• Sonuç bulunamadı

Dünyada Sosyal Güvenlik Alternatif Reform Arayışları

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Dünyada Sosyal Güvenlik Alternatif Reform Arayışları"

Copied!
18
0
0

Yükleniyor.... (view fulltext now)

Tam metin

(1)     

(2) 

(3)           ! "$#  %&'(#   ) )&) *+,)-. %/ . 'h1<$'$626<$/*h9(1/ø.7($/7(51$7ø)5()250 $5$<,ù/$5, +VH\LQ$.<,/',=0 1 2  g=(7. 'Q\DGDJHOLúPLúONHOHUGHGDKLVRV\DOJYHQOLNNXUXOXúODUÕILQDQVPDQNUL]L LoHULVLQGHGLUhONHHNRQRPLOHULQGH\DúDQDQNUL]QIXVXQJLWWLNoH\DúODQPDVÕVD÷OÕN KL]PHWOHULQLQ IL\DWODUÕQGD \DúDQDQ VUHNOL DUWÕú YH WRSODQDQ IRQODUÕQ HWNLQ GH÷HUOHQGLULOHPHPHVL JLEL ROJXODU VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ EDúOÕFD QHGHQOHULQL WHúNLO HWPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD PHYFXW VLVWHPOHU VRV\DO JYHQOLN KL]PHWLQLQ UHWLPL DoÕVÕQGDQ GD HWNLQOLN SUREOHPL\OH NDUúÕ NDUúÕ\DGÕUODU %X QHGHQOH VRV\DO JYHQOLNWH DOWHUQDWLI o|]POHU |QHULOPHNWHGLU %X ED÷ODPGD ¶OL \ÕOODUÕQ RUWDODUÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ GQ\D NRQMRQNWUQH KDNLP RODQ OLEHUDO GúQFH RUWDPÕ ³ELUH\VHOVRUXPOXOXN´D |QFHOLN YHUHQ UHIRUP DOWHUQDWLIOHULQL |Q SODQD JHoLUPHNWHGLU$QFDNEXVUHoLOHVRV\DOGHYOHWLQLoGLQDPLNOHULoHOLúPHNWHGLU *LULú6RV\DO*YHQOLNWH5HIRUP$UD\ÕúODUÕQÕQ1HGHQOHUL 5HIRUP$UD\ÕúODUÕQÕQ'úQVHO%R\XWX. 6RV\DOJYHQOLNLKWL\DFÕLQVDQOÕNWDULKLNDGDUHVNLGLU6|]NRQXVXLKWL\Do WDULKLQ oHúLWOL G|QHPOHULQGH oHúLWOL VL\DVDO VRV\DO YH LNWLVDGL \DSÕODQPDODUD SDUDOHO RODUDN GH÷LúLN \|QWHPOHU oHUoHYHVLQGH JLGHULOPH\H oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU %DúODQJÕoWDNDELOHLoL\DUGÕPODúPDGDKDVRQUDVÕUDVÕ\ODDLOHLoLGD\DQÕúPDYH \DUGÕPODúPD GLQLLQDQoYHGL÷HUJGOHUOHELUH\YHGHYOHWoHIDNLUOHUH\DSÕODQ \DUGÕPODU YH VRQ RODUDN GD RUWD oD÷GD PHVOHN NXUXOXúODUÕ oHUoHYHVLQGH JHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ\DUGÕPODúPDODUVDQD\LGHYULPL|QFHVLEDúYXUXODQEDúOÕFDVRV\DO JYHQOLN \|QWHPOHULQL WHúNLO HWPLúWLU $QFDN  VDQD\L GHYULPL VRQUDVÕ RUWD\D oÕNDQLNWLVDGLVRV\DOYHVL\DVDOúDUWODUVRV\DOJYHQOLNDoÕVÕQGDQ\HQLELUGXUXP RUWD\D oÕNDUPÕú YH VRV\DO JYHQOLN LKWL\DFÕQÕQ JLGHULOPHVLQGH EX JHOHQHNVHO \|QWHPOHUE\N|OoGH|QHPLQLND\EHWPLúWLU 'LOLN,;

(4) . (VDVHQ VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQ oRN HVNLGHQ EHUL KLVVHWWL÷L ELU LKWL\Do ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQJHUHNNDYUDPYHJHUHNVHPRGHUQPDQDGDELUVLVWHP RODUDN GR÷XúX YH LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQ ELOLQFLQGH WH]DKU HGLúL VDQD\L GHYULPLQLQ RUWD\D oÕNÕúÕQÕ EHNOHPLúWLU  \]\ÕOÕQ RUWDODUÕQGD JHUoHNOHúHQ VÕQDL GHYULP YH EX GHYULPLQ VL\DVDO DODQGD \RO DoWÕ÷Õ  )UDQVÕ] 'HYULPL \HS\HQL ELU G|QHPLQ GR÷XúXQD \RO DoPÕúWÕU %|\OHFH VL\DVDO VRV\DO YH LNWLVDGL DODQGD EWQ ER\XWODUÕ\OD RUWD\D oÕNDQ OLEHUDO WRSOXP G]HQL ELU WDUDIWDQ \R÷XQ VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQH YH GL÷HU WDUDIWDQ GD JHoLP DUDFÕ RODUDN HPHN JFQGHQ EDúND ELU LPNDQD VDKLS ROPD\DQ VHIDOHW LoHULVLQGH \DúDPODUÕQÕ VUGUHELOPH PFDGHOHVL YHUHQ E\N ELU LúoL NLWOHVLQLQ GR÷XPXQD QHGHQ ROPXúWXU %X G|QHPGH WHNQRORMLN G]H\LQ GúN ROPDVÕ X]XQ oDOÕúPD VUHOHULQLQ PHYFXGL\HWL YH.   345 <UG'Ro'U6'høø%). .

(5) 687,  "$ 9:<;"$#  =/# > FUHWOHULQoRNGúNROPDVÕJLELQHGHQOHUOHLúoLOHULQLúND]DODUÕQGD\DúDPODUÕQÕ \LWLUGLNOHUL \DGD VDNDW NDOGÕNODUÕ IL]\RORMLN YH VRV\RHNRQRPLN QHGHQOHUOH oDOÕúDPDGÕNODUÕG|QHPOHUGH\DúDPLPNDQODUÕQGDQWP\OH\RNVXQNDOGÕNODUÕYH VHIDOHW FUHWL QHGHQL\OHDLOHYL\NPOONOHULQLQGDKDGDD÷ÕUODúWÕ÷Õ\R÷XQELU JYHQVL]OLN RUWDPÕ RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU 6RQXoWD EX JHOLúLP WRSOXPODUGD oDOÕúPD KDNNÕ PLOOL JHOLUGHQ \HWHUOL ELU SD\ DOPD YH VRV\DO JYHQOLN JLEL oHúLWOL WDOHSOHULQGR÷XúXQDQHGHQROPXúWXU. 2UWD\D oÕNDQ EX VL\DVDO VRV\DO YH HNRQRPLN VUHo PRGHUQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN DQOD\Õú ELOLQo YH VLVWHPOHULQLQ GR÷XúXQXQ EDúODQJÕo QRNWDVÕQÕ WHúNLO HWPLúWLU1LWHNLPEXDQODPGDWDULKOHULDUDVÕQGD%LVPDUFNWDUDIÕQGDQ JHOLúWLULOLS\UUO÷HNRQXODQ$OPDQ6RV\DO6LJRUWDODU0HY]XDWÕLONYH|QHPOL ELU EDúODQJÕFÕ VLPJHOHPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD %LVPDUFN ÕQ KD]ÕUODGÕ÷Õ UHIRUPODUGD GHYOHWLQ PLOOL JHOLUL WP YDWDQGDúODUÕQ |]HOOLNOH \RNVXOODUÕQ \DúDPODUÕQÕ L\LOHúWLULFL \|QGH \HQLGHQ GD÷ÕWÕPD WDEL WXWPDNOD \NPO NÕOÕQPDVÕ GL÷HU ELU |QHPOL JHOLúPH\L WHúNLO HWPHNWHGLU *]HO  

