İbnü'l-Arabi'nin Ahkamü'l-Kur'an'ındaki metodu

(1)

T.C. '2.8=(</h/h1ø9(56ø7(6ø 626<$/%ø/ø0/(5(167ø7h6h 7(0(/ø6/$0%ø/ø0/(5ø$1$%ø/ø0'$/, <h.6(./ø6$167(=ø

ø%1h¶/-$5$%ø¶1ø1$+.$0h¶/-.85¶$1¶,1'$.ø0(72'8

Cihad AKKOYUN 'DQÕúPDQ

Prof. Dr. Ömer DUMLU

(2)

Yemin Metni

Yüksek LisanV 7H]L RODUDN VXQGX÷XP ³øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQGDNL0HWRGX´DGOÕoDOÕúPDQÕQWDUDIÕPGDQELOLPVHODKODNYHJHOHQHNOHUH D\NÕUÕ GúHFHN ELU \DUGÕPD EDúYXUPDNVÕ]ÕQ \D]ÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ YH \DUDUODQGÕ÷ÕP HVHUOHULQ ELEOL\RJUDI\DGD J|VWHULOHQOHUGHQ ROXúWX÷XQX EXQODUD DWÕI \DSÕODUDN \DUDUODQÕOPÕú ROGX÷XQXEHOLUWLUYHEXQXRQXUXPODGR÷UXODUÕP

Tarih ..../..../... Cihad AKKOYUN

(3)

<h.6(./ø6$167(=6,1$9787$1$ö, g÷UHQFLQLQ

$GÕYH6R\DGÕ : Cihad AKKOYUN

Anabilim DaOÕ 7HPHOøVODP%LOLPOHUL

3URJUDPÕ :

Tez Konusu : øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQGDNL0HWRGX

6ÕQDY7DULKLYH6DDWL :

<XNDUÕGD NLPOLN ELOJLOHUL EHOLUWLOHQ |÷UHQFL 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU (QVWLWV¶QQ «««««««« WDULK YH ««« 6D\ÕOÕ WRSODQWÕVÕQGD ROXúWurulan jürimiz WDUDIÕQGDQ /LVDQVVW <|QHWPHOL÷LQLQ PDGGHVL JHUH÷LQFH \NVHN OLVDQV WH] VÕQDYÕQDDOÕQPÕúWÕU

$GD\ÕQ NLúLVHO oDOÕúPD\D GD\DQDQ WH]LQL ««« GDNLNDOÕN VUH LoLQGH VDYXQPDVÕQGDQVRQUDMUL\HOHULQFHJHUHNWH]NRQXVXJHUHNVHWH]LQGD\DQD÷ÕRODQ $QDELOLPGDOODUÕQGDQVRUXODQVRUXODUDYHUGL÷LFHYDSODUGH÷HUOHQGLULOHUHNWH]LQ

%$ù$5,/, 2<%ø5/øöøøLOH

DÜZELTME 2<d2./8ö8

RED edilmesine LOHNDUDUYHULOPLúWLU

-ULWHúNLOHGLOPHGL÷LLoLQVÕQDY\DSÕODPDPÕúWÕU g÷UHQFLVÕQDYDJHOPHPLúWLU * Bu halde adaya 3 ay süre verilir.

%XKDOGHDGD\ÕQND\GÕVLOLQLU %XKDOGHVÕQDYLoLQ\HQLELUWDULKEHOLUOHQLU Evet 7H]EXUV|GOYH\DWHúYLNSURJUDPODUÕQD7ED)XOOEULJKWKWYEDGD\ olabilir. 7H]PHYFXWKDOLLOHEDVÕODELOLU 7H]J|]GHQJHoLULOGLNWHQVRQUDEDVÕODELOLU 7H]LQEDVÕPÕJHUHNOLOL÷L\RNWXU -h5øh<(/(5ø ø0=$ ……… %DúDUÕOÕ ']HOWPH 5HG««««« ……… %DúDUÕOÕ ']HOWPH 5HG««« ……… %DúDUÕOÕ ']HOWPH 5HG«««««

(4)

ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi

øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQGDNL0HWRGX

Cihad AKKOYUN Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü

7HPHOøVODP%LOLPOHUL$QDELOLP'DOÕ

³øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQGDNL 0HWRGX´ LVLPOL EX oDOÕúPDGDøEQ¶O-Arabi’nin (468-543/1076-KD\DWÕHVHUOHULYHWHIVLULoHúLWOL \|QOHUL\OHHOHDOÕQÕSLQFHOHQGL dDOÕúPDVÕUDVÕQGD.XU¶DQ-Õ.HULPWHIVLUKDGLVIÕNÕKOJDWYHEL\RJUDIL ND\QDNODUÕQGDQLVWLIDGHHGLOGL dDOÕúPDPÕ]ELUJLULúYHLNLE|OPGHQROXúPDNWDGÕU *LULúNÕVPÕQGD$KNDP7HIVLULQLQGR÷XúXYHJHOLúPHVLøEQ¶O-Arabi’nin KD\DWÕ LOPL GXUXPX KRFDODUÕ WDOHEHOHUL HVHUOHUL YH $KNDP¶O-KXU¶DQ¶ÕQ ND\QDNODUÕKDNNÕQGDELOJLYHULOGL

%LULQFL %|OP¶GH øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQGDNL PHWRGX JHQHORODUDNHOHDOÕQÕSHVHUULYD\HWYHGLUD\HW\|QQGHQLQFHOHQGL

øNLQFL%|OP¶GHLVHDKNDPD\HWOHULQLQVD\ÕVÕYHøEQ¶O-Arabi’nin ahkam

ayetOHULQH\DNODúÕPÕLQFHOHQGL

6RQXoNÕVPÕQGDGDDUDúWÕUPDGDQHOGHHGLOHQVRQXoODUDQODWÕOGÕ

Anahtar Kelimeler: 1) øEQ¶O-Arabi, 2) Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, 3) Ahkam,

(5)

ABSTRACT The Thesis of Master

Ibn al-Arabi’s Method In His Ahkam al-Quran Cihad AKKOYUN

Dokuz Eylul University Institute Of Social Sciences

Department Of Fundamental Islamic Sciences

In this thesis, titled “Ibn al-Arabi’s Method In His Ahkam al-Quran”, Ibn al-Arabi’s life (468-542/1076-1147), his works and his commentary were examined from different aspects.

Here, from the Holy Quran, tafsir, hadith, fiqh, dictionaries and biography sources were benefited.

Our study consists of an introduction and two chapters.

In the introduction, the occurance and improvement of the Ahkam Tafsir, Ibn al-Arabi’s life and his scientific situtation (his teachers, students), works and the Ahkam al-Quran’s sources were analyzed.

In the first chapter, Ibn al-Arabi’s method in his Ahkam al-Quran was generally examined. After that, it was studied in terms rivayah and dirayah.

In the second chapter, the numbers of Ahkam ayats and his approaches about ahkam ayats were studied carefully.

Finally, the results that got from this thesis were explained. Key World: 1) Ibn al-Arabi, 2) Ahkam al-Quran, 3) Ahkam,

(6)

ÖNSÖZ

Kur’an-Õ.HULPQ]XOQGHQLWLEDUHQKHUG|QHPGHWHIVLUHGLOPLúWLUøOLPOHULQ WHGYLQ HGLOPHVL\OH ELUOLNWH WHIVLU DODQÕQGD PVWDNLO HVHUOHU \D]ÕOPD\D EDúODQPÕúWÕU Sonraki dönemlerde de eskilerin üzerine yenileri bina edilerek tefsir ilmi JHOLúWLULOPH\HoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU%|\OHOLNOH.XU¶DQ¶ÕQoHúLWOL\|QOHULQLHOHDODQ]HQJLQELU OLWHUDWUJQP]HXODúPÕúWÕU 'R÷UXGDQLQVDQILLOOHUL\OHDODNDOÕROGX÷XLoLQLONG|QHPOHUGHQLWLEDUHQDKNDP D\HWOHULQLQLQWHIVLULQHD\UÕELU|QHPYHULOPLúWLU,,9,,,DVÕUGDQLWLEDUHQGHPVWDNLO HVHUOHUWH¶OLIHGLOPH\HEDúODQPÕúWÕU%|\OHOLNOHWHIVLULOPLLoHULVLQGHIÕNKLWHIVLUVDKDVÕ GR÷PXúWXUøONHVHULGH0XNDWLOE6OH\PDQYHUPLúWLU'DKDVRQUDøPDP ùDILL LOH GHYDP HGHQ ILNKL WHIVLU JHOHQH÷L EX DODQGD GH÷LúLN J|UúOHUH DLW HVHUOHUOH GHYDPHWPLúWLUøEQ¶O-Arabi’nin (468-542/1076-1147), Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕGDIÕNKL WHIVLUOHUDUDVÕQGD\HUDOPDNWDGÕU

<DSÕODQKHUDUDúWÕUPDEHOOLELUDPDFDKL]PHWHWPHNWHGLU%XoDOÕúPDQÕQDPDFÕ GD øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQÕ WDQÕWDUDN RQXQ IÕNKL WHIVLU DODQÕQGDNL GH÷HULQL YH NDWNÕVÕQÕ J|VWHUHELOPHNWLU %|\OHFH JFP]Q \HWWL÷L NDGDU DKNDP ayetlerini ele aODQELUWHIVLUL\DNÕQGDQRNX\XSLQFHOHPHIÕUVDWÕEXOGXN

“øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQGDNL0HWRGX´DGOÕEXoDOÕúPDPÕ] ELUJLULúYHLNLE|OPGHQROXúPDNWDGÕU*LULú¶WHJHQHORODUDNIÕNKLWHIVLULQGR÷XúXYH JHOLúPHVL øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ KD\DWÕ LOPL GXUXPX KRFDODUÕ WDOHEHOHUL HVHUOHUL KDNNÕQGDELOJLYHULOPLúWLU7HIVLUYH8OXPX¶O-.XU¶DQ¶DGDLUHVHUOHULELUEDúOÕNDOWÕQGD Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQYHND\QDNODUÕGDD\UÕELUEDúOÕNDOWÕQGDEHOLUWLOPLúWLU

%LULQFL %|OP¶GH øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQGDNi metodu ele DOÕQÕS PIHVVLULQJHQHORODUDN D\HWOHULWHIVLU HWPH úHNOLVRUX-FHYDSDWÕI\|QWHPLQL NXOODQPDVÕ YH IDUNOÕ J|UúOHUH \HU YHUPHVL LQFHOHQPLúWLU <LQH EX E|OPGH HVHU D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN ULYD\HW YH GLUD\HW \|QQGHQ DUDúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin, .XU¶DQ¶ÕQ.XU¶DQ¶ODVQQHWOHVDKDEHYHWDELXQXQV|]YHILLOOHUL\OHWHIVLUHWPHúHNOL sebeb-L Q]XO NÕUDDW NÕVVD LVUDLOL\DW YH .XU¶DQ¶ÕQ ID]LOHWLQH \HU YHUPHVL HOH DOÕQPÕúWÕU $\UÕFD EHODJDW VDUI QDKLY JLEL $UDS GLOL YH HGHEL\DWÕ NRQXODUÕQGDQ

(7)

yaUDUODQPDVÕ LQFHOHQPLú YH ED]Õ NHODPL HNROOHUH EDNÕúÕ WDVDYYXI \|Q WDQÕWÕOPD\D oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU%XE|OPGHNLEDúOÕNODUDOIDEHWLNRODUDNVÕUDODQPÕúWÕU

øNLQFL%|OP¶GHøEQ¶O-Arabi’nin Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQGDWHIVLUHWWL÷LDKNDP D\HWOHULQLQ VD\ÕVÕ WHVSLW HGLOPH\H oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU 'DKD VRQUD D\HWOHUGHQ KNP oÕNDUPDGDRQXQNÕUDDWYHQDKLYGHQ\DUDUODQPDVÕD\UÕFDQDVLK-PHQVXKEDúOÕ÷ÕDOWÕQGD ED]Õ D\HWOHULQ KNPQQ JHoHUOLOL÷L NRQXVXQGDNL ILNLUOHUL HOH DOÕQPÕúWÕU <LQH EX E|OPGH øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ EDúWD NHQGL PH]KHbi olan Maliki mezhebi olmak üzere ùDILL+DQHILYH+DQEHOLPH]KHELQHNDUúÕWXWXPXKDNNÕQGDELOJLYHULOPLúWLU%XQODU KDNNÕQGDELOJLYHULOLUNHQGHPIHVVLULQWHIVLULQGHJ|UúOHULQHD÷ÕUOÕNYHUGL÷LPH]KHEH J|UHELUVÕUDODPD\DSÕOPÕúWÕU$\UÕFDEXE|OPGHPüfessirin, ayet, sünnet, sahabe, icma, örf-DGHW úHU¶X PHQ NDEOHQD JLEL ND\QDNODUGDQ \DUDUODQDUDN DKNDP LVWLQEDWÕQGDNLPHWRGXLQFHOHQPLúWLU

+HU LOPL oDOÕúPDQÕQ NHQGLQGHQ |QFH DODQÕ\OD LOJLOL GL÷HU ND\QDNODUGDQ \DUDUODQPDVÕ NDoÕQÕOPD]GÕU 8ODúÕODQ ELOJLQLQ JYHQLUOLOL÷L DGÕQD EXQODUÕQ ]LNUHGLOPHVL JHUHNPHNWHGLU%L]LP WHPHO ND\QD÷ÕPÕ] GD .XU¶DQ-Õ .HULP¶GLU .RQX LúOHQLUNHQD\HWOHULQDQODPODUÕED]ÕPHDOOHUGHQYHULOPH\HoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU$PDD÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN gPHU '80/8 YH +VH\LQ (/0$/,¶QÕQ ELUOLNWH KD]ÕUODGÕNODUÕ Kur’an-Õ .HULP¶LQ7UNoH$QODPÕDGOÕPHDOGHQDNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU$\UÕFDWHIVLUKDGLVIÕNÕKOJDW YHEL\RJUDILND\QDNODUÕQGDQGDLVWLIDGHHGLOPLúWLU

