Şart cümleleri oluşturan bağlaçlar şunlardır:
if as / so long as what if
only if (even if) unless on condition that
providing (that) suppose that otherwise
provided (that) supposing that or (else)
Bu yapıları teker teker inceleyeceğiz, ancak “if” kullanılan en yaygın bağlaç olduğundan öncelikli ve detaylı şekilde incelenecektir.
IF CLAUSES
“If Clause” temel olarak üçe ayrılır.
1) Real Present / Future If I have a day off, I will help you unpack. (Type O / I)
2) Unreal Present / Future If I had supernatural powers, I would travel the time. (Type II) 3) Unreal Past If I had had time yesterday, I would have helped you. (Type III)
Şart cümlecikleri içerdiği anlama göre belli kurallar çerçevesinde şekillenirler.
Sınavlarda bu yapıyla ilgili sorular tense / modals
bağlaç
cümle tamamlama
şeklinde gelmektedir. Bu sebeple kullanılabilecek zamanları ve modal yapılarını iyi bilmek gerekir.
ÖRNEK SORUIf microchips ---- back in the late 1950s, computer technology ---- as advanced as it is today.
(ÜDS 2009 / Sonbahar) A) weren’t developed/ isn’t
B) hadn’t been developed/ wouldn’t be C) wouldn’t have been developed/ weren’t D) wouldn’t be developed/ wouldn’t be E) weren’t being developed/ won’t be
ÇÖZÜM
Bu soruyu çözebilmek için şart cümleleri ile ilgili temel bilgileri bilmek gerekiyor. Öncelikle şart cümleciğinde, if kelimesinin başında bulunduğu cümledir, ‘will’ – ‘would’ kullanılmaması gerektiği ilk bilgidir ki bu C ve D seçeneklerini ilk bakışta elememizi sağlayacaktır. İkinci aşamada şart cümleciğinde past, ana cümlede present kullanıldığına göre ‘mixed type’ kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu anlamda şart cümleciğine geçmiş anlam verebilmek için ‘past perfect’ kullanıldığı bilinirse doğru cevap olan B şıkkına kolayca ulaşılacaktır.
CONDITIONAL (Şart Cümleleri)
1- REAL PRESENT / FUTURE – Type O/I
Şartlar oluştuğunda gerçekleşme ihtimali bulunan durumları ifade eder. Şimdiki ve gelecek zamanı kapsar. Bu yapı ile kullanılan zaman (tense) ve modal yapılarını şimdiye kadar öğrendiğimiz bilgilerden bağımsız düşünmemeliyiz.
Kullanabileceğimiz yapılara göz atalım.
If Clause (Subardinate Clause) Main Clause
Simple Present
If he gets the job, he will be happy.
Present Continuous
If the baby is crying, he must be hungry.
Present Perfect
If you have lost your keys, you can take mine.
Present Perfect Continuous
If he has been working all night, he will need a rest.
Present Modals must / have to / need to
If you have to leave before noon, you won’t be able to attend the meeting.
can / be able to
If you can type faster, you should take on this responsibility.
Simple Present
Water evaporates if you boil it.
He always informs us if he is late.
will / shall
We will / shall take a taxi, if we miss the bus.
future continuous (will be Ving)
I will be sleeping, if you call after 11 a.m.
future perfect (will have V3)
The train will have left if we don’t hurry.
future perfect continuous
I will have been working here for 25 years, if I don’t retire next month.
Imperatives (emir, rica cümleleri)
If no spectator comes, cancel the match.
If you come to Istanbul, please stay with us.
Present Modals
must / have to / need to (obligation / necessity)
If you don’t hand in assignment now, you will have to stay after school.
may - might - can - could (present possibility)
If you don’t invite him, he may feel offended.
should – ought to – had better (advice)
If you can’t get over the cold, you had better see a doctor.
can - be able to (ability)
If you persist with your studies, you will be able to enterpret Spanish.
can – may (permission)
You can leave if you don’t have anything to do.