(6)  %X ED÷ODPGD EX JHOLúPHOHU KHP VRV\DO VLJRUWD PHY]XDWÕ YH KHP GH \HQLGHQ JHOLU GD÷ÕWÕPÕ ER\XWODUÕ\OD VRV\DO GHYOHW PRGHOLQLQ EHOLUPH\H EDúODGÕ÷Õ ELU VUHFL WHPVLO HWPHNWHGLU. $QFDN KHP VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ YH KHP GH VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ PRGHUQ PDQDGD EWQ DQODP YH ER\XWODUÕ\OD YFXW EXOPDVÕ  GQ\D HNRQRPLN NUL]LQH WHSNL RODUDN RUWD\D oÕNDQ .H\QHV\HQ GHYULPL EHNOHPLúWLU øNWLVDGL YH VRV\DO KD\DWD GHYOHW PGDKDOHVLQL |QJ|UHQ .H\QHV\HQ GHYULP LOH ELUOLNWH VRV\DOGHYOHWKHPELOLPVHOELUJHUHNoH\HYHKHPGHPDNURHNRQRPLNG]H\GH WDOHS \|QHWLPL YDVÕWDVÕ\OD EWQ HNRQRPLN E\NONOHUL D\DUOD\DFDN LNWLVDW SROLWLNDODUÕQD NDYXúPXúWXU $\QÕ JHOLúLPH SDUDOHO RODUDN VRV\DO JYHQOLN DODQÕQGD GD .H\QHVoL ELU LNWLVDWoÕ RODQ :LOOLDP %HYHULGJH PDKL\HWLQGHNL NRPLV\RQ \HOHUL LOH ELUOLNWH  \ÕOÕQGD NHQGL GH\LPL\OH VRV\DO GHYULP RODUDN QLWHOHGL÷L ELU PRGHO RUWD\D NR\PXúWXU %|\OHFH EX  PRGHO .H\QHV LQ LNWLVDGLDODQGD\DSWÕ÷ÕGHYULPLQVRV\DOJYHQOLNDODQÕQGDNLELU\DQVÕPDVÕRODUDN NDUúÕPÕ]D oÕNPDNWDGÕU )ORUD YH +HÕGHQKHÕPHU  3KÕOOÕSV   7D\ORU*RRE\YH'DOH

(7) . *HUoHNWHQ GH .H\QHV  \]\ÕO HQGVWUL KD\DWÕQGD EDú J|VWHUHQ \RNVXOOXN SUREOHPLQL OLEHUDO NDSLWDOLVW WRSOXP G]HQLQH ED÷ODPÕú YH GHYOHW PGDKDOHVLQL JHUHNOL J|UPúWU $\QÕ ED÷ODPGD %HYHULGJH GH LúVL]OLN |OP \DúOÕOÕN PDOXOON YH KDVWDOÕN JLEL \RNVXOOX÷D \RO DoDQ EWQ VRV\DO ULVNOHUL PRGHUQ WRSOXPGDNL oDUSÕNOÕNODUD ED÷ODPÕú YH ELUH\OHULQ EX ULVNOHUH NDUúÕ NRUXQPDVÕQGD GHYOHWL VRUXPOX WXWPXúWXU 'LOQRW  

(8)  %|\OHFH VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ELUH\GHQ ]L\DGH GHYOHWLQ J|UHYL ROGX÷X ELU GúQFH RUWDPÕ GR÷PXúWXU. . .

(9)      

(10) 

(11)           ! "$#  %&'(#   ) )&) *+,)-. %/ . (VDVHQVRV\DOJYHQOL÷LQELULQVDQKDNNÕYHGHYOHWJ|UHYLRODUDNNDPX VRUXPOXOX÷XGDKLOLQGHDOJÕODQPDVÕVUHFLQLQROXúXPXQGDWHNQHGHQ%HYHULGJH PRGHOL GH÷LOGLU %X ROXúXPD NDWNÕGD EXOXQDQ ELUHU JHOLúPH RODUDN EXUDGD. $PHULND GD OLEHUDO GRNWULQLQ |OP IHUPDQÕ RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOHQ  WDULKOL³6RV\DO*YHQOLN<DVDVÕ´QÕYH\ÕOÕQGD\RNVXOOX÷DN|NOELUo|]P \ROX VXQDQ <HQL =HOODQGD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPLQL GH XQXWPDPDN JHUHNLU *]HOYH2NXU*RUGRQ

(12) . 1HWLFH LWLEDUL\OH OLEHUDO WRSOXP G]HQLQLQ RUWD\D oÕNDUGÕ÷Õ WRSOXPVDO oDUSÕNOÕNODU NDUúÕVÕQGD WRSOXPGD \NVHOHQ VRV\RHNRQRPLN HúLWOLN YH VRV\DO JYHQOLNWDOHSOHULJHQHOER\XWX\ODVRV\DOGHYOHWLQYHVSHVLILNER\XWX\ODPRGHUQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ GR÷XúX YH JHOLúLPLQH \RO DoPÕú YH .H\QHV\HQ GHYULPOHELUOLNWHRUWD\DoÕNDQGúQFHRUWDPÕGDV|]NRQXVXVLVWHPOHULQ\HS\HQL DQODPYHER\XWODUND]DQGÕ÷ÕELUVUHoROPXúWXU. %|\OHFHVRV\DOJYHQOL÷LQKHPXOXVODUDUDVÕEHOJHOHUGHYHKHPGHONH DQD\DVDODUÕQGDELULQVDQKDNNÕYHGHYOHWJ|UHYLRODUDNWDQÕPODQGÕ÷ÕELUG|QHP RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU %X QHGHQOH \DNÕQ ]DPDQODUD NDGDU VRV\DO JYHQOLN DODQÕQGD NDPX VRUXPOXOX÷X KÕ]OD JHQLúOHPLú YH GHYOHW JHQLú \NPOONOHUOH GRQDWÕOPÕúWÕU.  OL \ÕOODUÕQ RUWDODUÕQD NDGDU WDUWÕúPDVÕ] WHN DOWHUQDWLI RODQ .H\QHV\HQ LNWLVDW SROLWLNDODUÕ oHUoHYHVLQGH VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDUFDPDODUÕ GHYOHWLQ WDP LVWLKGDPÕ VD÷ODPD YH PLOOL JHOLULDUWÕUPD\|QWHPLRODUDN³WRSODP WDOHS\|QHWLPL´QLQWHPHOXQVXUODUÕQGDQELULVLQLWHúNLOHWPLúWLUøNWLVDGLYHVRV\DO DPDoODUÕQoDNÕúWÕ÷ÕV|]NRQXVXEXVUHoWHKHPLNWLVDGLE\PHGHYDPHWPLúYH KHP GH WRSOXPODU VRV\DO JYHQOLNKDUFDPDODUÕQDGDKDID]ODSD\ D\ÕUPÕúODUGÕU gUQH÷LQ  \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD  \ÕOOÕN G|QHPGH ELU oRN 2(&' ONHVLQGH JD\UL VDIL PLOOL KDVÕOD LoHULVLQGH VRV\DO JYHQOL÷H D\UÕODQ SD\  NDWD NDGDU DUWPÕúWÕU $N\ÕOGÕ]  

