Silis dumanı katkılı betonlarda polipropilen lif kullanımının beton özelliklerine etkilerinin araştırılması
100
0
0
Tam metin
(2)
(3) g16g=. <NVHNOLVDQVWH]SURJUDPÕPÕQ\UWOPHVLHVQDVÕQGDoDOÕúPDODUÕPD\|QYHUHQELOJL YH \DUGÕPODUÕQÕ HVLUJHPH\HQ GDQÕúPDQ KRFDP VD\ÕQ 'Ro 'U 0HKPHW 6$5,%,<,.¶D <NVHN OLVDQV WH] oDOÕúPDP HVQDVÕQGD GHQH\VHO oDOÕúPDODUÕQ \UWOPHVLQGH NDWNÕODUÕQÕ HVLUJHPH\HQ GH÷HUOL EDEDP <UG 'Ro 'U 0DQVXU 6h0(5¶H YH EDQD PDGGL YH PDQHYL KHU WUO GHVWH÷L YHUHQ $LOHPH VRQVX] WHúHNNUOHULPLVXQDUÕP. %HWO6h0(5 +$=ø5$1 2012. ii.
(4) ødø1'(.ø/(5. g16g= ........................................................................................................................ ii ødø1'(.ø/(5 ........................................................................................................... iii ù(.ø//(5 /ø67(6ø .................................................................................................. vi TABLOLAR /ø67(6ø ............................................................................................... vii g=(7........................................................................................................................... ix SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. x %g/h0 *ø5øù .......................................................................................................................... 1 %g/h0 %(721.$7.,0$''(/(5ø .................................................................................. 4 .DWNÕ0DGGHOHULQLQ7DQÕPÕ ............................................................................... 4 .DWNÕ0DGGHOHULQLQ%HWRQg]HOOLNOHULQH(WNLOHUL .............................................. 5 6HJUHJDV\RQ $\UÕúPD
(5) .............................................................................. 6 øúOHQHELOPH ................................................................................................. 6 .ÕYDP ......................................................................................................... 7 2.2.4. d|NPHGH÷HUL ............................................................................................. 7 6XLKWL\DFÕ................................................................................................... 7 3UL]DOPDYHSUL]VUHVL .............................................................................. 8 2.2.7. Terleme ...................................................................................................... 8 %HWRQGD\DQÕPÕ .......................................................................................... 9 %HWRQXQGD\DQÕPND]DQPDKÕ]Õ ................................................................. 9 'D\DQÕNOÕOÕN .............................................................................................. 9 2.2.11. Ekonomiklik ............................................................................................. 9 .DWNÕ0DGGHOHULQLQ8\JXODPD(VDVODUÕ .......................................................... 10 .LP\DVDO.DWNÕ0DGGHOHUL .............................................................................. 13 iii.
(6) 2.4.1. Su-D]DOWÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL DNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕODU
(7) ....................................... 14 2.4.2. Priz-JHFLNWLULFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL ................................................................ 22 2.4.3. Priz-KÕ]ODQGÕUÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL .............................................................. 24 +DYDVUNOH\LFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL ............................................................. 26 2.5. MLQHUDO.DWNÕ0DGGHOHUL ................................................................................. 32 3X]RODQLNPDO]HPHOHUKDNNÕQGDJHQHODoÕNODPDODU ................................. 33 'R÷DOSX]RODQODU ...................................................................................... 35 2.5.3. Yapay puzolanlar ..................................................................................... 36 %g/h0 6ø/ø6'80$1/,.$7KILI BETONLAR ............................................................... 39 6LOLV'XPDQÕ .................................................................................................... 39 6LOLV'XPDQÕQÕQ)L]LNVHOg]HOOLNOHUL ............................................................... 39 3.2.1. Renk ......................................................................................................... 39 øQFHOLN ....................................................................................................... 40 g]JOD÷ÕUOÕN............................................................................................. 40 *HYúHNELULPD÷ÕUOÕN ................................................................................. 40 6XLKWL\DFÕYHSX]RODQLNDNWLYLWH .............................................................. 41 6LOLV'XPDQÕQ.LP\DVDOg]HOOLNOHULYH.RPSR]LV\RQX ................................. 42 6LOLV'XPDQÕQÕQ%HWRQg]HOOLNOHULQH(WNLOHUL ................................................. 43 3.4.1. Taze beton |]HOOLNOHUL]HULQHHWNLVL......................................................... 43 6HUWOHúPLúEHWRQ|]HOOLNOHUL]HULQHHWNLVL................................................ 46 6LOLV'XPDQÕ.RQXVXQGD6WDQGDUWODU .............................................................. 48 %g/h0 BETONDA Lø)/(5ø1.8//$1,0, ...................................................................... 49 4.1. LiIOHU+DNNÕQGD*HQHO%ilgiler ....................................................................... 49 4.2. Polimer LiI.DWNÕOÕ6DKD%HWRQODUÕ ................................................................. 50 4.2.1. 3ROLPHUOLIOHULQ\DSÕVÕYH|]HOOLNOHUL ......................................................... 50 3ROLPHUOLIOLVDKDEHWRQODUÕQÕQ|]HOOLNOHUL ................................................. 51 3ROLSURSLOHQ/LI.DWNÕOÕ%HWRQODU .................................................................... 53 4.3.1. Polipropilen lif ......................................................................................... 53 3ROLSURSLOHQOLIOHULQVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ ....................................................... 54 iv.
(8) 4.3.3. Polipropilen liflerin SHUIRUPDQVODUÕ.......................................................... 55 3ROLSURSLOHQOLIOHULQEHWRQDNDWÕOÕúÕYHNXOODQÕPRUDQODUÕ ......................... 56 3ROLSURSLOHQOLIOLEHWRQXQWHNQLN|]HOOLNOHUL ............................................. 57 3ROLSURSLOHQOLIOHULQNXOODQÕPDODQODUÕ ...................................................... 58 %g/h0 SAHA BETONLARI ............................................................................................... 63 6DKD%HWRQODUÕ+DNNÕQGDGenel Bilgiler .......................................................... 63 6DKD%HWRQODUÕQGD.DUúÕODúÕODQ6RUXQODUYHd|]POHUi .................................. 65 %g/h0 '(1(<6(/d$/,ù0$/$5 .................................................................................... 67 'HQH\VHOdDOÕúPDQÕQ$PDFÕ ........................................................................... 67 'HQH\GH.XOODQÕODQ0DO]HPHOHU..................................................................... 67 6.2.1. Agrega ...................................................................................................... 67 3RUWODQGoLPHQWRVX ................................................................................... 68 .LP\DVDONDWNÕ ........................................................................................ 69 6.2.4. Polipropilen lif ......................................................................................... 69 6LOLVGXPDQÕ .............................................................................................. 70 %HWRQ.DUÕúÕP2UDQODUÕ ................................................................................... 71 'HQH\6RQXoODUÕQÕQøUGHOHQPHVL ..................................................................... 72 6RQXoYH'H÷HUOHQGLUPH ................................................................................ 83. KAYNAKLAR .......................................................................................................... 86 g=*(d0øù ............................................................................................................... 89. v.
(9) ù(.ø//(5/ø67(6ø. ùHNLO. Segragasyona X÷UDPÕúNRORQ««««««. 6. ùHNLO.. .LP\DVDONDWNÕPDGGHOHUL«««««««««««««««. 13. ùHNLO.. +DYDVUNOH\LFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL««««««««««««. 17. ùHNLO.. 0LQHUDONDWNÕPDGGHOHUL««««««««««««««««. 32. ùHNLO.. $JUHJDODUÕQJUDQORPHWULH÷ULVL«««««««««««««. 68. ùHNLO.. FP¶OLNNSQXPXQHOHUL«««««««««««««««. 72. ùHNLO.. [[FP¶OLNSODNQXPXQHOHUL«««««««««««« 72. ùHNLO.. /LIVL]NLULúH÷LOPHGHQH\L««««««««««««««« 76. ùHNLO. /LIOLNLULúH÷LOPHGHQH\L«««««««««««««««« 77. ùHNLO. ('HYDP
(10) /LIOLNLULúH÷LOPHGHQH\L««««««««««««. 78. ùHNLO.. 'HYDP
(11) /LIOLNLULúH÷LOPHGHQH\L««««««««««««. 79. ùHNLO.. %DVÕQoGD\DQÕPODUÕQÕQGH÷LúLPL«««««««««««««. 80. ùHNLO.. %HWRQODUGDVXHPPHRUDQODUÕQÕQGH÷LúLPL«««««««««. 81. ùHNLO.. (÷LOPHGD\DQÕPODUÕQÕQGH÷LúLPL«««««««««««««. 82. ùHNLO .. %DVÕQoVXHPPHYHH÷LOPHGD\DQÕPODUÕQÕQGH÷LúLPL«««««. 83. vi.
(12) 7$%/2/$5/ø67(6ø. Tablo 2.1.. 6XD]DOWÕFÕDNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLW NÕYDPGD
(13) «. Tablo 2.2.. <NVHNRUDQGDVXD]DOWÕFÕVSHUDNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕNDWNÕODULoLQHN |]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDP
(14) «««««««««««««««««. Tablo 2.3.. 15. 16. <NVHNRUDQGDVXD]DOWÕFÕVSHUDNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕNDWNÕODULoLQHN |]HOOLNOHU HúLWVXoLPHQWRRUDQGD
(15) ««««««««««««. 16. Tablo 2.4.. 6XWXWXFXNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(16) «««««. 17. Tablo 2.5.. +DYDVUNOH\LFLNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(17) ««« 18. Tablo 2.6.. 6HUWOHúPH\LKÕ]ODQGÕUÕFÕNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(18). Tablo 2.7.. 6XJHoLULPVL]OLNNDWNÕODUÕLoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGDYH\D HúLW6dRUDQÕQGD
(19) a««««««««««««««««««. Tablo 2.8.. 20. 3UL]JHFLNWLULFL\NVHNRUDQGDVXD]DOWÕFÕVSHUSOkVWLNOHúWLULFL NDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(20) ««««««««««. Tablo 2.10.. 19. 3UL] JHFLNWLULFL VX D]DOWÕFÕ SOkVWLNOHúWLULFL NDWNÕODU LoLQ HN |]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(21) ««««««««««««««««. Tablo 2.9.. 18. 21. 3UL]JHFLNWLULFL\NVHNRUDQGDVXD]DOWÕFÕVSHUSOkVWLNOHúWLULFL NDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLW6dRUDQÕQGD
(22) ««««««««. 21. Tablo 2.11.. 3UL]JHFLNWLULFLNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(23) ««« 23. Tablo 2.12.. 3UL]KÕ]ODQGÕUÕFÕNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(24) «««. Tablo 2.13.. %HWRQXQ \HWHUOL GRQ GD\DQÕNOÕOÕ÷ÕQD VDKLS RODELOPHVL LoLQ Amerikan EHWRQHQVWLWVWDUDIÕQGDQ|QHULOHQKDYDPLNWDUODUÕ«. 25. 31. Tablo 2.14.. %D]ÕGR÷DOSX]RODQODUGDNLRNVLWOHULQPLNWDUÕ 36. Tablo 3.1.. 6LOLV GXPDQÕQÕQ SX]RODQLN DNWLYLWHVLQLQ YH VX LKWL\DFÕQÕQ XoXFX. Tablo 3.2.. NOYHGR÷DOSX]RODQ LOHNDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ«««««««««. 41. 6LOLVGXPDQÕQÕQNLP\DVDONRPSR]LV\RQX RODUDN
(25) «««««. 42. vii.
