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Fantastik bir kitap olarak "havada yürüyen"

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BEYAN

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beyan ederim.

Nevin HUR 19.09.2011

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Nevin Hur 19.09.2011

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KISALTMALAR ... iii

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SUMMARY ... v

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2.2. Robert Schneider ... 32

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Anahtar Kelimeler: Fantezi, Fantastik Kurgu, Fantastik Edebiyat

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iv

Sakarya University Insitute of Social Sciences $EVWUDFWRI0DVWHU¶V7KHVLV

Title of the Thesis: $VD)DQWDVWLF1RYHO³:DONLQJLQWKH$LU´

Author: Nevin Hur Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Funda KIZILER EMER Date: 19 September 2011 Nu. Of pages: iv (pre text) + 80 (main body)

Department: German Language Subfield: German Language and Literature and Literature

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imanigary city Jacobsroth. In the roman, encloses 30 years, the writer tells about the social and cultural condition of people live in Region Rhine. More important is that, readers visit another phantasic worlds through the help of phantastic people and events that are given in the story.

First aim of our thesis is analysing the phantastic elements in the novel and then FDWHJRUL]LQJWKHURPDQ³:DONLQJLQWKH$LU´DVDSKDQtastic novel. So in the first part of this study, made up of two parts, we aimed to answer exactly what is Phantastic Literatur?

We used reader-focused criticism method in our study to help the readers to line the borders of phantastic which is very complex and hard to understand. This will gonna help readers in the process of reading to ask between fantasy and reality and most importantly to understand the aim of the writer and the text.

Key words: Fantasy, Fantastic Fiction, Fantastic Literature

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(14)

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(15)

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(16)

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(17)

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IDQWDVWLN WHULPLQL V|] NRQXVX \D]DUODUÕPÕ]ÕQ HVHUOHULQGHQ YHUGL÷L |UQHNOHUOH

GHVWHNOHPHNWHYHIDQWDVWLNXQVXUODUÕGHWD\OÕELUúHNLOGHHOHDOPDNWDGÕU

Fantastik eGHEL\DWWDQDQODWÕODQ|\NOHULQJHUoHNGQ\DGDGH÷LOWDPDPHQ\D]DUÕQKD\DO

JFQHGD\DQDQELUGQ\DGDJHUoHNOHúPHVL\OHD\UÕODQ)DQWDVWLN.XUJXDODQÕQGDGDD\QÕ

]DPDQGD ILOPH GH oHYULOHQ GQ\DFD QO HVHUOHU oÕNPDNWDGÕU NDUúÕPÕ]D: gUQH÷LQ

7RONLHQ¶LQ <]NOHULQ (IHQGLVL oOHPHVL 8UVXOD ./HJXLQ (GGLQJV :HLV-Hickman

(23)

14

oLIWL 6DOYDWRUH ORUGODU NUDOODU YH ú|valyeleri NRQX HGLQPLúOHUGLU |\NOHrinde. Bu NDYUDPODU JHUoHN GQ\D\D DLW NDYUDPODU ROPDNOD ELUOLNWH IDQWDVWLN NXUJX LoHULVLQGH

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6RQXo RODUDN YDPSLUOHUGHQ FLQOHUH YH SHULOHUH KD\DOHW YH KRUWODNODUGDQ PLWOHUGH

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JFQQ UHWHELOGL÷L KHU WUO \DUDWÕ÷Õ \D GD GXUXPX EQ\HVLQGH EDUÕQGÕUDQ IDQWDVWLN