.D\QDNODULONJHoWL÷L\HUGHGHWD\OÕRODUDNYHULOGLNWHQVRQUDWHNUDUNXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ WDNGLUGH PHúKXU LVLPOHUL\OH ]LNUHGLOPLúWLU %LU PHOOLILQ ELUGHQ ID]OD HVHULQGHQ \DUDUODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDPHOOLILQLVPLYHNXOODQÕODQHVHUEHOLUWLOPLúWLU$\UÕFDPHOOLIOHULQ YHIDW WDULKOHUL VDGHFH DGODUÕQÕQ LON JHoWL÷L \HUOHUGH XODúDELOGL÷L úHNLOGH +LFUL YH 0LODGLRODUDNYHULOPLúWLU%D]ÕPHOOLIOHULQYHIDWWDULKOHULLVHWHVSLWHGLOHPHPLúWLU

dDOÕúPDPÕ]ÕQ NRQX VHoLPL JHOLúLPL VRQXoODQPDVÕ DúDPDODUÕQGD GHVWH÷LQL HVLUJHPH\HQ GDQÕúPDQ KRFDP 3URI 'U gPHU '80/8 %H\¶H WHúHNNUOHULPL VXQPD\ÕELUERUoELOLULP<DUGÕPODUÕQÕHVLUJHPH\HQEWQKRFDODUÕPDGHVWHNOHUL\OH KHUDQ\DQÕPGDEXOXQDQDQQHPHEDEDPDYHDUNDGDúODUÕPDGDúNUDQODUÕPÕVXQDUÕP

Cihad AKKOYUN ø=0ø5-2006

(8)

ødø1'(.ø/(5

<(0ø1 0(71ø ...I

YÜKSEK /ø6$16 TEZ SINAV 787$1$ö,...II

ÖZET... III ABSTRACT ... IV ÖNSÖZ ... V ødø1'(.ø/(5 ...VII KISALTMALAR ... XI *ø5øù I-$+.$07()6ø5ø1ø1'2ö8ù89(*(/øù0(6ø... 1 II-ø%1h¶/-$5$%ø ... 9 $+D\DWÕ ... 9 %øOPL'XUXPX... 12 +RFDODUÕ... 15 2) Talebeleri ... 17 C) Eserleri... 18 1) Akaid ve Usulü’d-Din ... 19 )ÕNÕKYH)ÕNÕK8VXO... 21 3) Hadis... 21 4) Tasavvuf ... 22 5) Seyahat... 23

6) Nahiv, Lügat, Edebiyat... 23

7) Tefsir ve Ulumu’l-Kur’an... 24 8) Ahkamü’l-Kur’anYH.D\QDNODUÕ ... 24 D)ÕNÕK.D\QDNODUÕ... 26 E+DGLV.D\QDNODUÕ... 28 F.ÕUDDW.D\QDNODUÕ... 29 G/JDWYH1DKLY.D\QDNODUÕ... 29 H7DULK.D\QDNODUÕ... 30 I7DVDYYXI.D\QDNODUÕ ... 30

(9)

J7HIVLU.D\QDNODUÕ... 31

%ø5ø1&ø%g/h0 ø%1h¶/-$5$%ø¶1ø1$+.$0h¶/-.85¶$1¶,1'$.ø0(72'8 I- GENEL OLARAK METODU ... 33

$*HQHO2ODUDN$\HWOHUL7HIVLU(WPHùHNOL ... 33 B) Soru-cevap ... 34 &$WÕI... 35 øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQD<DSWÕ÷Õ$WÕIODU... 36 'L÷HU(VHUOHULQH<DSWÕ÷Õ$WÕIODU... 37 '.XOODQGÕ÷Õ.HOLPHYH(GDWODU ... 38

()DUNOÕ*|UúOHUH Yer Vermesi ... 39

)DUNOÕ*|UúOHUL.DQDDW%LOGLUPHGHQ1DNOHWPHVL... 40 )DUNOÕJ|UúOHU$UDVÕQGD7HUFLK<DSPDVÕ... 41 )DUNOÕ*|UúOHUL7HQNLWYH5HG ... 42 ).HQGL*|UúQ%HOLUWPHVL... 43 II-5ø9$<(7<g1h1'(1ø1&(/(10(6ø... 45 $.XU¶DQ¶ÕQ.XU¶DQ¶OD7HIVLUL ... 45 %.XU¶DQ¶ÕQ6QQHWOH7HIVLUL ... 47 1øVQDG$oÕVÕGDQ+DGLVOHUH<DNODúÕPÕ ... 50 26ÕKKDW$oÕVÕQGDQ+DGLVOHUH<DNODúÕPÕ... 53

&.XU¶DQ¶ÕQSahabe Sözüyle Tefsiri ... 55

'.XU¶DQ¶ÕQ7DELXQ6|]\OH7HIVLUL ... 58

(.XU¶DQ¶ÕQ6HEHE-i Nüzulle Tefsiri... 59

1) Sebeb-i Nüzulü Belirtmesi... 61

$\HWLQ .LPLQ +DNNÕQGD øQGL÷LQH 'DLU 6HEHE-i Nüzul Rivayetlerini Belirtmesi ... 62 3) Sebeb-L1]XOGHQ)DUNOÕ2ODUDN$\HWWH%HOLUWLOHQOHULQ.LP2OGX÷XQD'DLU *|UúOHUL... 63 5LYD\HWOHULQ6ÕKKDWLQHøOLúNLQ'H÷HUOHQGLUPHVL... 64 ).XU¶DQ¶ÕQ.ÕUDDWOH7HIVLUL... 66 *.ÕVVDODU ... 69

(10)

+øVUDLOL\DW... 71 ,.XU¶DQ¶ÕQ)D]LOHWL... 73 III-'ø5$<(7<g1h1'(1ø1&(/(10(6ø ... 75 $$UDS'LOLYH(GHEL\DWÕ... 75 %HODJDW.RQXODUÕQD<HU9HUPHVL... 76 /JDW<|Q\OH$oÕNODPDVÕ ... 76 1DKLY<|Q\OH$oÕNODPDVÕ... 78 D$\HWLQø¶UDEÕ\OD$ODNDOÕø]DKODUD<HU9HUPHVL ... 78 E=DPLULQ0HUFLLQHøúDUHWHWPHVL ... 79 F%D]Õ(GDWYH=DUIODUÕQ0DQDVÕh]HULQGH'XUPDVÕ ... 80 6DUI<|Q\OH$oÕNODPDVÕ... 81 DøVLPOHULQ%LQDVÕQÕ9HUPHVL... 82 E)LOOHULQ%DEÕQÕ9HUPHVL ... 82 F.HOLPHQLQ7HNLOLQLYHdR÷XOXQX9HUPHVL ... 83 G.HOLPHQLQ(úYH=ÕW$QODPODUÕQÕ9HUPHVL ... 83 ùLLUGHQ<DUDUODQPD... 84 %%D]Õ.HODPL(NROOHUH<HU9HUPHVL... 86 C) Tasavvuf Yönü ... 87 ø.ø1&ø%g/h0 ø%1h¶/-$5$%ø¶1ø1$+.$0$<(7/(5ø1(<$./$ù,0, I-$+.$0$<(7/(5ø1ø16$<,6,... 89 II-$+.$0$<(7/(5ø1(<$./$ù,0, ... 111 $$KNDP$\HWOHULQL$oÕNODPDGDNL7XWXPX ... 111 $\HWOHUGHQ+NPdÕNDUPDGD.ÕUDDWLQ5RO ... 111 1DKLYGHQ<DUDUODQPDVÕ ... 112 3) Nasih-Mensuh ... 113 D0HQVXK2OGX÷XQX.DEXO(WWL÷L$\HWOHU ... 114 b) MenVXK2OGX÷XQX7DUWÕúWÕ÷Õ$\HWOHU... 115 F1HVK'H÷LO'H7DKVLVLQ2OGX÷XQX.DEXO(WWL÷L$\HWOHU... 117 %0H]KHSOHULQ*|UúOHULQH<HU9ermesi... 117 0DOLNL0H]KHELQH.DUúÕ7XWXPX... 118

(11)

D0DOLNL0H]KHELQLQ*|UúOHULQL'HVWHNOHPHVL ... 119 E0DOLNL0H]KHELQLQ*|UúOHULQL'HVWHNOHPHPHVL... 120 ùDILL0H]KHELQH.DUúÕ7XWXPX... 121 DùDILL0H]KHELQLQ*|UúOHULQL'HVWHNOHPHVL ... 122 EùDILL0H]KHELQLQ*|UúOHULQL'HVWHNOHPHPHVL... 122 +DQHIL0H]KHELQH.DUúÕ7XWXPX... 123 D+DQHIL0H]KHELQLQ*|UúOHULQL'HVWHNOHPHVL ... 124 E+DQHIL0H]KHELQLQ*|UúOHULQL'HVWHNOHPHPHVL ... 125 +DQEHOL0H]KHELQH.DUúÕ7XWXPX ... 125 &$KNDPøVWLQEDWÕQGDNL0HWRGX... 126 1) Ayetlerden <DUDUODQPDVÕ... 127 6QQHWWHQ<DUDUODQPDVÕ... 128 6DKDEH6|]YH)LLOOHULQGHQ<DUDUODQPDVÕ... 129 'L÷HU+NP.D\QDNODUÕQGDQ<DUDUODQPDVÕ ... 130 DøFPD... 131 b) Örf-Adet... 132 FùHU¶X0HQ.DEOHQD ... 133 SONUÇ ... 135 KAYNAKLAR ... 138

(12)

KISALTMALAR DJH$GÕJHoHQHVHU DJPG$GÕJHoHQPDGGH b. : %LQR÷OXR÷XO bkz. : %DNÕQÕ] Blm. : Bölümü Çev. : Çeviren

'(hø).WS Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi øODKL\DW)DNOWHVL.WSKDQHVL 'ø$ 7UNL\H'L\DQHW9DNIÕøVODP$QVLNORSHGLVL d.n. : 'HPLUEDúQXPDUDVÕ h.n. : +DGLVQXPDUDVÕ H.z. : Hazreti ø6$0 7UNL\H'L\DQHW9DNIÕøVODP$UDúWÕUPDODUÕ0HUNH]L 0hø)9<0DUPDUDhQLYHUVLWHVLøODKL\DW)DNOWHVL9DNIÕ<D\ÕQODUÕ ö. : Ölüm tarihi s. : Sayfa

s.a.v. : Sallallahü Aleyhi ve Selem Sül. Ktp. : Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi Thk. : Tahkik eden Thr. : Tahric eden Trc. : Tercüme eden trs. : Tarihsiz vb. : Ve benzerleri yrs. :Yersiz

(13)

*ø5øù

I-$+.$07()6ø5ø1ø1'2ö8ù89(*(/øù0(6ø <FH $OODK LQVDQOÕ÷D GR÷UX \ROX J|VWHULS1

RQODUÕ KHP GQ\DGD KHP GH DKLUHWWH PXWOX NÕOPDN2_{DPDFÕ\OD .XU¶DQ-Õ .HULP¶L J|QGHUPLúWLU %X QHGHQOH}

.XU¶DQ¶ÕQLoHUL÷LQHEDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GDLON|QFHVD÷ODPELULWLNDGÕ\HUOHúWLUPH\HDUGÕQGDQ LQVDQÕQ UXKXQX NLQ KDVHW FLPULOLN JLEL KHU WUO N|W KX\ODUGDQ DUÕQGÕUPD\D YH E|\OHOLNOHHOGHHGLOHQL\LKX\ODUÕQDPHOOHUGHRUWD\DoÕNPDVÕQÕVD÷ODPD\DoDOÕúWÕ÷ÕQÕ J|UU]<DQLWHPHOGH.XU¶DQ¶ÕQLWLNDWDKODNYHDPHOROPDN]HUHo\|QYDUGÕU %XQODUGDQ JHQHO DQODPGD $NDLG .HODP $KODN YH IÕNÕK LOLPOHUL GR÷PXú YH EX DODQGDoHúLWOLWHIVLUOHUWH¶OLIHGLOPLúWLU

)ÕNÕK OJDWWH ELU úH\L GHULQOL÷LQH DQODPDN NDYUDPDN LGUDN HWPHN JLEL anlamlara gelmektedir3 ,VWÕODKL PDQDVÕ LQVDQÕQ DPHOL EDNÕPGDQ OHK YH DOH\KLQGH RODQúHU¶LKNPOHULELOPHVLGLU4_{)ÕNKi Tefsir ise, Kur’an-Õ.HULP¶LQDPHO\|QQHOH}

DODUDNEXKXVXVLOHLOJLOLD\HWOHULDoÕNOD\DQYH\LQHRQGDQEXKXVXVODLOJLOLKNPOHU oÕNDUPD\DoDOÕúDQWHIVLUHNROQQDGÕGÕU5_. )ÕNKÕQWDNOLWG|QHPLQGHQ|QFHG|UWGHYUHJHoLUGL÷LNRQXVXQGDDOLPOHUKHPHQ hePHQLWWLIDNHWPLúOHUGLU6_{%XGHYUHOHUúXQODUGÕU} 1₍_{ñ®ôöôÛñ®øôøâõìôßIåôöô¤ößI¼ßôåîõàôäøÌôóôæóö¬Ißôæôöèöãøõäøßõ®K¸ôõóôíõáôîø×ôôòöëòöIàößñöªøìöóôåø®õØøßô¬ðôëIåö³.XúNXVX]EX.XU¶DQ}

HQ GR÷UX \ROD \|QHOWLU <DUDUOÕ LúOHU \DSDQ P¶PLQOHUH NHndileri için büyük bir ödülün ROGX÷XQXPMGHOHU´øVUD

2_{(ôæôöèö´ø¤õäøß Jö¤õó õê÷àßôí öô®ö§õ öôîô ôæø´õ£ôí ôôøçJªß ôôîô õê÷àß õâõëôôÓ) “Allah onlara dünyada istedikleri zaferi}

QDVLSHWWLDKLUHWWHGHHQJ]HONDUúÕOÕ÷ÕYHUGL$OODKL\LOLN\DSDQODUÕVHYHU” (Al-LøPUDQ

3_{øEQ 0DQ]XU (EXO¶-Fadl Cemalüddin Muhammed b. Mükerrem el-Ifriki el-0ÕVUL Lisanü’l-Arab,}