(26) Tablo 4.1.. 3ROLPHUOLIOHULQIL]LNVHO|]HOOLNOHUL«««««««««««« 50. Tablo 4.2.. 3ROLSURSLOHQOLIOHULQWHNQLN|]HOOLNOHUL««««««««««« 55. Tablo 4.3.. 3ROLSURSLOHQOLINXOODQÕPGR]DMODUÕ««««««««««««. Tablo 5.1. 3ODNKDUHNHWOHULQLQROXúWX÷XWLSLNG|QHPOHU«««««««« 64. Tablo 6.1.. $JUHJDODUÕQJUDQORPHWULGHQH\VRQXoODUÕYH|]JOD÷ÕUOÕNODUÕ« 68. Tablo 6.2.. dLPHQWRQXQg]HOLNOHUL«««««««««««««««« 69. Tablo 6.3.. 3ROLSURSLOHQOLIOHULQ|]HOLNOHUL«««««««««««««« 70. Tablo 6.4.. 6LOLVGXPDQÕQÕQ|]HOLNOHUL««««««««««««««« 70. Tablo 6.5.. 1 m3¶HJLUHQPDO]HPHPLNWDUODUÕYHEHWRQNRGODPDODUÕ«««« 71. Tablo 6.6.. %HWRQEDVÕQoGD\DQÕPODUÕ««««««««««««««« 73. Tablo 6.7.. %HWRQODUÕQVXHPPHGH÷HUOHUL«««««««««««««« 74. Tablo 6.8.. %HWRQODUÕQH÷LOPHGHQH\LVRQXoODU«««««««««««« 75. viii. 57.
(27) g=(7. Anahtar Kelimeler: %HWRQWHNQRORMLVL(QGVWUL\HO$WÕN6LOLV'XPDQÕ, Polipropilen Lif %HWRQODUÕQ ED]Õ |]HOOLNOHULQL L\LOHúWLUPHN LoLQ oHúLWOL PLQHUDO NDWNÕODU YH OLIler NDWÕOPDNWDGÕU.XOODQÕODQPLQHUDONDWNÕODUGDQELULGHVLOLVGXPDQÕGÕUBetona optimum PLNWDUGD VLOLV GXPDQÕ HNOHQPHVL KLGUDWDV\RQ ÕVÕVÕQÕ GúUPHVL \ksek hedef GD\DQÕPÕ YH GúN SHUPHDELOLWH VD÷ODPDVÕ DONDOL VLOLND UHDNVL\RQXQX YH Vlfat etkisini NRQWURODOWÕQDDOPDVÕ JLELELUoRN\DUDUODUVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU6LOLVGXPDQÕNDWNÕVÕ agrega-oLPHQWR DUD \]H\ E|OJHVLQL VÕNÕODúWÕUDUDN GDKD ERúOXNVX] YH GDKD PXNDYHPHWL \NVHN EHWRQODU HOGH HGLOPHVLQL VD÷ODU %XQD NDUúÕQ VLOLV GXPDQÕQÕn LúOHQHELOLUOL÷L GúUPHVL JLEL ROXPVX] HWNLOHUL GH YDUGÕU %HWRQGDNL RSWLPXP VLOLV GXPDQÕ PLNWDUÕ EX HWNLOHULQ J|UHFHOL GH÷HUOHULQH ED÷OÕ RODUDN EHOLUOHQLU YH oimento, DJUHJDDNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕNDWNÕWLSYHPLNWDUODUÕLOHEDNÕPNRúXOODUÕ JLELIDNW|UOHUGHQGH etkilenir. 6LOLVGXPDQÕQÕQROXPVX]\|QOHULQLL\LOHúWLUPHNLoLQSROLPHUOLINXOODQÕODELOLUPolimer OLIOHUGHQEHWRQDNDWÕODQYHHQL\LVRQXFXYHUHQYHHQ\D\JÕQNXOODQÕODQÕSROLSURSLOHQ OLIOHUGLU3ROLSURSLOHQOLIEHWRQXQLoLQGHoER\XWOXELUPLNURGRQDWÕD÷ROXúWXUDrak, EHWRQGD GR÷DO RODUDN YDUOÕ÷Õ NDEXOOHQLOHQ HNVLNOLN YH ]DDIODUÕ D]DOWÕS EHWRQXQ ED]Õ |]HOOLNOHULQL L\LOHúWLUHELOLUOHU %X oDOÕúPDGD HQGVWUL\HO ELU DWÕN PDO]HPH RODQ VLOLV GXPDQÕQÕQVDKDEHWRQXQGDNXOODQÕPÕQÕQEHWRQ|]HOOLNOHUL]HULQHHWNLOHULLQFHOHQPLú ve VLOLV GXPDQÕQÕQ EHWRQ ]HULQGHNL ED]Õ ROXPVX] HWNLOHULQL L\LOHúWLUPHN LoLQ SROLSURSLOHQOLINDWÕODUDNEHWRQ|]HOOLNOHUL]HULQGHNLHWNLOHULDUDúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU. ix.
(28) SUMMARY. Keywords:. Concrete Technology, Industrial Waste, Silica Fume, Polypropylene. Fiber Concretes with mineral admixtures and fibers, participates in a variety of facilities to improve some. One of the contributions of Silica Fume on mineral. The optimum amount of heat of hydration to reduce the addition of silica fume concrete, high strength and low permeability to provide the target, the effect of alkali-silica reaction and sulfate provides many benefits like getting under control. Firming the contribution of silica fume, aggregate-cement paste interfacial zone of high strength concrete will result in more and more spaces. However, there are also negative effects, such as silica fume to reduce workability. The optimum amount of silica fume in concrete due to these effects is determined by the relative values of the cement, aggregates, plasticizer additives are also affected by factors such as type and quantity with the maintenance requirements. Polymer fiber can be used to improve the negative aspects of silica fume. Polymer fibers participating in the concrete and resulting in the best and the most commonly used polypropylene fibers. Polypropylene fiber reinforcement in the concrete threedimensional network by creating a micro, deficiencies and weaknesses in concrete kabullenilen reduce the presence of naturally heal some of the features of the concrete. In this study, the use of an industrial waste material The concretes with silica fume concrete on the properties of the field were investigated and some negative effects on concrete with silica fume concrete to improve the properties of polypropylene fiber on joining were investigated.. x.
(29) %g/h0*ø5øù. *QP]GHDUWDQQIXVLOHELUOLNWHWRSOX\DúDPDODQODUÕQÕQJHQLúlemesi; buna ba÷OÕ olarak RUWD\D oÕNDQ EDUÕQPD VD÷OÕN e÷LWLP ulaúÕP JLEL LKWL\DoODUÕQ WHPLQL JHUHNLU %X LKWL\DoODUÕQ JLGHULOPHVL LoLQ NRQXW hastane, okul, baraj, yol, iú yerleri vs. inúD edilmesi gerekmektedir %X DúDPDGD EHWRQ X\JXODPD NROD\OÕ÷Õ sa÷ODPOÕ÷Õ YH QLVSHWHQXFX]ROPDVÕ QHGHQL\OHYD]JHoLOPH]ELU \DSÕPDO]HPHVLGLU*QP]GHHQ oRNNXOODQÕODQ\DSÕPDO]HPHVLRODQEHWRQ DJUHJDoLPHQWRVXYHJHUHNWL÷LQGHED]Õ NDWNÕPDGGHOHULQLQELUOLNWHNDUÕOPDVÕ\ODHOGHHGLOHQELU\DSÕPDO]HPHVLGLU %HWRQXQoRNNXOODQÕODQELU\DSÕPDO]HPHVLROPDVÕQÕQEDúOÕFDQHGHQOHULDúDJÕGDNLJLEL VÕQÕIODQGÕUÕODELOLU 1. 7DVDUÕPODUÕX\JXODPDNROD\OÕ÷Õ 2. 'D\DQÕPÕQÕQ\NVHNROPDVÕ 3. UcX]YHELOHúHQOHULQLQWHPLQLQLQNROD\ROPDVÕ 4. dHYUHúDUWODUÕQDGD\DQÕNOÕROPDVÕ 5. hUHWLPLQLQGL÷HU\DSÕPDO]HPHOHULQHJ|UHGDKDD]HQHUMLJHUHNWLUPHVL 6RQ \ÕOODUGD \DSÕODQ GHQH\VHO DUDúWÕUPDODU VRQXFXQGD EHWRQGD oDWODPDODUÕQ PHNDQL]PDODUÕ E\N RUDQGD DQODúÕOPÕú YH oHVLWOL o|]POHU JHOLútirilmiútir. d|]POHUGHQ ELUL GH oRN HVNL ELU X\JXODPD RODQ OLI NXOODQÕPÕ ROPXúWXU. Eski GHYLUOHUGH PLPDU YH PKHQGLVOHU \DSÕODUÕQÕ ]DPDQÕQ WDKULS HGLFL HWNLOHULQH NDUúÕ NRUXPDN LoLQ VDPDQ KD\YDQ NÕOODUÕ YE do÷DO OLIOHUL NXOODQDUDN PDNUR GRQDWÕ tekni÷LQL X\JXODPÕúODUGÕU hONHPL]GH EXQXQOD LOJLOL en eski uygulamaya Troia ND]ÕODUÕ VÕUDVÕQGD UDVWODQPÕúWÕU YH 0g \ÕOODUÕQD DLW ROGX÷X VDSWDQPÕúWÕU 2 E|OJHGH \Dúayan insanlar piúmiú tu÷OD LOH \DSÕODQ |UPH GXYDU ]HULQGHNL VÕYDODUGD VDPDQ o|S YH NHoL NÕOÕ NXOODQDUDN PLNUR GRQDWÕ WHNQRORMLVLQLQ LON |UQHNOHULQL JHUoHNOHútirmiúOHUGLU..