(13)  $\UÕFD EX G|QHPGH NDPX VRUXPOXOX÷XQXQ JHQLúOHPHVLQH SDUDOHO RODUDN WRSODP NDPX JHOLU YH JLGHUOHUL E\N |OoGH DUWÕú ND\GHWPLúWLU gUQH÷LQ øQJLOWHUH GH  \ÕOÕQGD WRSODP NDPXJHOLUOHULQLQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVÕODLoHULVLQGHNLSD\ÕLNHQEXRUDQÕQ  WH   \D YH \LQH D\QÕ \ÕOODU LWLEDUL\OH WRSODP NDPX KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ SD\ÕQÕQGD GHQ DWÕUPDQGÕ÷ÕJ|UOPHNWHGLU *RXJK

(14) . $QFDN  OL \ÕOODUÕQ RUWDODUÕQD JHOLQGL÷LQGH \NVHN LúVL]OLN \NVHN HQIODV\RQYHLNWLVDGLGDUDOPDQÕQELUOLNWHWH]DKUHWWL÷LoRND÷ÕUELULNWLVDGLNUL] DQLGHQSDWODNYHUPLúYHV|]NRQXVXNUL]LQDúÕOPDVÕQGD.H\QHV\HQSROLWLNDODUÕQ SHNVRQXoYHUPHPHVLWHNUDUNODVLNOLEHUDOSROLWLNDODUÕQSRSODULWHND]DQPDVÕQD QHGHQROPXúWXU. %XJHOLúLPOHELUOLNWHPDNURHNRQRPLSROLWLNDVÕQÕQVDGHFHHQIODV\RQXQ GúUOPHVL DPDFÕ\OD VÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ WDP LVWLKGDPÕQ YH LNWLVDGL E\PHQLQ .

(15) 687,  "$ 9:<;"$#  =/# > VD÷ODQPDVÕ DPDFÕQÕQ SL\DVD PHNDQL]PDVÕQD GHYUHGLOGL÷L GÕú WLFDUHWLQ VHUEHVWOHúWLULOGL÷L NDPX \NPOONOHULQLQ GDUDOWÕOGÕ÷Õ YH ODLVVHV IDLUH EÕUDNÕQÕ] \DSVÕQODU EÕUDNÕQÕ] JHoVLQOHU

(16)  SROLWLNDVÕQD JHUL G|QOG÷ ELU VUHo RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU %X JQN SRSOHU NDYUDP LOH LIDGH HGHFHN ROXUVDN EX VUHo OLEHUDOOHúPH YH JOREDOOHúPH VUHFLGLU 6|]NRQXVX EX VUHoWH NDPX VRUXPOXOX÷XQD|QFHOLNYHUHQGúQFHRUWDPÕWHUNHGLOHUHNELUH\VHOVRUXPOXOX÷D |QFHOLNYHUHQELUGúQFHRUWDPÕQDJHoLOPLúWLUøúWHEXG|QúPPHYFXWVRV\DO JYHQOLN DQOD\ÕúYHSROLWLNDODUÕQÕQ J|]GHQJHoLULOPHVLYHPHYFXWSUREOHPOHULQ o|]PQGHDOWHUQDWLIDUD\ÕúODUÕQÕQVRV\RHNRQRPLNER\XWXQXWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU 6RV\DO*YHQOL÷LQ)LQDQVPDQ.UL]L. 6RV\DOJYHQOLNWHUHIRUPDUD\ÕúODUÕQÕQWHPHOQHGHQOHULQGHQELULVLVRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQLoHULVLQGHEXOXQGX÷XILQDQVPDQNUL]LGLU6|]NRQXVXNUL]LQLONRODUDN $PHULND )UDQVD YH %HOoLND JLEL JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH RUWD\D oÕNÕS GDKD VRQUD +ROODQGD 1RUYHo YH øVUDLO JLEL ONHOHUGH \D\JÕQOÕN ND]DQPDVÕ SUREOHPLQ D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕDoÕVÕQGDQE\NELUDQODPLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU %DWÕUHOYG

(17) . 6RV\DOJYHQOL÷LQILQDQVPDQNUL]LQH\RODoDQQHGHQOHUPDNURYHPLNUR ER\XWODULoHULVLQGHNDWDJRUL]HHGLOHELOLU )LQDQVPDQ.UL]LQLQ0DNUR%R\XWODUÕ. 6RV\DOJYHQOL÷LQILQDQVPDQGXUXPXQXoÕNPD]DVRNDQPDNURQHGHQOHU ONHGHQ ONH\H D] oRN IDUNOÕOÕNODU DU]HWPHVLQH UD÷PHQ D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN EWQ ONHOHU LoLQ RUWDN KNP LIDGH HGHQ QHGHQOHU G|UW DOW EDúOÕN DOWÕQGD LQFHOHQHELOLU øNWLVDGL.UL].  OL \ÕOODUÕQ RUWDODUÕQGD SDWODN YHUHQ LNWLVDGL NUL] KDOHQ EWQ GQ\DGD HWNLVLQL VUGUPHNWHGLU <NVHN HQIODV\RQ \NVHN LúVL]OLN YH HNRQRPLGH GXUJXQOXN VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVDO GXUXPXQX QHJDWLI \|QGH HWNLOH\HQoER\XWXWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU. øúVL]OLNRUDQÕQÕQWÕUPDQÕúJ|VWHUPHVLVRV\DOVLJRUWDNXUXOXúODUÕQÕQSULP JHOLUOHULQL D]DOWÕUNHQ LúVL]OHUH |GHQHQ LúVL]OLN |GHQHNOHUL YH \DUGÕPODUÕQ PLNWDUÕQÕ DUWÕUPDNWDGÕU øúVL]OLN G]H\L JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH  OL \ÕOODUÕQ RUWDODUÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ WÕUPDQPD\D EDúODPÕú YH  \ÕOÕ LWLEDUL\OH -DSRQ\D YH $YXVWXU\D KDULo GL÷HU ONHOHUGH   LOH   DUDVÕQGD GH÷LúHQ RUDQODUD XODúPÕúWÕU 6|]NRQXVX oR÷X ONHGH LúVL]OLN RUDQÕ   FLYDUÕQGDGÕU $QÕODQ RUDQODUÕQ  \ÕOÕQGD GD ED]Õ ONHOHUGH  YH\D  SXDQ GúHUHN YH ED]Õ ONHOHUGHGHDUWÕúND\GHGHUHNPHYFXWG]H\OHULQLVUGUHFH÷LEHNOHQPHNWHGLU $N\ÕOGÕ] 

(18)  %X GXUXP LúVL]OL÷LQ VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQÕ ]HULQGHNL EDVNÕVÕQÕQGHYDPHGHFH÷LQLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU. . .

