĞƚƌĞƚĂƔŦŽůĂŶďƵƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌ7ƐůĂŵƐĂŶĂƨŶĚĂ
LJĂƉŦŵƚĞŬŶŝŒŝĂĕŦƐŦŶĚĂƂŶĞŵůŝďŝƌLJĞƌƚƵƚŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘1ϱDŝŚƌĂƉ
ĚƵǀĂƌŦŶĚĂLJĞƌĂůĂŶďƵŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌĞƐĂŚŝƉůƺƐƚĞƌ
ĕŝŶŝůĞƌŝŶ1ϲ<ĂLJƌĞǀĂŶ͛ĚĂŝŵĂůĞĚŝůŵĞLJŝƉBĂŒĚĂƚ͛ƚĂŶŐĞƟƌŝůĚŝ- ŒŝŬĂLJŶĂŬůĂƌĚĂďĞůŝƌƟůŵŝƔƟƌ1ϳ;bĞŬŝů13Ϳ͘
<ĂLJƌĞǀĂŶhůƵCĂŵŝŝŬĞŵĞƌƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶŬƵƔĂŬƚĂďƵ-
ůƵŶĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬďĞnjĞŵĞŶŝŶĕƂnjƺŵƺĚĂŝƌĞǀĞƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶĚĞŶ
ŽůƵƔƚƵƌƵůŵƵƔ ƐĞŬŝnj ŬŽůůƵ LJŦůĚŦnj ŵŽƟĮŶĚĞŶ ŽůƵƔŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘
SĞŬŝnjŬŽůůƵLJŦůĚŦnjŦŶŝĕǀĞĚŦƔďƂůŐĞůĞƌŝďŝƚŬŝŵŽƟŇĞƌŝŝůĞĚŽů- ĚƵƌƵůŵƵƔƚƵƌ;bĞŬŝů14Ϳ͘
ϴ͘LJƺnjLJŦůŦŶŝŬŝŶĐŝLJĂƌŦƐŦŶĚĂŶŝƟďĂƌĞŶAďďĂƐŝKƌĚƵƐƵ͛ŶĚĂ
LJĞƌ ĂůĂŶ TƺƌŬůĞƌ͚ŝŶ ;ƚƌĂŬͿ ŶƺĨƵƐƵ ĂƌƚŵĂLJĂ ďĂƔůĂŵŦƔƨƌ͘
ϴ3ϴ͛ĚĞ BĂŒĚĂƚ͛ŦŶ ŬƵnjĞLJŝŶĚĞ DƵƚĂƐŦŵ ƚĂƌĂķŶĚĂŶ ŬƵƌƵůĂŶ
SĂŵĂƌƌĂ͛LJĂTƺƌŬŵƵŚĂķnjŽƌĚƵƐƵŶƵŶǀĞTƺƌŬůĞƌŝŶLJĞƌůĞƔƟ- ƌŝůŵĞƐŝŝůĞAďďĂƐŝƐĂŶĂƨŶĚĂTƺƌŬƐĂŶĂƨŶŦŶĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝĂƌƚŵĂLJĂ
ďĂƔůĂŵŦƔƨƌ͘
SĂŵĂƌƌĂ͛ĚĂLJĞƌĂůĂŶƐĂƌĂLJǀĞĞǀůĞƌŝŶĂůĕŦďĞnjĞŵĞůĞƌŝŶ- ĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶĞŒƌŝ;LJĂƨŬͿŬĞƐŝŵƚĞŬŶŝŒŝǀĞLJĂƔƐŦǀĂƺnjĞƌŝŶĞ
ƚĂŚƚĂŬĂůŦƉƵLJŐƵůĂŵĂůĂƌŦTƺƌŬSĂŶĂƨŶŦŶ7ƐůĂŵSĂŶĂƨŶĂŐĞ- ƟƌŵŝƔŽůĚƵŒƵLJĞŶŝůŝŬůĞƌĚĞŶĚŝƌ͘1ϴBƵƐƺƐůĞŵĞƚĞŬŶŝŒŝŝůĞŬŦƐĂ
njĂŵĂŶĚĂŐĞŶŝƔĂůĂŶůĂƌƐƺƐůĞŶĞďŝůŵŝƔƟƌ͘
TŽůƵŶŽŒůƵCĂŵŝŝ;ϴϳϲ-ϴϳϵͿAďďĂƐŝSĂŶĂƚǀĞDŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶŝŶ
ƂŶĞŵůŝƂƌŶĞŬůĞƌŝŶĚĞŶďŝƌŝĚŝƌ͘DŦƐŦƌǀĂůŝƐŝŽůĂƌĂŬĂƚĂŶĂŶTŽ- ůƵŶŽŒůƵAŚŵĞƚďĞLJƚĂƌĂķŶĚĂŶLJĂƉƨƌŦůĂŶĐĂŵŝĂůĕŦƐƺƐůĞ- ŵĞůĞƌŝŶŝŶLJĂƉŦŵƚĞŬŶŝŒŝĂĕŦƐŦŶĚĂŶLJƵŬĂƌĚĂďĂŚƐĞĚŝůĞŶƚĂŚ- ƚĂŬĂůŦƉƵLJŐƵůĂŵĂƐŦƂnjĞůůŝŒŝŝůĞĚĞAďďĂƐŝƂŶĞŵŝŶĚĞTƺƌŬ
ĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝLJůĞďĂƔůĂLJĂŶSĂŵĂƌƌĂ͛ĚĂŐĞůŝƔĞŶƺƐůƵďƵĚĞǀĂŵŦŶŝ- ƚĞůŝŒŝŶĚĞĚŝƌ͘&ƵƐƚĂƚ͛ŦŶ;<ĂŚŝƌĞͿŬƵnjĞLJĚŽŒƵƐƵŶĚĂŝŶƔĂĞĚŝůĞŶ
ĐĂŵŝŐƺŶƺŵƺnjĞĚĞŬƂnjŐƺŶLJĂƉŦƐŦŶŦŬŽƌƵŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘ CƌĞƐǁĞůů