(30) 2. DolayÕVÕ LOH \DSÕ PDO]HPHOHUL LoHULVLQGH OLI NXOODQÕPÕ DQWLN G|QHPOHUGHQ EHUL VUHJHOHQ ELU X\JXODPD QLWHOL÷indedir. øON |UQHNOHULQL NHUSLo LoHULVLQGH VDPDQ NXOODQÕPÕ\ODJ|UOHQOLINXOODQÕPÕ JQP]GHoHOLNOLIWDNYL\HOLEHWRQ FDP HO\DIOÕ beton, SROLSURSLOHQOLIOLEHWRQJLELX\JXODPDODUODoHVLWOLOLNYHLúlevsellik ND]DQPÕúWÕU %X NRQXGD \DSÕODQ LON |QHPOL oDOÕúPD \ÕOÕQGD FDP OLIL NXOODQÕODUDN UHWLOHQ EHWRQODUÕQ PHNDQLN |]HOOLNOHULQLQ DUDúWÕUÕOPDVÕGÕr. Sentetik liflerin elastisite PRGOOHULQLQEHWRQXQNLQGHQGDKDGVNROPDVÕQHGHQL\OHEXWUPDO]HPHOHUEHWRQXQ PHNDQLN|]HOOLNOHULQLID]ODHWNLOHPHPHNWHGLU. %HWRQXQ LoHULVLQGHNL VX\XQ IL]LNVHO YHYH\D NLP\DVDO QHGHQOHUOH D]DOPDVÕ VRQXFX KDFLPVHOE]OPHPH\GDQDJHOPHNWHGLU%HWRQPDWULNVLLoHULVLQGHIDUNOÕJHULOPHOHULQ YH GHIRUPDV\RQODUÕQ ROXúPDVÕQD YH QLKD\HWLQGH PLNUR oDWODNODUÕQ ROXúPDVÕQD VHEHEL\HW YHUHQ EX ROD\ LOHULNL \DVODUGD oHVLWOL IL]Lksel ve kimyasal nedenlerle oDWODNODUÕQ JHQLúlemesini,. EDúODQJÕoWD JHoLULPOLOL÷L GúN RODQ EHWRQODUÕQ. JHoLULPOLOL÷inin erken yaúODUGDDUWPDVÕQD\RODoPDNWDGÕU. Ba÷OD\ÕFÕoLPHQWRKDPXUXQXQoHVLWOLER\XWODUGDNLDJUHJDGDQHOHULQLELUDUDGDWXWDUDN meydana getiren malzeme olan betonda, gerek taze durumdayken oluúDQ E]OPH (plastik. E]OPH
(31) JHUHNVH VHUWOHúmemiú. durumdayken. oluúDQ E]OPHOHU. KLGUDWDV\RQ E]OPHVL karbonatlaúPD E]OPHVL NXUXPD E]OPHVL
(32) NÕOFDO oDWODNODUÕQ ROXúPDVÕQD QHGHQ ROPDNWDGÕr +Lo \NOHQPHPLú durumda bile beton ED]HQ oDWOD\DELOLU %X oDWODNODUÕQ oRN GHULQ ROPDPDVÕ KDOLQGH EHWRQXQ Pekanik GD\DQÕPÕQÕ D]DOWDFDN HWNLOHUL \RNWXU $QFDN ]DPDQOD EHWRQ \]H\LQH GÕúDUÕGDQ HWNL HGHELOHFHN GÕú HWNHQOHU |QFHOLNOL LUL DJUHJD ± oLPHQWR DUD \]H\LQGHNL DGHUDQV ba÷ÕQGDQ EDúOD\DUDN Lo\DSÕGD NDGHPHOL ELU KDVDU ROXúturur ve PHYFXW NÕOFDO oDWODNODUÕGDKDGHULQoDWODNODUKDOLQHG|QúWUHELOLU%XGDEHWRQXQ GD\DQÕNOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕQ D]DOPDVÕQD\RODoPDNWDGÕU %HWRQ X\JXODPDODUÕQGD VÕNOÕNOD NDUúÕODúÕODQ SUREOHPOHULQ EDúÕQGD SXOODQPD ufalanma, SDUoDODQPDSDWODPDWR]XPD aúÕQPDNHQDUYHN|úHNÕUÕNODUÕJHOPHNtedir. <DSÕODQ araúWÕUPDODU EX SUREOHPOHULQ EHWRQ \]H\LQGH ROXúDQ NRQWUROV] YH DúÕUÕ oLPHQWR KDPXUX ELULNPHVLQGHQ ND\QDNODQGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHUPLúWLU dLPHQWR KDPXUX ELULNLPLoLPHQWRQXQ cinsine, inceli÷LQHYHPLNWDUÕQDDJUHJDWDQHGD÷ÕOÕPÕQDEHWRQ.
(33) 3. NÕYDPÕQDYLEUDV\RQPHWRGXQDYHVUHVLQHVXoLPHQWRRUDQÕQDEHWRQNDOÕQOÕ÷ÕQDYH yerleúWLUPH\|QWHPLQH ba÷OÕGÕU. <DSÕODQDUDúWÕUPDODUGDKDVDUD\RODoDQIDNW|UQDGHUDQVED÷ÕQGDQND\QDNODQGÕ÷ÕYH WHNUDUODUÕQ JHULOPH-úekil de÷LVWLUPH |]HOOLNOHULQL HWNLOHGL÷i ortayD oÕNPÕúWÕr. *HOHQHNVHO EHWRQ WLSLN RODUDN oHNPH GD\DQÕPÕ oDUSPD GD\DQÕPÕ yorulma GD\DQÕPÕ úekil de÷iúWLUPH NDSDVLWHVL ND\PD GD\DQÕPÕ oDWODPD VRQUDVÕ \N WDúÕPD GD\DQÕPÕYHHQHUML tutma kapasitesi WRNOXN
(34) DoÕVÕQGDQGúNSHUIRUPDQVOÕGÕU. g]HOOLNOHHUNHQ\DúODUGDE]OPHGHQGROD\ÕROXúDQLoVHOJHULOPHOHULQVDKDEHWRQODUÕ ]HULQGHNL ]DUDUOÕ HWNLOHULQL oDWODNROXúumu, geliúLPL YHLOHUOHPHVL
(35) D]DOWPDNLoLQ betonu JoOHQGLUHFHN ELUWDNÕP |QOHPOHU DOÕQPDVÕ JHUHNPHNWHGLU %X JHUHNOLOLN OLIOL beton NDYUDPÕQÕGR÷urmuútur. dD÷GDúJQON\DúDPGDEHWRQODNDUúÕODúÕOPD\DQYH\DEHWRQGDQ\DSÕOPÕú\DSÕODUGDQ \DUDUODQÕOPD\DQWHNELUJQGDKL \RNWXU øQúDDW PKHQGLVOHULQLQELOLPDGDPODUÕQÕQ LúDGDPODUÕQÕQ YH EHWRQOD LOJLOL KHUNHVLQ EHWRQXQ |]HOOLNOHULQLQ \HWHULQFH WDQÕPDODUÕ NDUúÕODúÕODQ VRUXQODUÕQ QHOHU ROGXNODUÕQÕ YH QHUHGHQ QDVÕO ND\QDNODQGÕ÷ÕQÕ oRN L\L bilmeleri gerekmektedir. %X oDOÕúPDGD DPDo EHOLUOL RUDQODUGD VOLV GXPDQÕ NDWNÕOÕ EHWRQODUÕQ \DSÕODQ H÷LOPH EDVÕQoYHVXHPPHGHQH\OHULVRQXFXQGDVLOLVGXPDQÕQÕQEHWRQGDPH\GDQDJHWLUGL÷L ROXPVX]HWNLOHULL\LOHúWLUPHNLoLQSROLSURSLOHQOLINXOODQÕOPÕúYHVRQXoODUL]OHQPLúWLU.
(36) %g/h0%(721.$7.,0$''(/(5ø. .DWNÕ0DGGHOHULQLQ7DQÕPÕ %HWRQNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL VXDJUHJDYHoLPHQWRGÕúÕQGDEHWRQODUDoLPHQWRNWOHVLQLQ ¶LQL JHoPHPHN ]HUH NDWÕODQ organik ve inorganik kimyasal maddelerdir. dLPHQWRQXQ VDKLS ROGX÷X |]HOLNOHUL L\L \|QGH YH EHOLUOL ELU |OoGH GH÷LúWLUPHN DPDFÕ LOH EHWRQ UHWLOLUNHQ YH\D UHWLOGLNWHQ VRQUD NDWÕODUDN WD]H YH VHUWOHúPLú EHWRQXQ|]HOLNOHULQLJHOLúWLUPHNWHGLUOHU 0LQHUDO YH NLP\DVDO RODUDN LNL JXUXED D\UÕOÕUODU .LP\DVDO NDWNÕODU EHWRQXQ DNÕúNDQOÕ÷ÕQÕQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕ HUNHQ YH \NVHN GD\DQÕPD XODúÕOPDVÕ JHoLULPVL]OL÷L YH GRQD GD\DQÕPÕQ VD÷ODQPDVÕ \DQÕQGD SUL] VUHOHULQL GH÷LúWLUPHN JLEL DPDoODUOD NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕUODU $NÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕODU X\JXODPDGD VXoLPHQWR RUDQÕQÕ D]DOWDUDN GDKD\NVHNGD\DQÕPND]DQDELOPHNNWOHEHWRQODUÕQGDKLGUDWDV\RQÕVÕVÕQÕGúUPHN LoLQoLPHQWRPLNWDUÕQÕQD]DOWÕOPDVÕYH\DD\QÕLúOHQHELOPH\LVD÷OD\DELOPHNYHNROD\ \HUOHúPH\L VD÷ODPDN DPDFÕ\OD NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕUODU $NÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕODU VX LoHULVLQGH HUL\HQ ERúOXNOX NLP\DVDO GL]LOLúOHUL LOH VX\XQ \]H\ JHULOLPLQL GúUHQ RUJDQLN maddelerdir ve bHWRQ LoLQH KDYD VUNOH\HUHN oLPHQWR WRSDNODúPDVÕQÕ |QOH\HUHN HWNLOL ROPDNWDGÕUODU 6X LQGLUJH\LFLOHU QHJDWLI HOHNWULNVHO \NH VDKLS ROXS VX \]H\LQGH KDUHNHW HWPH H÷LOLPLQGHGLUOHU 6X YH oLPHQWR UHDNVL\RQD JLUGL÷LQGH oLPHQWRWDQHOHULVXPROHNOOHULQLoHYUHOH\HUHNIORNOOHUELU\DSÕROXúWXUXUODU6X\XQ EX úHNLOGH NDSDQPDVÕ LVWHQHQ DNÕúNDQOÕ÷D XODúDELOPHN LoLQ GDKD ID]OD VX LODYHVLQL JHUHNWLULU $NÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕ PDGGH LODYH HGLOGL÷LQGH oLPHQWR WDQHFLNOHUL WDUDIÕQGDQ DGVRUEH HGLOHUHN QHJDWLI \NO NDWNÕ SDUWLNOOHUL\OH ELUOHúLUOHU YH D\QÕ \NO ROGXNODUÕQGDQELUELUOHULQLLWHUOHU6RQXoWDNDSDQPÕúRODQVXDoÕ÷DoÕNDU. .DWNÕQÕQ GHIORNOOHU HWNLVL VRQXQGD oLPHQWR IORNOOHúPHVL |QOHQPHNWH YH DoÕ÷D VX oÕNPDNWDGÕU %X PDGGHOHULQ WRSDNODúPD\Õ |QOHPHOHUL YH D\QÕ ]DPDQGD WDQHOHULQ.