SHOULD in real present expresses possibility and is used to make polite request or suggestion.
If yapısında kullanılan SHOULD düşük olasılık gösterir ve genellikle rica ve öneri cümlelerinde kullanılır.
If he should drop by, tell him to see me. Olur da uğrarsa, beni görmesini söyle.
Bu anlamda happen to da kullanılabilir.
If you happen to write him, send my love.
should
WERE / WAS TO in unreal present expresses possibility and polite suggestions.
Teklif, öneri veya rica cümlelerinde kullanılır.
If I were to need your support, would you help me?
=
2- UNREAL PRESENT / FUTURE
Şimdiki zamanda veya gelecekte gerçekleşmesi mümkün olmayan ya da en azından ifade edilen zaman diliminde gerçekleşmesi mümkün olmayan durumlar için kullanılır. Bu gibi gerçekliğin tersi durumlarda kural olarak kastedilen zamanın bir geçmişi kullanılır. Bu sebeple anlam present ya da future olsa da past tenses (geçmiş zamanlar) kullanılır.
Fact: It is winter and it is very cold outside. (Kış ve dışarda hava soğuk)
If it weren’t winter, it wouldn’t be cold outside. (Kış olmasa dışarda hava soğuk olmazdı.)
Kullanılabilecek yapılar:
If Clause Main Clause
Simple Past
If I didn’t have homework, I could join you.
If she were here now, I would be happy.
WERE If clause yapılarda tüm öznelerle were kullanılabilir.
If I were you
If I were in your position senin yerinde olsam If I were in your shoes
Past Continuous
Fact: We are living in Northern Hemisphere and it is winter now.
If we were living in Southern Hemisphere it would be summer now.
(Güney Yarımkürede yaşıyor olsaydık şimdi mevsim yaz olurdu.)
Modals: had to – could Fact: She can’t see because she is blind.
If she could see now, she would be the happiest person on Earth.
Fact: He has to attend the class, so he isn’t here now.
If he didn’t have to attend the class, he would be here now.
would
If he were taller, he would be a policeman.
would be Ving
If I were on holiday, I would be swimming.
Tatilde olsaydım, yüzüyor olurdum.
Modals would have to obligation
If I had a baby, I would have to quit my job.
could ability
If he made an effort, he could do better.
might possibility
If I had a chance to ask him, he might help.
3- UNREAL PAST
Gerçekleşmiş durumlar üzerinde yorum yaparken kullanılır. Olsaydı, olmasaydı, olurdu gibi değişmesi mümkün olmayan yorumlar yapıldığı için daima “unreal” grupta yer alır.
Fact: I wasn’t here yesterday so I missed the final match.
S. Past
(Dün burada değildim, o yüzden final maçını kaçırdım.)
If I had been here yesterday, I wouldn’t have missed the final match.
Past Perfect
(Dün burada olsaydım, final maçını kaçırmazdım.)
Daha önce de belirttiğimiz gibi, gerçekleşmesi mümkün olmayan bir durumdan söz edildiği için eylemlerin gerçekleştiği zamanın bir geçmişi kullanılır.
Kullanılabilecek yapılar:
If Clause Main Clause
Past Perfect
Fact: Our best player didn’t play in the final match and we lost.
If our best player had played in the final match, we wouldn’t have lost.
Past Perfect Continuous
Fact: He was sleeping when we arrived so he couldn’t welcome us.
If he hadn’t been sleeping when we arrived, he could have welcome us.
could have V3 possibility / ability
Fact: Rescue workers couldn’t arrive at the scene on time because of the storm so there were no survivor.
If rescue workers could have arrived at the scene on time, there might have been some survivors.
could have V3 = had been able to ability
had had to obligation
Fact: Because members didn’t have to pay annual fee, the club used to be the most popular one. If members had had to pay annual fee, the club wouldn’t have been the most popular one.
would have V3 Facts / Results
Fact: I didn’t take an extra course, so I didn’t have to spend weekends there.