(19)  . (? "@!@/A<7&B+9@  ;, DC

(20)  E&?&*F. <NVHNHQIODV\RQLVWG|QHPOHUGHPHYFXWLúVL]OL÷LQEDVNÕVÕDOWÕQGDFUHW DUWÕúODUÕQÕQHQIODV\RQRUDQODUÕQÕQDOWÕQGDVH\UHWPHVLNDoÕQÕOPD]GÕU'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD HQIODV\RQ ELU WDUDIWDQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ DUWÕúÕQD QHGHQ ROXUNHQ D\QÕ]DPDQGDUHHOSULPJHOLUOHULQLQGúPHVLVRQXFXQXGR÷XUXUg]HOOLNOHVD÷OÕN KDUFDPDODUÕ YH D\QL KL]PHW RODUDN \DSÕODQ JLGHUOHULQ V|]NRQXVX ROGX÷X DODQODUGDEXVUHoE\N|QHPDU]HWPHNWHGLU. $\UÕFD PDOL EWoH DoÕNODUÕ LOH VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDUFDPDODUÕ DUDVÕQGD SR]LWLI ELU LOLúNLQLQ ROGX÷X LIDGH HGLOHELOLU %X GD EWoH DoÕNODUÕ QHGHQL\OH HNRQRPLGH \NVHN IDL] EDQNDVÕ \DQL NUL]LQ D÷ÕUODúPDVÕ DQODPÕQD JHOLU (NRQRPLNNUL]VUHFLQGHLVHVRV\DOJYHQOLNNXUXOXúODUÕQÕQILQDQVPDQDoÕNODUÕ NDoÕQÕOPD]GÕU $N\ÕOGÕ]

(21) . 'Q\D HNRQRPLVLQH J|] DWÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD GQ\DGDNL PHYFXW GXUJXQOX÷XQ GHYDPHGHFH÷LDQODúÕOPDNWDGÕU6RQ\ÕOODUGD$YXVWXU\DYH-DSRQ\DKDULoGL÷HU JHOLúPLú ONHOHULQ PHYFXW LúVL]OLN RUDQODUÕQÕ   H oHNHFHN ELU HNRQRPLN SHUIRUPDQVVHUJLOH\HFH÷LEHNOHQPHPHNWHGLU $N\ÕOGÕ]'37

(22)  %X GXUXPGD \NVHN LúVL]OLN GúN LNWLVDGL E\PH KÕ]Õ YH QLVSHWHQ NRQWURO DOWÕQDDOÕQPÕúHQIODV\RQLVWELURUWDPGDVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPOHULQLQILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQGHYDPHGHFH÷LQLLIDGHHGHELOLUL] 1IXVXQ*LWWLNoH<DúODQPDVÕ. 7HNQRORMLNLOHUOHPHOHULQVD÷ODGÕ÷ÕUHIDKDUWÕúÕLOHELUOLNWHRUWDODPDLQVDQ |PU X]DPDNWD EXQD NDUúÕOÕN GR÷XPODU D]DOPDNWD YH VRQXo RODUDN QIXV JLWWLNoH\DúODQPDNWDGÕU. 1IXVXQ \DúODQPDVÕ HPHN DU]ÕQÕ GDUDOWÕFÕ WHVLU LFUD HWPHNWH YH GROD\ÕVÕ\OD DNWLISDVLI VLJRUWDOÕ GHQJHVLQL QHJDWLI \|QGH HWNLOHPHNWHGLU g]HOOLNOH JHOLúPLú 2(&' ONHOHUL LoLQ EX GXUXP E\N |QHP DU]HWPHNWHGLU <DúOÕODUÕQ JHQHO QIXV LoHULVLQGHNL SD\Õ KÕ]OD DUWPDNWDGÕU gUQH÷LQ .DQDGD GD \DúÕQ]HULQGHNLQIXVXQ\DúDUDVÕQIXVDRUDQÕ GHLNHQ \ÕOÕQGDV|]NRQXVXRUDQÕQ HXODúDFD÷ÕWDKPLQHGLOPHNWHGLU0HYFXW EX GHPRJUDILN GH÷LúLP VRQXFX RODUDN .DQDGD GD PLOOL JHOLU LoHULVLQGH HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQDD\UÕODQSD\ WHLNHQ\ÕOÕQGD HWÕUPDQDFDNWÕU %X GXUXP GL÷HU 2(&' \HVL oR÷X JHOLúPLú ONHOHU LoLQ DúD÷Õ \XNDUÕ D\QHQ JHoHUOLGLU $N\ÕOGÕ] 

(23)  %X GXUXPGD GHPRJUDILN GH÷LúLPLQ VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ HQ |QHPOL QHGHQOHULQGHQ ELU GL÷HULQL WHúNLO HWWL÷LQLLIDGHHGHELOLUL] 6D÷OÕN+L]PHWOHUL0DOL\HWOHULQLQ$UWÕúÕ. 7ÕSWD \DúDQDQ WHNQRORMLN JHOLúPHOHU X]PDQODúPDQÕQ ER\XWODUÕQÕQ JHOLúPHVL \HQL ED]Õ KDVWDOÕNODUÕQ RUWD\D oÕNÕúÕ YH GDKD NDOLWHOL VD÷OÕN KL]PHWL WDOHELQLQ RUWD\D oÕNÕúÕ EXQD NDUúÕQ VD÷OÕN DODQÕQGD oDOÕúDQODUÕQ FUHWOHULQLQ. .

(24) 687,  "$ 9:<;"$#  =/# > DUWÕúÕVD÷OÕNKL]PHWOHULQLQPDOL\HWLQLDUWÕUDUDNVRV\DOJYHQOL÷LQILQDQVPDQÕQÕ QHJDWLI\|QGHHWNLOHPHNWHGLU ,/2

(25) .  \ÕOÕQD NDGDU VD÷OÕN KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ $YXVWUDO\D .DQDGD )UDQVD -DSRQ\D+ROODQGDøVYHoøQJLOWHUHYH$PHULND GDVRV\DOKDUFDPDODULoHULVLQGH VRV\DOJYHQOLND\OÕN|GHPHOHULQGHQVRQUDHQ\NVHNG]H\GHDUWÕúJ|VWHUHFHN KDUFDPD NDOHPLQL WHúNLO HGHFH÷L WDKPLQ HGLOPHNWHGLU +DJHPDQ YH 1ÕFROHWWÕ 2HFG

(26)  6RV\DO*YHQOL÷LQ)LQDQVPDQ.UL]LQLQ'L÷HU1HGHQOHUL. 6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQÕQÕ QHJDWLI \|QGHQ HWNLOH\HQ GL÷HU QHGHQOHULúXúHNLOGHVÕUDOD\DELOLUL]. 

(27) 6RV\DOVL\DVDOYHPRUDOVHEHSOHUOHVRV\DOJYHQOLNNDSVDPÕQÕQONH LPNDQODUÕQÕ DúDFDN GHUHFHGH JHQLúOHPHVL %X GXUXP |]HOOLNOH %HOoLND øVUDLO øVSDQ\D YH 0HNVLND GD RUWD\D oÕNDQ NUL]OHULQ VHEHSOHULQGHQ ELULQL WHúNLO HWPLúWLU %DWÕUHOYG

(28) . 