(37) 5. ELUELUL ]HULQGH ND\PDODUÕQÕ NROD\ODúWÕUDUDN \D÷OD\ÕFÕ HWNL J|VWHUPHOHUL EHWRQXQ Lo VUWQPHVLQLD]DOWPDNWDYHLúOHQHELOLUOL÷LDUWÕUPDNWDGÕU dRNGúNVÕFDNOÕNODUGD\NVHNNDOLWHGHEHWRQG|NPQVD÷OD\DQ|]HOLNOHKDILIGRQ KDOLQLQJQER\XGHYDPHWWL÷LGXUXPODUGDJHFHER\XQFDGRQROPDVÕYHDQLVÕFDNOÕN Gúú EHNOHQHQ KDOOHUGH GRQGDQ NRUX\DQ NDWNÕ NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU %HWRQ DQWLIUL]L RODUDN NXOODQÕODQ EX NDWNÕODUÕQ |]HOL÷L EHWRQXQ GRQPD QRNWDVÕQÕ GúUPHOHUidir. $QWLIUL] VÕYÕVÕ RODUDN oR÷XQOXNOD DONRO DONRO HVDVOÕ VÕYÕODU YH HWLOHQ JOLNRO NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU (WLOHQ JOLNRO FLQVL ELU DQWLIUL] VX\XQ LoLQH HGLOGL÷LQGH ROXúDQ o|]HOWLQLQELULP \]H\LQGHNL VX PROHNO VD\ÕVÕGROD\ÕVÕ\ODGDEXKDUID]DJHoHQVX PROHNO PLNWDUÕ D]DOWPDNWDGÕU .ROOLJDWLI |]HOLN RODUDN ELOLQHQ EX GXUXPGD VX\XQ EXKDU EDVÕQFÕ EXQD SDUDOHO RODUDN GD VX\XQ GRQPD QRNWDVÕ GúPHNWH VX\XQ EXKDUODúPDÕVÕVÕ\NVHOPHNWHGLU .DWNÕQÕQ FLQVL YH PLNWDUÕ GRQPD QRNWDVÕQGDNL GH÷LúLPL HWNLOHPHNWHGLU .XOODQÕODQ NDWNÕQÕQVXPLNWDUÕQÕDUWÕUPDGDQLúOHQHELOLUOL÷LDUWÕUGÕ÷ÕLúOHQHELOLUOL÷LD]DOWPDGDQVX PLNWDUÕQÕ D]DOWWÕ÷Õ YH GRQD NDUúÕ GD\DQÕPÕ YH EDVÕQo GD\DQÕPÕQÕ DUWÕUGÕ÷Õ EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU .ÕúÕQ ±10 & ÕVÕ\D NDGDU EHWRQ G|NPQGH NDOÕS YH GRQDWÕ VX\D karD YH EX]D NDUúÕ NRUXQDUDN JHUHNWL÷LQGH ÕVÕODUÕ |QFHGHQ &¶ \H JHWLULOHUHN YH EHWRQÕVÕVÕHQD] &¶GHWXWXODUDNNXOODQÕOPDVÕ|QJ|UOPHNWHGLU %X JQ EHWRQ VHNW|UQGH ELUoRN GH÷LúLN NDWNÕ PDGGHVL NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU %XQODU VHNW|UQKL]PHWLQLE\N|OoGHNROD\ODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU%XQGDQGROD\ÕEHWRQNDWNÕODUÕ EHWRQELOHúHQOHULLoHULVLQGH|QHPOLELU\HUWXWPDNWDGÕU .DWNÕ0DGGHOHULQLQ%HWRQg]HOOLNOHULQH(WNLOHUL %HWRQ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL WD]H EHWRQXQ LúOHQHELOPH NÕYDP VX LKWL\DFÕ YH SUL] VUHOHUL JLEL |]HOOLNOHULQL LVWHQLOGL÷L \|QGH GH÷LúWLUPHN WHUOHPHVLQL D]DOWPDN LoLQ NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU 7D]H EHWRQXQ |]HOOLNOHUL EDúWD GD\DQÕP YH GD\DQÕNOÕOÕN ROPDN ]HUH VHUWOHúPLú EHWRQXQ WP |]HOOLNOHULQL YH HNRQRPLNOL÷LQL HWNLOHPHNWHGLU .DWNÕ maddeleri kullanarak geUHNLONJQOHUGHYH JHUHNVHQLKDLRODUDNGDKD \NVHNEHWRQ GD\DQÕPÕ HOGH HGHELOPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD EHWRQ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULQLQ NXOODQÕPODUÕ LOH.
(38) 6. VHUWOHúPLú EHWRQXQ oHYUHGHQ YH\D RUWDPGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ \ÕSUDWÕFÕ HWNHQOHUH NDUúÕ (donma-o|]OPH ROD\ODUÕQD DúÕQPD\D alkali-DJUHJD UHDNVL\RQXQD YH VOIDW KFXPODUÕQD NRUR]\RQD GL÷HU \ÕSUDWÕFÕ HWNHQOHUH NDUúÕ
(39) GDKD GD\DQÕNOÕ RODELOPHVL VD÷ODQPDNWDGÕU 'H÷LúLNNDWNÕPDGGHOHULQLGDKDL\LWDQÕ\DELOPHNYHGH÷LúLNNDWNÕPDGGHOHULQLQEHWRQ ]HULQGH \DUDWWÕNODUÕ HWNLOHUL GDKD L\L DQOD\DELOPHN LoLQ EHWRQXQ ED]Õ |]HOOLNOHULQH GDLUNÕVDDoÕNODPDODUÕQ\DSÕOPDVÕQGD\DUDUJ|UOPHNWHGLU 2.2.1. 6HJUHJDV\RQ $\UÕúPD
(40) 7D]H EHWRQXQ LoHULVLQGH \HU DODQ LUL DJUHJD LOH oLPHQWR KDUFÕQÕQ D\UÕ D\UÕ E|OJHOHU ROXúWXUDFDN úHNLOGH NPHOHQPHVL YH E|\OHFH EHWRQ LoHULVLQGHNL PDO]HPHOHULQ KRPRMHQ GD÷ÕOÕPÕQÕQ ER]XOPDVÕQD ³VHJUHJDV\RQ´ YH\D ³D\UÕúPD´ GHQLOPHNWHGLU ùHNLO
(41) . ùHNLO6HJUHJDV\RQDX÷UDPÕúNRORQ. 2.2.2. øúOHQHELOPH 7D]H EHWRQXQ VHJUHJDV\RQ J|VWHUPHGHQ NROD\FD NDUDELOPH VÕNÕúWÕUDELOPH YH \]H\LQLQ. G]HOWLOHELOPH. DGODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU. |]HOOLNOHULQLQ. WP. ³LúOHQHELOPH´. RODUDN.
(42) 7. .ÕYDP 7D]HEHWRQXQVDKLSROGX÷XÕVODNOÕNGHUHFHVL³NÕYDP´RODUDNDQÕOPDNWDGÕU d|NPHGH÷HUL 7D]HEHWRQXQNÕYDPÕQÕ|OoPHNLoLQNXOODQÕODQ GH÷LúLN\|QWHPOHUGHQHQEDVLWRODQÕYH HQ\D\JÕQRODUDNNXOODQÕODQÕWD]HEHWRQDX\JXODQDQo|NPHGHQH\L\|QWHPLGLU d|NPHGHQH\LQGHWD]HEHWRQ|QFHNHVLNNRQLúHNOLQGHNLELUKXQL\HGROGXUXOPDNWD VRQUD KXQL \XNDUÕ\D GR÷UX oHNLOHUHN EHWRQXQ VHUEHVW NDOPDVÕ VD÷ODQPDNWDGÕU %X GXUXPGDNL WD]H EHWRQ QH |OoGH ÕVODN ROGX÷XQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN ELU PLNWDU o|NPH J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 7D]H EHWRQXQ NDo FP YH\D PP o|NPH J|VWHUGL÷L |OoOPHNWH YH ³o|NPHGH÷HUL´RODUDNLIDGHHGLOPHNWHGLU 7D]H EHWRQXQ o|NPH GH÷HUL EHWRQXQ ÕVODNOÕN GXUXPXQX J|VWHUGL÷L LoLQ NÕYDP V|]F÷LOHHúGH÷HURODUDNNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU. 2.2.5. Su iKWL\DFÕ %HWRQ PDO]HPHOHULQLQ NDUÕúÕP RUDQODUÕQÕQ KHVDSODQPDVÕQGD LNL KXVXV |Q SODQGD WXWXOPDNWDGÕU . -. hUHWLOHFHN WD]H EHWRQ KHGHIOHQHQ LúOHQHELOPH\L KHGHIOHQHQ NÕYDPÕ
(43) VD÷ODPDOÕGÕU. -. 6HUWOHúPLú EHWRQXQ EHOLUOL ELU JQGHNL EDVÕQo GD\DQÕPÕ JHQHOOLNOH JQGHNLEDVÕQoGD\DQÕPÕ
(44) R\DúWDNLELUEHWRQLoLQHOGHHGLOPHVLKHGHIOHQPLú RODQPLQLPXPELUGH÷HUGHQGDKDD]ROPDPDOÕGÕU. øVWHQLOHQNDOLWHGHNLELUEHWRQLoLQNXOODQÕODFDNNDUÕúÕPVX\XQXQPLNWDUÕKDVVDVRODUDN KHVDSODQÕSNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU.