ƉĞŶĐĞƌĞƔĞďĞŬĞůĞƌŝŶĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬĚĞƐĞŶůĞƌŝŶbĂŵ
ŵĞǀŝLJĞCĂŵŝŝŶĚĞŬŝƂƌŶĞŬůĞƌĞďĞŶnjĞƌůŝŒŝŶĞĚŝŬŬĂƚĕĞŬŵŝƔ- Ɵƌ1ϵ;bĞŬŝů1ϱͿ͘
AďďĂƐŝSĂŶĂƚǀĞDŝŵĂƌŝƐŝ͛ŶĚĞǀĞĚĂŚĂƐŽŶƌĂůĂƌŦƚƺŵ7Ɛ- ůĂŵĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝŶŝŶƐĂŶĂƚǀĞŵŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĚĞLJŽŒƵŶďŝƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞ
ŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂĐĂŬŽůĂŶϲǀĞϴŬŽůůƵLJŦůĚŦnjĚĞƐĞŶůĞƌŝŶŝŶĞŶŐƺnjĞů
ƂƌŶĞŬůĞƌŝ TŽůƵŶŽŒůƵ CĂŵŝŝ͛ŶĚĞ ŐƂƌŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ͘ TŽůƵŶŽŒůƵ
CĂŵŝŝ͛ŶŝŶĂǀůƵLJĂďĂŬĂŶŬŦƐŵŦŶĚĂLJĞƌĂůĂŶŬĞŵĞƌĂůƚůĂƌŦŶ- ĚĂŬŝƐƚƺŬŽůĂƌĚĂŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬďĞnjĞŵĞůĞƌďƵůƵŶŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘,Ğƌ
ďŝƌŬĞŵĞƌĂĕŦŬůŦŒŦĂůƨŶĚĂĨĂƌŬůŦďŝƌŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŬŽŵƉŽnjŝƐLJŽŶ
ƵLJŐƵůĂŶŵŦƔŽůƵƉ͕ŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬĨŽƌŵůĂƌƐĂĚĞŽůŵĂ-
&ú/792/6$<,12 6
Şekil 13. Seydi Ukba Minberi (archnet.org/sites/3763/media_contents/33799/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2016).
1ϱ;WĞŬƚĂƔ͕2ϬϬϵͿ͘
1ϲŝŶŝĚĞŵĂĚĞŶŝďŝƌƉĂƌŦůƨŽůƵƔĂŶďƵƚĞŬŶŝŬƟƌ͘'ƌŝŵƐŝƐĂƌŦƌĞŶŬƚĞŽůĂŶŚĂŵƵƌĂ
ǀĞƌŝůĞŶĨŽƌŵůĂƌďĞLJĂnj͕ŵĂǀŝ͕ŵŽƌǀĞLJĂLJĞƔŝůƌĞŶŬƚĞƐŦƌůĂƌůĂŬĂƉůĂŶĚŦŬƚĂŶƐŽŶ- ƌĂ ķƌŦŶůĂŶŦƌ͘ &ŦƌŦŶůĂŶĂŶ ŬĂƌŦƔŦŵ ůƺƐƚĞƌ ĚĞŶŝůĞŶ ŵĂĚĞŶ ŽŬƐŝĚŝLJůĞ ďŽLJĂŶĂƌĂŬ
ƚĞŬƌĂƌĚƺƔƺŬŦƐŦĚĂƉŝƔŝƌŝůŝƌ͘TĂŵĂŵĞŶůƺƐƚĞƌĕŝŶŝĚĞŶŽůƵƔĂŶŵŝŚƌĂƉůĂƌƂnjĞů- ůŝŬůĞ7ƌĂŶ͛ĚĂLJĂƉŦůŵŦƔƨƌ;BĂŬŦƌĞƌ͕1ϵϳϲͿ͘7ůŬŽůĂƌĂŬϵ͘zƺnjLJŦůĚĂAďďĂƐŝƐĂŶĂ- ƨŶĚĂŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵĂLJĂďĂƔůĂŶŵŦƔƨƌ͘SŽŶƌĂůĂƌŦDŦƐŦƌǀĞ7ƌĂŶ͛ĚĂLJĂLJŐŦŶůĂƔŵŦƔƨƌ͘
AŶĂĚŽůƵ͛ĚĂ ĚĂŚĂ ƐĞLJƌĞŬ ŐƂƌƺůƺƌ͘ <ƵďĂĚĂďĂĚ SĂƌĂLJŦ ŬĂnjŦůĂƌŦŶĚĂ ƂƌŶĞŬůĞƌŝ
ďƵůƵŶŵƵƔƚƵƌ;DĞƟŶSƂnjĞŶ͕1ϵϴϲͿ͘
1ϳ;BĂŬŦƌĞƌ͕KŶƺĕǀĞKŶĚƂƌĚƺŶĐƺzƺnjLJŦůůĂƌĚĂAŶĂĚŽůƵDŝŚƌĂƉůĂƌŦ͕1ϵϳϲͿ͘ 1ϴ;AƐůĂŶĂƉĂ͕ĂŐĞͿ͘ 1ϵ;AďĚƵůůĂŚŝΘDŽŚĂŵĞĚ͕2Ϭ13Ϳ͘
6 &ú/792/6$<,12
Şekil 14. Sidi Ukba Camii geometrik bezeme çözümlemesi (Kılıçoğlu, 2016).