'DUX 6DGÕU-Daru Beyrut, Beyrut, 1374/1955, XIII, 522; el-Firuzabadi, Mecdüddin Muhammed b. Ya’kub, el-Kamusü’l-Muhit, el-Müessesetü’l-Arabiyye, Beyrut, trs., IV, 291; ez-Zebidi, Muhammed Murtaza, Tacu’l-Arus'DUX6DGÕU%H\UXW,;

4_{Abdulvahhab Hallaf, øVODP +XNXN )HOVHIHVL, (Trc. Hüseyin Atay), Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi}

%DVÕPHYL V $EGONDGLU ùHner, .Õ\DV øVWLKVDQ øVWLVODK 'L\kQHW øúOHUL %DúNDQOÕ÷Õ <D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDV

5_{øVPDLO&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi'L\DQHWøúOHUL%DúNDQOÕ÷Õ<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUD,,}

6_{Muhammed Ebu Zehra,}_{øVOkP¶GDøWLNDGv6L\DVvYH)ÕNKv0H]KHSOHU7DULhidHY6ÕE÷DWXOODK}

.D\DøVWDQEXOWUVV0HYOW*QJ|U.XU¶kQ7HIVLULQGH)ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWLYHøON)ÕNKv Tefsir.XU¶kQ.LWDSOÕ÷ÕøVWDQEXOV0VkLG0VOLP$EGXOODK*HOLúPH'|QHPLQGH7HIVLU, dHY0XKDPPHGdHOLN$NDGHPL<D\ÕQODUÕø]PLUV

(14)

Birinci Devre

%XGHYUH+]3H\JDPEHU¶LQVDYEL¶VHWLQGHQEDúODUYHIDWÕQDNDGDUVUHU +HUQHNDGDUIÕNÕKÕVWÕODKÕQÕQPDQDVÕQÕQEHOLUJLQOHúPHVLEL¶VHWWHQVRQUDROVDGDIÕNKL tefsir hareketinin Kur’an n]XOLOHEDúODGÕ÷ÕV|\OHQHELOLU*HQHOHPLUYHSUHQVLSOHUL LKWLYD HGHQ DKNDP D\HWOHULQLQ KHPHQ X\JXODQPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷L LoLQ .XU¶DQ +] 3H\JDPEHU¶H VDY LQGLULOGL÷L JQGHQ LWLEDUHQ WHIVLU HGLOPLúWLU %X GD LON RODUDN DoÕNoD DQODúÕODPD\DQ ED]Õ D\HWOHULQ GL÷HU ED]Õ D\HWOHUOH LNLQFL RODUDN GD VQQHWOH WHIVLULúHNOLQGHJHUoHNOHúPLúWLU%|\OHOLNOH.XU¶DQ¶ÕQ.XU¶DQ¶GDQVRQUDLONPIHVVLUL +]3H\JDPEHUVDYROPXúWXU1LWHNLP+]3H\JDPEHU¶LQVDYLQHQYDKL\OHUOH LOJLOL RODUDN H]EHUOHPH WHEOL÷ WH\ELQ LFUD YH WDWELN HWPH KXVXVODUÕQGD IDDOL\HW J|VWHUPLúWLU %X IDDOL\HWOHUGH NRQXPX] DoÕVÕQGDQ GLNNDWLPL]L oHNHQ LFUD YH WDWELN HWPHGLU +] 3H\JDPEHU¶LQ VDY \DSWÕ÷Õ WHIVLU GH GDKD ]L\DGH DKNDP D\HWOHUL\OH ilgilidir7. Peygamber döneminde sahabiler, ArDSoD¶\Õ ELOGLNOHULQGHQ GROD\Õ JHQHO RODUDNDKNDPLoHUHQD\HWOHULDQOD\DELOL\RUODUGÕ)DNDWPFPHOD\HWOHUGHLODKLPXUDGÕ WD\LQHWPHNoRN]RUYH\DPPNQROPDGÕ÷ÕQGDQVDKDEHELOKDVVDEXGXUXPGDRODQ ahkam ayetlerinin tefsirine ihtiyaç duyar ve Hz. Peygamb_{HU¶HVDYEDúYXUXUODUGÕ}8. 6QQHW.XU¶DQNDUúÕVÕQGDLNLIRQNVL\RQXLFUDHWPHNWHGLU%XQODUGDQLONLEH\DQGÕUNL bu, sünnetin Kur’an-Õ .HULP¶GH DoÕNODPDVÕ JHUHNHQOHUL WHIVLU HWPHVL LNLQFLVL GH WHúULLGLUNLEXGD.XU¶DQ-Õ.HULP¶GH\HUDOPD\DQELUKNPNR\PDVÕGÕU9_{. Sünnetin}

.XU¶DQ¶ÕWHIVLUHWPHVLJHQHORODUDNPXWODNÕWDN\LGPSKHPLEH\DQPúNLOLWDY]LKYH PFPHOL WHE\LQ úHNOLQGHGLU10_{. Muhammed Ebu Zehra’ya (ö. 1974) göre, Hz.}

3H\JDPEHU VDY G|QHPLQGHYDK\LQ GHYDPHWPHVLYHLFWLKDGÕ JHUHNWLUHFHNID]Oa ELU DODQ PHYFXW ROPDGÕ÷Õ LoLQ LFWLKDG GDU ELU oHUoHYHGH\GL %X G|QHPGH LFWLKDG |]HOOLNOH VDKDEHGH YDNL ROX\RUGX %X GD JHQHOGH VDKDEHQLQ ELU VHIHUH oÕNÕS +] 3H\JDPEHU¶GHQ VDY X]DNODúWÕ÷Õ ]DPDQ JHUoHNOHúPHNWH\GL 'DKD VRQUD VDKDEH NDUúÕODúWÕNODUÕGXUXPGD\DSWÕNODUÕLFWLKDGÕ+]3H\JDPEHU¶HVDYELOGLUL\RUODU+] 3H\JDPEHU¶GH VDY RQX GH÷HUOHQGLUL\RUGX11_{$] |QFHGH LIDGH HWWL÷LPL] JLEL}

7_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 47-48; Güngör, )ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWLs. 64; Müsâid, a.g.e., s. 123.}

8_{ez-Zehebi, Muhammed Hüseyn, et-Tefsir ve’l-Müfessirun, Daru’l-Kütübü’l-Hadis, Kahire,}

1381/1961, III, 98.

9_{el-Kurtubi, Ebu Abdillah Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Ensari, el-Cami’u li Ahkami’l-Kur’an0ÕVÕU}

1967, I, 38-39.

10_{*HQLú ELOJL LoLQ EN] 6XDW <ÕOGÕUÕP 3H\JDPEHULPL]LQ .XU¶DQÕ 7HIVLUL .D\ÕKDQ <D\ÕQODUÕ}

øVWDQEXOV-327.

(15)

VQQHWLQ WHúULL IRQNVL\RQX +] 3H\JDPEHU¶LQ VDY .XU¶DQ-Õ .HULP¶GH KNP bulunmayan bir konuda hüküm NR\PDVÕGÕU øPDP-Õ ùDILL | GH DVÕO LWLEDUL\OH KNP NR\PD \HWNLVLQLQVDKLELQLQ $OODK ROGX÷XQX YH +] 3H\JDPEHU¶LQ VDY $OODK¶ÕQ RQD YHUPLú ROGX÷X EX \HWNL LOH .XU¶DQ-Õ .HULP¶GH KNP EXOXQPD\DQ ELU NRQXGD KNP NR\DELOHFH÷LQL LIDGH HWPLúWLU12_{. Nitekim Hz.}

3H\JDPEHU¶LQ VDY LFWLKDGÕ LOH DPHO HWPHGL÷LQL LOHUL VUHQ DOLPOHU ³2 NHQGL DU]XVXQD J|UH NRQXúPD]´13_{D\HWLQL J|UúOHULQH GHOLO RODUDN VXQPXúODUGÕU )DNDW}

³$OODK VHQL DIIHWVLQ 'R÷UX V|\OH\HQOHU EHOOL ROPDGDQ YH \DODQFÕODUÕ GD ELOPHGHQ onlara niçin izin verdin?!”14JLELD\HWOHU+]3H\JDPEHU¶ÕQVDYLFWLKDG\DSWÕ÷ÕQÕ DQFDN LVDEHW HWPH÷LQGH R KDOGH EÕUDNÕOPD\ÕS YDKL\OH G]HOWLOGL÷LQH LúDUHW etmektedir15+]3H\JDPEHUVDYDVKDEÕQDWHGYLQHGLOPLúELUIÕNÕKYHIÕNÕKNLWDEÕ EÕUDNPDPÕú16_{IDNDW LEDGHW YH PXDPHODWOD DODNDOÕ DoÕNODQPD LKWL\DFÕ GX\XODQ}

D\HWOHULQoR÷XQXWHIVLUHWPLúYHX\JXODPDODUÕ\ODJ|VWHUPLúWLU øNLQFL'HYUH

%XGHYUH+](EX%HNLU¶LQKLODIHWLQLQLONJQQGHQEDúODU(PHYLKLODIHWLQLQ EDúODQJÕFÕ\ODVRQDHUHU17_.

SahabH +] 3H\JDPEHU VDY G|QHPLQGH ROGX÷X JLEL 2¶QXQ YHIDWÕQGDQ sonra da Kur’an-Õ .HULP¶LQ WDWELNDWÕ LOH DODNDOÕ RODQ DPHOL \|Q\OH GDKD oRN LOJLOHQPLúOHUGLU %X VHEHSOH RQODU .XU¶DQ-Õ .HULP¶LQ DPHOL KNP LIDGH HWPH\HQ kelam ve bunun gibi yönleriyle meúJXO ROPDNWDQ X]DN GXUGXNODUÕ JLEL SUDWLNWH ID\GDVÕ ROPD\DQ WHIHUUXDWODUD GD GDOPDPÕúODUGÕU %X QHGHQOH VDKDEH GHYULQGH .XU¶DQ¶ÕQ IÕNKL \|QQQ HQ oRN ]HULQGH GXUXODQ YH LúOHQHQ \|Q ROGX÷X V|\OHQPLúWLU18

$\UÕFD DKNDP D\HWOHULQL JHQLú ELU WDKOLOH WDEL WXWarak hüküm LVWLQEDWÕQGD EXOXQPDPÕúODUGÕU19_{dQN NRQX\OD DODNDOÕ L]DK YH IDDOL\HWOHU VRQUDNL}

12_{Hú-ùDILL (EX $EGLOODK 0XKDPPHG E øGULV E HO-Abbas b. Osman el-.XUDúL er-Risale, (Thk.}

$KPHG0XKDPPHGùDNLU0HNWHEHWX'DUL¶W-Turas, Kahire, 1979/1399, s. 88.

13_{(ïôîôìøßöæôËõÖöÄèôóôãôí³2NHQGLDU]XVXQDJ|UHNRQXúPD]´ (Necm 53/3)}

14₍_{ôæôöö«ôÜøßôâôàøÌôôíøîõ×ôªô»ôæóö¬IßôÚôßôæIôôôôóðIô£øâõìôßôçö«ôôâößôÚè}_{ôËõê÷àßôÔôË}₎_{³$OODKVHQLDIIHWVLQGR÷UXV|\OH\HQOHU}

EHOOLROPDGDQYH\DODQFÕODUÕGDELOPHGHQRQODUDQLoLQL]LQYHUGLQ"´ (Tevbe 9/43)

15_{(OPDOÕOÕ0XKDPPHG+DPGL<D]ÕUHak Dini Kur’an Dili=HKUDYH\QøVWDQEXOWUV9,,-290.} 16_{Hayreddin Karaman,}_{)ÕNÕK8VXOøUIDQ<D\ÕQHYLøVWDQEXOV}

17_{Karaman, a.g.e., s. 14; Müsâid, a.g.e., s. 123.} 18_{Güngör, )ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWL s. 72.}

(16)

G|QHPOHUGHJ|UOG÷JLELEHOLUOLELUPH]KHELWH\LWPGDIDDYHWHGYLQQLWHOL÷LQGH ROPD\ÕSJQONLKWL\DoODUDFHYDSYHUPHNPDNVDGÕKDNLPGL

6DKDEHQLQIÕNÕKND\QDNODUÕQÕQEDúÕQGD.XU¶DQYHVQQHWJHOPHNWHGLU.XU¶DQ YHVQQHWWHELUQDVVEXODPDGÕNODUÕQGDNHQGLJ|UúOHULQHJ|UHLFWLKDGHGL\RUODUGÕ20_.

%XG|QHPGHøVODPGHYOHWLQLQVÕQÕUODUÕJHQLúOHPLúWLU%|\OHOLNOHELUoRN\HQLPLOOHWOHU YH XQVXUODU PVOPDQODUÕQ DUDVÕQD JLUPLú YH ULVDOHW G|QHPLQGH ROPD\DQ \HQL SUREOHPOHURUWD\DoÕNPÕúWÕU%XGXUXPGDDVKDEÕLFWLKDGDVHYNHWPLúWLU21_<DOQÕ]oRN

D] GD ROVD RQODUGDQ ED]ÕODUÕ EX \ROX X\JXQ J|UPH\LS VNXWX WHUFLK HWPLúOHUGLU22_.

$\HWOHUGH UH¶\ YH LFWLKDGD EDúYXUDQ VDKDEH DUDVÕQGa, bu yolun tabii bir neticesi RODUDN LKWLODIODU PH\GDQD JHOPLúWLU %X VDKDELOHULQ DVÕO DPDFÕ GR÷UX\D XODúPDNWÕU )DUNOÕJ|UúWHRODQELUVDKDELGL÷HUELUVDKLELQLQYDUGÕ÷ÕVRQXoGDKDGR÷UXLVHRQD \|QHOPLúWLU23_{%|\OHOLNOHUH¶\YHLFWLKDGODUÕQGDLVWLúDUH\HEDúYXUDUDNELUGL÷HUIÕNÕK}

ND\QD÷Õ RODQ LFPD GR÷PXúWXU 0HVHOD +] (EX %HNLU YH +] gPHU \HQL ELU PHVHOH\OHNDUúÕODúWÕNODUÕ]DPDQDVKDEÕWRSOD\ÕSRQODUÕQLWWLIDNHWWLNOHULKNPWDWELN HGL\RUODUGÕ24_.