(45) 8. ùD\HWEHWRQGDNXOODQÕODQVXPLNWDUÕJHUH÷LQGHQD]LVHEHWRQLVWHQLOHQLúOHQHELOPH\H VDKLS ROPDPDNWDGÕU %|\OH ELU GXUXP WD]H EHWRQXQ YH RQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN VHUWOHúPLú EHWRQXQ|]Hlliklerini olumsuz etkilemektedir. gWH\DQGDQEHWRQUHWLPLQGHJHUH÷LQGHQID]ODPLNWDUGDVXNXOODQÕOÕULVHEHWRQGDKD J|]HQHNOL ROPDNWD GDKD oRN E]OPH J|VWHUPHNWH GDKD D] GD\DQÕPD YH GD\DQÕNOÕOÕ÷D VDKLS ROPDNWDGÕU %HWRQGD NXOODQÕODQ VX PLNWDUÕ DUWWÕNoD \DQL ³VXoLPHQWR´RUDQÕDUWWÕNoD
(46) EHWRQGD\DQÕPÕYHGD\DQÕNOÕOÕ÷ÕGDKDD]ROPDNWDGÕU %HWRQGD KHGHIOHQHQ NÕYDPÕ YH GD\DQÕPÕ VD÷OD\DFDN PLNWDUGD VX EHWRQXQ ³VX LKWL\DFÕ´RODUDNDQÕOPDNWDGÕU. 2.2.6. Priz alma ve priz sUHVL Beton malzemelerin NDUÕOPDLúOHPOHULELWHUELWPH]úHNLOYHULOHELOLU SODVWLN
(47) GXUXPGD RODQWD]HEHWRQXQELUVUHVRQUDNDWÕODúDUDNúHNLOYHULOHPH]GXUXPDJHOPHVLQH³SUL] DOPD´GHQLOPHNWHGLU 7D]H EHWRQXQ KD]ÕUODQGÕ÷Õ DQ LOH NDWÕODúPD J|VWHUGL÷L DQ DUDVÕQGDNL VUH\H ³SUL] sUHVL´GHQLOPHNWHGLU 7D]HEHWRQDX\JXODQDFDNWDúÕPD\HUOHúWLUPHVÕNÕúWÕUPDYH\]H\G]HOWPHLúOHPOHUL EHWRQ NDWÕODúPD J|VWHUPHGHQ |QFH \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU 2 QHGHQOH SUL] VUHOHULQLQ X]XQOX÷XYH\DNÕVDOÕ÷Õ|QHPOLELU|]HOOLNGXUXPXQGDGÕU. 2.2.7. Terleme <HULQH\HUOHúWLULOHQWD]HEHWRQXQLoHULVLQGHNLNDWÕPDO]HPHOHULQ\HUoHNLPLHWNLVL\OH GLEHGR÷UXKDUHNHWHWPHH÷LOLPOHULYDUGÕU%XHWNLQHGHQL\OHWD]HEHWRQXQLoHULVLQGH \HU DODQ VX\XQ GD \XNDUÕ\D GR÷UX KDUHNHW HWPH H÷LOLPL ROPDNWDGÕU 7D]H EHWRQXQ LoHULVLQGHNL VX\XQ \XNDUÕ\D EHWRQ \]H\LQH oÕNPD H÷LOLPLQH ³WHUOHPH´ GHQLOPHNWHGLU 7D]H EHWRQXQ PPNQ RODELOGL÷L NDGDU D] WHUOHPH \DSPDVÕ istenmektedir..
(48) 9. 2.2.8. Beton dD\DQÕPÕ h]HULQHJHOHQ\NOHULQQHGHQRODFD÷ÕúHNLOGH÷LúWLUPHOHUHYHNÕUÕOPD\DNDUúÕbetonun J|VWHUHELOHFH÷LGLUHQPHNDELOL\HWLQH³EHWRQGD\DQÕPÕ´GHQLOPHNWHGLU %HWRQXQ ]HULQH JHOHQ \NOHU EHWRQGD EDVÕQo HWNLVL \DUDWDQ WUGH LVH EX \NOHU DOWÕQGDNÕUÕOPD\DNDUúÕEHWRQXQJ|VWHUHELOHFH÷LGLUHQPHNDELOL\HWLQH³EHWRQXQEDVÕQo GD\DQÕPÕ´GHnilmektedir. %HWRQXQGD\DQÕPND]DQPDKÕ]Õ %HWRQ GD\DQÕPÕ EHWRQGD NXOODQÕODQ oLPHQWR KDPXUXQXQ GD\DQÕPÕQÕQ DJUHJD GD\DQÕPÕQÕQYHoLPHQWRKDPXUXLOHDJUHJDWDQHOHULDUDVÕQGDNLDGHUDQVÕQQHNDGDUL\L ROGX÷XQD ED÷OÕGÕU dLPHQWR KDPXUXQGD QH NDGDU KÕ]OÕ YH oRN PLNWDUGD KLGUDWDV\RQ ROXULVHoLPHQWRKDPXUX YHRQDED÷OÕRODUDNEHWRQ
(49) GDKDKÕ]OÕGD\DQÕPND]DQÕU %HWRQXQ LON JQOHUGHNL GD\DQÕPÕQÕQ \NVHN ROPDVÕ NDOÕSODUÕQ GDKD HUNHQ V|NOHELOPHVLQLVD÷ODU 2.2.10. 'D\DQÕNOÕOÕN +DYDNRúXOODUÕQGDQVOIDWOÕYH\DDVLWOLVXODUGDQYHYH\DEHWRQXQNXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕRUWDP NRúXOODUÕQGDQND\QDNODQDQ\ÕSUDWÕFÕNLP\DVDOYHIL]LNVHOROD\ODUNDUúÕVÕQGDEHWRQXQ KL]PHW VUHVL ER\XQFD J|VWHUHELOHFH÷L GLUHQPH NDELOL\HWLQH ³GD\DQÕNOÕOÕN´ YH\D ³GXUDELOLWH´GHQLOPHNWHGLU. 2.2.11. Ekonomiklik %HWRQXQHNRQRPLNROPDVÕJHUHNUHWLPHVQDVÕQGDYHJHUHNVHGDKDVRQUDODUÕGDKDD] PDVUDIJHUHNWLUL\RUROPDVÕGÕU %HWRQX ROXúWXUDQ WHPHO PDO]HPHOHUGHQ HQ SDKDOÕ RODQÕ oLPHQWRGXU %HWRQGDQ LVWHQLOHQ |]HOOLNOHUGHQ YD]JHoPHPHN ND\GÕ\OD PPNQ RODQ HQ D] PLNWDUGDNL oLPHQWR\XNXOODQPDNEHWRQGDHNRQRPLNOL÷L\RODoPDNWDGÕU.
(50) 10. $\UÕFD EHWRQXQ ELU DQ |QFH \HWHUOL GD\DQÕPÕ ND]DQPDVÕ VRQXQGD NDOÕSODUÕQ GDKD HUNHQ V|NOHUHN ELU EDúND Lú LoLQ NXOODQÕOPD\D X\JXQ GXUXPD JHWLULOPHVL LúOHQHELOPHVL L\L RODQ EHWRQOD LúoLOHULQ GDKD D] ]DKPHWOH GDKD UDQGÕPDQOÕ oDOÕúDELOPHOHULYHEHQ]HULROD\ODUEHWRQXGDKDHNRQRPLNNÕOPDNWDGÕU .DWNÕ0DGGHOHULQLQ8\JXODPD(VDVODUÕ. %HWRQ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL WD]H YH VHUWOHúPLú EHWRQXQ ELUoRN |]HOOLNOHULQGH ROXPOX GH÷LúLNOHU VD÷OD\DELOPHNWHGLU $QFDN NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULQLQ NXOODQÕPÕQGD ED]Õ KXVXVODUÕQ ELOLQFLQGH ROPDN oRN E\N |QHP WDúÕPDNWDGÕU %XQODU DúD÷ÕGD VÕUDODQPDNWDGÕU .DWNÕ PDGGHVL N|W ELU EHWRQ NDUÕúÕPÕQÕQ YH\D N|W ELU X\JXODPDQÕQ QHGHQ ROGX÷XHNVLNOLNOHULJLGHUPH\H\HWHUOLGH÷LOGLU.DWNÕPDGGHVLEHWRQNDUÕúÕPÕQGD\HU DODQ PDO]HPH WUOHULQLQ YH PLNWDUÕQÕQ GR÷UX VHoLOPHPLú ROPDVÕQGDQ YH\D EHWRQD X\JXODQDFDN WDúÕPD \HUOHúWLUPH VÕNÕúWÕUPD NU JLEL LúOHPOHULQ X\JXQ WDU]GD \DSÕOPDPÕúROPDVÕQGDQND\QDNODQDQHNVLNOLNOHULRUWDGDQNDOGÕUDPDPDNWDGÕU .DWNÕ PDGGHVL VWDQGDUWODUGD EHOLUWLOPLú RODQ GH÷HUOHUH X\JXQ ROPDOÕGÕU 7UN VWDQGDUWODUÕ $670 YH GL÷HU ONH VWDQGDUWODUÕ NDWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ NXOODQÕOPDVÕ GXUXPXQGD EHWRQ SHUIRUPDQVÕQGD \HU DOPDVÕ JHUHNHQ GH÷LúLNOLNOHUH GDLU ED]Õ VÕQÕU GH÷HUOHUYHUPHNWHGLUOHU .DWNÕPDGGHOHULQLQNXOODQÕOPDVÕKDOLQGHVWDQGDUWODUGDEHOLUOHQPLúRODQSHUIRUPDQVÕQ HOGHHGLOLSHGLOPH\HFH÷L NDWNÕPDGGHVLQLQNDEXOYH\DUHGGHGLOLUROPDVÕ
(51) GHQH\OHUOH DUDúWÕUÕOPDOÕGÕU .DWNÕ PDGGHVL KDNNÕQGD UHWLFL WDUDIÕQGDQ EHOLUWLOPLú RODQ KNPOHUH GLNNDW edilmelidir. 7DQÕQPÕú ELU UHWLFL ELU ILUPD NDWNÕ PDGGHVL KDNNÕQGD \HWHUOL WHNQLN |]HOOLNOHUL YHUPHNGXUXPXQGDGÕU%XQODU .
(52) 11. - .DWNÕPDGGHVLQLQEHWRQSHUIRUPDQVÕ]HULQGHNLDQDHWNLVL - KaWNÕPDGGHVLQLQEHWRQSHUIRUPDQVÕQD\DUDUOÕYH\D]DUDUOÕ\DQHWNLOHUL - .DWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ IL]LNVHO |]HOOLNOHUL YH LoHUGL÷L DNWLI PDGGHOHULQ konsantrasyonu, -. .DWNÕPDGGHVLQLQLoHULVLQGHEHWRQGDSRWDQVL\HOKDVDU\DUDWDELOHFHNNORUU úHNHUVOILWJLELPDGGHOHULQEXOXQXSEXOXQPDGÕ÷Õ. - .DWNÕPDGGHVLQLQEHWRQNDUÕúÕPÕQDQDVÕONDWÕOPDVÕJHUHNWL÷L -. .DWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ NXOODQÕOPDVÕ JHUHNHQ GR]DMÕ YH EX GR]XQ DOWÕQGD YH\D VWQGHNXOODQÕOPDVÕGXUXPXQGDEHWRQ|]HOOLNOHULQHHWNLVLYH. -. .DWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ HWNLVLQL ND\EHWPHGHQ QDVÕO YH QH NDGDU VUH\OH VDNODQDELOHFH÷LGLU. .DWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ QH GR]GD NXOODQÕOPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷LQH GDLU UHWLFL WDUDIÕQGDQ EHOLUWLOHQGH÷HUúDQWL\HGHNLPDO]HPHOHUOHYHúDQWL\HNRúXOODUÕQGD\DSÕODFDNEHWRQODU ]HULQGHGHQHQPHOLUHWLFLQLQEHOLUWPLúROGX÷XGH÷HULQ\HWHUOLROXSROPDGÕ÷ÕNRQWURO edilmelidir. .DWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ QH PLNWDUGD NXOODQÕOPDVÕQD GDLU UHWLFL WDUDIÕQGDQ YHULOHQ GH÷HU oRN |QHPOL ROPDNOD ELUOLNWH ED]HQ R ELOJL \HWHUOL ROPDPDNWD LVWHQLOHQ EHWRQ performaQVÕ HOGH HGLOHPHPHNWHGLU 2 QHGHQOH LVWHQLOHQ EHWRQXQ \DSÕPÕQGD NXOODQÕODFDN WUGHNL PDO]HPHOHUOH |QFHGHQ GHQH\ \DSÕOPDOÕ YH NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULQLQ KDQJLGR]GDNXOODQÕOPDVÕJHUHNWL÷LVDSWDQPDOÕGÕU .DWNÕPDGGHVLEHWRQXQELUGHQoRN|]HOOL÷LQLHWNLOH\HELOPektedir. .DWNÕ PDGGHVL EHWRQXQ EHOLUOL ELU |]HOOL÷LQL HWNLOHPHN ]HUH NXOODQÕPD VXQXOPDNWDGÕU $QFDN D\QÕ NDWNÕ PDGGHVL EX DQD DPDFÕQ GÕúÕQGDNL ED]Õ EHWRQ |]HOOLNOHULQL GH \DUDUOÕ YH\D ]DUDUOÕ RODUDN HWNLOH\HELOPHNWHGLU 2 QHGHQOH |]HOOLNOH betona zaraUOÕRODELOHFHN\DQHWNLOHULQLQELOLQPHVLJHUHNPHNWHGLU .DWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ EHWRQD NDWÕOPDVÕQD GDLU JYHQLOLU \|QWHPOHULQ EHOLUOHQPHVL gerekmektedir..