Şekil 15. İbn Tolun Camii Pencere Şebekeleri (archnet.org/sites/1522 [Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2016]).
LJŦƉŝĕůĞƌŝďŝƚŬŝƐĞůŵŽƟŇĞƌůĞďĞnjĞŶŵŝƔƟƌ͘<ĞŵĞƌĂůƨŶĚĂLJĞƌ
ĂůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŬŽŵƉŽnjŝƐLJŽŶůĂƌŦŶĂŶĂŵŽƟŇĞƌŝŬĂƌĞ͕ĚĂŝƌĞ͕
ĂůƨŐĞŶǀĞƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶŬƵƌŐƵůƵĚƵƌ;bĞŬŝů1ϲͿ͘
<ĞŵĞƌĂůƚůĂƌŦŶĚĂLJĞƌĂůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŬƵƌŐƵůƵƐƺƐůĞŵĞŶŝŶ
ĂŶĂŵŽƟĮĂůƨŐĞŶǀĞƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶůĞƌĚŝƌ͘ϴŶƵŵĂƌĂůŦƂƌŶĞŬĚĞ
LJĞƌ ĂůĂŶ ŵŽƟĨ ĚĂŝƌĞůĞƌĚĞŶ ŽůƵƔŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘ BĞnjĞŵĞ LJƺnjĞLJŝ- ŶŝŶĞƐĂƐŵŽƟĮŝŶĐĞĕŝnjŐŝůĞƌůĞďĞůŝƌƟůŵŝƔŽůĂŶĂůƨŐĞŶůĞƌĚŝƌ͘
zĂƚĂLJĚĂƺĕĞƔŝƚƉĂƌĕĂLJĂďƂůƺŶĞŶďĞnjĞŵĞŬƵƔĂŒŦĂůƨŐĞŶůĞ- ƌŝŶŵĞƌŬĞnjůĞƌŝŶĞǀĞŬĞƐŝŵŶŽŬƚĂůĂƌŦŶĂLJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůĞŶŝĕƚĞŒĞƚ
ĚĂŝƌĞůĞƌĚĞŶ ŽůƵƔŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘ AŶĂ ŵŽƟĨ ϴ ŶƵŵĂƌĂůŦ ĕŝnjŝŵĚĞ
ϳŶƵŵĂƌĂůŦĚĞƐĞŶŽůƵƉďĞnjĞŵĞŬƵƔĂŒŦďŽLJƵŶĐĂƚĞŬƌĂƌĞƚ- ŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ;bĞŬŝů1ϳͿ͘
4ŶƵŵĂƌĂůŦŬĞŵĞƌŬƵƔĂŒŦŶĚĂLJĞƌĂůĂŶŵŽƟĨŬĂƌĞǀĞLJŦů- ĚŦnjůĂƌĚĂŶŽůƵƔŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘BĞnjĞŵĞŬƵƔĂŒŦ4ĞƔŝƚƉĂƌĕĂLJĂďƂůƺ- ŶƺƉŵĞƌŬĞnjĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶĚĂŝƌĞŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĞƐĞŬŝnjŬŽůůƵďŝƌLJŦůĚŦnj
LJĞƌůĞƔƟƌŝůŵĞƐŝŝůĞĞůĚĞĞĚŝůŵŝƔƟƌ͘TĞŬƌĂƌĞĚĞŶŵŽƟĨĕŝnjŝŵĚĞ
ϱŶƵŵĂƌĂŝůĞŐƂƐƚĞƌŝůŵŝƔŽůƵƉƚƺŵŬƵƔĂŬďŽLJƵŶĐĂƵLJŐƵůĂŶ- ŵŦƔƨƌ;bĞŬŝů1ϴͿ͘
AďďĂƐŝ SĂŶĂƚ ǀĞ DŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĚĞ ƂnjĞůŝŬůĞ TŽůƵŶŽŒůƵ CĂ- ŵŝŝ͛ƐŝŶĚĞ ŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶ Ăůƨ ǀĞ ƐĞŬŝnj ŬŽůƵ LJŦůĚŦnjůĂƌ ƉĞŬ ĕŽŬ 7Ɛ- ůĂŵĂŶŦƚƐĂůLJĂƉŦƐŦŶŦŶƚĞŵĞůŵŽƟŇĞƌŝŽůĂƌĂŬŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘
ϵ͘ LJƺnjLJŦůĚĂŶ ŝƟďĂƌĞŶ ŬƵůůĂŶŦŵŦ ĂƌƚĂŶ ďƵ ŵŽƟŇĞƌ ƐŽŶƌĂŬŝ
ĚƂŶĞŵůĞƌŝŶ7ƐůĂŵĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝŶŝŶLJĂƉŦůĂƌŦŶŦŶƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌŝŶĚĞ
LJŽŒƵŶŽůĂƌĂŬŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔƨƌ;bĞŬŝů1ϵͿ͘
AďďĂƐŝůĞƌƂŶĞŵŝ͛ŶĚĞTƺƌŬĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝŝůĞƐŽŶƔĞŬůŝŶŝĂůĂŶ
ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ7ƐůĂŵďĞnjĞŵĞƐŝ7ůŬTƺƌŬ7ƐůĂŵĞǀůĞƟ<ĂƌĂŚĂŶůŦ-
ůĂƌĞůŝLJůĞƐƺƌĚƺƌƺůŵƺƔƚƺƌ͘SĞŬŝnjŐĞŶĚƺŒƺŵůƺŵŽƟŇĞƌŝŶ<Ă- ƌĂŚĂŶůŦďĞnjĞŵĞƐĂŶĂƨŶĚĂƂŶĞŵůŝďŝƌLJĞƌŝŽůƵƉĚĂŚĂƐŽŶƌĂ- ůĂƌŦ'ĂnjŶĞůŝ͕BƺLJƺŬSĞůĕƵŬůƵ͕BĞLJůŝŬůĞƌǀĞKƐŵĂŶůŦĚƂŶĞŵŝŶŝ
ĚĞ ŝĕŝŶĞ ĂůĂŶ TƺƌŬ 7ƐůĂŵ ĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝŶŝŶ ĚŝŶŝ͕ Ɛŝǀŝů ǀĞ ĂƐŬĞƌŝ
LJĂƉŦůĂƌĚĂƐƺƐůĞŵĞŵŽƟĮŽůĂƌĂŬŬƵůůĂŶŦŵŦŶŦŶƐƺƌĞŬůŝůŝŬŐƂƐ- ƚĞƌĚŝŒŝ ŐƂƌƺůŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ͘ <ĂƌĂŚĂŶůŦ ĚƂŶĞŵŝŶĞ Ăŝƚ BƵŚĂƌĂ͛ĚĂ
ŝŶƔĂĞĚŝůŵŝƔŽůĂŶDƵŒĂŬAƩĂƌŝCĂŵŝŝŐŝƌŝƔŬĂƉŦƐŦĕĞǀƌĞƐŝŶ- ĚĞŬŝďŽƌĚƺƌůĞƌĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬďĞnjĞŵĞůĞƌƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶ- ůĞƌĚĞŶŽůƵƔĂŶĚƺŒƺŵŵŽƟŇĞƌŝĚŝƌ͘EĂƐŦƌďŝŶAůŝTƺƌďĞƐŝ͛ŶŝŶ
;11ϵϵ-2ϬͿŐŝƌŝƔƉŽƌƚĂůŝŶŝŶƚƵŒůĂĚĂŶŝŶƔĂĞĚŝůŵŝƔŐĞŶŝƔďŽƌ- ĚƺƌůĞƌŝŶĚĞ ďƵůƵŶĂŶ ďŝƌďŝƌůĞƌŝ ŝůĞ ŬĞƐŝƔĞŶ ƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶůĞƌĚĞŶ
ŵĞLJĚĂŶĂŐĞůĞŶ͕ĚƂƌƚůƺĚƺŒƺŵǀĞLJŦůĚŦnjĨŽƌŵůĂƌŦĚĂŚĂƐŽŶ- ƌĂůĂƌŦSĞůĕƵŬůƵǀĞKƐŵĂŶůŦSĂŶĂƚǀĞDŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĚĞŬůĂƐŝŬďŝƌ
ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬďĞnjĞŵĞŽůĂƌĂŬŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂĐĂŬƨƌ2Ϭ;bĞŬŝů2ϬͿ͘
SĞŬŝnjŬŽůůƵLJŦůĚŦnjŦŶƐƺƐůĞŵĞĚŦƔŦŶĚĂƉůĂŶƔĞŵĂƐŦŶĚĂŬƵů- ůĂŶŦůĚŦŒŦƂƌŶĞŬůĞƌĚĞŶďŝƌŝĚĞ'ĂnjŶĞůŝůĞƌƂŶĞŵŝ͛ŶĚĞLJĂƉŦů- ŵŦƔŽůĂŶSƵůƚĂŶ///͘DĞƐƵĚŵŝŶĂƌĞƐŝĚŝƌ͘DŝŶĂƌĞŶŝŶĐĞƉŚĞůĞ- ƌŝŶĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶƉĂŶŽůĂƌĚĂŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬǀĞŬƵĮLJĂnjŦůŦďĞnjĞŵĞůĞƌ
ďƵůƵŶŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘
&ú/792/6$<,12 65
Şekil 16. İbn Tolun Camii Kemer Altı Stüko İşlemeler (sol baştan numa- ra verilerek 1,2,3..8) (archnet.org/sites/1522 [Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2016]).
Şekil 17. İbn Tolun Cami Geometrik Çizim 1 (kemer 8).
Şekil 18. İbn Tolun Cami Geometrik Çizim 2 (kemer 4).