Ashab, ayetleri tefsir ederken Kur’an, sünnet, icma YH UH¶\LQ GÕúÕQGD GLO nasih-PHQVXK Q]XO VHEHSOHULQL ]LNUHWPH úHNOLQGHNL \|QWHPOHUGHQ GH \DUDUODQPÕúODUGÕU25_{%X G|QHPGHIDNLKOHULQ VD\ÕVÕ oRN GH÷LOGLU 8VXOFOHUH J|UH HQ}

oRN IÕNÕK YH LFWLKDGOD WDQÕQDQ VDKDELOHU úXQODUGÕU +XOHID-Õ 5DúLGLQ $EGXOODK E Mes’ud (ö. 32/652), Abdullah b. Abbas (ö. 68/687), Abdullah b. Ömer (ö. 71/690), +]$LúH|=H\GE6DELW|(EX0XVDHO-(ú¶DUL|26_.

Ebu’l-)LGD øVPDLO E gPHU E .HVLU VDKDEHQLQ WHIVLUL LOH LOJLOL úXQODUÕ V|\OHPHNWHGLU ³%L] WHIVLU NRQXVXQGD D\HW YH VQQHWWH ELU DoÕNODPD EXODPDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] WDNGLUGH VDKDEH V|]OHULQH EDú YXUXUX] dQN RQODU WHIVLUL GDKD L\L

20_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 98; Ebu Zehra, Mezhepler Tarihi, s. 257; Nureddin Itr,}

Ulumu’l-Kur’an’i’l-Kerim, Matbaatü’s-6DEDKùDPV*QJ|U)ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWL s. 74.

21_{Ebu Zehra, Mezhepler Tarihi, s. 256; Karaman, a.g.e., s. 14.} 22_{Güngör, )ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWL s. 74; Demirci, Tefsir Tarihi, s. 81.} 23_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 99; Güngör, )ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWL s. 74.}

24_{Karaman, a.g.e.}_{V&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 50-51; Güngör, )ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUeketi, s. 74;}

Ebu Zehra, Mezhepler Tarihi, s. 263.

25_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 51-52; Demirci, Tefsir Tarihi, s. 83.} 26_{Karaman, a.g.e., s. 14-15.}

(17)

ELOLUOHU =LUD RQODU D\HWOHULQ PDQDODUÕQÕ GDKD L\L ELOPHOHULQL VD÷OD\DFDN ED]Õ GXUXPODUÕYHNDULQHOHULPúDKHGHHWPLúlerdir”27_.

Ebu’l-$EEDV7DNL\\GGLQ$KPHGE$EGLOKDOLPøEQ7H\PL\H| WDELXQXQLWWLIDNHWWL÷LELUNRQXGDJ|UúOHULQLQGHOLOROGX÷XLKWLODIHWWL÷LQGHLVHELULQLQ J|Uú GL÷HULQH YH\D NHQGLOHULQGHQ VRQUD JHOHQOHUH NDUúÕ GHOLO ROPD\DFD÷ÕQÕ LIDGH etmektedir28.

Üçüncü Devre

%X GHYUH \DNODúÕN (PHYL KLODIHWLQLQ EDúODQJÕFÕQGDQ ELWLPLQH NDGDU RODQ devredir. Yani tabiun devridir29øVODPGHYOHWLQLQVÕQÕUODUÕEXG|QHPGHGHJHOLúPH\H GHYDP HWPLúWLU 2 G|QHPGH GHYOHWLQ EDúÕQGD EXOXQDQ (PHYL KDOLIHOHULQLQ oR÷u devlet idaresi ile ilgili siyasetlerinde, dinden ziyade Arap örf ve adetlerine göre KDUHNHWHGHUHNÕUNoÕELUSROLWLNDWDNLSHWPLúOHUGLU)WXKDWWDQVRQUDPXKWHOLIúHKLUOHUH JLGHQ VDKDEH RUDODUGD LOPL IDDOL\HWOHUH EDúODPÕú YH LGDUHFLOHU WDUDIÕQGDQ önemseQPH\HQ LOLP ³PHYDOL´ DGÕ YHULOHQ $UDS ROPD\DQ PVOPDQODUÕQ HOLQH JHoPLúWLU30_{$\UÕFDEXUDODUGDDVKDEGHYULQGHQIDUNOÕRODUDNELUJUXSODúPDPH\GDQD}

JHOPLúWLU0HGLQHYH0HNNH¶\LLoLQHDODQ+LFD]0HGUHVHVLLOH.XIHYH%DVUD¶\ÕLoLQH DODQ,UDN0HGUHVHVLWHúHNNOHWPLúWLU%XG|QHPGHDOLPOHULQPXKWHOLILFWLKDGODUGDQ ND\QDNODQDQJUXSODúPDODU \RNWX7DELXQDUDVÕQGDNL J|UúD\UÕOÕNODUÕ RQODUÕQIDUNOÕ J|UúWHNLDOLPOHUHGD\DQPDODUÕQGDQoHúLWOLVRV\DO-NOWUHO\DSÕYHFR÷UDILoHYUHGHQ ND\QDNODQPÕúWÕU31_{$\UÕFD EX G|QHPGH IÕNÕK LOH WHúULL NRQXVXQXQ PHWRWODUÕ YH}

PH]KHSOHU RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU <DOQÕ] WDNOLW HGLOHQ YH\D UH¶\LQGHQ G|QOPH\HQ ELU PFWHKLGEXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU32

.

27_{øEQ .HVLU (EX¶O-)LGD øVPDLO E gPHU HG-'ÕPDúNL Tefsiru’l-Kur’ani’l-Azim, (Thk. Komisyon),}

Kahraman <D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXO,

28_{øEQ7H\PL\H(E¶O-Abbas Takiyyüddîn Ahmed b. Abdilhalîm el-Harranî, Mukaddime fi}

Usuli’t-Tefsir'DUX¶ú-ùDP%H\UXWV

29_{Güngör, )ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWL s. 80; Müsâid, a.g.e., s. 126.}

30_{øEQ +DOGXQ $EGXUUDKPDn b. Muhammed, Mukaddime 0DDULI %DVÕPHYL øVWDQEXO ,,, V}

 øVPDLO &HUUDKR÷OX Kur’ân 7HIVLULQLQ 'R÷XúX YH %XQD +Õ] 9HUHQ ÆPLOOHU, Ankara hQLYHUVLWHVLøODKL\DW)DNOWHVL<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDV-106.

31_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, I, 100-101.} 32_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 100.}

(18)

7DELXQ G|QHPL DOLPOHUL D\HWOHUL WHIVLU HGHUNHQ |QFH .XU¶DQ¶D EDúYXUPXú GDKDVRQUDRQGDDUDGÕNODUÕQÕEXODPDGÕNODUÕQGDVÕUDVÕ\ODVQQHWVDKDEHHKO-i kitab, NHQGLUH¶\YHLFWLKDGODUÕQDGD\DQDUDNPHVHOHOHUHo|]PJHWLUPH\HoDOÕúPÕúODUGÕU33

. 0IHVVLUOHULQ oR÷X DVKDE WDUDIÕQGDQ \HWLúWLULOPHOHUL J|] |QQGH bulundurularak, tabiunun sözlerini kabul edip eserlHULQGH\HUYHUPLúOHUGLU34

.

Dördüncü Devre

øOLPOHULQL WDELXQGDQ DOÕS YH RQODUGDQ VRQUD LOPL KD\DWD KDNLP RODQ QHVOH “tebeu’t-WDELLQ´ DGÕ YHULOPLúWLU NL EX GHYUH RQODUÕQ \DSWÕNODUÕ Llmi faaliyetleri içermektedir. Kesin bir tarih belirtilmesi mümkün olmamakla birlikte bu devre için (PHYLOHULQ VRQ ]DPDQODUÕ LOH $EEDVLOHULQ LON GHYLUOHULQH NDGDU RODQ G|QHP denilmektedir36. Abbasiler, Emevilerin aksine bir siyaseti benimseyerek ilmin JHOLúPHVLLoLQoDOÕúPDODUÕGHVWHNOHPLúWLU0HNNH0HGLQHùDP0ÕVÕU(QGOVøUDQ %XKDUDYH6HPHUNDQGJLELoHúLWOLúHKLUOHUGHPHGUHVHOHUDoÕOPÕúWÕU37_.

%X G|QHPGH LOLP DGDPODUÕ KHU VDKDGD WHGYLQ IDDOL\HWOHULQH EDúODPÕúWÕU 6QQHWLQ NRUXQPDVÕ YH X\GXUPD ULYD\Htlerin engellenmesi gayesiyle büyük hadis PHFPXDODUÕ PH\GDQD JHWLULOPLúWLU %XQODUÕQ oR÷X GD IÕNÕK NRQXODUÕQD J|UH G]HQOHQPLú YH IDNLKOHU LoLQ ]HQJLQ ELU ND\QDN WHúNLO HWPLúWLU )ÕNÕK GD WHGYLQ HGLOPLúWLU )ÕNKL PH]KHSOHU GH EX GHYLUGHQ LWLEDUHQ ROXúPD\D EDúODPÕú YH ELUoRN PH]KHS GR÷PXúWXU $QFDN \DOQÕ] ELU PoWHKLGLQ KNP YH IHWYDODUÕQD PHFEXUL RODUDNED÷ODQPDPDQDVÕQGDELUPH]KHSOHúPHV|]NRQXVXGH÷LOGLU38_.

.D\QDNODUGDQ KNP oÕNDUPD PHWRW YH NDLGHOHULQL NHQGLQH NRQX HGLQHQ ³IÕNÕKXVXO´LOPLGHEXGHYUHGHWHGYLQHGLOPLúWLUøPDP-ÕùDILL¶QLQer-Risale’si bu

33_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir,&HUUDKR÷OX.XU¶DQ7HIVLULQLQ'R÷XúX, s. 109.} 34_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, I, 125-129.}

35_{øEQ.HVLUa.g.e., I, 15.}

36_{Güngör, )ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWL s. 92; Müsâid, a.g.e., s. 127.} 37_{Müsâid, a.g.e., s. 130-131.}

(19)

NRQXGD \D]ÕOÕS EL]H XODúDQ LON HVHUGLU $\UÕFD LPDP (EX +DQLIH¶QLQ | WDOHEHVLRODQøPDP0XKDPPHG¶LQ|NLWDSODUÕøPDP-ÕùDILL¶QLQel-Ümm DGOÕNLWDEÕEL]HNDGDUXODúDQGH÷HUOLIÕNÕKHVHUOHULGLU$\UÕFDELUJ|UúHJ|UHøPDP-Õ Malik’in el-Muvatta¶VÕ GD EX IÕNÕK NLWDSODUÕ DUDVÕQGD GH÷HUOHQGLULOPLúWLU39_{. Sahabe}

G|QHPLQGHEXJQDQODGÕ÷ÕPÕ]PDQDODUGDIÕNÕKÕVWÕODKODUÕPHYFXWGH÷LOGL40_.

7DNOLWYH0H]KHS7DDVVXEXQXQ2UWD\DdÕNPDVÕ'HYUL

HicUL LNLQFL DVUÕQVRQODUÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ PH]KHSOHU L\LFH EHOLUJLQOHúLS PH]KHS WDDVVXEXQXQ EDúODGÕ÷Õ YH LOPL oDOÕúPDODUGD WDNOLGLQ KDNLP ROGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU41_.

%X G|QHPGHNL DOLPOHU LPDPODUÕQÕQ J|UúOHULQL úHU¶L QDVV JLEL J|UHUHN LOPL gayretlerini mezhep imamlaUÕQÕQ JDOLS JHOPHVL YH PH]KHELQLQ JHQLú DODQODUD \D\ÕOPDVÕ \|QQGH NXOODQPÕúODUGÕU42_{%X GHYLUGHQ LWLEDUHQ DOLPOHULQ oR÷X NHQGL}

PH]KHELQLQJ|UúOHULGR÷UXOWXVXQGDIÕNKLWHIVLUOHUWHOLIHWPH\HEDúODPÕúODUGÕU43_{. Halk}

GDEXGHYLUGHPHQVXSROGX÷XPH]KHELQDOLPOerine soru sorup problemlerini çözme \ROXQDJLWPLúWLU44

.

'DKD VRQUD DOWÕQFÕ YH \HGLQFL GHYUH GH EX G|QHPOHUH HNOHQPLúWLU <HGLQFL DVUÕQ RUWDVÕQGDQ 0HFHOOHQLQ oÕNWÕ÷Õ WDULKH NDGDU IÕNKÕQ JHULOHPH oD÷Õ RODQ DOWÕQFÕ GHYUHGH |QFHNL PHWLQOHUL DoÕNOD\DQ úHUKOHU úHUKOHUL DoÕNOD\DQ KDúL\HOHU KDúL\HOHUL DoÕNOD\DQWDNULUYHWD¶OLNOHU\DSÕOPÕúWÕU<HGLQFLGHYUHGH0HFHOOH¶GHQ]DPDQÕPÕ]D kadar olan dönemi kapsar45 %X GHYLUGH +DQHILIÕNKÕQGDQ LVWLIDGHHGLOHUHN$KPHW &HYGHW 3DúD EDúNDQOÕ÷ÕQGDNL ELU KH\HW WDUDIÕQGDQ 1869- \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD KD]ÕUODQDUDNYH\ÕOÕQDNDGDU\UUONWHNDODQPDGGH\LLoHUHQ0HFHOOH46

XPXPLELUPHGHQLNDQXQRODUDNNDEXOHGLOPLúWLU$\UÕFDELUPH]KHEHED÷OÕNDOPDN \HULQHEWQPH]KHSOHUGHQID\GDODQPDJ|UúKDNLPROPD\DYH\DEDQFÕkanunlar DOÕQÕSNDEXOHGLOPH\HEDúODQPÕúWÕU 47_.