(29) øQVDQFÕOVHEHSOHU\DQÕQGD|]HOOLNOHSROLWLNoÕNDUVD÷ODPDNDPDFÕ\OD VRV\DOJHOLUOHUHKDNND]DQPDNRúXOODUÕQÕQV|]NRQXVXVRV\DOJHOLUOHULQYHNDPX \DUGÕPODUÕQÕQ VUHNOL JHQLúOHPH H÷LOLPL J|VWHUPHVL g]HOOLNOH 2(&' ONHOHULQGHSDVLIVLJRUWDOÕELUH\EDúÕQDUHHOVRV\DOJHOLUDUWÕúRUDQÕQÕQIHUWEDúÕQD UHHO PLOOL JHOLU DUWÕú RUDQÕQÕQ ]HULQGH VH\UHWWL÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU $N\ÕOGÕ]  

(30)  %X GXUXP PLOOL JHOLU LoHULVLQGH SDVLI VLJRUWDOÕODUÕQ JHOLUOHULQLQ WRSOXPXQ GL÷HU NHVLPOHUL DOH\KLQH KÕ]OD JHQLúOHGL÷LQL RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGÕU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPLQFH VD÷ODQDQ D\OÕN |GHPHOHULQLQ DúÕUÕ úHNLOGH JHQLúOHPHVL VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ GL÷HU ELU ER\XWXQX \DQVÕWPDNWDGÕU $\UÕFD KDN ND]DQÕP YH JHOLU RODUDN VUHNOL JHQLúOHPH H÷LOLPLQLQYDUROGX÷XGL÷HUELUDODQNDPX\DUGÕPODUÕGÕU.DPX\DUGÕPODUÕGDKD |QFHOHUL VDGHFH \RNVXO ELUH\OHUL NDSVDUNHQ ]DPDQOD EHOLUOL úDUWODUD KDL] ELUH\OHUH JHOLU YH VHUYHW GXUXPXQD EDNÕOPDNVÕ]ÕQ VD÷ODQÕU ROPXúWXU %X JHOLúLPH X\JXQ RODUDN JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH NDPX \DUGÕPODUÕQÕQ JD\UL VDIL PLOOL KDVÕOD LoHULVLQGHNL SD\ÕQÕQ JHQLúOHPH LVWLGDGÕ J|VWHUGL÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU $N\ÕOGÕ]

(31) . 

(32)  6L\DVDOWRSOXPVDO \DúDP LoHULVLQGH \HQL \DUGÕP WUOHULQLQ RUWD\D oÕNPDVÕ g]HOOLNOH EDWÕ ONHOHULQGH ERúDQPD QHGHQL\OH WHN HEHYH\QOL DLOHOHULQ oR÷DOPDVÕ YH EXQD \|QHOLN \DSÕODQ \HQL G]HQOHPHOHU EX JHOLúLPH J]HO ELU |UQHNWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU ,/2

(33) . 

(34)  dHúLWOL PODKD]DODUOD |]HOOLNOH SROLWLN KHVDSODUOD HUNHQ HPHNOLOLN X\JXODPDODUÕQD JLGLOPHVL 'LOLN .HLOHU 

(35)  %X GXUXP VRV\DO VLJRUWD NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ DNWLISDVLI GHQJHVLQL ER]PDNWD YH ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ |QHPOLELUQHGHQLQLWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU. . .

(36)  . (? "@!@/A<7&B+9@  ;, DC

(37)  E&?&*F. 

(38)  (PHNOLOLN\DúÕQÕQHUNHNOHUHQD]DUDQNDGÕQODUGDGDKDGúNROGX÷X ONHOHUGH HPHN DU]Õ LoHULVLQGH NDGÕQ oDOÕúDQODUÕQ SD\ÕQÕQ DUWÕúÕ %X GXUXP GD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVPDQÕQÕ D] \D GD oRN ]DPDQ LoHULVLQGH QHJDWLIHWNLOH\HQELUROJXGXU $N\ÕOGÕ]

(39)  )LQDQVPDQ.UL]LQLQ0LNUR%R\XWX. 6RV\DOJYHQOLNNXUXOXúODUÕIRQODUÕQÕQGúNIDL]OLNUHGLND\QD÷ÕRODUDN GHYOHWoH NXOODQÕPÕ GQ\DQÕQ KHU WDUDIÕQGD \DúDQDQ ELU YDNÕDGÕU gUQH÷LQ HQ JHOLúPLú VDQD\L ONHOHULQGHQ ELULVL RODQ $PHULND %LUOHúLN 'HYOHWOHUL QGH GDKL NDPX oDOÕúDQODUÕQD DLW IRQODUÕQ oR÷XQXQ H\DOHW YH NHQWOHUGH EWoH DoÕNODUÕQÕQ NDSDWÕOPDVÕQGD NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU 'UXFNHU  

(40)  $\UÕFD VHNL] /DWLQ $PHULND ONHVL ]HULQGH \DSÕODQ ELU LQFHOHPHGH GH VDGHFH o HPHNOLOLN IRQXQXQ UHHO JHWLUL VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ WHVSLW HGLOPLúWLU 6FKXO] 

(41)  %X GXUXP VRV\DOJYHQOL÷LQILQDQVPDQNUL]LQLQ\LQH|QHPOLELUER\XWXQDÕúÕNWXWPDNWDGÕU 6RV\DO*YHQOL÷LQ(WNLQOLN3UREOHPL. +HUúH\GHQ HYYHO DVJDUL \DúDP JDUDQWLVL DQODPÕQD JHOHQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN \RNVXOOX÷X RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUPD\Õ HQ oRN NLúLQLQ HQID]ODPXWOXOX÷XQX VD÷ODPD\Õ YH JHOLU GD÷ÕOÕPÕQGD VRV\DO DGDOHWLQ WHVLV HGLOPHVLQL DPDo HGLQPLú RODQVRV\DOSROLWLNDQÕQHQ|QHPOLELUDOWGLVLSOLQLQLWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU. %X DQODPGD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHUL KHP WRSOXPGD \RNVXOOX÷X RUWDGDQNDOGÕUPDYHKHPGHVRV\DODGDOHWLKD\DWDJHoLUPHLúOHYLQLHWNLQúHNLOGH \HULQH JHWLUPHOLGLU $QFDN PHYFXW GHQH\LPOHUH EDNÕODFDN ROXUVD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ KHU LNL LúOHYGH GH \HWHUVL] NDOGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU gUQH÷LQ$PHULND GD OL\ÕODUER\XQFDGHYOHWoH\DSÕODQE\NKDUFDPDODUOD \UWOHQ  \DUGÕP SURJUDPÕQD UD÷PHQ \RNVXOOXN VRUXQXQXQ D÷ÕUODúWÕ÷Õ \ROXQGDEXOJXODUPHYFXWWXU %DUU\1DLVELWWYH$EXUGHQH

(42) . 6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ \RNVXOOXN SUREOHPLQLQ o|]PQGH \HWHUVL] NDOPDVÕ DúD÷ÕGDEHOLUWLOHQoQHGHQHED÷ODQPDNWDGÕU ,/2

(43)  

(44) 6RV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPOHULQLQDúÕUÕEURNUDWLNYHNDUPDúÕNROPDVÕ. 

(45) %D]ÕKDNODUÕQLVWLKGDPHGLOPHúDUWÕQDED÷ODQPDVÕ. 