2Ϭ;AƐůĂŶĂƉĂ͕2Ϭ14Ϳ͘
<ĂƌĂŚĂŶůŦůĂƌĚĂŶ ƐŽŶƌĂ ŬƵƌƵůĂŶ BƺLJƺŬ SĞůĕƵŬůƵůĂƌ
ƂŶĞŵŝ͛ŶĚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬƐƺƐůĞŵĞďƵůƵŶĂŶĞŶĞƌŬĞŶƂƌŶĞŬ
,ĂƌƌĞŬĂŶďƂůŐĞƐŝŶĚĞŬŝ<ĂƌĂŐĂŶͬ<ĂƌĂLJĂŶTƺƌďĞƐŝ͛Ěŝƌ;1ϬϲϳͿ͘
TƺƌďĞĚĞϲǀĞ12ŬŽůůƵLJŦůĚŦnjůĂƌǀĞĂůƨŐĞŶŝůĞƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶŬƵƌŐƵ- ůƵŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬĚĞƐĞŶůĞƌďƵůƵŶŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ;bĞŬŝů21Ϳ͘
13͘ LJƺnjLJŦůĚĂŶ ƐŽŶƌĂ 7ƐůĂŵ ƐĂŶĂƚ ǀĞ ŵŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĚĞ ĚĂŚĂ
ŬĂƌŵĂƔŦŬ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ ŵŽƟŇĞƌ ŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵĂLJĂ ďĂƔůĂŵŦƔƨƌ͘ BƵ
LJƺnjLJŦůĚĂŶƐŽŶƌĂϳ͕ϵ͕11ǀĞ13ŬŽůůƵLJŦůĚŦnjůĂƌLJŽŒƵŶďŝƌƔĞ- ŬŝůĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘
AŶĂĚŽůƵ SĞůĕƵŬůƵ͕ KƐŵĂŶůŦ SĂŶĂƚ ǀĞ DŝŵĂƌůŦŒŦŶĚĂ ŐĞ- ŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ ďĞnjĞŵĞ ƚĂĕ ŬĂƉŦůĂƌĚĂ͕ ŵŝŶĂƌĞůĞƌĚĞ͕ ŬƵďďĞ ŝĕůĞ-
ƌŝŶĚĞ͕ ŵŝŚƌĂƉ ŶŝƔůĞƌŝŶĚĞ LJŽŒƵŶ ďŝƌ ƔĞŬŝůĚĞ ƵLJŐƵůĂŶŵŦƔƨƌ͘
AŶŦƚƐĂů LJĂƉŦůĂƌĚĂŬŝ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ ďĞnjĞŵĞůĞƌ ĐŽŒƌĂĨLJĂLJĂ ŐƂƌĞ
ĨĂƌŬůŦůĂƔĂŶŵĂůnjĞŵĞůĞƌĞ;ƚĂƔ͕ƚƵŒůĂ͕ĂŚƔĂƉ͕ǀď͘ͿnjĞŶŐŝŶƂƌ- ŶĞŬůĞƌŽůƵƔƚƵƌŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘
Değerlendirme
7ƐůĂŵ ƐĂŶĂƚ ǀĞ ŵŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶŝŶ ŽůƵƔƵŵ ƐƺƌĞĐŝŶĚĞ ϳ͘ ǀĞ ϵ͘
LJƺnjLJŦů ŵĞǀŝ ǀĞ AďďĂƐŝ ƐĂŶĂƨŶĚĂ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ ŬƵƌŐƵůƵ ĚĞ- ƐĞŶůĞƌLJŽŒƵŶďŝƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘ƌŬĞŶƂŶĞŵ7ƐůĂŵ
ŵŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŬƵƌŐƵůƵƐƺƐůĞŵĞůĞƌĚĂŚĂ
ƐŽŶƌĂŬŝ 7ƐůĂŵ ĚĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝŶŝŶ ŵŝŵĂƌůŦŬ ǀĞ ƐĂŶĂƚůĂƌŦŶĚĂ ƚĞŬ-
66 &ú/792/6$<,12
Şekil 19. Altı ve Sekiz kolu yıldız motifleri (Abdullahi & Mohamed, 2013).
Şekil 20. Soldan sağa, Muğak Attari Camii, Nasır bin Ali Türbesi bordür ve çizimi (Aslanapa, 1972).
Şekil 21. Karagan/Karayan (Harrekan) Kümbeti Geomterik Motifleri (Abdullahi & Mohamed, 2013).
ŽůĂƌĂŬŬƵůůĂŶŦůĚŦŒŦŶŦŐƂƐƚĞƌŵŝƔƟƌ͘
ƌŬĞŶƂŶĞŵ7ƐůĂŵƐĂŶĂƚǀĞŵŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶŝŶƐƺƐůĞŵĞƉƌŽŐ- ƌĂŵŦŶĚĂŬŝŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŵŽƟŇĞƌĂůƨŐĞŶ͕ŬĂƌĞ͕ŝĕŝĕĞŐĞĕŵŝƔ