If I had taken an extra course, I would have had to spend weekends there.
could have V3 possibility / ability
Fact: Nobody knew Japanese at the board so we couldn’t make a deal with the foreigners. If somebody had known Japanese at the board, we could have made a deal with the foreigners.
might have V3 possibility
Fact: He behaved tentatively during the job interview and couldn’t get the position.
If he hadn’t behaved tentatively during the job interview, he might have got the position.
should have V3
If he had received the present, he should have thanked her.
would / could / might have been doing
If he had won the lottery, he would have been living in a luxurious house.
MIXED CONDITIONAL
Unreal Present ve Unreal Past yapılarının aynı cümle içinde kullanılmasıdır. Dolayısıyla past ve present anlamlı eylemler tek bir cümle içinde yer alır. Bu tür yapılarda çoğunlukla zaman ifadeleri verilir.
a) Geçmişteki bir eylemin etkisi günümüzdeyse:
Fact: My mother knocked my father off his bicycle 10 year ago and they are married now.
Past Present
If my mother hadn’t knocked my father off his biycyle, they wouldn’t be married now.
Unreal Past Unreal Present
b) Genel bir durum geçmişteki bir eylemi etkilemiş olabilir:
Fact: He is a careless driver. He knocked a man off his bicycle yesterday.
Present Past
If he weren’t a careless driver, he wouldn’t have knocked a man off his bicycle yesterday.
Unreal Present Unreal Past
REDUCED CONDITIONALS
Şart cümlecikleri if bağlacı kullanılmadan da oluşturulabilir. Her bir tür için ayrı şekilde şart cümleciği oluşturulur.
a) Real Present / Future
If we get there before sunset, we will feel safer.
if yerine should kullanılır.
Should we get there before sunset, we will feel safer.
b) Unreal Present / Future
If I were the President, I would cease the war.
Were I the President, I would cease the war.
was / were cümle başına getirilir.
If I knew another foreign language, I could find a better job.
Were I to know another foreign language, I could find a better job.
c) Unreal Past
If my father had been alive when I was a child, I’d have developed a better personality.
Had my father been alive when I was a child, I’d have developed a better personality.
“Had” cümle başına getirilir.
d) be adjective
Şart cümleciğinde itbeadjective yapısı varsa, “it” ve “be” fiili atılabilir.
If it is necessary, you should leave an identity.
= If necessary, you should leave an identity.
If it is possible = if possible
If any / if about to go / if in doubt gibi.
Reduced Clauses sınavlarda boşluk doldurmanın yanı
sıra cümle tamamlama sorusu
olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
DİKKAT
Special USAGES
Unreal Present If weren’t for olmasa
If it weren’t for the foreign aids, more people would be suffering from hunger.
Yabancı yardımlar olmasa, daha fazla insan açlık çekiyor olurdu.
Yukarıdaki şart cümlesi aynı anlama gelecek şekilde birden fazla yapıyla kurulabilir.
If it weren’t for foreign aids, more people would be suffering from hunger.
Were it not for foreign aids, more people would be suffering from hunger.
But for foreign aids, more people would be suffering from hunger.
Without foreign aids, more people would be suffering from hunger.
Unreal Past
If it hadn’t been for olmasaydı
If it hadn’t been for the foreign aids, more people would have died of hunger.
Yabancı yardımlar olmasaydı, daha fazla insan açlıktan ölürdü.
Aşağıdaki cümleler de aynı anlama gelir.
If it hadn’t been for the foreign aids, more people would have died of hunger.
Had it not been for the foreign aids, more people would have died of hunger.
But for the foreign aids, more people would have died of hunger.
Without the foreign aids, more people would have died of hunger.