(46)  6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ SDUWWLPH oDOÕúDQODUÕQ WHKOLNHOL LúOHUGH oDOÕúDQODUÕQ GúN FUHWOLOHULQ NDGÕQODUÕQ VDNDWODUÕQ YH HWQLN D]ÕQOÕNODUÕQ LKWL\DFÕQDFHYDSYHUPHPHVL. 7RSOXPXQ \RNVXO NHVLPOHUL |UJWV] YH JoV] ROGXNODUÕ LoLQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN DODQÕQD D\UÕODQ WRSOXPVDO ND\QDNWDQ \HWHULQFH SD\ DODPDPDNWDGÕUODU %XQODUÕQ \HULQH VL\DVDO NLWOHVHO YH QIX]D GD\DOÕ JF RODQ NHVLPOHU VL\DVDO VUHFL HWNLOH\HUHN GDKD ID]OD SD\ DOPDNWDGÕUODU %DUU\ 

(47)  'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD  EX GXUXPKHP\RNVXOOXNVRUXQXQXQGHYDPHWPHVLYHKHPGH\RNVXONHVLPOHUGHQ .

(48) 687,  "$ 9:<;"$#  =/# > RUWD NHVLPH JHOLU DNÕPÕQD QHGHQ RODUDN VRV\DO DGDOHWLQ JHUoHNOHúPHPHVL VRQXFXQXGR÷XUPDNWDGÕU. 6RQXo LWLEDUL\OH PHYFXW VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHUL HQ D] LKWL\DFÕ RODQODUD HQ oRN HQ oRN LKWL\DFÕ RODQODUD HQ D] KL]PHW YHUHQ NXUXPODU EWQ J|UQPQGHGLU 6RV\DO*YHQOLNWHgQHULOHQ5HIRUP$OWHUQDWLIOHUL. 'Q\DONHOHULHNRQRPLOHULQLQLoHULVLQGHEXOXQGX÷XLNWLVDGLGXUJXQOXN \NVHN LúVL]OLN \NVHN HQIODV\RQ GHPRJUDILN GH÷LúLPGH RUWD\D oÕNDQ QHJDWLI H÷LOLP VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ LoHULVLQGH EXOXQGX÷X VUHNOL JHQLúOHPH GLQDPL]PL YH E\N KDUFDPDODUD UD÷PHQ PHYFXW VLVWHPOHULQ VRV\DO DGDOHWLQ WHVLVLQGH \HWHULQFH LúOHY LFUD HGHPHPHOHUL EWQ GQ\DGD \HQL DOWHUQDWLI DUD\ÕúODUÕQÕQWHPHOQHGHQOHULQLWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU. 2(&'ONHOHULQGH\DúOÕQIXVXQED÷ÕPOÕOÕNRUDQÕQÕQ\ÕOÕLWLEDUL\OH RUWDODPD  ¶GDQ  \ÕOÕ LWLEDUL\OH ¶H oÕNDFD÷Õ EXQD NDUúÕQ D\QÕ \ÕOODU LWLEDUL\OH HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ PLOOL JHOLU LoHULVLQGHNL SD\ODUÕQÕQ ¶GHQ¶HoÕNDFD÷ÕGLNNDWHDOÕQDFDNROXUVDPHYFXWVRV\DOJYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ JLWWLNoH GHULQOHúHFH÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU $N\ÕOGÕ=

(49) . øúWH EX QHGHQOH EDúWD JHOLúPLú EDWÕ ONHOHUL ROPDN ]HUH úLPGLGHQ oHúLWOL UHIRUP DOWHUQDWLIOHUL ]HULQGH GXUXOPDNWDGÕU %X DOWHUQDWLIOHUL DQD KDWODUÕ\ODG|UWEDúOÕNDOWÕQGDHOHDODELOLUL] 0HYFXW6LVWHPOHULQ,VODKÕ. 0HYFXW VLVWHPOHULQ ÕVODKÕQGD LNL DOW DOWHUQDWLI V|]NRQXVXGXU %LULQFLVL VLVWHPOHULQDNWDU\DO JHOLUJLGHU

(50) GHQJHOHULQLQVD÷ODQPDVÕNRQXVXQXYHLNLQFLVL LVHILQDQVPDQ\|QWHPLQLLoHUPHNWHGLU $NWHU\DO'HQJHQLQ6D÷ODQPDVÕ. 0HYFXW VLVWHPOHULQ DNWHU\DO GHQJHOHULQLQ VD÷ODQPDVÕ LoLQ JHOLU ND\QDNODUÕQÕQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕ YH KDUFDPDODUÕQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ \|QQGH WHGELUOHU DOÕQPDNWDGÕU %X GXUXP PHYFXW SULP JHOLUOHULQLQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕ EXQD NDUúÕQ VD÷ODQDQ|GHQHNYHD\OÕNODUÕQD]DOWÕOPDVÕDQODPÕQDJHOPHNWHGLU. *HOLúPLú EDWÕ ONHOHULQLQ oR÷XQGD HPHNOLOLN \DúÕ YH SULP |GHPH JQ VD\ÕVÕQÕQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕQD \|QHOLN WHGELUOHU GHYUH\H VRNXOPDNWDGÕU %DúWD øVYHo +ROODQGD øWDO\D )LQODQGL\D $OPDQ\D YH )UDQVD ROPDN ]HUH ELU oRN ONHGH úLGGHWOLWRSOXPVDOPXKDOHIHWHUD÷PHQEXWUSROLWLNDODUDEDúYXUXOPDNWDGÕU. $OPDQ\D GD  \ÕO SULP|GHPHúDUWÕ\ODHUNHNOHULQYH NDGÕQODUÕQ \DúÕQGD HPHNOL ROPDODUÕ PPNQ LNHQ  \ÕOÕQGD \UUO÷H VRNXODQ. . .

(51)  . (? "@!@/A<7&B+9@  ;, DC

(52)  E&?&*F. HPHNOLOLN UHIRUP \DVDVÕ LOH V|]NRQXVX \Dú VÕQÕUODUÕQÕQ  \ÕOÕQD NDGDU WHGULFHQ  \DúÕQD \NVHOWLOGL÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU <HQL =HODQGD GD HPHNOLOLN \DúÕQÕQ1LVDQWDULKLQGHQLWLEDUHQ\DúÕQGDQ H\NVHOWLOGL÷LYHGDKD VRQUD GD PHYFXW \Dú VÕQÕUÕQÕQ KHU  D\GD ELU  D\ \NVHOWLOHUHN  \ÕOÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ  \Dú X\JXODPDVÕQD JHoLOPHVLQLQ VD÷ODQGÕ÷Õ $YXVWXU\D GD GD  QLVDQÕQGDQ VRQUD oDOÕúDQODUÕQ GDKD JHo HPHNOL ROPDODUÕ KDOLQGH HUNHNOHU LoLQ  \Dú DUDVÕQGD YH NDGÕQODU LoLQ  \Dú DUDVÕQGD HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ JHFLNWLULOHQ KHU ELU \ÕOD NDUúÕOÕN   RUDQÕQGD YH HUNHNOHULQ  NDGÕQODUÕQ  \DúÕQGDQ VRQUD HPHNOL ROPDODUÕ GXUXPXQGD GD KHU \ÕOD NDUúÕOÕN   RUDQÕQGD DUWÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ oHúLWOL G]HQOHPHOHU \ROX\OD JHo HPHNOLOL÷LQ WHúYLN HGLOGL÷L J|]OHQPHNWHGLU$\UÕFD<XQDQLVWDQ GDSULP|GHPHJQVD\ÕVÕQÕQ GHQ LWLEDUÕ\OD  \H YH  \ÕOÕ LWLEDUL\OH GH  H oÕNDUÕOGÕ÷Õ PúDKDGH HGLOPHNWHGLU ,66$ 