39_{Hayraddin Karaman, a.g.e., s. 17; Müsâid, a.g.e., s. 137.} 40_{Müsâid, a.g.e., s. 138.}

41_Güngör,_{)ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWL, s. 96.} 42_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 100.}

43_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 101; Güngör, )ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWL, s. 97.} 44_{Güngör, )ÕNKv7HIVLU+DUHNHWL, s. 97.}

45_{Hayraddin Karaman, a.g.e., s. 21.}

46_{0XVWDID <ÕOGÕUÕP Mecelle’nin Külli Kaideleri ø]PLU øODKL\DW )DNOWHVL 9DNIÕ <D\ÕQODUÕ ø]PLU}

2001, s. 15

(20)

<D]ÕODQ%D]Õ)ÕNKL7HIVLUOHU

*HQHOOLNOHEXNRQXGDLON\D]ÕODQWHIVLULQøPDP-ÕùDILL¶QLQAhkamü’l-Kur’an DGOÕHVHULROGX÷XLIDGHHGLOPHNWHGLU48

)DNDWùDILL¶GHQ|QFH0XNDWLOE6OH\PDQHO-Horasani (ö. 150/767 WDUDIÕQGDQ Tefsirü’l-Hamsi Mie Aye Mine’l-Kur’an DGÕQGD IÕNKLELUWHIVLULQ\D]ÕOGÕ÷ÕJ|UOPHNWHGLU49

%XQHGHQOHEXNRQXGD\D]ÕODQLONWHIVLULQ ùDILL¶QLQ GH÷LO GH 0XNDWLO E 6OH\PDQ¶ÕQ HVHUL ROGX÷XQX V|\OH\HELOLUL] 1LWHNLP elimizdeki mevcut nüsha bizza WùDILLGH÷LOGHRQGDQLNLEXoXNDVÕUVRQUDJHOHQHO-%H\KDNL | WDUDIÕQGDQ GHUOHQHQ QVKDGÕU NL =DKLG HO-Kevseri (ö. 1371 + EX HVHUH \D]GÕ÷Õ WDNUL]GH EX KXVXVX DoÕNoD EHOLUWPLúWLU50_{'L÷HU ED]Õ DKNDP}

WHIVLUOHULQLGHú|\OHVÕUDOD\DELOLUL]

1. Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, Yahya b. Adem el-Emevi (ö. 203/818).

2. Ahkamü’l-Kur’an(EX6HYUøEUDKLPøEQ+DOLGHO-Kelbi (ö. 240/854). 3. Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, Ebu’l-+DVHQ$OLøEQ+XFUHV-Sa’di (ö. 244/858). 4. Ahkamü’l-Kur’anøVPDLOEøVKDNHO-Ezdi, (ö. 282/896).

5. Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, Ebu’l-+DVHQ$OLøEQ0XVDHO-Kummi (ö. 305/917). 6. Ahkamü’l-Kur’an (EX &D¶IHU $KPHG øEQ 0XKDPPHG HW-Tahavi (ö. 321/933).

7. Ahkamü’l-Kur’an(EX%HNU$KPHGøEQ$OLHU-Razi el-Cassas (370/982). 8. Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, Ebu’l-Hasen Ali b. Muhammed b. Ali et-Taberi µøPDGXGGLQHO-%D÷GDGLøONL\DHO-Harrasi (ö. 504/1110).

9. el-Camiu li Ahkami’l-Kur’an (EX $EGLOODK 0XKDPPHG øEQ $KPHG HO-.XUWXEL|%XHVHUVDGHFHDKNDPD\HWOHULGH÷LO.XU¶DQ¶ÕQEWQ ayetlerini de ihtiva etmektedir. Ancak DKNDP D\HWOHULQH D÷ÕUOÕN YHUGL÷L LoLQ IÕNKLWHIVLURODUDNNDEXOHGLOPLúWLU51_.

48_{.DWLE dHOHEL .HúIX¶] =XQXQ DQ (VDPL¶O-Kütübi ve’l-)QXQ 7KN ùHUDIHGGLQ <DOWDND\\D 5ÕIDW}

%LOJH0LOOL(÷LWLP%DVÕPHYLøVWDQEXO,&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 55.

49_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 55-56.}

50_{Hú-ùDILL(EX$EGLOODK 0XKDPPHGEøGULVEHO-Abbas b. Osman el-.XUDúL Ahkamü’l-Kur’an,}

Daru’l-Kütübi’l-øOPL\\H%H\UXW,-14.

(21)

10. Tehzibu Ahkami’l-Kur’an 0XKDPPHG øEQ $KPHG (EX¶V-Sena Cemaluddin el-Konevi (ö. 777/1375).

11. el-øNOLO IL øVWLQEDWL¶W-Tefsir &HODOGGLQ $EGXUUDKPDQ øEQ (EL %HNU | 911/1505).

12. Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, Ömer b. Ali b. Adil el-Hanbeli (ö. 879/1474). 13. Ahkam-Õ.XU¶DQL\\H.RQ\DOÕ0HKPHG9HKEL|

14. Ravaiu’l-Beyan Tefsiru Ayati’l-Ahkam mine’l-Kur’an, Muhammed Ali es-Sabuni.

15. Ahkamü’l-Kur’an el-Vahyu’l-øODKL, Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ$EGOPHFLG+DúLP el-Hüseyn.

II-ø%1h¶/-$5$%ø $+D\DWÕ

7DP DGÕ (EX %HNLU 0XKDPPHG E $EGLOODK E 0XKDPPHG $EGLOODK E Ahmed b. el-$UDELRODQDOLPKDNNÕQGDND\QDNODUGDHO-Meafiri, el-Endülisi, el-øúELOL ve el-0DOLNLODNDSODUÕJHoPHNWHGLU52_.

el-øúELOL ³$UDEL´ NQ\HVL\OH el-Futuhatü’l-Mekkiyye¶QLQ \D]DUÕ RODQ 0XK\LGGLQøEQ$UDELHW-Tai es-6XIL¶\H|EHQ]HPHNWHGLU$\UÕFDLNLVLGH ³(EX %HNLU´ GL\H NQ\HOHQGLULOPLúWLU %XQODUÕ D\ÕUPDN LoLQ “Ý/lam-Õ WDULI´ NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU<DQLHO-øúELOLLçin “ò®ÌßæøEQ¶O-Arabi”; et-Tai es-Sufi için de “æ ò®ËøEQ$UDEL´GHQLOPLúWLU53_.

52_{øEQ +DOOLNDQ (EX¶O-$EEDV ùHPVGGLQ $KPHG E 0XKDPPHG E (EL %HNU Vefayatü’l-Ayan ve}

Enbaü Ebnai’z-Zeman 7KN øKVDQ $EEDV 'DUX 6DGU %H\UXW ,9 H]-Zehebi, ùHPVGGLQ 0XKDPPHG E $KPHG E 2VPDQ Siyeru A’lami’n-Nübela 7KN ùXD\E HO-Arnavut, Salih es-Semr), Müessesetü’r-Risale, Beyrut, 1405/1985, XX, 197-198; es-Suyuti, Celaleddin Abdurrahman, Tabakatü’l-Müfessirin .LWDEIXUXúL 7DKUDQ V HG-'DYXGL ùHPVXGGLQ Muhammed b. Ali b. Ahmed, Tabakatü’l-Müfessirin, Darü’l-Kütübi’l-øOPL\\H%H\UXWWUV,, øEQ¶O-øPDG(EX¶O-Felah Abdilhayy, ùH]HUDW¶]-Zeheb fi Ahbari men Zeheb, Darü’l-Fikr, yrs., trs., III, 141; ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 448, Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen, Tefsir Tarihi, Ankara, 1955, I, 295; &HUUDKR÷OX Tefsir Tarihi ,, 0XVWDID øEUDKLP 0HúQL øEQ¶O-Arabi el-Maliki el-øúELOL YH Tefsiruhu Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, Daru Ammar, Beyrut, 1991, s. 15.

(22)

øEQ¶O-$UDELùDEDQD\ÕQÕQ¶VL&XPDJQ54_{\ÕOÕQGDøúELOL\H¶GH}

GR÷PXúWXU55_{$UDS NDELOHOHULQGHQ .DKWDQ¶ÕQ 0HDILU NROXQGDQ ROXS DWDODUÕ IHWLKWHQ}

sonra Endülüs¶H\HUOHúPLúWLU56

.

øEQ¶O-$UDEL LON H÷LWLPLQL øúELOL\H¶QLQ |QGH JHOHQ IDNLKOHULQGHQ YH J|]GH YH]LUOHULQGHQ RODQ EDEDVÕ (EX 0XKDPPHG E $EGLOODK øEQ¶O-Arabi’den (ö. DOPÕúWÕU57

$\UÕFD EDEDVÕQÕQ R÷OXQGDQ IDUNOÕ RODUDN (EX 0XKDPPHG E Hazm ez-ZahiUL¶\H | ED÷OÕ RODQODUÕQ LOHUL JHOHQOHULQGHQ ROGX÷X LIDGH HGLOPLúWLU58_{. Tevaif-}_{L 0OXN GHYULQGHNL øúELOL\H KDNLPL %HQX $EEDG +HPHGDQL}

QH]GLQGHL\LELUPHYNL\HGHVDKLSWLU%XGHYOHW\ÕNÕOÕQFDR÷OX\ODELUOLNWH \ÕOÕQGD(QGOV¶WHQD\UÕOPÕúR÷OX\ODELUOLNWHKDFFHWPLúYHR÷OXQXQWDKVLOLVÕUDVÕQGD \DQÕQGDEXOXQPXúWXU59 '|QúWHøVNHQGHUL\H¶GH\ÕOÕQGDYHIDWHWPLúWLU60 . øEQ¶O-$UDELDQQHWDUDIÕQGDQ(QGOV¶QDOLPYHPXKDGGLVOHULQGHQRODQ(EX Hafs Ömer b. Hasen el-Hevzeni’nin (ö. 460/106WRUXQXGXUøONH÷LWLPL\OHPHúJXO RODQODUGDQ GD\ÕVÕ (EX¶O-.DVÕP +DVDQ E (EL +DIV HO-+HY]HQL øúELOL\H úHKLU GHYOHWLQLQ o|NúQHVHEHS RODQODUGDQGÕU *|UOG÷ JLEL øEQ¶O-Arabi, hem annesi KHPGHEDEDVÕWDUDIÕQGDQLOLPYHVL\DVHWOHPHúJXORODQELUDLOHQLQoRFX÷X\GX61_.

øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQKD\DWÕøVODPGQ\DVÕQÕQKDUHNHWOLYHVL\DVLROD\ODUÕQVÕNVÕN GH÷LúWL÷L ELU G|QHPH UDVWODPDNWDGÕU62

%X VL\DVL NDUJDúDGDQ X]DNODúDELOPHN LoLQ NHQGLQLLOPHYHULSEDEDVÕ\ODELUOLNWHPHPOHNHWLQGHQD\UÕODUDNG|QHPLQLQoHúLWOLLOim PHUNH]OHULQHVH\DKDWHWPLúWLU'DKDVRQUD\ÕOÕQGDøVNHQGHUL\H¶\HG|QHUHNX]XQ ELUVUHRUDGDNDOPÕúWÕU2G|QHPGHEDEDVÕQÕQYHIDWÕLOH+ÕULVWL\DQODUÕQ.XGV¶LúJDO HWPHVL RQX oRN ]G÷QGHQ (QGOV¶H JHUL G|QPúWU øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin bu seyahatleri JHQHO RODUDN RQ \ÕO VUPúWU63

0HPOHNHWLQH G|QG÷QGH LQVDQODUD YD¶]X QDVLKDWOHUGH EXOXQXS LOLPOH PHúJXO ROPXúWXU øQVDQODUD NDUúÕ L\L PXDPHOHGH

54_{øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e., III, 142.}

55_{ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, 198; es-Suyuti, a.g.e., s. 34; ed-Davudi, a.g.e.,,øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e.,}

III, 141; ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 448; Bilmen, a.g.e., I, 29 &HUUDKR÷OX Tefsir Tarihi, II, 84; 0HúQLa.g.e., s. 16.

56_{$KPHW%DOWDFÕ³øEQ¶O-Arabî, Ebû Bekir”'ø$;;øVWDQEXO}

57_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 448; ed-Davudi, a.g.e., II, 167; Bilmen, a.g.e.,&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir}

Tarihi, II, 80HúQLa.g.e.V%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 488.

58_{ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, 198.}

59_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 84-%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 488-489.} 60_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e.,9øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e., III, 141; Bilmen, a.g.e., I, 296.} 61_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 85.}

62_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 90.}

(23)

EXOXQDQ KRúJ|UO DKGHYHID J|VWHUHQ]DOLPOHUH NDUúÕVHUW ELU NLúLOL÷HVDKLS RODQ øEQ¶O-Arabi, memleketine G|QG÷QGH NDGÕOÕN \DSPÕúWÕU64_{. Ondan ilim alanlardan}

ELULRODQ.DGÕø\D]RQXQKDNNÕQGDúXQODUÕV|\OHPLúWLU³2PHPOHNHWLQLWHUFLKHWWL $OODK 7HDOD RQXQ WDYL]VL]OL÷LQGHQ YH DKNDPÕ X\JXODPDGDNL ÕVUDUÕQGDQ GROD\Õ PHPOHNHWLQLQDKDOLVLQLRQGDQID\GDODQGÕUGÕ2QGD]DOLPOHUHNDUúÕRQODUÕUSHUWHQELU VHUWOLNYDUGÕ.DGÕOÕ÷ÕQGDYHUPLúROGX÷XLOJLQoNDUDUODURQXQKDNNÕQGDLSXoODUÕYHULU 'DKDVRQUDNDGÕOÕ÷ÕEÕUDNPÕúLOPLQQHúY-QHPDEXOPDVÕLoLQJD\UHWJ|VWHUPLúWLU´65_.

øúELOL\H¶QLQGÕúÕQGD+DOHSYHoHúLWOL\HUOHUGHGHNDGÕOÕN\DSPÕúWÕU66

1LWHNLPøEQ¶O-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an¶ÕQGD IÕNKL PHVHOHOHUL DoÕNODUNHQ ED]HQ NDGÕOÕN \DSWÕ÷Õ G|QHPOHUGHNLX\JXODPDODUÕQDDWÕIWDEXOXQPXúWXU67_.