ŬĂƌĞůĞƌĚĞŶ ŽůƵƔĂŶ ƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶůĞƌůĞ ĞůĚĞ ĞĚŝůŵŝƔƟƌ͘ mnjĞƌůĞƌŝ- ŶĞ7ƐůĂŵĚŝŶŝŶĞŝůŝƔŬŝŶĐĞŶŶĞƚ͕ŬĂŝŶĂƨŶǀĞTĂŶƌŦŶŦŶďŝƌůŝŒŝ
ŐŝďŝĕĞƔŝƚůŝĂŶůĂŵůĂƌLJƺŬůĞŶĞďŝůĞĐĞŬďƵŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŵŽƟŇĞƌ
ŵĞǀŝƂŶĐĞƐŝǀĂƌŽůĂŶĕĞƔŝƚůŝďŝƚŬŝƐĞůŵŽƟŇĞƌǀĞŬĂůŝŐƌĂĮŝůĞ
ďŝƌůĞƔĞƌĞŬϴ͘LJƺnjLJŦůĂƂnjŐƺ7ƐůĂŵƐĂŶĂƨŶŦŶŐĞŶĞůŬĂƌĂŬƚĞƌŝŶŝ
ŽůƵƔƚƵƌŵƵƔƚƵƌ͘<ĞŶĚŝƐŝŶĚĞŶƂŶĐĞĂLJŶŦĐŽŒƌĂĨLJĂĚĂǀĂƌŽůĂŶ
ŽŒƵRŽŵĂͬBŝnjĂŶƐ͕SĂƐĂŶŝŐŝďŝƵLJŐĂƌůŦŬůĂƌŦŶŵŝŵĂƌŝLJĂƉŦŵ
ƚĞŬŶŝŬůĞƌŝǀĞŬƺůƚƺƌĞůĨŽƌŵůĂƌŦŶŦĚĂŝĕŝŶĞĂůĂŶ͕AƌĂƉǀĞTƺƌŬ
ĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝŝůĞLJĞŶŝĚĞŶƐĞŶƚĞnjůĞŶĞŶďƵƐĂŶĂƚƺƐůƵďƵ13͘LJƺnj- LJŦůĚĂŶŝƟďĂƌĞŶĚĂŚĂŬĂƌŵĂƔŦŬŬƵƌŐƵůĂƌůĂŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂƌĂŬTƺƌŬ- 7ƐůĂŵĚĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝĂƌĂĐŦůŦŒŦŝůĞŐĞŶŝƔďŝƌĐŽŒƌĂĨLJĂLJĂLJĂLJŦůŵŦƔƨƌ͘
AďďĂƐŝ ŚĂŶĞĚĂŶůŦŒŦŶŦŶ ƐŽŶƵŶĂ ĚĞŬ ŝŶƔĂ ĞĚŝůĞŶ LJĂƉŦůĂƌ- ĚĂŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬŬƵƌŐƵůƵŵŽƟŇĞƌĚĂŚĂĕŽŬĂůƨŐĞŶ͕
ƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶĚĞƐĞŶůĞƌŽůĂƌĂŬŬĂƌƔŦŵŦnjĂĕŦŬŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘TŽůƵŶŽŒůƵ
CĂŵŝŝ͛ŶĚĞ LJĞƌ ĂůĂŶ ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬ ŵŽƟŇĞƌŝŶ͕ ƂnjĞůůŝŬůĞ ƐĞŬŝnj
ŬŽůůƵLJŦůĚŦnjůĂƌŦŶĚĂŚĂƐŽŶƌĂŬŝ7ƐůĂŵĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝ͛ŶŝŶƐƺƐůĞŵĞ
ƐĂŶĂƚůĂƌŦŶĚĂƚĞŵĞůŽůĂĐĂŬŵŽƟĮŽůƵƔƚƵƌĚƵŒƵƐƂLJůĞŶĞďŝůŝƌ͘
7ƐůĂŵLJĂƉŦůĂƌŦŶŦŶƐƺƐůĞŵĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵůĂƌŦŶĚĂďĂƔůĂŶŐŦĕƚĂŶ
ďĞƌŝ ŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶ ƐĞŬŝnj ǀĞ Ăůƨ ŬŽůůƵ LJŦůĚŦnjůĂƌ͕ ďŝƌďŝƌŝ ŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĞ
ŐĞĕŵŝƔƐĞŬŝnjŐĞŶůĞƌǀĞĂůƨŐĞŶůĞƌƚĞŵĞůŬƵƌŐƵůĂƌŦĚĂŝƌĞĚĞŶ
ƚƺƌĞŵŝƔŵŽƟŇĞƌĚŝƌ͘BƵŵŽƟŇĞƌŝŶƚĞŵĞůŝŶĚĞLJĞƌĂůĂŶĚĂ- ŝƌĞ ƔĂŶƟLJĞĚĞ ƵLJŐƵůĂŵĂ ŬŽůĂLJůŦŒŦ ŐĞƟƌĞŶ ďŝƌ ĨŽƌŵĚƵƌ͘ BƵ
ŶĞĚĞŶůĞ 7ƐůĂŵ SĂŶĂƨŶŦŶ ďĂƔůĂŶŐŦĐŦŶĚĂŶ ŐƺŶƺŵƺnjĞ ĚĞŒŝŶ
LJĂLJŐŦŶďŝƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞŽůŵĂůŦĚŦƌ͘
7ůŬ7ƐůĂŵĞǀůĞƟŽůĂŶŵĞǀŝůĞƌĚĞŶŐƺŶƺŵƺnjĞďƵĚĞƐĞŶ- ůĞƌŝŶŵĂŶĞǀŝ͕ĨĞůƐĞĮǀĞƚĂƐĂǀǀƵĮĂŶůĂŵůĂƌŦƺnjĞƌŝŶĞLJĞƚĞƌŝŶ- ĐĞĂƌĂƔƨƌŵĂǀĞĕĂůŦƔŵĂŽůŵĂŵĂƐŦŶĂƌĂŒŵĞŶůŝƚĞƌĂƚƺƌĚĞŬŝ
ŐĞŶĞů ŬĂŶŦ ďƵ ĚĞƐĞŶůĞƌŝŶ ǀĂƌůŦŬ ĚĂŝƌĞƐŝ ĕĞǀƌĞƐŝŶĞ ŽƚƵƌƚƵ-