HGHEL\DW JHoPLúWHQ JQP]H NDGDU XODúPÕú YH NHQGLQGHQ |QFHNL WUOHUGHQ GH

EHVOHQHUHN\D]ÕQWDULKLQHND]DQGÕUGÕ÷ÕELUoRN|UQHNLOHYDUOÕ÷ÕQÕVUGUPHNWHGLU

1.3(GHEL7UOHU $oÕVÕQGDQ)DQWDVWLNEdebiyat 1.3.1. (GHEL7UOHU.DYUDPÕQD*HQHO%LU%DNÕú

³7UOHUELU\DSÕWÕQHGHEL\DWHYUHQLQHED÷ODQPDVÕQÕVD÷OD\DQLSOHUGLU´

Tzvetan Todorov øQVDQR÷OX YDUROXúXQGDQ EX \DQD GX\JX YH GúQFHOHULQL GÕúDUÕ\D DNWDUPD LKWL\DFÕ

GX\PXúWXU *HOLúLPLQH ED÷OÕ RODUDN GH÷LúLN úHNLOOHUH EUQPúWU EX GX\JX WUDQVIHUL

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istemesinin sonucu olarak HGHEL\DW RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU .LPL ]DPDQ J|UGNOHULQL

UHVPHGHQ NLPL ]DPDQ NHQGLVLQLQ GH SDUoDVÕ ROGX÷X VRV\DO KD\DWÕ DQODWDQ \D GD KLo

ROPD\DQ ELU GQ\D\Õ YDUPÕú JLEL J|VWHUHQ VDQDWoÕ HYUHQGHNL JHUoHNOL÷L WDQÕPODPD\D

JL]HPLGHDQODPODQGÕUPD\DoDOÕúPDNWDGÕU+HUoD÷ÕQ\DúDPDX]D\DGQ\D\DLQVDQD

NÕVDFDVÕWPHYUHQHEDNÕúDoÕVÕQDIDUNOÕúHNLOGH\DQVÕ\DQJHUoHNOLNDQOD\ÕúÕVDQDWHVHULQL

GH GR÷UXGDQ HWNLOHPHNWHGLU øo GQ\DVÕQÕ VDQDWÕQD \DQVÕWDQ VDQDWoÕQÕQ SVLNRORMLVLQLQ

o|]POHQPHVL YH WDNLELQGH GúOHULQLQ \RUXPODQPDVÕ LQVDQ JHUoH÷LQLQ DQODúÕOPDVÕQD

\|Q YHUPLúWLU1 %LU VDQDWoÕ RODUDN LQVDQ DQODPODQGÕUDPDGÕ÷Õ GR÷UXGDQ \DQVÕWDPDGÕ÷Õ

JHUoHNOL÷LVH]JLGúJFDUDFÕOÕ\OD\HQLGHQUHWPH\HoDOÕúPÕúWÕU%|\OHFHJHUoHNVW

DODQÕ DQODWPD\D oDOÕúDQ PLVWLNOHU VRQVX]OX÷D \HONHQ DoDQ URPDQWLNOHU JHUoH÷L

VLPJHOHúWLUHUHNVR\XWODPÕúODUGÕUDUWÕN=DPDQNDYUDPÕ\ODGR÷UXRUDQWÕOÕRODUDNoD÷GDQ

12ULMLQDODGÕ'LH7UDXPGHXWXQJRODQ'úOHULQ<RUXPXLVLPOLoDOÕúPD6LJPXQG)UHXG¶DDLWWLU)UHXG

\ÕOÕQGD\D\ÕPODGÕ÷ÕHVHULQELULQFLE|OPQGHU\DODUÕQROXúXPXQXQHGHQOHULQLYHLúOHYOHULQL

VRUJXODPDNWDLNLQFLE|OPQGHU\D\RUXPODPDVÕQGDNXOODQGÕ÷Õ\|QWHPOHULQLDoÕNODPDNWDYHoQF

E|OPQGHLVHU\DODUÕQLQVDQODUÕQELOLQoDOWÕ\ODDODNDOÕELUGXUXPROGX÷XQXVDYXQDUDNU\DODUÕQELUGLOHN

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Q|URORJEXHVHUL\OHpsikoloji ve eGHEL\DWDODQODUÕQÕELUOHúWLUPHNWHGLU

(24)