(53)  %HQ]HU X\JXODPDODUÕQ GL÷HU JHOLúPLú EDWÕ ONHOHULQGHGH\D\JÕQOÕNND]DQGÕ÷ÕQÕKHPHQYXUJXODPDOÕ\Õ]. 6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ o|]PQH \|QHOLN WHGELUOHULQ LNLQFL ER\XWX KDUFDPDODUÕQ NÕVÕOPDVÕ \|QQGHGLU %X DPDoOD \LQH oR÷X EDWÕ ONHVLQGH VRV\DO JYHQOLN |GHQHN YH D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ NÕVÕWODQPDVÕ \ROXQGD G]HQOHPHOHUHJLGLOPHNWHGLUgUQH÷LQ$OPDQ\D GDVRQHPHNOLOLNUHIRUP\DVDVÕ LOH HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ EUW FUHW DUWÕúODUÕQD SDUDOHO RODUDN DUWÕUÕOPDVÕQD VRQ YHULOPLú YH V|]NRQXVX DUWÕúD LOLúNLQ RODUDN RUWDODPD YHUJL G]H\L YH VRV\DO JYHQOLN SULPOHULQL GLNNDWH DODQ ELU QHW NDYUDPÕ GHYUH\H VRNXOPXúWXU <HQL =HOODQGD GD  \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQGDNL LQGHNVH ED÷OÕ DUWÕúODU GXUGXUXOPXúWXU øWDO\D GD HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ KHVDEÕQGD VRQ  \ÕO GLNNDWHDOÕQÕUNHQGDKDVRQUDEXVUHQLQVRQ\ÕO D\NVHOWLOGL÷L)UDQVD GDHQ \NVHNND]DQoVD÷ODQDQ\ÕOOÕNVUHGLNNDWHDOÕQÕUNHQGDKDVRQUDEXVUHQLQ  \ÕOD oÕNDUÕOGÕ÷Õ D\UÕFD .DQDGD GD  GD PXKWDoODUD VD÷ODQDQ \DúOÕOÕN D\OÕ÷ÕQÕQ G]H\LQLQ GLUHNW RODUDN WRSODQDQ YHUJL JHOLUOHUL G]H\LQH ED÷ODQGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU ,66$

(54) . 6RV\DO JYHQOLN KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ oDEDVÕ VDGHFH HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQD\|QHOLNGH÷LOGLU$\QÕoDEDVD÷OÕNKL]PHWOHULDODQÕQGDGDPHYFXWWXU gUQH÷LQ %OXP UHIRUPX LOH $OPDQ\D GD KDUFDPDODUÕQ NÕVÕOPDVÕ DPDFÕ\OD VD÷OÕN VLJRUWDVÕ DODQÕQGD ELU WDVODN SDNHWLQ JHOLúWLULOGL÷L SDNHWWH VLJRUWDOÕODUÕQ WHGDYLKL]PHWOHULPDOL\HWLQLQ XQXYHKDVWDQHPDVUDIODUÕQDLOLúNLQRODUDNGD JQON  $OPDQ 0DUNÕQÕ |GHPHOHULQLQ \HU DOGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD V|]NRQXVXWHGELUOHUGHGLúSURWH]OHULQGHVLJRUWDOÕODUD\DSÕODQJHUL|GHPHOHUGHGH VÕQÕUODPDODUJHWLULOPHNWHGLU ,66$

(55) . %HQ]HU WHGELUOHU øVYLoUH 1RUYHo $YXVWXUDO\D YH )LQODQGL\D GD GD V|]NRQXVXGXU $\UÕFD <HQL =HODQGD GD VD÷OÕN KL]PHWOHUL GDKD |QFH WDPDPHQ EHGDYD LNHQ  \ÕOÕQÕQ EDúODUÕQGD WHGDYL YH KDVWDQH KL]PHWOHULQGH PDOL\HWOHULQ   XQD YDUDQ E|OPQQ YH LODoODUGD GD  OLN NÕVPÕQÕQ VLJRUWDOÕODUFD |GHQPHVLQL LoHUHQ oHúLWOL WHGELUOHUH EDúYXUXOGX÷XJ|UOPHNWHGLU ,66$

(56)  .

(57) 687,  "$ 9:<;"$#  =/# > 6RQXo LWLEDUL\OH VLJRUWDOÕODUÕQ SULP \NQQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕ VD÷OÕN KL]PHWOHUL PDOL\HWOHULQLQ JLWWLNoH DUWDQ NÕVPÕQÕQ VLJRUWDOÕODUD |GHWWLULOPHVL YH VD÷ODQDQ KDNODUÕQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕQÕ LoHUHQ WHGELUOHU GQ\DGD \DúDQDQ PHYFXW ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ DúÕOPDVÕQGD X\JXODPD\D VRNXODQ \D\JÕQ SROLWLNDODUÕ WHúNLO HWPHNWHGLU )LQDQVPDQ<|QWHPLQLQ'H÷LúWLULOPHVL. 6RV\DO JYHQOLN NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ ILQDQVPDQÕQGD GD÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPLQGHQ NDSLWDOL]DV\RQ\|QWHPLQHG|QOPHVL|QHULOPHNWHGLU. 'D÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPL JHUoHNWH DoÕN EWoH ILQDQVPDQÕQGDQ EDúND ELU úH\ GH÷LOGLU 'HYOHW HPHNOL ROGXNODUÕQGDJHUL|GHPHN]HUHoDOÕúDQVLJRUWDOÕODUGDQ ERUoDOPDNWDYHEXQXPHYFXWHPHNOLOHUH|GHPHNWHGLU. 'HPRJUDILN GH÷LúLPOH ELUOLNWH PHYFXW SULP RUDQODUÕQÕQ DUWÕUÕOPDPDVÕ \DGD JHOHFHNWH |GHQHFHN D\OÕNODUÕQ GúUOPHPHVL KDOLQGH VRV\DO JYHQOLN NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]L NDoÕQÕOPD] ROPDNWDGÕU gUQH÷LQ $PHULND GD \ÕOÕQGDRODQ\DúOÕQIXVED÷ÕPOÕOÕNRUDQÕQÕQ\ÕOÕQGD H WÕUPDQPDVÕ EHNOHQPHNWHGLU %X GXUXPGD PHYFXW HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕ LNDPH RUDQODUÕQÕQ D\QHQ VUGUOPHVL KDOLQGH SULPOHULQ JHOHFHN \]\ÕOÕQ ELULQFL oH\UH÷LQGH   GHQ ID]OD DUWÕUÕOPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷L LIDGH HGLOPHNWHGLU $NVL KDOGH SULP RUDQODUÕQÕQ VDELW NDOPDVÕ GXUXPXQGD |GHQHFHN RODQ HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ E\N RUDQGD GúPHVL V|]NRQXVX RODFDNWÕU %URZQLQJ    )HOGPDQ