=
=
OTHER CONJUNCTIONS TO FORM CONDITIONAL
If bağlacından başka bağlaçlarla da şart cümlecikleri kurulabilir. Bunlar;
a) providing (that) / provided (that) şartıyla anlamına gelir ve if bağlacı gibi kullanılır.
You can leave early providing that you notify me on time.
Beni zamanında bilgilendirmek şartıyla erken ayrılabilirsin.
b) as / so long as şartıyla, ... dığı sürece gibi anlamlara gelir.
You can have a picnic in the forest as long as you don’t make a fire.
Ateş yakmadığın sürece, ormanda piknik yapabilirsin.
c) suppose / supposing (that) farzedelim ki, diyelim ki
Suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do?
Farzedelim işini yarın kaybettin, ne yapardın?
Supposing we fail to meet the legal procedure. (What will happen?) Diyelim ki yasal prosedürü karşılayamadık (ne olacak?)
d) What if = Let us suppose
1. What if this plan fails? = What will we do if this plan fails? Real Present Plan başarısız olursa ne olur?
2. What if the weather were rainy? = What would we do if the weather were rainy?
= What would happen Yağmur yağarsa ne yaparsın? Ya yağmur yağarsa?
3. What if the boss had dismissed you when you demanded a pay rise?
= What would you have done / What would have happened if the boss had dismissed you when you demanded a pay rise?
Zam istediğinde patron seni kovsaydı ne olurdu? / Ya zam istediğinde patron seni kovsaydı?
e) assuming that: Farzedelim ki...
Assuming that you get a place at university, how are you going to finance your studies?
Farzedelim ki üniversiteye girdin, çalışmalarını nasıl finanse edeceksin?
f) otherwise / or / or else if not Yoksa
Put your hands up or (else) / otherwise I will shoot you.
Ellerini havaya kaldır yoksa seni vuracağım
= Put your hands up! If you don’t put your hands up, I will shoot you.
We sold one of the cars and started to share mine with my wife or (else) otherwise we couldn’t have made the ends meet.
= If we hadn’t sold one of the cars, we couldn’t have made the ends meet.
g) on (the) condition (that) = only if a particular thing is agreed şartıyla / bu şart gerçekleşirse
He was released on bail on condition that he did not leave the city.
Şehri terketmemesi şartıyla kefaletle serbest bırakıldı.
soru ile devam etmese bile soru anlamını kapsar.
Unreal Present Unreal Present
h) in the event that = durumunda
in the event of NOUN durumunda
In the event that a strike breaks out, more police officers will be held.
If a strike breaks out, more police officers will be held.
He left a letter for me to read in the event of his death.
Ölümü durumunda okumam için bir mektup bıraktı.
ı) only if sadece bu şartla
You can enter the country only if you have an entry visa.
Ülkeye sadece giriş vizen varsa girebilirsin.
DİKKAT: Only if, cümle başında kullanılırsa, temel cümle devrik yapıda olur.
Only if you have an entry visa can you enter the country.
j) if so
in which case iki cümle arasında geçiş sağlarlar. Bu durdumda, eğer öyle olursa gibi anlamlara gelirler.
in that case
.
in which case
He may not lend us his car; if so we will have to take a taxi in that case
Arabasını bize ödünç vermeyebilir. Bu durumda taksi tutmak zorunda kalacağız.
k) if not Eğer öyle değilse
He can be busy. If not, could you please tell him to call me back?
Meşgul olabilir. Eğer değilse, beni geri aramasını söyleyebilir misin?
= If he isn’t busy, could you please tell him to call me back?
l)
except on condition that
unless except if ... mazsa.
if not
Olumsuz anlam taşır. Bu yüzden olumsuz cümlede kullanılmaz.
Unless the government improve the working conditions, there may be a strike.
= If the government doesn’t improve the working conditions, there may be a strike.
Hükümet çalışma şartlarını geliştirmezse, grev olabilir.
Unless – if not anlamına gelse de bu yapıların birbirlerinin yerine kullanılamaması gereken durumlar vardır.