øEQ¶O-$UDEL PHPOHNHWLQLQ VDYXQPDVÕ\OD GD LOJLOHQPLúWLU øúELOL\H¶GH NHQGL PDOÕQGDQ VXU \DSWÕUPÕúWÕU68_{NL EX IHGDNDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ VD\HVLQGH úHKLU D\}

+ÕULVWL\DQODUÕQVDOGÕUÕODUÕQD NDUúÕ GLUHQPLúWLU$QFDNRQXQ YHIDWÕQGDQ\ÕO VRQUD ¶GH+ÕULVWL\DQODUÕQHOLQHJHoPLúWLU69_.

øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin son günlerinde Endülüs’te siyasi istikrar WHNUDUEX]XOPXúWXU 0XUDEÕWODU¶ÕQ KDNLPL\HWL VRQD HULS 0XYDKKLGOHU G|QHPL EDúODPÕúWÕU %X LNWLGDU GH÷LúLNOL÷L YH RWRULWH ERúOX÷XQXQ KDON ]HULQGH ROXPVX] HWNLOHULQL |QOHPHN YH 0XYDKKLGOHU 'HYOHWL¶\OH L\L LOLúNLOHU EDúODWPDN LoLQ ELU KH\HWOH ELUOLNWH 0D÷ULE’e JLWPLúWLU +H\HW \HOHULQGHQ ED]ÕODUÕQÕQ JHUL G|QPHVLQH UD÷PHQ øEQ¶O-Arabi \DNODúÕN ELU \ÕO RUDGD NDOPÕúWÕU %D]Õ ND\QDNODU EX VUH LoHULVLQGH RQXQ KDSVHGLOGL÷LQLEHOLUWPLúWLU70_{øEQ¶O-Arabi, buradan Endülüs’e dönerken 543/1148’de}

YHIDW HWPLú YHFHQD]Hsi Fas’a götürülerek el-&L\DQL NDEULVWDQÕQD71_{GHIQHGLOPLúWLU}72_.

64_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e.,9øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e., III, 141; es-Suyuti, a.g.e., s. 34; ez-Zehebi,}

et-Tefsir, III, 448.

65_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 448; ed-Davudi, a.g.e., II, 170.} 66_{Bilmen, a.g.e., I, 296.}

67_{øEQ¶O-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, III, 25; IV, 369.} 68_{ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, 200.}

69_{Bilmen, a.g.e.,&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 89.} 70_{%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 489.}

71_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., IV, 297.}

72_{øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e., III, 142; es-Suyuti, a.g.e., s. 35; ed-Davudi, a.g.e., II, 170; ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir,}

III, 449; Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur Erster Supplementband, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1937, I, 732.

(24)

9HIDWHWWL÷LD\KDNNÕQGD&HPD]L\H¶O-Evvel73_{, Rebiu’l-Evvel}74_{ve Rebiu’l-Ahir}75_gibi

IDUNOÕJ|UúOHUPHYFXWWXU %øOPL'XUXPX

øEQ¶O-$UDEL NDGÕ DOODPH KDIÕ] (QGOV XOHPDVÕQÕQ YH LPDPODUÕQÕQ sRQXQFXVX RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOPLúWLU76_{$\UÕFD oHúLWOL LOLPOHUH VDKLS RQODUGD}

GHULQOHúHQ|QFHVLQGHNLEWQLOLPOHULVRQUDNLOHUOHPH]FHGHQYHLFWLKDGGHUHFHVLQH XODúDQE\NELUDOLPROGX÷XLIDGHHGLOPLúWLUøOPLQHGDVÕ\ODQHúULNRQXVXQGDKÕUVOÕ GDYUDQPDVÕRQXLOLPLoLQGR÷XVH\DKDWLQHVHYNHWPLúWLUNLGR÷X\DJLGLSGHELUoRN LOPH KDL] RODUDN (QGOV¶H G|QHQ QDGLU úDKVL\HWOHUGHQ ROPXúWXU 0HPOHNHWLQH G|QG÷QGHGHLOPLQ\D\ÕOPDVÕYHJHOLúPHVLLoLQoDOÕúPÕúWÕU77_.

øOLP KD\DWÕ |QFH PHPOHNHWL GDKD VRQUD GD LOLP LoLQ \DSWÕ÷Õ VH\DKDWOHUOH úHNLOOHQPLúWLUøIDGHHWWL÷LPL]JLELLONH÷LWLPL\OHEL]]DWEDEDVÕLOJLOHQPLúWLU%XDUDGD GD\ÕVÕQGDQ GD NÕUDDW GHUVOHUL DOPÕúWÕU øEQ¶O-$UDEL \DúÕQGD .XU¶DQ¶Õ H]EHUOH\LS NÕUDDW-Õ DúHUH\L WDPDPODPÕú $UDSoD OJDW YH úLLU H÷Ltimini gördükten sonra EDEDVÕ\ODGR÷X\DJLWPLúWLUgNOLGHV¶LQNLWDEÕoJHQOHULQNHQDUHúLWOLNOHULPDWHPDWLN úHNLOOHUL JLEL SR]LWLI LOLPOHUL GH |÷UHQPLúWLU78_{$\UÕFD øEQ¶O-Arabi, memleketinde}

IÕNÕK YH XVXO GHUVL J|UPú YDD] YH WHIVLU PDNVDGÕ\OD VRKEHW HWPLúWLU79

. Hadis DOLPOHULQGHQYHLOPLQ|QGHUOHULQGHQGHUVDOPÕúWÕU'R÷X\D\DSWÕ÷ÕLOLPVH\DKDWLQGHQ |QFH(QGOV¶Q|QHPOLúHKLUOHULQHDUGÕQGDQRG|QHPOHUGHLOLPYHDOLPOHULQPHUNH]L RODQ .XUWXED¶\D JLWPLú YH RUDGDNL DOLPOHUGHQ VWDGODUGDQ GHUV DOPÕúWÕU80_{. D}_R÷X

VH\DKDWL NRQXVXQGD .DGÕ ø\D] | úXQODUÕ LIDGH HWPLúWLU ³øEQ¶O-Arabi, \ÕOÕQGD 5HELX¶O-(YYHO D\ÕQÕQ 3D]DU JQ EDEDVÕ\OD GR÷X\D JLWPHN ]HUH \ROD oÕNWÕODUùDP¶DXODúWÕODU2UDGD(EX%HNLUHW-7XUWXúLLOHNDUúÕODúWÕYHRQGDQIÕNÕKGHUVL DOGÕ\ÕOÕQGD+LFD]¶DJLWWL%D÷GDW¶DLNLQFLNH]JHOGL(EX%HNLUHú-ùDúLYHHO-*D]DOL LOH DUNDGDúOÕN \DSWÕ Hú-ùDúL YH HO-*D]DOL¶QLQ GÕúÕQGD GL÷HU DOLP YH

73_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., IV, 297.} 74_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 90.}

75_{ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX,}_{øEQ¶O-øPDG a.g.e., III, 142; es-Suyuti, a.g.e., s. 35; ed-Davudi,}

a.g.e., II, 170.

76_{es-Suyuti, a.g.e., s. 34; ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 448.}

77_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., IV, 296-297; ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e., III, 141-142;}

es-Suyuti, a.g.e., s. 34; ed-Davudi, a.g.e., II, 167-168; ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 448.

78_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 85.} 79_{ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 448.} 80_{0HúQLa.g.e., s. 22.}

(25)

HGHEL\DWoÕODUGDQ GHUV DOGÕ 6RQUD %D÷GDW¶WDQ D\UÕOGÕ 0ÕVÕU¶ÕQ øVNHQGHUL\H úHKULQGH bir ilim toSOXOX÷XLOHNDUúÕODúWÕ$UGÕQGDQ\ÕOÕQGD(QGOV¶HJHULG|QG'R÷X\D JLGLSGHRQGDQ|QFHKLoNLPVHQLQVDKLSROPDGÕ÷ÕELULOLPOHøúELOL\H¶\HG|QG´81

. 2Q\HGL\DúÕQGDEDEDVÕ\ODELUOLNWHGR÷X\ROFXOX÷XQDEDúOD\DQøEQ¶O-Arabi, LON RODUDN 0DODND *ÕUQDWD YH 0UFL\H¶\H JHOGLNOHULQGH DUDGÕNODUÕ LOLP DGDPODUÕQÕ EXODPD\ÕQFD 7XQXV¶XQ 0HGKL\\H YH .D\UDYDQ úHKLUOHULQH JHOPLúWLU %XUDGD NDUúÕODúWÕ÷ÕDOLPOHUGHQNHODPXVXOYHQDKLYGHUVLDOPÕúWÕU82_.

7XQXV¶XQ DUGÕQGDQ EDEDVÕ\OD ELUOLNWH 0ÕVÕU¶D JHOPLúWLU %XUDGD DOimlerden NHODPYHFHGHONRQXVXQGDED]ÕPHVHOHOHU|÷UHQPLúYHNXUUDPHFOLVOHULQHNDWÕOPÕúWÕU %XGHYLUGH0ÕVÕU¶D)DWÕPLOHUKDNLPGLU<HUOLYH\DEDQFÕELUoRNLOLPDGDPÕQÕQILNLU |]JUO÷QQ KDNLP ROGX÷X .XGXV¶H JLWWL÷L JLEL )DWLPLOHULQ úLL EDVNÕODUÕQGDQ buQDODQ øEQ¶O-$UDEL GH RUD\D JLWPLúWLU83_{øEQ¶O-$UDEL.XGV¶WH EXOXQDQùDILL YH}

+DQHILPH]KHSOHULQLQ WHGULV HGLOGL÷LPHGUHVHOHUGHNLGHUVOHUL YH PQDNDúDODUÕWDNLS HWWL÷LQL LIDGH HWPLúWLU ùDILL PHGUHVHVLQGH WDNLS HWWL÷L LON PQD]DUDGDQ KLoELU úH\ DQODPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ YH EX GXUXP RQXQ LOLPGHNL D]LPOH NDUDUOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ ELU GHUHFH GDKD DUWWÕUGÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWPLúWLU%DEDVÕQDGDúXQODUÕV|\OHPLúWLU³+DFFDJLWPH\HQL\HWOL\VHQ EXQXJHUoHNOHúWLU%HQEXUDGDNLOHULQLOPLQL|÷UHQPHGHQELU\HUHJLWPH\HFH÷LP´%X JD\UHWLQGHEDEDVÕRQDVRKEHWOHUL\OH\DUGÕPFÕROPXúWXU84_{%|\OHOLNOHøEQ¶O-Arabi bu}

PH]KHSOHUHLOLúNLQELOJLVLQLJHOLúWLUPLúWLU

øEQ¶O-$UDEL\ÕOÕQGDùDP¶DXODúÕU2UDGDXOHPDYHPXKDGGLVOHUGHQ ROXúDQ ELU LOLP WRSOXOX÷X\OD NDUúÕODúPÕúWÕU85_{ùDP¶GDNL H÷LWLP .XGV¶WHNine}

EHQ]HGL÷LLoLQEXúHKLUGHID]ODNDOPD\DUDN,UDN¶DGR÷UX\RODoÕNPÕúWÕU86_{. O dönemde}

%D÷GDW |QHPOL ELU LOLPPHUNH]L\GL 2UDQÕQ LOHUL JHOHQOHULQGHQ ROXúDQ ELU FHPDDWLQ

81_{0HúQLa.g.e., s. 24.}

82_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi,,%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 488.} 83_{ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX,}_{%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 488.}

84_{øEQ¶O-Arabi, Ebu Bekir Muhammed b. Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Meafiri, Kanunü’t-Te’vil,}

(Thk. Muhammed es-Süleymani), Beyrut, 1990, s. 91-94.

85_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., IV, 296; ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e., III, 141; es-Suyuti,}

a.g.e., s. 34; ed-Davudi, a.g.e., II, 167; ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 448.

(26)

\DQÕQGDLOLP|÷UHQPLúWLU87_{+DWWD%D÷GDW¶WDNLPQD]DUDODUDEL]]DWNRQXúPDFÕRODUDN}

NDWÕOPÕúWÕU88_.

%DEDVÕ\ODELUOLNWHKDFIDUL]DVÕQÕ\HULQHJHWLUPHNLoLQoÕNWÕNODUÕEX\ROFXOXNWDQ X]XQ ELU VUH JHoPHVLQH UD÷PHQ EX J|UHYOHULQL \HULQH JHWLUHPHPLúOHUGL %XQGDQ GROD\Õ \ÕOÕQGD KDF LoLQ +LFD]¶D JLWPLúOHUGLU 2UD\D JHOHQ DOLPOHUOH J|UúHUHN onlardDQ LVWLIDGH HWPLúWLU 0HGLQH¶\L GH ]L\DUHW HWWLNWHQ VRQUD +LFD]¶GD ID]OD NDOPD\DUDN WHNUDU %D÷GDW¶D G|QPúWU %XUDGD HGHEL\DWoÕODUOD NDUúÕODúPÕú DOLPOHUGHQ IÕNÕK YH XVXO GHUVL DOPÕúWÕU %XQXQOD GD \HWLQPH\HUHN %DVUD .IH YH Musul gibi yerlere gidip muhaGGLVOHUGHQKDGLVDOPÕúWÕU89_.

øEQ¶O-$UDEL\ÕOÕQGDøVNHQGHUL\H¶\HG|QPúWU%XUDGDPXKDGGLVOHUGHQ ELU JUXSOD NDUúÕODúDUDN RQODUGDQ KDGLVH GDLU ELU úH\OHU \D]PÕú \ÕOÕQGD GD (QGOV¶HJHULG|QPúWU90_.

%XVH\DKDWOHULQLQVRQXFXQGDøEQ¶O-$UDELIÕNÕKXVXOYHKDGLVND\GÕQGDLOHUL JLWPLú WHIVLUGH ULYD\HWWH oHúLWOL PHVHOHOHUGH YH NHODPGD GHULQOHúPLúWLU $\UÕFD QDKLYHGHEL\DWúLLUYHWDULKWHGHNHQGLQLJHOLúWLUPLúWLU91_.

øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ HOH DOGÕ÷ÕPÕ] Ahkamü’l-Kur’an¶ÕQGD PIHVVLULPL]LQ herhangi bir NRQX\X LúOHUNHQ VH\DKDWOHULQGH WDQÕN ROGX÷X GXUXPODUGDQ \D GD GHUV KDONDVÕQGDQ EDKVHWWL÷LQL J|UPHNWH\L]92_{$\UÕFD \DSWÕ÷Õ EX VH\DKDWOHUH LOLúNLQ EDúOÕ}

EDúÕQD Tertibu’r-5ÕKOH DGÕQGD ELU HVHUL GH PHYFXWWXU %XQX PHOOLILQ HVHUOHUL LoLQ D\ÕUGÕ÷ÕPÕ]E|OPGHHOHDODFD÷Õ]

Sonuç olarak øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ KD\DWÕ, LOLP LoLQ \DSWÕ÷Õ VH\DKDWOHUOH úHNLOOHQPLúWLU *LWWL÷L \HUOHUGH GH÷HUOL DOLPOHUOH NDUúÕODúPDVÕ ]HNDVÕ D]LP YH NDUDOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕQ GD HWNLVL\OH ELOJLVDKLEL ROXS ELUoRN |÷UHQFL \HWLúWLUPLúWLU +HP YD¶]X nasihatlHUGHEXOXQXSNDGÕOÕN\DSDUDNGHYULQGHNLLQVDQODUDKHPGHELOJLOHULQL\D]Õ\D JHoLUHUHNGH÷HUOLHVHUOHUL\OHJQP]GHNLYHJHOHFHNWHNLLQVDQODUDID\GDOÕROPXúWXU

87_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., IV, 296; ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e., III, 141; es-Suyuti,}

88_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 87-88.}

89_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., IV, 296; ed-Davudi, a.g.e.,,&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 88-89.} 90_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., IV, 296; ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e., III, 141; es-Suyuti,}

91_{ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, 201; ed-Davudi, a.g.e., II, 168; ez-Zehebi, et-Tefsir, III, 448.} 92_{øEQ¶O-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, III, 98; III, 173.}

(27)

+RFDODUÕ

øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ PXKWHOLI úHKLUOHUH LOLP LoLQ \DSPÕú ROGX÷X VH\DKDWOHUGH birçokDOLPOHYHLOLPWRSOXOXNODUÕ\ODNDUúÕODúPÕúRQODUGDQGHUVDOPÕúWÕU%L]EXUDGD HQPHúKXUODUÕQÕYHIDWWDULKOHULQLHVDVDODUDN]LNUHGHFH÷L]

a) Ebu’l-)HWK 1DVU E øEUDKLP HO-Makdisi øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ ùDP VH\DKDWL VÕUDVÕQGDNHQGLVLQGHQIÕNÕKGHUVLQL93_{DOÕS%XKDUL¶QLQ6DKLK¶LQLGLQOHGL÷LKRFDVÕGÕU}94_.

ùDILLIDNLKLYHKDGLVoLGLU\ÕOÕQGD1DEOXV¶WDGR÷PXúWXU.XGV¶HQLVEHWOH NHQGLVLQH0DNGLVLGHQLOPLúWLU7HPHOLOLPOHUL1DEOXV¶WDDOGÕNWDQVRQUD.XGVùDP 'L\DUEDNÕUJLELoHúLWOLúHKLUOHUHLOLPLoLQVH\DKDWHWPLúWLUùDP¶DJLWWL÷LQGH*D]]DOL RQGDQ IÕNÕK GHUVL DOPÕúWÕU95_{\ÕOÕQGD YHIDW HWPLúWLU Tahrimu}

Nikahi’l-Mut’a96 ve Hikayat Hisan97HVHUOHULDUDVÕQGDGÕUøEQ¶O-Arab, Ahkamü’l-.XU¶DQ¶ÕQGD RQXQJ|UúOHULQGHQLVWLIDGHHWPLúWLU98_.

b) Ebu’l-Vefa Ali b. Akil b. Muhammed b. Akil el-%D÷GDGLøEQ¶O-Arabi’nin, %D÷GDW¶D VH\DKDWL VÕUDVÕQGD NHQGLVLQGHQ ID\GDODQGÕ÷Õ DOLPOHU DUDVÕQGD \HU DODQ99

Ebu’l-9HIDXVXOLOLPOHULQHGDLUoDOÕúPDODUÕ\ODWDQÕQDQYH6HOHIL\\HLoLQGHDNÕOFÕOÕ÷ÕQ NDSÕVÕQÕ DUDOD\DQ +DQEHOL DOLPLGLU \ÕOÕQGD%D÷GDW¶WD GR÷PXúWXU 3HND]Õ +DQEHOLRODQKRFDGDQ$UDSGLOLHGHEL\DWÕIÕNÕKKDGLVNHODPWHIVLUJLELøVODPL LOLPOHUH GDLU GHUV DOPÕúWÕU .HODP LOPLQL 0XWH]LOH PH]KHELQH ED÷OÕ DOLPOHUHGHQ |÷UHQPHGL÷L LoLQ +DQEHOLOHULQ úLGGHWOL KFXPODUÕQD PDUX] NDOPÕúWÕU el-9D]ÕK IL Usuli’l-)ÕNKYH¶O-Cedel, el-øUúDGILXVXOL¶G-DinHVHUOHULDUDVÕQGDGÕU100_.

c) Ebu Bekir Muhammed b. Velid et-7XUWXúL: et-7XUWXúL \DNODúÕN +LFUL \ÕOÕQGD GR÷PXúWXU ùDILL IÕNÕKoÕVÕ RODQ (EX %HNLU Hú-ùDúL¶GHQ | /1114) ders DOPÕúWÕU101_{øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ HQ oRN VHYGL÷L KRFDODUÕ DUDVÕQGD \HU DODQ HW-7XUWXúL}

+LFUL\ÕOÕQGDYHIDWHWPLúWLU.DGÕø\D]¶ÕQGDLIDGHHWWL÷LJLELøEQ¶O-$UDELùDP¶D

93_{ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e., III, 141; ed-Davudi, a.g.e., II, 167.} 94_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 88.}

95_{Sübki, Taceddin Ebu Nasr Abdulvahhab b. Ali b. Abdülkafi, 7DEDNDW¶ú-ùDILL\\HWL¶O-Kübra,}

(Thk. Mahmud Muhammed et-Tenahi, Abdulfettah Muhammed), yrs., 1386/1967, V, 351-353; Hamdi Döndüren, ³0DNGLVv1DVUEøEUDhim”,'ø$$QNDUD;;9,,

96_{Döndüren, a.g.md., a.g.e., XXVII, 434.}

97_{Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur Erster Supplementband, E. J. Brill,}

Leiden, 1937, II, 913.

98_{øEQ¶O-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, II, 42.} 99_{%DOWDFÕDJPG, a.g.e., XX, 488.}

100_{<XVXIùHYNL<DYX]³øEQ$NLO(EX¶O-Vefâ”'ø$øVWDQEXO;,;-303.} 101_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., IV, 262-264.}

(28)

JHOGL÷L ]DPDQ HW-7XUWXúL LOH NDUúÕODúPÕú YH RQGDQ IÕNÕK GHUVL DOPÕúWÕU102_{. A}_\UÕFD

ND\QDNODUGD RQXQ %D÷GDW¶D \DSWÕ÷Õ LNL VH\DKDWLQGH103_{ve daha sonra memleketine}

G|QHUNHQ øVNHQGHUL\H¶\H X÷UDGÕ÷ÕQGD104

RQXQOD NDUúÕODúWÕ÷Õ YH RQGDQ GHUV DOGÕ÷Õ ifade edilmektedir.

d) Ebu Hamid Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Gazzali et-Tusi_(úDUL kelaPFÕVÕ ùDILL IDNLKL PXWDVDYYÕI RODUDN WDQÕQDQ DOLP \ÕOÕQGD øUDQ¶ÕQ +RUDVDQE|OJHVLQGHNL7XV¶WDEXJQN0HúKHGGQ\D\DJHOPLúWLU+FFHW¶O-øVODP YH =H\QGGLQ JLEL ODNDSODUOD DQÕOPÕúWÕU øON H÷LWLPLQH 7XV¶WD EDúODPÕú GDKD VRQUD &UFDQ¶D JLWPLúWLU (÷LWLPLQH 1LúDEXU¶GD GHYDP HGHQ *D]]DOL DUGÕQGDQ %D÷GDW 1L]DPL\H0HGUHVHVLPGHUULVOL÷LQHWD\LQHGLOPLúWLU'DKDVRQUDLQ]LYD\DoHNLOHUHN EX G|QHPGH øK\D¶ ‘Ulumi’d-Din, Bidayetü’l-Hidaye, Cevahirü’l-Kur’an, el-Maksadü’l-(VQDILùHUKL(VPD¶LOODKL¶O-HüsnaJLELoHúLWOLHVHUOHUNDOHPHDOPÕúWÕU Cemaziye’l-$KLU$UDOÕN¶GHYHIDWHWPLúYH7XV¶WDQOúDLU)LUGHYVL¶QLQ PH]DUÕQÕQ\DNÕQÕQGDGHIQHGLOPLúWLU105_{øEQ¶O-$UDELLONRODUDNùDP¶GDGDKDVRQUDGD} %D÷GDW¶DLNLJHOLúLQGHGHRQXQODNDUúÕODúPÕúYHRQGDQNHODPXVXOYHIÕNÕKGHUVOHUL DOPÕúWÕU106 øEQ¶O-$UDEL%D÷GDW¶DG|QG÷QGH*D]]DOL¶GHQøK\DX8OXPL¶G-Din DGOÕ HVHULQL GLQOHPLúWLU 2 *D]]DOL¶\H E\N GH÷HU YHUPLú YH GL÷HU KRFDODUÕQGDQ GDKD IDUNOÕELUúHNLOGH|YPúWUøEQ¶O-Arabi, Gazzali’nin eOLQGHNHPDOHHULúPLúJHUoHN ELULOLPYHID]LOHW|UQH÷LKDOLQHJHOPLúWLU*D]]DOL¶QLQED]ÕWDVDYYXILJ|UúOHULQLYH IHOVHIH\HGúNQO÷QWHQNLWHWVHGHKRFDODUÕDUDVÕQGDNHQGLVLQHHQID]ODWHVLUHGHQ NLPVHQLQ *D]]DOL ROGX÷XQX GDLPD DoÕNODPÕúWÕU107_{øEQ¶l-Arabi,}

Ahkamü’l-Kur’an¶ÕQGDKRFDVÕ*D]]DOL¶QLQJ|UúOHULQGHQLVWLIDGHHWPLúWLU108

.

e) (EX%HNLU0XKDPPHGE$OLEøVPDLOHú-ùDúLHú-ùDúL¶QLQG|QHPLQLQHQ E\NùDILLDOLPOHULQGHQPXKDGGLVOJDWoLYHúDLUROGX÷XLIDGHHGLOPLúWLU+RUDVDQ Irak, HicazYHùDPJLELRG|QHPLQLOLPPHUNH]OHULQHJLWPLúWLU109

øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin

102_{øEQ +DOOLNDQ a.g.e. ,9 øEQ¶O-øPDG a.g.e., III, 141; es-Suyuti, a.g.e., s. 34; ed-Davudi,}

a.g.e., II, 167.

103_{øEQ¶O-øPDGa.g.e., III, 141; ed-Davudi, a.g.e., II, 168.} 104_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 89.}

105_{0XVWDIDdD÷UÕFÕ“Gazzâlî”'ø$øVWDQEXO;,,,-494.}

106_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., IV, 296; ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, 198; es-Suyuti, a.g.e., s. 34; ed-Davudi, a.g.e.,}

II, 167-168.

107_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi,,%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 488-489.} 108_{øEQ¶O-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, I, 239; III, 245.}

(29)

%D÷GDW¶WD HQ ID]OD WDNGLU HWWL÷L KRFDODUÕQGDQ RODQ Hú-ùDúL \ÕOÕQGD YHIDW HWPLúWLU110_{.D\QDNODUGD øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ %D÷GDW¶D LNLQFL JHOLúLQGH RQXQOD}

NDUúÕODúWÕ÷Õ YH RQGDQ IÕNÕK GHUVL DOGÕ÷Õ JHoPHNWHGLU111_{øEQ¶O-Arabi,}

Ahkamü’l-Kur’an¶ÕQGD KRFDVÕ Hú-ùDúL¶\L \HU \HU “áü³û ®¨ÓøVODP¶ÕQ JXUXUX´112

úHNOLQGH |YPúYHJ|UúOHULQGHQLVWLIDGHHWPLúWLU113_.

f) Ebu Said ez-Zencani øEQ¶O-$UDEL ùDP VH\DKDWL VÕUDVÕQGD RQGDQ GHUV DOPÕúWÕU114_.

g) Abdullah b. Hüseyn b. Ali et-Taberi_{øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ EDEDVÕ\OD ELUOLNWH} 0HNNH¶\HKDFLoLQJLWWL÷LQGHRUDGDNHQGLVLQGHQIÕNÕKGHUVLDOGÕ÷ÕKRFDODUÕQGDQGÕU115_.

h) Ebu Zekeriyya et-Tebrizi $OODPH HGLS GL\H QLWHOHQGLULOHQ KRFDVÕ\OD %D÷GDW¶DLONJLWWL÷LQGHNDUúÕODúPÕúYHRQGDQGHUVDOPÕúWÕU116

.