ƌĂ7ƐůĂŵSĂŶĂƚǀĞDŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶŝŶƚĂŵďŝƌƐĞŶƚĞnjŝŶŝŶŽůƵƔƚƵŒƵ
ŬĂďƵůĞĚŝůĞŶĚƂŶĞŵAďďĂƐŝĞǀůĞƟĚƂŶĞŵŝĚŝƌ͘AďďĂƐŝĞǀ- ůĞƟŶĚĞƂnjĞůůŝŬůĞ,ĂůŝĨĞDƵƚĂƐŦŵĚƂŶĞŵŝŶĚĞŽƌĚƵĚĂŶƺĨƵƐ
LJŽŒƵŶůƵŒƵĂƌƚĂŶTƺƌŬ͛ůĞƌŝŶ͕ĚƂŶĞŵŝŶƐĂŶĂƚǀĞŵŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĚĞ
ĚĞĞƚŬŝůĞƌŝĂƌƚŵŦƔƨƌ͘AďďĂƐŝSĂŶĂƚǀĞDŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĞTƺƌŬŐƵ- ƌƵƉůĂƌĂƌĂĐŦůŦŒŦŝůĞKƌƚĂAƐLJĂƐĂŶĂƚĂŶůĂLJŦƔŦĞŬůĞŶŵŝƔƟƌ͘BƵ
LJŽůůĂ7ƐůĂŵŝLJĞƚƂŶĐĞƐŝTƺƌŬůĞƌĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŶŵŽƟŇĞƌŝŶ7ƐůĂŵ
SĂŶĂƚǀĞDŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĚĞĚĞǀĂŵĞƫŒŝŐƂƌƺůŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ͘AďďĂƐŝ
ĞǀůĞƟ ƂŶĞŵŝ͛ŶĚĞ ŽůƵƔĂŶ LJĞŶŝ ƐĞŶƚĞnj ŐƺŶƺŵƺnjĞ ĚĞŒŝŶ
TƺƌŬ7ƐůĂŵĚĞǀůĞƚůĞƌŝĂƌĂĐŦůŦŒŦLJůĂƚĂƔŦŶŵŦƔƨƌ͘
Kaynaklar
AďĚƵůůĂŚŝ͕z͘ǀĞDŽŚĂŵĞĚ͕R͕͘͘;2Ϭ13Ϳ͕ǀŽůĂƟŽŶŽĨ/ƐůĂŵŝĐ'Ğ- ŽŵƚĞƌŝĐ WĂƩĞƌŶ͕ &ƌŽŶƟĞƐ ŽĨ AƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů RĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ Ɛ͘ 243- AƌƐĞǀĞŶ͕C͕͘͘;1ϵ2ϴͿ͕TƺƌŬSĂŶĂƨTĂƌŝŚŝDĞŶƔĞŝŶĚĞŶBƵŐƺŶĞ<Ă-2ϱ1͘
ĚĂƌDŝŵĂƌŝ͕,ĞLJŬĞů͕RĞƐŝŵ͕SƺƐůĞŵĞǀĞTĞnjLJŝŶŝSĂŶĂƚůĂƌ͕7ƐƚĂŶ- ďƵů͕DŝůůŝŒŝƟŵBĂƐŦŵĞǀŝ͘
AƌƐĞǀĞŶ͕C͕͘͘;1ϵϴ3Ϳ͕SĂŶĂƚAŶƐŝŬůŽƉĞĚŝƐŝ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͕DŝůůŝŒŝƟŵ
BĂŬĂŶůŦŒŦ͘
AƐůĂŶĂƉĂ͕K͕͘;1ϵϳ2Ϳ͕TƺƌŬSĂŶĂƨ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͕DŝůůŝŒŝƟŵBĂŬĂŶůŦŒŦ͘
AƐůĂŶĂƉĂ͕K͕͘;2Ϭ14Ϳ͕TƺƌŬSĂŶĂƨ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͕RĞŵnjŝ<ŝƚĂƉĞǀŝ͘
BĂŬŦƌĞƌ͕Ö͕͘;1ϵϴ1Ϳ͕ƌŬĞŶĚƂŶĞŵŵŝŵĂƌŝƐƺƐůĞŵĞƐŝŶĚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚ- ƌŝŬĚƺnjĞŶĚĞŶĞŵĞƐŝ͕AŶŬĂƌĂ͕TƺƌŬTĂƌŝŚ<ƵƌƵŵƵ͘
BĂŬŦƌĞƌ͕ Ö͕͘ ;1ϵϳϲͿ͕ KŶƺĕ ǀĞ KŶĚƂƌĚƺŶĐƺ zƺnjLJŦůůĂƌĚĂ AŶĂĚŽůƵ
DŝŚƌĂƉůĂƌŦ͕AŶŬĂƌĂ͕TƺƌŬTĂƌŝŚ<ƵƌƵŵƵ͘
BƌŽŐ͕͕͘;2Ϭ13Ϳ͕/ƐůĂŵŝĐ'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĞƐŝŐŶ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶ͕TŚĂŵĞƐΘ
,ƵĚƐŽŶ͘
BƵƌĐŬŚĂƌĚƚ͕T͕͘;1ϵϳϬͿ͕AƌƚŽĨ/ƐůĂŵ>ĞĂŶŐƵĂŐĞĂŶĚDĞĂŶŝŶŐ͕>ŽŶ- ĚŽŶ͕tŽƌůĚŽĨ/ƐůĂŵ&ĞƐƟǀĂůWƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐCŽŵƉĂŶLJ͘
CƌŝƚĐŚůŽǁ͕<͕͘;1ϵϳϲͿ͕/ƐůĂŵŝĐWĂƩĞƌŶƐ͗AŶAŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĂŶĚCŽƐŵŽ- ůŽŐŝĐĂůAƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ůŽŶĚŽŶ͕TŚĂŵĞƐΘ,ƵĚƐŽŶ͘