(53) 12. +DYD VUNOH\LFL NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL JLEL ED]Õ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL oRN D] PLNWDUODUGD NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU 2 QHGHQOH NDWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ QH PLNWDUGD YH QDVÕO ELU \|QWHPOH EHWRQDNDWÕODFD÷Õ|QHPOLROPDNWDGÕU .DWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ HWNLVL EHWRQ LoHULVLQGH \HU DODFDN PDO]HPHOHULQ WLSLQH YH PLNWDUÕQDJ|UHGH÷LúLNOLNJ|VWHUHELOPHNWHGLU .DWNÕPDGGHVLQLQEHWRQSHUIRUPDQVÕQD\DSDFD÷ÕHWNLúXIDNW|UOHUHED÷OÕGÕU . -. dLPHQWRQXQNRPSR]LV\RQX. -. $JUHJDJUDGDV\RQXYHDJUHJDQÕQ]DUDUOÕPDGGHLoHULSLoHUPHGL÷L. -. %HWRQNDUÕúÕPÕQGDNLPDO]HPHOHULQRUDQÕ. -. %LUEDúNDNDWNÕPDGGHVLQLQEHWRQLoHULVLQGHD\UÕFD\HUDOÕSDOPDGÕ÷Õ. -. %HWRQXQNDUÕOPDVUHVL. -. .DWNÕPDGGHVLQLQEHWRQLoHULVLQHNDWÕOPDVÕQGDWDNLSHGLOHQ\|QWHP. -. %HWRQXQVÕFDNOÕ÷ÕYH. -. .UNRúXOODUÕ. .DWNÕPDGGHVLQLQNXOODQÕPÕQGDEHWRQ|]HOOLNOHULQGHVD÷ODQDFDNL\LOHúWLUPHEHWRQ NXOODQÕPÕQGDHOGHHGLOHFHNNROD\OÕNYHEHWRQHNRQRPLNOL÷LJLELIDNW|UOHUJ|]|QQGH WXWXODUDNEXIDNW|UOHUELUDUDGDYHoRNL\LGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHOLGLU %HWRQNDWNÕPDGGHVLEHWRQUHWLPLQGHNXOODQÕOPDNWDRODQoLPHQWRDJUHJDYHVXJLEL WHPHO PDO]HPHOHULQ ÕúÕQGD RODQ HN ELU PDGGHGLU 2 QHGHQOH NDWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ NXOODQÕPÕ\OD ID]ODGDQ ELU PDVUDI RUWD\D oÕNPDNWDGÕU gWH \DQGDQ NDWNÕ PDGGHVL NXOODQÕPÕ\ODLVWHQLOHQNDOLWHGHNLEHWRQGDKDD]PLNWDUGDoLPHQWRLOHUHWLOHELOPHNWH daha ekonomik beton elde edilebilmHNWHGLU $\UÕFDNDWNÕPDGGHVL NXOODQÕOPDVÕ LOH EHWRQXQ LúOHQHELOLUOL÷L SRPSDODQDELOLUOL÷L \HUOHúWLULOPHVL VÕNÕúWÕUÕOPDVÕ LON JQOHUGHNLGD\DQÕPÕGDKDL\LRODELOPHNWHYHNDOÕSODUGDKDHUNHQV|NOHELOPHNWHGLU %HWRQ UHWLPLQGH NDWNÕ PDGGHVL NXOODQÕPÕQD NDUDU YHULOPHVLQGH EWQ EX IDNW|UOHU ELUDUDGDYHJHUoHNoLRODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHOLGLU.
(54) 13. .LP\DVDO.DWNÕ0DGGHOHUL .DWNÕ PDGGHVLQL WPQQ LúOHYOHULQGH NLP\DVDO |]HOOLNOHU YH NLP\DVDO ROD\ODU |Q SODQGD ROPDNOD EHUDEHU EHWRQ WHNQRORMLVLQGH ³NLP\DVDO NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ GHQLOGL÷LQGH ³VX LoHULVLQGH o|]QPH J|VWHUHQ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ DQODúÕOPDNWDGÕU ùHNLO
(55). ùHNLO.LP\DVDONDWNÕPDGGHOHUL. ³6X-D]DOWÕFÕ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ YH WD]H EHWRQGD ROPDVÕ LVWHQLOHQ LúOHQHELOPH |]HOOL÷LQL HOGH HGHELOPHN ]HUH EHWRQ NDUÕúÕPÕQÕQ VX LKWL\DFÕQÕ D]DOWDQ NDWNÕODU³NLP\DVDONDWNÕPDGGHOHUL´RODUDNDQÕODQNDWNÕJUXEXQGD\HUDOPDNWDGÕUODU %HWRQ NDUÕúÕPÕQGD NXOODQÕODQ oLPHQWRQXQ DJUHJDQÕQ YH VX\XQ PLNWDUODUÕ GH÷LúWLULOPHGL÷L IDNDW EXQODUD HN RODUDN ELU GH ³VX-D]DOWÕFÕ NDWNÕ´ NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ WDNGLUGH NDWNÕOÕ EHWRQXQ NÕYDPÕ NDWNÕVÕ] EHWRQXQNLQGHQ oRN GDKD ID]OD olabilmektedir. O nedenle, su-D]DOWÕFÕ NDWNÕ PDGGHVL ³SODVWLNOHúWLULFL´ YH\D ³DNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕ´NDWNÕPDGGHVLLVLPOHUL\OHGHDQÕOPDNWDGÕU
(56) ³3UL]-JHFLNWLULFL NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ YH WD]H EHWRQXQ SUL] VUHVLQL X]DWDQ NDWNÕODU LOH ³SUL]-KÕ]ODQGÕUÕFÕ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ YH WD]H EHWRQXQ SUL] VUHVLQL NÕVDOWDQ NDWNÕODU GD ³NLP\DVDO NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ JUXEXQGD yer DODQNDWNÕODUGÕU.
(57) 14. .LP\DVDONDWNÕPDGGHOHULNDUÕúÕPVX\XLoHULVLQHoRND]PLNWDUGDNDWÕODUDN oLPHQWR NWOHVLQLQ¶LQLJHoPH\HFHNúHNLOGHNDWÕODUDN
(58) NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU .LP\DVDO NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULQGHQ D\UÕ ELU JUXSWD \HU YHULOHQ ³KDYD VUNOH\LFL NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ WD]H EHWRQ NDUÕúÕPÕQGDNL oLPHQWR KDPXUXQXQ LoHULVLQGH PLO\RQODUFD VD\ÕGDoRNNoNER\XWODUGDNLKDYDNDEDUFÕNODUÕQÕQG]HQOLELUúHNLOGHYHDUDODUÕQGD ED÷ODQWÕ ROPDNVÕ]ÕQ \HU DODELOPHVLQH \RO DoDQ PDGGHOHUGLU %X KDYD NDEDUFÕNODUÕ NDUDUOÕOÕNJ|VWHUPHNWH\DQLEHWRQVHUWOHúWLNWHQVRQUDGDND\EROPDPDNWDGÕU%HWRQXQ LoHULVLQGH ROXúWXUXODQ VUNOHQPLú KDYD NDEDUFÕNODUÕ VX\D GR\JXQ GXUXPGDNL VHUWOHúPLú EHWRQGD oRN VR÷XN KDYDODUGD WHNUDU WHNUDU \HU DODFDN GRQPD-o|]OPH ROD\ÕNDUúÕVÕQGDEHWRQXQGDKD L\LGD\DQÕNOÕOÕNJ|VWHUHELOPHVLQLVD÷ODPDNWDGÕUODU ³+DYD VUNOH\LFL NDWNÕ PDGGHVL´ RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULQLQ WP VX LoHULVLQGH o|]QHELOPH |]HOOL÷L J|VWHUPHPHNWHGLUOHU 2 QHGHQOH ³NLP\DVDO NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ JUXEXQGDQ IDUNOÕ ELU JUXS RODUDN VÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕUODU +DYD VUNOH\LFL NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL GH NDUÕúÕP VX\X LoHULVLQH oRN D] PLNWDUGD NDWÕODUDN NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕUODU ³.LP\DVDO NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ YH ³KDYD VUNOH\LFL NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ JHUHN EHWRQ NDUÕúÕPÕQÕQ LoHULVLQGH oRN D] PLNWDUODUGD NXOODQÕOGÕNODUÕQGDQ YH JHUHNVH EHWRQ NDUÕúÕPÕQÕQ LoHULVLQH GDKLO HGLOPH \|QWHPOHULQGH EHQ]HUOLN ROPDVÕQGDQ GROD\Õ EX E|OPGHELUDUDGDHOHDOÕQPDNWDGÕUODU. 2.4.1. Su-D]DOWÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL DNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕODU) .ÕYDPÕGH÷LúWLUPHGHQVXPLNWDUÕQÕQD]DOPDVÕQÕVD÷OD\DQYH\DVXPLNWDUÕGH÷LúPHGHQ o|NPH\L\D\ÕOPD\Õ DUWÕUDQ YH\D KHU LNL HWNL\L ELUOLNWH \DSDQ NLP\DVDO NDWNÕ maddesidir.. 2.4.1.1. Su-D]DOWÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHULQLQVÕQÕIODUÕ 7UNVWDQGDUWODUÕQDYH$670VWDQGDUWODUÕQDJ|UHEHWRQGDVX-D]DOWÕFÕHWNL\DSDQNDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL D]DOWWÕNODUÕ VX PLNWDUÕQD J|UH YH D\UÕFD VX D]DOWPDQÕQ \DQÕ VÕUD EHWRQXQ.