2) Talebeleri

.D\QDNODUGD øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶GHQ LFD]HW DODQODU YH GR÷UXGDQ ULYD\HW HGHQOHU úHNOLQGH ELU D\ÕUÕP PHYFXWWXU %XQD J|UH EL] GH HQ PHúKXUODUÕQÕ YHIDW WDULKOHULQL HVDVDODUDNEHOLUWHFH÷L]

a) Ebu’l-Hasan Ali b. Hasan b. Muhammed b. el-.DGÕ HO-+ÕOH¶L ùDILL PH]KHELQHED÷OÕRODQHO-+ÕOH¶L+LFUL\ÕOÕQGD0ÕVÕU¶GDGR÷GX=LOKLFFHD\ÕQÕQRQ LNLVLQGH \ÕOÕQGD YHIDW HWPLúWLU117_{øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶GHQ GR÷UXGDQ ULYD\HW HGHQOHU}

DUDVÕQGD\HUDOPÕúWÕU118_.

b) Ebu’l-)D]Oø\D]E0XVDEø\D]HO-Yahsubi0DOLNLNDGÕVÕKDGLVIÕNÕKYH GLODOLPLRODQ.DGÕø\D]\ÕOÕùDEDQD\ÕRUWDODUÕQGD$UDOÕNVRQODUÕ6HEWH¶GH GR÷PXúWXU

6HEWH¶GH .DGÕ ø\D]¶GDQGDKDID]ODHVHU YHUHQ ELU DOLPLQ EXOXQPDGÕ÷Õ LIDGH HGLOPLúWLU +DGLV KDGLV XVXO YH WDULKL DODQÕQGD NÕUN FLYDUÕQGD HVHU NDOHPH DOGÕ÷Õ

110_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi, II, 88.}

111_{øEQ +DOOLNDQ a.g.e., IV, øEQ¶O-øPDG a.g.e., III, 141; es-Suyuti, a.g.e., s. 34; ed-Davudi,}

a.g.e.,,0HúQLa.g.e., s. 24.

112_{øEQ¶O-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, I, 552; II, 60.} 113_{øEQ¶O-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, II, 462; III, 107.} 114_{ed-Davudi, a.g.e.,,0HúQLa.g.e., s. 24.}

115_{ez-Zehebi, Siyer, XX, 198; ed-Davudi, a.g.e.}_{,,0HúQLa.g.e., s. 24.} 116_{ed-Davudi, a.g.e.,,0HúQLa.g.e., s. 25.}

117_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., III, 317-318.} 118_{0HúQLa.g.e., s. 38.}

(30)

EHOLUWLOPLúWLU$\UÕFDULFDO¶O-KDGLVNÕUDDWYH.XU¶DQLOLPOHULIÕNÕKYHXVXONHODP HQVDE$UDS GLOL YH HGHEL\DWÕ DODQODUÕQGD GDV|]VDKLEL ROGX÷X EHOLUWLOHQ.DGÕ ø\D] GHYULQLQ KDGLV LPDPÕ GL\H DQÕOPÕúWÕU Hú-ùLID 7HUWLE¶O-0HGDULN 0HúDULN¶O-Envar DOD6ÕQDKL¶O-Asar onun eserlerindendir119_{øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶GHQGR÷UXGDQULYD\HWHGHQOHU}

DUDVÕQGDGÕU120_.

.DGÕ ø\D] &HPD]L\H¶O-$KLU (NLP ¶GD 0DUDNHú¶WH YHIDW HWPLúWLU121_.

c) Ebu’l-_{.DVÕP+DOHIE$EGLOPHOLNE0HV¶XGE0XVDE%HúNYDOHO-Hareci} el-Ensari el-Endülisi=LOKLFFH(\OO\ÕOÕQGD.XUWXED¶GDGR÷PXúWXU øON H÷LWLPLQL .XUWXED¶GDEDEDVÕQÕQ \DQÕQGDDOGÕNWDQVRQUD øúELOL\H¶\H JLGLS øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶GHQ IÕNÕK GHUVOHUL DOPÕúWÕU %D]Õ E|OJHOHUGH NDGÕ QDLEL RODUDN J|UHY \DSPÕúWÕU122_{.XUWXEDOÕ E\N KDGLV DOLPOHULQLQ VRQXQFXVX VD\ÕODQ øEQ %HúNYDO}

KDGLVLQ\DQÕQGD0DOLNLIÕNKÕQDYH|]HOOLNHOH(QGOVWDULKLQHWDPKDNLPRODPDVÕ\OD WDQÕQPÕúWÕUKitabü’s-6ÕODIL7DULKL(¶LPPHWL¶O-Endülüs ve ez-Zeyl ala Cüz’i Baki b. Mahled fi Havzi ve’l-Kevser HVHUOHUL DUDVÕQGDGÕU 5DPD]DQ 2FDN \ÕOÕQGD .XUWXED¶GD YHIDW HWPLúWLU123 _{øEQ¶O-Arabi’den icazet alan}

|÷UHQFLOHULQGHQGLU124_.

d) Ebu Zeyd Abdurrahman b. Abdillah es-Süheyli øEQ¶O-Arabi’den icazet DODQ|÷UHQFLOHULDUDVÕQGD\HUDODQHV-Süheyli125_{+LFUL\ÕOÕQGDGR÷PXúùDEDQ}

&XPDJQ\ÕOÕQGD0DUDNHú¶WHYHIDWHWPLúWLU(VHUOHULDUDVÕQGD Netaic’ül Fikr, etTa’rif ve’l-ø¶ODP\HUDOPDNWDGÕU126_.

C) Eserleri

øEQ¶O-$UDEL GH÷HUOL úDKVL\HWOHUGHQ DOGÕ÷Õ LOPLQL NHVNLQ ]HNDVÕ YH NXYYHWOL KDIÕ]DVÕ\OD \R÷XUGXNWDQ VRQUD ELUoRN DODQGD GH÷HULQL NRUX\DQ NÕ\PHWOL HVHUOHU YHUPLúWLU)DNDWøúELOL\H¶GHNDGÕOÕNWDQD\UÕOÕUPDVÕ\ODVRQXoODQDQROD\ODUGDHVHUOHULQLQ

119_{0<DúDU.DQGHPLU³.kGvø\k]´'ø$øVWDQEXO96, XXIV, 116-117.} 120_{0HúQLa.g.e., s. 38.}

121_{Kandemir, a.g.md., a.g.e., XIV, 116-117.}

122_{Nadir Özkuyumcu, ³øEQ%HúNYkO´'ø$øVWDQEXO;,;}

123_{øEQ +DOOLNDQ a.g.e., II, 240-241; Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur}

Erster Supplementband, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1937, I, 580; Özkuyumcu, a.g.md., a.g.e., XIX, 337.

124_{0HúQLa.g.e., s. 39.}

125_{0HúQLa.g.e.V%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 489.} 126_{øEQ+DOOLNDQa.g.e., III, 143-144.}

(31)

ELUNÕVPÕ\DNÕOPÕúWÕU$\UÕFDPDWEDDQÕQROPDPDVÕYHRQXQYHIDWÕQGDQNÕVDELUVUH VRQUD ONHVLQLQ +ÕULVWL\DQODU WDUDIÕQGDQ LúJDO HGLOLS IHODNHWH X÷UDPDVÕ VHEHEL\OH PHOOLILQELUoRNHVHULQHXODúÕODPDPÕúWÕU127_.

øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ HVHUOHULQLQ VD\ÕVÕ KDNNÕQGD (EX¶O-9HID (EX øVKDN %XUKDQGGLQøEUDKLPE$OLE0XKDPPHGE)HUKXQ|RQEHú$KPHG E 0XKDPPHG 0DNNDUL | RWX] o VD\ÕVÕQÕ YHULUNHQ oD÷GDú DUDúWÕUPDFÕODUEXVD\Õ\ÕVHNVHQVHNL]HoÕNDUWPÕúODUGÕU128_.

0HOOLILQ NLWDSODUÕQÕ PDKWXW YH PDWEX¶ QVKDODUÕQÕ YHULUNHQ HQ oRN 6DLP Yeprem’in KD]ÕUODGÕ÷Õ YHUL JLULúL ø6$0 WDUDIÕQGDQ \DSÕODQHOLPL]GHNL KDOL\OH NWSKDQHQLQ WRSODP NLWDEÕQÕ LKWLYD HGHQ .WSKDQH 3URJUDPÕ¶QGDQ \DUDUODQGÕN $\UÕFD øEQ¶O- $UDEL¶QLQ KD\DWÕ\OD LOJL ELOJL HGLQGL÷LQL] WDEDNDW NLWDSODUÕQGDQ %URFNHOPDQQ¶ÕQ Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur Erster Supplementband DGOÕ NDWDORJXQGDQ , - $KPHW %DOWDFÕ¶QÕQ 'ø$¶GD \D]GÕ÷Õ³øEQ¶O-Arabî, Ebû Bekir” maddesinden (XX, 488-YH0XVWDIDøEUDKLP 0HúQL¶QLQøEQ¶O-Arabi el-Maliki el-øúELOLYH7HIVLUXKX$KNamü’l-Kur’an (s. 28-33) isimli eserinden istifade ettik.

7HN ELU DODQOD VÕQÕUOÕ NDOPD\ÕS ELUoRN GDOGD LKWLVDV VDKLEL RODQ øEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQ HVHUOHULQGHQ ELUNDoÕQÕ EDúOÕNODUD D\ÕUDUDN YHUPH\L X\JXQ EXOX\RUX] %X EDúOÕNODUÕYHHVHUOHULDOIDEHWLNRODUDNVÕUDODGÕN

1) Akaid ve Usulü’d-Din

øEQ¶O-$UDEL VH\DKDWOHUL VÕUDVÕQGD NDUúÕODúWÕ÷Õ DOLPOHUGHQ NHODP GHUVL DOPÕú YHHOGHHWWL÷LELOJLOHULQLQÕúÕ÷ÕQGDEXDODQGDGH÷HUOLHVHUOHUWHOLIHWPLúWLU

1. el-$YDVÕPPLQH¶O-.DYDVÕPøEQ¶O-$UDEL¶QLQDNDLGDODQÕQGD\D]GÕ÷Õ önemli eserlerindendir129%XHVHUPDWEXGXUYHoHúLWOLNWSKDQHOHUGHPHYFXWWXU6O.WS d.n., 619, el-Matbaatü’s-6HOHIL\\H .DKLUH 7'9 ø6$0 .WS *HQHO %OP GQ 892K, Thk. Muhibüddin, Celal Ökten Blm., Kahire, el-Matbaatü’s-Selefiyye, 1978; 0hø.F. Ktp., Thk. Hatip Muhibüddin, Genel Blm., dn., 1013, Daru’s-Suudiyye,

127_{&HUUDKR÷OXTefsir Tarihi,,%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 489-490.} 128_{%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 490.}

(32)

&LGGH 0hø).WS 7KN 0XKLEGGLQ HO-Hatip, Emir Blm., d.n., 110, es-Selefiyye ve Mektebetuha, Kahire, 1399.

2. el-Emedü’l-$NVDILùHUKL(VPDL¶O-llahi’l-+VQDYH6ÕIDWLKL’l-‘Ula.ÕVPHQ IDUNOÕLVLPOHUOHND\GHGLOHQHVHU$OODK¶ÕQLVLPYHVÕIDWODUÕQÕNRQXHGLQLU(VHULQ\D]PD QVKDODUÕPHYFXWWXU130

YHúXNWSKDQHOHUGH\HUDOPDNWDGÕU+DFÕ6HOLP$÷D .WS +DFÕ6HOLP$÷D%OPGQ6O.WSùHKLG$OL3DúD%OPGQ; T.D.V. ø6$0 .WS *HQHO <D]PD %OP GQ )RWRNRSL QVKD øEQ¶O-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an¶ÕQGDEXHVHULQGHQ\DUDUODQPÕúYHRQDDWÕIODUGDEXOXQPXúWXU131_.

3. Kanunu’t-Te’vil øEQ¶O-Arabi, eserin mukaddimesinde Kanun fi Te’vil li Ulumi’t-Tenzil DGÕQGDn söz etse de eser, NLWDEÕQ \D]PD QVKDODUÕQGD YH NODVLN kaynaklarda Kanunu’t-Te’vil DGÕ\OD ]LNUHGLOPLúWLU øOPLQ |QHPL ND\QD÷Õ oHúLWOHUL UXK YH EHGHQ WH¶YLO NXUDOODUÕ YH |UQHNOHUL úHNOLQGH oHúLWOL NRQXODUÕ LoHUHQ NLWDS \ÕOÕQGD HGHELELU VOXSODWHOLIHGLOPLúWLU(VHU0XKDPPHGHV-Süleymani WDUDIÕQGDQ%H\UXW&LGGH'DUX¶O-.ÕEOH132

, 1986, Beyrut Müessesetü Ulumi’l-Kur’an133 \ÕOODUÕQGD ROPDN ]HUH o NH] QHúUHGLOPLúWLU134_{$\UÕFD NLWDS úX}

NWSKDQHOHUGH GH EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 7'9 ø6$0 .WS Genel Blm., d.n., 021239, Thk. Muhammed es-Süleymani, Daru’l-Garbi’l-øVODPL%H\UXW'(h).WS d.n., 37147, Thk. Muhammed es-Süleymani, Daru’l-Garbi’l-øVODPL%H\UXW

4. Kitabü’n-Nübüvvat øEQ¶O-Arabi’nin bu alandaki eserlerindendir135_.

TabaNDWPHOOLIOHULWDUDIÕQGDQNHQGLVLQHQLVEHWHGLOPLúWLU136_.

5. el-Muksit: Müellif Ahkamü’l-Kur’an¶ÕQGD PXFL]HOHU YH úDUWODUÕQÕ LKWLYD eden bu eserine137DWÕIWDEXOXQPXúWXU138_.

6. el-0úNLOH\Q øEQ¶O-$UDEL .XU¶DQ YH VQQHWLQ PúNLOOHULQL HOH DODQ EX eserine139 Ahkamü’l-Kur’an¶ÕQGD]DPDQ]DPDQDWÕIWDEXOXQPXúWXU140_.

130_{%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 488.}

131_{øEQ¶O-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, I, 367; II, 337.} 132_{0HúQLa.g.e., s. 32.} 133_Me_{úQLa.g.e., s. 32.} 134_{%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 490.} 135_{0HúQLa.g.e., s. 33.} 136_{%DOWDFÕa.g.md., a.g.e., XX, 491.} 137_{0HúQLa.g.e., s. 32.} 138_{øEQ¶O-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, I, 40; I, 650.} 139_{0HúQLa.g.e., s. 32.}