(Grev çıkması durumunda, daha fazla polis görevlendirilecek.)
Bunlar:
a) Unless çoğunlukla real present cümlelerde kullanılır. Unreal (Type I/II) yapılarda çok tercih edilmez.
b) Ana cümle duyguları veriyorsa unless kullanılmaz.
I will be surprised if he isn’t elected. (Seçilmezse şaşıracağım.) unless he is elected.
except if
Unless yerine “except if” ifadesini yazdığımızda anlamsız olduğunu görüyoruz. Seçilmesi hariç şaşıracağım.
WISH CLAUSES
if only wish
Bu ifadeler günümüze ya da geçmişe dair pişmanlıkları geleceğe dair umutları dile getirdikleri için kullanılan zamanlar kastedilen zamanın bir (past) geçmişi olmalıdır.
A) Wish / if only in present = Past Simple/ Past Continuous/ Could/ Might kullanılır.
I wish I could speak Spanish.
If only I could speak Spanish.
Bu cümleden elde edilen bilgi İspanyolca konuşamadığıdır.
Fact : I can not speak Spanish.
Wish : I wish I could speak Spanish.
If only I could speak Spanish.
Fact : I am studying at a public school. (Devlet okulunda okuyorum.) Wish : I wish I was / were studying at a private school.
If only I was / were studying at a private school.
(Keşke özel okulda okuyor olsaydım.)
Fact : It is very crowded here. (Burası çok kalabalık.) Wish : I wish it wasn’t / weren’t very crowded here.
If only it wasn’t / weren’t very crowded here.
(Keşke burası çok kalabalık olmasa.)
Fact : She doesn’t love me.
Wish : I wish she loved me.
keşke
Keşke İspanyolca konuşabilsem.
Tekil öznelerle de were
daha yaygın olarak kullanılır.
DİKKAT
If only she loved me.
(Keşke beni sevseydi.)
Fact : I have to work on the weekends. (Hafta sonları çalışmak zorundayım.) Wish : I wish I didn’t have to work on the weekends.
If only I didn’t have to work on the weekends.
(Keşke hafta sonları çalışmak zorunda olmasam)
B) Wish / if only in past
Geçmişte yaşananların tam tersi dilendiği için past perfect tense kullanılır.
Fact : I treated my mum badly. (Anneme kötü davrandım.) Wish : I wish I hadn’t treated my mum badly.
If only I hadn’t treated my mum badly.
(Keşke anneme kötü davranmasaydım.)
Fact : He couldn’t come yesterday. (Dün gelemedi.) Wish : He wishes he could have come yesterday.
If only he could have come yesterday.
(Keşke dün gelebilseydi.)
C) Wish / if only in future Gelecek zaman için
simple past would could kullanılır.
Fact : It is Monday tomorrow. (Yarın Pazartesi.) Wish : I wish it was / were Sunday tomorrow.
If only it was / were Sunday tomorrow.
(Keşke yarınPazar olsa.)
Fact : My parents will divorce soon. (Annem babam yakında boşanacak.) Wish : I wish my parents would not divorce.
If only my parents would not divorce.
(Keşke annem babam boşanmasa.)
Fact : I can’t go on a holiday next summer. (Gelecek yaz tatile gidemiyorum.) Wish : I wish I could go on a holiday next summer.
If only I could go on a holiday next summer.
(Keşke gelecek yaz tatile gidebilsem.)
DİKKAT: Wish clause’da temel cümle ve yan cümlede özneler aynı ise would kullanılmaz.
He wishes he would could visit us soon.
WOULD
Gelecek zamanlı cümlelerde kullanılmasının yanında şimdiki zamanda istek (willingness), isteksizlik (unwillingness), memnuniyetsizlik (dissatisfaction), kızgınlık (irritation) gibi anlamlar da yüklenir.
She is talking too much. I wish she would stop talking.
I wish you would do me a favour. (Keşke bana yardım edebilsen.)