Ğŵŝƌŝnj͕z͕͘;2ϬϬϬͿ͕7ƐůĂŵSĂŶĂƨŶĚĂ'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬSƺƐůĞŵĞBŝƌŶ- ǀĂŶƚĞƌĞŶĞŵĞƐŝ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͕>ĞďŝďzĂůŬŦŶzĂLJŦŶůĂƌŦ͕
ĞǀĞůŝŽŒůƵ͕&͕͘;1ϵϵϬͿ͕KƐŵĂŶůŦĐĂ-TƺƌŬĕĞAŶƐŝŬůŽƉĞĚŝŬ>ƺŐĂƚ͕AŶ- ŬĂƌĂ͕ALJĚŦŶ<ŝƚĂƉĞǀŝzĂLJŦŶůĂƌŦ͘
ŝĞnj͕͕͘;1ϵ4ϲͿ͕TƺƌŬSĂŶĂƨ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵůmŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĞƐŝĚĞ- ďŝLJĂƚ&ĂŬƺůƚĞƐŝ͘
'ŽŽĚǁŝŶ͕'͕͘;1ϵϵ1Ϳ͕/ƐůĂŵŝĐSƉĂŝŶ͕>ŽŶĚƌĂ͕WĞŶŐƵŝŶ͘
'ƌĂďĂƌ͕K͕͘;1ϵϵϴͿ͕7ƐůĂŵSĂŶĂƨŶŦŶKůƵƔƵŵƵ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͕zĂƉŦ<ƌĞĚŝ
zĂLJŦŶůĂƌŦ͘
'ƌĂďĂƌ͕K͕͘;1ϵϳ3Ϳ͕TŚĞ&ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨ/ƐůĂŵŝĐAƌƚ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶ͕zĂůĞ
&ú/792/6$<,12 67
21&ĂƌƐĕĂ ŬĞŶĚĞŬĂƌŝ ŽůƵƉ ŚĞLJŬĞůƨƌĂƔůŦŬ͕ ŬĂůĞŵŬĂƌůŦŬ Őŝďŝ ƉůĂƐƟŬ ƐĂŶĂƚůĂƌ ŝĕŝŶ
ŝƐŝŵůĞŶĚŝƌŝůŝƌ͘ KƐŵĂŶůŦĐĂ ĚĂ ŬƺŶĚĞŬĂƌŝ ŬĂůĞŵŬĂƌŝůŝŬ ŽůĂƌĂŬ ĂĚůĂŶĚŦƌŦůŵĂŬ- ƚĂ͕&ĂƌƐĕĂĚĂŬƺŶĚĞ;ƚŽŵƌƵŬ͕ŵĂƐŝĨĂŒĂĕͿŬĞůŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞŶŬƵůůĂŶŦŵŦŝůĞĂŚƔĂƉ
ŝƔĕŝůŝŒŝŽůĂƌĂŬƚĂŶŦŵůĂŶŵŦƔƨƌ͘ĞŬŽƌĂƟĨĂŵĂĕůŦĚŽŒƌĂŵĂĐŦůŦŬƚĞŬŶŝŒŝ;zƺĐĞů͕
2ϬϬ2Ϳ͘ĞǀĞůŝŽŒůƵƐƂnjůƺŒƺŶĚĞŬƺŶĚĞŬĂƌŝ͕ŝŶĐĞŵĂƌĂŶŐŽnjĐƵůƵŬǀĞƐĞĚĞĨĕŝůŝŬ
ŽůĂƌĂŬƚĂŶŦŵůĂŶŵŦƔƨƌ;ĞǀĞůŝŽŒůƵ͕1ϵϵϬͿ͘
22;Ğŵŝƌŝnj͕2ϬϬϬͿ͘
hŶŝǀĞƌƐƟLJ͘
BĞŬƐĂĕ͕ A͘ ͕͘ ;1ϵϵϴͿ͕ ,ŦƌďĞƚƺ͛ů-DĞĨĐĞƌ͕ 7SAD AŶƐŝŬůŽƉĞĚŝƐŝ͕ 7Ɛ- ƚĂŶďƵů͕7SAD͕Ɛ͘32ϲ-32ϳ͘
DƺůĂLJŝŵ͕S͕͘;1ϵϴ2Ϳ͘AŶĂĚŽůƵTƺƌŬDŝŵĂƌŝƐŝŶĚĞ'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝŬSƺƐ- ůĞŵĞůĞƌ͕AŶŬĂƌĂ͕<ƺůƚƺƌǀĞTƵƌŝnjŝŵBĂŬĂŶůŦŒŦzĂLJŦŵůĂƌŦ͘
DƺůĂLJŝŵ͕S͕͘;1ϵϴ3Ϳ͕TƺƌŬSƺƐůĞŵĞSĂŶĂƨŶĚĂAƌĂďĞƐŬWƌŽďĞůŵŝ͕
SĂŶĂƚTĂƌŝŚŝzŦůůŦŒŦ͕Đ͘2͕ϲ2-ϴϱ͘
WĞŬƚĂƔ͕<͕͘;2ϬϬϵͿ͕SŝĚŝhŬďĞCĂŵŝŝ͕7SAD͕Đ͘3ϳ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͕7SAD͕
Ɛ͘14ϵ-1ϱ1͘
SƂŶŵĞnj͕S͕͘͘;2Ϭ1ϱͿ͕DŝŵĂƌSŝŶĂŶCĂŵŝůĞƌŝŶĚĞ<ĂƌĞǀĞAůƨŐĞŶ
<ƵƌŐƵůƵ 'ĞŽŵƚĞƌŝŬ ĞƐĞŶůĞƌ ǀĞ AŶĂůŝnj zƂŶƚĞŵůĞƌŝ͕ TƺƌŬ 7Ɛ- ůĂŵDĞĚĞŶŝLJĞƟAŬĂĚĞŵŝŬAƌĂƔƨƌŵĂůĂƌĞƌŐŝƐŝ͕Đ͘1ϵ͕<ŽŶLJĂ͕
ĂŵůĂK&STA͘b͕͘Ɛ͘ϴϳ-1Ϭϴ͘
SƂnjĞŶ͕D͘ǀĞTĂŶLJĞůŝ͕h͕͘;1ϵϴϲͿ͕SĂŶĂƚ<ĂǀƌĂŵůĂƌŦǀĞTĞƌŝŵůĞƌŝ
SƂnjůƺŒƺ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͕RĞŵnjŝ<ŝƚĂƉĞǀŝ͘
TĂŚĂ͕ ,͘ ǀĞ tŚŝƚĐŽŵď͕ ͕͘ ;2Ϭ14Ϳ͕ TŚĞ DŽƐĂŝĐĚ ŽĨ <ŚŝƌďĞƚ Ğů
DĞłĂƌ͕RĂŵĂůůĂŚ͕WĂůĞƐƟŶŝĂŶĞƉĂƌŵĞŶĞƚŽĨAŶƟƋƵŝƚĞƐĂŶĚ
CƵůƚƵƌĞ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘
68 &ú/792/6$<,12