15

oD÷D WUGHQ WUH YH EHUDEHULQGH NLúLGHQ NLúL\H IDUNOÕOÕN J|VWHUHQ JHUoHNOLN DQOD\ÕúÕ

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JHUoHNVW´ (Ecevit, 2009: 18) RODUDNNDUúÕOÕNEXOPXúWXUWDULKWHQJQP]HNDGDU

<D]ÕQWDULKLQLQJHOLúPHVUHFLQGHNLPLHOHúWLUPHQYHNXUDPFÕODUHGHEL\DWÕQWRSOXPVDO

JHUoHNOLN KDNNÕQGD ELU oHúLW ELOJL VD÷ODGÕ÷ÕQÕ EX QHGHQOH GH KDNLNDW ELOGLUHQ \DKXW

ELOGLUPHVL JHUHNOL ELU úH\ ROGX÷XQX VDYXQXUNHQ NLPLOHUL GH HGHEL\DWÕQ KDNLNDWL

ELOGLUHPH\HFH÷LQHEXQXQ|]QHD\NÕUÕROGX÷XQDoQNHGHEL\DWÕQLúOHYLQLQQHELOJLVHO

QHGHGLGDNWLNROGX÷XQXVDYXQPXúWXU (Moran, 2008: 306). +HUQHNDGDUNHVLQJHUoHNYH

GR÷UXELUWDQÕPÕ\DSÕODPDVDGD- NLEXQXQQHGHQLHGHEL\DWÕQGL÷HUGHQH\VHONDYUDPODU

JLEL ³DoÕN GRNXOX´ (Moran, 2008: 303) ROPDVÕGÕU- genel anlamda malzemesi dil, ND\QD÷Õ\DúDQWÕODUYHKD\DOJFRODQ\DUDWÕFÕOÕ÷DGD\DQDQELUVDQDWGDOÕRODUDNNDEXO

edilir edebiyat (Baytekin, 2006: 2). %LU oHúLW DQODWÕ ELoLPLGLU HGHEL\DW 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD

Michel %XWRU¶XQ³dH÷LúLNJHUoHNOHUHGH÷LúLNDQODWÕELoLPOHULGHQNGúHU´ (Ecevit, 2009:

177) úHNOLQGHNLV|\OHPLEXGúQFH\LEHUNLWPHNtedir.

6|] NRQXVX GH÷LúLN DQODWÕ ELoLPOHUL \D]ÕQ WUOHULQL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU %XQD UD÷PHQ

V|\OH\HELOLUL] NL, HGHEL\DW HVHUOHUL EHOOL NDOÕSODU LoLQH JLUHPH\HFHN NDGDU |]JQ

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|÷HOHUGHQ\RODoÕNDUDNRQODUÕQ\D\JÕQOÕNEHOLUOH\LFL|]HOOLNOHULQGHQV|]HWPHNGDKDL\L

RODFDNWÕU 7DELv NL ELOLPLQ JHUH÷L RODUDN WUOHU VÕQÕIODPDVÕQD JLWPHN GL÷HU GDOODUGD

ROGX÷XJLELHGHEL\DWWDGDV|]NRQXVXGXU2NXQDQPHWQLQURPDQúLLU\DGD|\N olarak VÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ V|] NRQXVX PHWQLQ ELU WU LoHULVLQH GDKLO HGLOPHVLQH \DUGÕPFÕ ROXU

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NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU $NVL WDNGLUGH KDQJL WUH DLW ROGX÷X VDSWDQDPD\DQ LoHULVLQGH ELUoRN

]ÕWOÕ÷Õ EDUÕQGÕUDQ L\L \D GD N|W ROGX÷X EHOLUOHQHPH\HQ EHONL ROPDGÕ÷Õ KDOGH ³VDnat HVHUL´ RODUDN WDQÕPODQDFDN ELUoRN \DSÕW RUWD\D oÕNDFDNWÕU %X NDUPDúDQÕQ

HQJHOOHQHELOPHVL LoLQ WUOHULQ QH ROGX÷X YH QDVÕO ROPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷L IRUPOH HGLOPHN

(25)

16

GXUXPXQGDGÕU(GHELWUE|\OHFHDQODPÕNHQGLLoLQGHVDNOÕNHQGLQGHQLEDUHW|]HUNELU

kategori RODUDN GH÷LO GL÷HU NRPúX WUOHUGHQ IDUNOÕOÕ÷Õ\OD WDQÕPODQDQ ELU inceleme konusu haline gelecektir.