(59) 15. SUL]VUHVLQGH\DSWÕNODUÕHWNL\HJ|UHDúD÷ÕGDNLJLELVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕUODU. 1. Normal miktarda su-D]DOWÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL DNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕODU
(60) 2. <NVHNmiktarda su-D]DOWÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL VSHUDNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕODU
(61) 3. 6XWXWXFXNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL 4. +DYDVUNOH\LFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL 5. 6HUWOHúPHKÕ]ODQGÕUÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL 6. 6XJHoLULPVL]OLNNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL 7. Su-D]DOWÕFÕYHSUL]-JHFLNWLULFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL 8. Su-azaOWÕFÕYHSUL]-KÕ]ODQGÕUÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHULYH 9. <NVHNPLNWDUGDVX-D]DOWÕFÕYHSUL]-JHFLNWLULFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL. 1. Normal miktarda su-D]DOWÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL $NÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕODU
(62) .DUÕúÕPVX\XQGDNDWNÕPDGGHVLQLQ\RODoWÕ÷ÕD]DOPDQÕQPLNWDUÕ¶GHQD] ROGX÷X WDNGLUGH EX WU NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULQH ³QRUPDO PLNWDUGD VX-D]DOWÕFÕ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ YH\D³SODVWLNOHúWLULFL´YH\D³DNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕ´GHQLOPHNWHGLU%XWUNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL genellikle %5 - NDGDUVXD]DOWPDNWDGÕU 7DEOR
(63) 7DEOR6XD]DOWÕFÕDNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(64). Deney metodu øVWHQHQGH÷HUOHU EN 12350-2'ye EN 480-ùDKLW J|UHo|NPHYH\D 'HQHPH EHWRQXQGD úDKLW 1 Su azaltma beton I EN12350- HJ|UH EHWRQDNÕ\DVODHQD] \D\ÕOPD YH JQGH GHQHPH %DVÕQo EN 480-ùDKLW prEN 123902 EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQHQD] GD\DQÕPÕ beton I 3:1999 % 110'u hUHWLFL WDUDIÕQGDQ DNVL Taze EHOLUWLOPHGLNoH GHQHPH EN 480-ùDKLW 3 betondaki EN 12350-7 EHWRQX úDKLW EHWRQXQ HQ beton I +DYDPLNWDUÕ oRN KDFLPFH
(65) ]HULQGH <NVHNPLNWDUGDVX-D]DOWÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL 6SHUVNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕODU
(66) No. g]HOOLN. ùDKLWEHWRQ. .DUÕúÕP VX\XQGD NDWNÕ PDGGHVLQLQ \RO DoWÕ÷Õ D]DOPDQÕQ PLNWDUÕ HQ D] ROGX÷X WDNGLUGH EX WU NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULQH ³\NVHN PLNWDUGD VX-D]DOWÕFÕ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´.
(67) 16. YH\D ³VSHU SODVWLNOHúWLULFL´ YH\D ³VSHU DNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕ GHQLOPHNWHGLU 7DEOR Tablo 2.3) 7DEOR<NVHNRUDQGDVXD]DOWÕFÕVSHUDNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(68). g]HOOLN. No 1. 2. 3. ùDKLWEHWRQ. Deney metodu øVWHQHQEH÷HUOHU EN 12350-2'ye EN 480-ùDKLW J|UHo|NPHYH\D 'HQHPH EHWRQXQGD úDKLW Su azaltma beton I EN12350- HJ|UH EHWRQDNÕ\DVODHQD] \D\ÕOPD JQGH GHQHPH EHWRQX úDKLW EHWRQXQ HQ D] %DVÕQo EN 480-ùDKLW prEN 12390 Õ JQGH GHQHPH GD\DQÕPÕ beton I 3:1999 EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQHQD] % 115'i hUHWLFL WDUDIÕQGDQ DNVL Taze EHOLUWLOPHGLNoH GHQHPH EN 480-1 ùDKLW betondaki EN 12350-7 EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQ beton I KDYDPLNWDUÕ +DFLPFH HQ oRN ]HULQGH. 7DEOR<NVHNRUDQGDVXD]DOWÕFÕVSHUDNÕúNDQODúWÕUÕFÕNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWVXoLPHQWR RUDQÕQGD
(69). No. 1. 2. 3. 4. g]HOOLN. ùDKLWEHWRQ. Deney metodu. øVWHQHQGH÷HUOHU. %DúODQJÕo
(70) PP ROPDN]HUHo|NPHDUWÕúÕ EN 12350-2'ye HQD]PPEDúODQJÕo .ÕYDPGDNL EN 480-ùDKLW J|UHo|NPHYH\D
(71) PPROPDN DUWÕú beton IV EN12350- HJ|UH ]HUH\D\ÕOPDDUWÕúÕHQ \D\ÕOPD az 160 mm, 'HQHPHEHWRQXQXQNDWNÕ EN 12350-2'ye NDWÕOGÕNWDQGDNLND .ÕYDP EN 480-ùDKLW J|UHo|NPHYH\D VRQUDNLNÕYDPÕúDKLW koruma beton IV EN12350- HJ|UH EHWRQXQLONNÕYDPÕQÕQ \D\ÕOPD DOWÕQDGúPHPHOLGLU JQGHGHQHPH %DVÕQo EN 480-ùDKLW prEN 12390EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQHQ GD\DQÕPÕ beton IV 3:1999 D] Õ hUHWLFLWDUDIÕQGDQDNVL Taze EHOLUWLOPHGLNoHGHQHPH EN 480-ùDKLW betondaki EN 12350-7 EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQ beton IV +DYDPLNWDUÕ HQoRN KDFLPFH
(72) ]HULQGH.
(73) 17. 3. Su tutucu NDWNÕPDGGHOHUL 7HUOHPH\L D]DOWDUDN VX ND\EÕQÕ GúUHQ NLP\DVDO NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULGLU *HQLú \]H\OL EHWRQODUGD VX ND\EÕQGDQ WHUOHPH
(74) ND\QDNODQDELOHFHN RWXUPDODUÕ HQJHOOHU <]H\ GD\DQÕPÕQÕDUWWÕUÕU3ODVWLNU|WUHoDWODNODUÕQÕDUWWÕUÕU 7DEOR
(75) Tablo 6XWXWXFXNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(76). No. g]HOOLN. ùDKLWEHWRQ. Deney metodu. 1. Terleme. EN 480-ùDKLW beton II. EN 480-4. 2. %DVÕQo GD\DQÕPÕ. EN 480-ùDKLW beton II. prEN 123903:1999. Taze EN 480-ùDKLW betondaki beton II KDYDPLNWDUÕ. EN 12350-7. 3. øVWHQHQGH÷HUOHU 'HQHPHEHWRQXúDKLW betonun HQoRN VL JQGHGHQHPH EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQHQ az % 80'i hUHWLFLWDUDIÕQGDQDNVL EHOLUWLOPHGLNoHGHQHPH EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQHQ oRN KDFLPFH
(77) ]HULQGH. +DYDVUNOH\LFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL .DUÕúWÕUPD VÕUDVÕQGD WD]H EHWRQD NRQWUROO PLNWDUGD NoN G]JQ GD÷ÕOPÕú YH VHUWOHúPH VRQUDVÕQGD GD NDOÕFÕ KDYD NDEDUFÕ÷Õ VUNOH\HQ NLP\DVDO NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULGLU ùHNLO
(78) 7DEOR
(79). ùHNLO+DYDVUNOH\LFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL.
(80) 18. TDEOR+DYDVUNOH\LFLNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(81). No 1. 2. 3. a b. c. g]HOOLN. ùDKLWEHWRQ. Deney metodu. Taze betondaki KDYDPLNWDUÕ EN 480-1 VUNOHQPLú ùDKLWEHWRQ,,, hava). EN 12350-7. 6HUWOHúPLú betondaki EN 480-1 KDYDERúOX÷X ùDKLWEHWRQ,,, Karakteristikleri. EN 480-11c. EN 480-1 %DVÕQoGD\DQÕPÕ ùDKLWEHWRQ,,,. prEN 123903:1999. øVWHQHQGH÷HUOHUa 'HQHPHEHWRQXúDKLW betonun hacimce en az % ]HULQGH7RSODP KDYDPLNWDUÕKDFLPFH - %6 b Deneme betonundaki DUDOÕNIDNW|UHQoRN 0,200 mm JQGHGHQHPHEHWRQX úDKLWEHWRQXQ en az % 75'i. 7P|]HOOLNOHUD\QÕGHQHPHEHWRQXLoLQJHoHUOLGLU 8\JXQPLNWDUEHOLUWLOHPH]PLNWDULVWHQHQKDYDPLNWDUÕQÕHOGHHGHFHNúHNLOGH D\DUODQPDOÕGÕU EN 480±11 UHIHUDQVPHWRWWXU$UDOÕNIDNW|UEHOLUOHQPHVLQGH(1-11'deki PHWRWODD\QÕVRQXoODUÕYHUGL÷LQLQJ|VWHULOHELOPHVLND\GÕ\ODGL÷HUPHWRWODU |UQH÷LQ GH÷LúWLULOPLúQRNWDVD\PDPHWRGX
(82) GDNXOODQÕODELOLU. 6HUWOHúPHKÕ]ODQGÕUÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL Priz VUHVLQLHWNLOH\HUHNYH\DHWNLOHPHNVL]LQEHWRQXQHUNHQGD\DQÕPND]DQPDKÕ]ÕQÕ DUWÕUDQNLP\DVDONDWNÕPDGGHOHULGLU%XKDUNUVUHVLQLYHGHUHFHVLQLD]DOWÕU.DOÕS DOPDVUHVLQLD]DOWÕU 7DEOR
(83) 7DEOR6HUWOHúPH\LKÕ]ODQGÕUÕFÕNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(84). No. g]HOOLN. ùDKLWEHWRQ. Deney metodu. øVWHQHQGH÷HUOHU 20 C'de ve 24 saatte: GHQHPHEHWRQXúDKLW betonun en az % 120'si. 20o& GHYHJQGH GHQHPHEHWRQXúDKLW betonun en D] Õ 5oC'de ve 48 saatte: GHQHPHEHWRQXúDKLW betonun en az % 130'u. hUHWLFLWDUDIÕQGDQDNVL EHOLUWLOPHGLNoHGHQHPH EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQ KDFLPFHHQoRN ]HULQGH o. 1. %DVÕQo GD\DQÕPÕ. EN 480-1 ùDKLWEHWRQ,. 2. Taze betondaki KDYDPLNWDUÕ. EN 480-1 ùDKLWEHWRQ,. prEN 123903:1999. EN 12350-7.