%DWÕ eGHEL\DWÕQGDNL LON WU NXUDPÕQÕQ \D]DUÕ RODQ Aristoteles, Poetika isimli oDOÕúPDVÕQGD EWQ VDQDWODUÕQ JHQHO RODUDN taklit (mimemis) ROGX÷XQD GLNNDW oHker.

*HQLúDQODPÕ\ODELUHVHULPH\GDQDJHWLUHQVDQDWoÕúDLU\DGD\D]DUELUúH\\DSDQNLúL

RODUDN DVOÕQGD \HWHQH÷LQL GH NXOODQDUDN GR÷D\Õ WDNOLW HWPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD V|] NRQXVX

VDQDWODUÕQ WDNOLW HWPHGH NXOODQÕODQ DUDo EDNÕPÕQGDQ ELUELUOHULQGHQ D\UÕOGÕNODUÕQÕ

V|\OH\HQ$ULVWRED]ÕVDQDWODUÕQUHQNOHUYHILJUOHUED]ÕODUÕQÕQLVHVHVDUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\ODWDNOLW

HGLOGL÷LQL EHOLUWLU YH WDNOLGLQ ULWLP V|] \D GD KDUPRQL \DUGÕPÕ\OD JHUoHNOHúWL÷LQL GLOH

getirir (Aristoteles, 2010: 11). Her sanat eseri kendi yorumunu kendi WUQGH\DQLNHQGL

GLOLQGHJHUoHNOHúWLULU%XGXUXPRQXQ|]JQROPDVÕQDYHDOJÕVÕQÕNHQGLGQ\DJ|Uú\OH

DNWDUPDVÕQD \DUGÕPFÕ ROPDNWDGÕU =LUD ³\D]ÕQ WUOHUL DVOD GXUD÷DQ NDOÕSODU GH÷LOGLU

6UHNOLGH÷LúLPLoLQGHGLUOHU%X\]GHQGHDQDOLWLN\DNODúÕPODUÕPÕ]GDWUGLQDPL]PLQH

GX\DUOÕ \|QWHPOHU JHOLúWLUPHPL] JHUHNLU %LU URPDQFÕ GDKD URPDQÕQD EDúODGÕ÷Õ DQGD

romDQWUQGH÷LúWLUL\RUGHPHNWLU´ (Parla, 2008: 26-27).

<D]ÕQ WUOHUL KXVXVXQGD VDSWDPDODUGD EXOXQDQ (' +LUVFK PHWLQ-WU LOLúNLVLQL

\RUXPODUNHQ WUOHULQ PHWLQOHULQ DQODPÕQÕ GHULQOHúWLUPHNOH NDOPD\ÕS D\QÕ ]DPDQGD

\RUXPODUÕQD oHUoHYH KD]ÕUODGÕ÷ÕQGDQ EDKVHWPHNWHGLU 7UOHULQ QLWHOLNOHULQL ROXúWXUDQ

ED]ÕLúDUHWOHUHGLNNDWoHNHQ+LUVFKHSLNWUGHNDKUDPDQÕQQLWHOLNOHULURPDQVWDDUD\Õú

motifinin, pastorDOGH NÕUVDO WRS\D NXUJXELOLPGH NHQWVHO GLVWRS\D2 JLEL NDYUDPODUÕQ

PHWQL DoÕNOÕ÷D NDYXúWXUPD\D \DUGÕPFÕ RODELOHFH÷LQH LúDUHW HWPHNWHGLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD ELU

\RUXPFXRODUDNRNXQDQPHWQLQWUQHGDLUELOJLELULNLPLQHVDKLSROPDN, PHWQLQG]JQ

ELUúHNLOGHDQODúÕOPDVÕQD\DUGÕPFÕROXU (Parla, 2008: 27). Elbette bu, her edebi metnin DLW ROGX÷X WUH GDLU EWQ |]HOOLNOHUL WDúÕ\DFDN ROPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷L DQODPÕQD

JHOPHPHNWHGLU=LUDKHUPHWLQ\D]ÕOGÕ÷ÕWUNHQGLVL\OHELUOLNWHJD\ULLKWL\DULGH÷LúWLUPH

ONVQH VDKLSWLU 7DULKWH GkKLO ROGX÷X HGHEL WUQ WP |]HOOLNOHULQL LoHULVLQGH

EDUÕQGÕUDQELUPHWQLQ\D]ÕOPDPDVÕEXQDHQL\LNDQÕWWÕU: ³<D]ÕQWUOHULHGHEL\DWWDULKLQLQ

HQGLQDPLNJ|VWHUJHOHULGLUYHUHoHWH\HJHOPH]oQNKHUHGHEL\DSÕWDLWROGX÷XWUOH

tam bir uyumdan oRNIDUNOÕOÕN\HQLOLNPHOH]OLN\DGDEDúNDOGÕUÕLOLúNLVLVHUJLOHU7U

2 +HUúH\LQPNHPPHOROGX÷XKD\DOvWRSOXPDQOD\ÕúÕQÕQDQWLWH]LRWRULWHUWRWDOLWHU\DGDEDVNÕFÕbir VLVWHPDQOD\ÕúÕ

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17

DúPD oDEDODUÕ\OD DLW ROGX÷X WUQ VÕQÕUODUÕQÕ ]RUODU´ (Parla, 2008: 29). <DQL WUOHULQ

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NDEXOHWPHNGXUXPXQGDNDOÕUÕ] (Parla, 2008: 27-35).

6RQXoRODUDNHGHELWUOHULQYDUOÕ÷Õ\D]ÕQGQ\DVÕQGDNLPHWLQOHULQELUELULQLQD\QÕVÕRODQ

tek WLSG]\D]ÕROPDODUÕQGDQNXUWXOPDODUÕQDKL]PHWHGHUYHRQODUÕDGHWDNHQGLLoLQGH

EHOOL NXUDOODUD VDKLS \D]ÕOGÕ÷Õ \D GD \D]ÕODFD÷Õ WUQ JHUHNOHULQL \HULQH JHWLUPHN

GXUXPXQGD RODQ PDWHPDWLNVHO IRUPOOHUH G|QúWU. *HUoHN KD\DWWD NDUúÕODúÕOPDVÕ

PPNQROPD\DQJHUoHNVWGXUXPYHROD\ODUÕROXUNÕOPDVÕPQDVHEHWL\OHHGHELWUOHU

LoLQGHJ|]HoDUSDQIDQWDVWLNHGHEL\DWWXKDI|\NNLúLOHULJHUoHNGQ\DGDQIDUNOÕLOJLQo

HYUHQOHULYHLQVDQOÕ÷ÕQJFHRODQJHUHNVLQLPLQL\DQVÕWPDVÕEDNÕPÕQGDQGL÷HUWUOHUGHQ

D\UÕOÕU .HQGL \DUDWÕFÕ KD\DO JoOHUL LOH \DúDGÕNODUÕ GQ\D\Õ EDúND ELU úHNLOGH

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RQODUÕHVUDUHQJL]PDFHUDODUDVUNOH\HQIDQWDVWLN\D]DUODUÕKD\DOGQ\DVÕLOHHGHEL\DWÕ

ELUOHúWLULUOHU )DUNOÕ NOWUOHUL YH IDUNOÕ NDUDNWHUOHUL WDQÕúWÕUGÕ÷Õ RNX\XFXODUÕQÕ KHP

JOGUHQ KHP GH H÷OHQGLUHQ IDQWDVWLN \D]DUODUÕ NXUJXODGÕNODUÕ GQ\DQÕQ PDQWÕN

oHUoHYHVL LoLnde ROPDVÕQDGDGLNNDWHGHUOHU (Kavak, 2011: 71).