(85) 19. 6. Su JHoLULPVL]OLNNDWNÕPDGGHVL 6HUWOHúPLú EHWRQXQ NÕOFDO VX HPPHVLQL D]DOWDQ NLP\DVDO NDWNÕ PDGGHVLGLU 7DEOR 2.7) 7DEOR6XJHoLULPVL]OLNNDWNÕODUÕLoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGDYH\DHúLW6dRUDQÕQGD
(86) a. No. a. g]HOOLN. ùDKLW KDUoEHWRQ. Deney metodu. øVWHQHQGH÷HUOHU. JQONNUGHQVRQUD JQONGHQH\LoLQ GHQHPHEHWRQXúDKLW .ÕOFDOVX EN 480-¶H EHWRQXQHQoRN VL 1 EN 480-5 emme X\JXQKDUo JQONNUGHQVRQUD JQONGHQH\LoLQ GHQHPHEHWRQXúDKLW EHWRQXQHQoRN Õ prEN 12390JQGHGHQHPHEHWRQX %DVÕQo EN 480-1 2 3:1999 úDKLWEHWRQXQHQD] GD\DQÕPÕ ùDKLWEHWRQ, 85'i hUHWLFLWDUDIÕQGDQDNVL Taze EHOLUWLOPHGLNoHGHQHPH EN 480-1 EN 12350-7 3 betondaki EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQ ùDKLWEHWRQ, KDYDPLNWDUÕ KDFLPFHHQoRN2 ]HULQGH %WQGHQH\OHUHúLWNÕYDPYH\DHúLW6dRUDQÕQGD\DSÕOPDOÕGÕU. 7. Su-D]DOWÕFÕYHSUL]-JHFLNWLULFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL %D]Õ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL KHP VDELW ELU NÕYDP LoLQ JHUHNOL VX PLNWDUÕQÕ -%11 kadar D]DOWPDNWD KHP GH WD]H EHWRQXQ SUL] NDWÕODúPD
(87) VUHVLQL X]DWDELOPHNWHGLU %X LNL LúOHYL \HULQH JHWLUHQNDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL ³VX-D]DOWÕFÕYHSUL]-JHFLNWLULFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL RODUDNDGODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU 7DEOR
(88).
(89) 20. 7DEOR3UL]JHFLNWLULFLVXD]DOWÕFÕSOkVWLNOHúWLULFLNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(90). No. g]HOOLN. ùDKLW KDUoEHWRQ. 1. %DVÕQo GD\DQÕPÕ. EN 480-1 ùDKLWEHWRQ,. 2. 3. 4. Priz EDúODQJÕFÕ. Su azaltma. Taze betondaki KDYDPLNWDUÕ. EN 480-¶H X\JXQKDUo. EN 480-1 ùDKLWEHWRQ,. Deney metodu. øVWHQHQGH÷HUOHU. prEN 123903:1999. JQLoLQGHQHPH EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQHQ D]¶. EN 480-2. 20oC'de: deneme betonu LoLQHQD]GDNLND 5oC'de: deneme betonu LoLQúDKLWEHWRQXQHQoRN Õ. EN 12350-¶\H J|UHo|NPHYH\D 'HQHPHEHWRQXQGDúDKLW EN 12350-¶HJ|UH betona NÕ\DVODHQD] \D\ÕOPD. EN 480-1 ùDKLWEHWRQ,. EN 12350-7. hUHWLFLWDUDIÕQGDQDNVL EHOLUWLOPHGLNoHGHQHPH EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQ KDFLPFHHQoRN ]HULQGH. 8. Su-D]DOWÕFÕYHSUL]-KÕ]ODQGÕUÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL 6DELW ELU NÕYDP LoLQ JHUHNOL VX PLNWDUÕQÕ - NDGDU D]DOWDQ YH D\QÕ ]DPDQGD EHWRQSUL]LQLQGDKDoDEXNROPDVÕQÕVD÷OD\DQNDWNÕPDGGHOHULQH³VX-D]DOWÕFÕYHSUL]KÕ]ODQGÕUÕFÕNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL´GHQLOPHNWHGLU <NVHNPLNWDUGDVX-D]DOWÕFÕYHSUL]-JHFLNWLULFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL 6DELWELUNÕYDPLoLQJHUHNOLVXPLNWDUÕQÕHQD]NDGDUD]DOWDQYHD\QÕ]DPDQGD SUL] JHFLNWLUHQ NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULQH ³\NVHN PLNWDUGD VX-D]DOWÕFÕ YH SUL]-geciktirici NDWNÕPDGGHOHUL´GHQLOPHNWHGLU 7DEOR 7DEOR
(91).
(92) 21. Tablo 3UL]JHFLNWLULFL\NVHNRUDQGDVXD]DOWÕFÕVSHUSOkVWLNOHúWLULFLNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
(93). No. g]HOOLN. ùDKLW KDUoEHWRQ. 1. %DVÕQo GD\DQÕPÕ. EN 480-1 ùDKLWEHWRQ,. 2. 3UL]VUHVL. EN 480-¶H X\JXQKDUo. 3. 4. Su azaltma. Taze betondaki KDYDPLNWDUÕ. EN 480-1 ùDKLWEHWRQ,. EN 480-1 ùDKLWEHWRQ,. Deney metodu. prEN 123903:1999. En 480-2. øVWHQHQGH÷HUOHU JQONGHQH\LoLQ GHQHPHEHWRQXúDKLW EHWRQXQHQD] JQONGHQH\LoLQ GHQHPHEHWRQXúDKLW betonun en az % 115'i 3UL]EDúODQJÕFÕ GHQHPH EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQGDQHQ az 90 dakika fazla Priz sonu: deneme betonu úDKLWEHWRQGDQHQoRN 360 dakika sonra. EN 12350-¶\H J|UHo|NPHYH\D 'HQHPHEHWRQXQGDúDKLW EN 12350-¶HJ|UH EHWRQDNÕ\DVODHQD] 12 \D\ÕOPD. EN 12350-7. hUHWLFLWDUDIÕQGDQDNVL EHOLUWLOPHGLNoHGHQHPH EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQ KDFLPFHHQoRN ]HULQGH. 7DEOR3UL]JHFLNWLULFL\NVHNRUDQGDVXD]DOWÕFÕVSHUSOkVWLNOHúWLULFL NDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLW6dRUDQÕQGD
(94). No. g]HOOLN. 1. .ÕYDP koruma. 2. %DVÕQo GD\DQÕPÕ. 3. Taze betondaki KDYDPLNWDUÕ. ùDKLW KDUoEHWRQ. Deney metodu. øVWHQHQGH÷HUOHU. EN 12350-¶\H 'HQHPHEHWRQXQXQNDWNÕ J|UHo|NPHYH\D NDWÕOGÕNWDQGDNLND EN 480-1 EN 12350-¶HJ|UH VRQUDNLNÕYDPÕúDKLW ùDKLWEHWRQ,9 \D\ÕOPD EHWRQXQLONNÕYDPÕQÕQ DOWÕQDGúPHPHOLGLU PrEN 12390JQLoLQGHQHPH EN 480-1 3:1999 EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQHQ ùDKLWEHWRQ,9 D] ¶Õ hUHWLFLWDUDIÕQGDQDNVL EHOLUWLOPHGLNoHGHQHPH EN 480-1 EN 12350-7 EHWRQXúDKLWEHWRQXQ ùDKLWEHWRQ, KDFLPFHHQoRN ]HULQGH.
(95) 22. 2.4.2. Priz-JHFLNWLULFLNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL 7D]H EHWRQD X\JXODQDFDN WDúÕPD \HUOHúWLUPH VÕNÕúWÕUPD YH \]H\ G]HOWPH LúOHPOHULQLQ EHWRQ KHQ] NDWÕODúPDGDQ |QFH \HULQH JHWLULOPHVL JHUHNPHNWHGLU 2\VD KDYD VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQÕQ \NVHN ROPDVÕ YHYH\D U]JDU KÕ]ÕQÕQ \NVHN ROPDVÕ YHYH\D KDYDGDNL QHPLQ GúN ROPDVÕ JLEL NRúXOODU EHWRQ ]HULQGH DúD÷ÕGDNL ROXPVX] HWNLOHUH\RODoPDNWDGÕU 1. øVWHQLOHQ NÕYDPGDNL EHWRQX HOGH HGHELOPHN ]HUH JHUHNHQ VX PLNWDUÕ DUWPDNWDGÕU 2. 7D]HEHWRQXQ NDUÕOGÕ÷Õ DQGDNL o|NPHGH÷HULLOH \HUOHúWLULOGL÷L DQGDNL o|NPH GH÷HULDUDVÕQGDNLIDUN o|NPHGH÷HULND\EÕ
(96) \NVHNROPDNWDGÕU 3. %HWRQXQSUL]L NDWÕODúPDVÕ
(97) GDKDNÕVDVUHGH\HUDOPDNWDGÕU 4. %HWRQ \]H\LQGH SODVWLN E]OPH oDWODNODUÕ RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ oDWODNODU DUWPDNWDGÕU 5. %HWRQXQ \HUOHúWLULOPHVLQGH JoONOHUOH NDUúÕODúÕOPDNWD GDKD |QFH \HUOHúWLULOPLú EHWRQ LOH \HQL \HUOHúWLULOHQ EHWRQ DUDVÕQGDNL ED÷ODQWÕGD ³VR÷XN GHU]´ RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ VUHNVL]OLN PH\GDQD JHOPHNWH EHWRQ \]H\LQGH WR]ODQPDODUROPDNWDYHE]OPHQHGHQL\OHoDWODPDODU\HUDOPDNWDGÕU ³3UL]-JHFLNWLULFL NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL´ VÕFDN KDYD NRúXOODUÕQÕQ EHWRQ ]HULQGH \DUDWDELOHFH÷L oRN KÕ]OÕ SUL] \DSPD HWNLVLQL WHODIL HGHELOPHN ]HUH EHWRQXQ SUL] VUHVLQLQGDKDX]XQROPDVÕQÕVD÷OD\DQNDWNÕPDGGHOHULGLU 7DEOR
(98).
(99) 23. 7DEOR3UL]JHFLNWLULFLNDWNÕODULoLQHN|]HOOLNOHU HúLWNÕYDPGD
Benzer Belgeler
Birinci Basamaktan Fark Denklemleri.
Dirichlet s¬n¬r ¸ sartlar¬n¬[0; 1] aral¬¼ g¬üzerinde sa¼ glayan RSL problemi- nin özfonksiyonlar¬n¬ lineer kombinasyonu olarak ifadelerinin s¬ras¬yla Fourier serisi,
n i s a n 1 9 9 5 l e y l - e k ’ li s a y ı 1 8 f i y a t ı 7 0 . 0 0 0 t i . ( k d v . d a h i l )
Daha önce ras-j lanmadık olanın çözülmesinde ün, para arayan bilimadamları gibi değil de, daha iyi yapacak başka bir işleri olmadığı için kırda
Şekil 4.14 : Havada tutulan S17 numunelerinin klorür konsantrasyonu-derinlik ilişkisi...41.. c)Özdirenç...73 Şekil A.2: Suda tutulan S1 numunelerine ait grafikler:
weight-updating occurs at the output rate, which is the slower rate.Below is a schematic of a fractionally spaced equalizer. Fractionally Spaced Equalizers.. Block-Diagram
Simdi özel durumda ikinci basamaktan sabit katsay¬l¬homogen denklemlerin çözümlerini inceleyelim.. Durum: (4) denklemi iki reel farkl¬ köke
Bulunan de¼ gerler (2) de yerine yaz¬larak özel çözüme ula¸ s¬l¬r..
➢ Payı sırası