1.3.2. Fantastik EdebiyatÕQ7DQÕPÕ

6DQDWoÕ\DJHQLúELU|]JUONDODQÕVXQDQIDQWDVWLNDQODWÕODUVDQDWoÕQÕQKD\DOJFQHYH

GHQH\LPOHULQH GD\DQÕUODU %X |]HOOL÷L LOH NXUPDFDQÕQ ELU DGÕP LOHULVLQGH EXOXQDQ

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Kurmaca, \DúDQÕOPDVÕPXKWHPHOROD\ODUÕQWDQÕPÕGÕU)DQWDVWLNNXUPDFDLVHWDPDPÕ\OD

\D]DUÕQÕQ ELULNLP YH \DUDWÕFÕ JFQH GD\DQDQ VDOW JHUoHNOL÷LQ WDNOLGL ROPD\DQ GÕú

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YH HNVLNOHULQL KLVVHGHQ VDQDWoÕQÕQ NDoÕú GQ\DVÕ olarak da nitelendirilebilir fantastik HGHEL\DW %|\OHOLNOH LON EDNÕúWD GÕú JHUoHNOHUGHQ NRSXN ROGX÷X J|]OHQVH GH LoLQGH

EXOXQGX÷X G|QHPLQ DQOD\ÕúÕQÕ LVWHU LVWHPH] HVHULQH \DQVÕWDQ VDQDWoÕ \DúDGÕNODUÕQÕ

yeniden kurgular (Tosun, 2011: 59-61). Zira edebiyat HVHULQL JHUoHN \DúDPGDQ

WDPDPÕ\ODNRSXNGúQPHNPPNQGH÷LOGLU(VHULPH\GDQDJHWLUHQVDQDWoÕWRSOXPXQ

ELU\HVLGLUYHNHQGLVLQLLoLQGH\DúDGÕ÷ÕoHYUHGHQVR\XWODPDVÕLPNDQVÕ]GÕU6DQDWoÕQÕQ

HVHULQGHJHUoHNXQVXUODUD\HUYHUPHVLYHGR÷DOJHUoHNOL÷L\DQVÕWPD\DoDOÕúÕ\RUROPDVÕ

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18

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GQ\D\Õ NDSVD\DQ GÕú JHUoHNOLN YH VDQDWoÕQÕQ Lo GQ\DVÕQD D\QD WXWDQ Lo JHUoHNOLN

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ELOLP \D GD JQQ ELOLPVHO YHULOHUL LOH DoÕNODPD RODQD÷Õ \RNWXU 2NX\XFX KD\DO LOH

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edebiyat.

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(28)

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NDYUDPÕQÕQ, bir ³karDUVÕ]OÕN´ (Todorov, 2004:31) VUHFLQGH \HU DOGÕ÷ÕQÕ VDYXQXU Bu NDUDUVÕ]OÕN RNX\XFXQXQ PHWLQ NDUúÕVÕQGD \DúDGÕ÷ÕQÕQ \DQÕOVDPD PÕ JHUoHN mi ROGX÷XQX NHQGLVLQH VRUPDVÕ\OD RUWD\D oÕNDU YH ELU ikilem VUHFLQGH J|VWHULU NHQGLQL

+DWWDPHWQLIDQWDVWLNNÕODQEu ikilem VUHFLQLQEL]DWLKLNHQGLVLGLU (Todorov, 2004: 31).

(29)

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(30)

21

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