(58) . $\UÕFD LNWLVDGL E\PHQLQ \DYDúODGÕ÷Õ G|QHPOHUGH IRQ JHWLULOHUL LNWLVDGL E\PHQLQ ]HULQGH VH\UHWPHNWH YH GROD\ÕVÕ\OD GD÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPLQLQ HPHNOLOHUHRODQDOWHUQDWLIPDOL\HWLGHGDKD\NVHNROPDNWDGÕU )HOGPDQ

(59) . +DOEXNL NDSLWDOL]DV\RQ \|QWHPLQH GD\DQDQ ILQDQVPDQ PRGHOLQGH ELULNHQ IRQODUÕQ JHWLULVL KHP VRV\DO JYHQOLN NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ JHOLU ND\QDNODUÕQGDQ ELULVLQL WHúNLO HWPHNWH YH KHPGH LNWLVDGL NUL] G|QHPOHULQGH \NVHN IDL] JHWLULVL QHGHQL\OH GDKD \NVHN D\OÕN G]H\OHULQH LPNDQ VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU %URZQLQJ

(60) . =DWHQ X]XQ YDGHOL VLJRUWD NROODUÕ JHQHOGH ILQDQVPDQ \|QWHPL RODUDN NDSLWDOL]DV\RQ PRGHOLQL VHoPHOHULQH UD÷PHQ IRQODUÕQ HULWLOPHVL QHGHQL\OH ILLOHQ YH ]RUXQOX RODUDN GD÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPLQH JHoPLúOHUGLU %X VUHo DVOÕQGD VRV\DOJYHQOL÷LQILQDQVPDQNUL]LQLQLONDúDPDVÕGÕU. %XQHGHQOHWHNUDUGD÷ÕWÕP\|QWHPLQGHQNDSLWDOL]DV\RQ\|QWHPLQHJHoLú |QHULOPHNWHGLUgQHUL\HJ|UH|QFHVLJRUWDSULPOHULQLQ\NVHOWLOPHVL\ROX\ODHN ELU IRQXQ ROXúWXUXOPDVÕ V|]NRQXVX SULP DUWÕúODUÕQÕQ HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQD \DQVÕWÕOPDPDVÕ YH E|\OHFH \HWHUOL ELUELULNLPVD÷ODQGÕNWDQVRQUDVLJRUWDSULP RUDQODUÕQÕQ GúUOPHVL GROD\ÕVÕ\OD ELULNHQ IRQODUÕQ JHWLULOHULQLQ LOHULGH. . .

(61)  . (? "@!@/A<7&B+9@  ;, DC

(62)  E&?&*F. ED÷ODQDFDN RODQ D\OÕNODUÕQ ILQDQVPDQ ND\QD÷Õ RODUDN NXOODQÕOPDVÕ WHNOLI HGLOPHNWHGLU 1LWHNLP $PHULND¶GD  \ÕOÕQGD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPLQLQ ILQDQVPDQÕQGD GD÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPLQGHQ NÕVPHQ IRQ \|QWHPLQH JHoLOGL÷L LIDGH HGLOPHNWHGLU 0ÕWFKHOO

(63) . $QFDNE|\OHELUJHoLúVUHFLRUWDYH\DúOÕNHVLPLQ]HULQHHNELUNOIHW \NOH\HFH÷LLoLQE|\OHELUUHIRUPDOWHUQDWLILQLQKD\DWDJHoLULOPHVLLKWLPDOLSHN \NVHNGH÷LOGLU .DPX 6RV\DO *YHQOLN .XUXOXúODUÕQÕQ )RQNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ .ÕVPHQ 0XQ]DP6DQGÕNODUD'HYUL. hONH HNRQRPLOHUL LoHULVLQGH EXOXQGXNODUÕ GúN E\PHVH\UL\NVHN LúVL]OLN G]H\OHUL YH E\N  EWoH DoÕNODUÕ LOH VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQ DoÕNODUÕQÕQ JLGHULOPHVLQGH \HWHUOL PDOL NDSDVLWH\H VDKLS EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕUODU <NVHNSULPRUDQODUÕ\DGD\NVHNYHUJLSROLWLNDODUÕ\R÷XQWRSOXPVDOWHSNLOHUH \RO DoPDNWDGÕU %X QHGHQOH PHYFXW VL\DVDO LNWLGDUODU NDPX VRV\DO JYHQOLN NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQHPHNOLD\OÕ÷ÕJLGHUOHULQLD]DOWÕSNRQWURODOWÕQDDOPDQÕQ\ROODUÕQÕ DUDúWÕUPDNWDGÕU%XGXUXPGDNDPXSURJUDPODUÕQDHNRODUDNJHOLUVD÷OD\DQ|]HO PXQ]DPVDQGÕNODUELUoDUHRODUDNJ|UOPHNWHGLU. %DúWD øQJLOWHUH ROPDN ]HUH ELU oRN EDWÕ ONHVLQGH PXQ]DP VDQGÕNODU WHúYLN HGLOHUHN NDPX SURJUDPODUÕQÕQ \NQQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ H÷LOLPL KDNLPGLU øQJLOWHUH GH|]HOVHNW|UVDQGÕNODUÕOHKLQHJHQLúG]HQOHPHOHU\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU%X WUVDQGÕNODUGDLúYHUHQYHLúoLWDUDIÕQGDQ|GHQHQSULPOHUEXSULPOHUGHQROXúDQ IRQODUÕQIDL]OHUL\HQLGHQNDSLWDOGH÷HUOHPHVLYHV|]NRQXVXVDQGÕNODUFD|GHQHQ HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕ YHUJLGHQ PXDI WXWXOPDNWDGÕU 3HVWLHDX   :DUG 

(64) . +HPHQ EHOLUWHOLP NL PXQ]DP VDQGÕNODU LúOHWPH G]H\LQGH YH XOXVDO G]H\GH X\JXODQDELOPHNWHGLU $PHULND $OPDQ\D YH øQJLOWHUH JLEL ONHOHUGH LúOHWPH G]H\LQGH YH )UDQVD +ROODQGD YH øWDO\D JLEL ONHGH GH G]H\GH X\JXODQPDNWDGÕU <LQH EX SURJUDPODU JHQHOOLNOH LúOHWPH G]H\LQGH X\JXODQDQODUGD LVH PHFEXULGLUOHU øNLQFL NDWHJRUL\H JLUHQ ONHOHUGH PXQ]DP SURJUDPODUÕQ VRQUDGDQ PHFEXUL KDOH JHWLULOGL÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU gUQH÷LQ )UDQVD GD GDKD |QFH WRSOX Lú V|]OHúPHOHUL\OH LVWH÷H ED÷OÕ RODUDN ROXúWXUXODQ PXQ]DPSURJUDPODU\ÕOÕQGD]RUXQOXKDOHJHWLULOPLúWLU 3HVWLHDX

(65) . $\UÕFD PXQ]DP SURJUDPODU VDGHFH HPHNOLOLN DODQÕQD PDKVXV GD GH÷LOGLU gUQH÷LQ $PHULND GD \DSÕODQ WRSOX V|]OHúPHOHUOH LúVL] NDODQODUD LúVL]OLN |GHQHNOHULQH HN RODUDN LúVL]OLN |GHQH÷L YH VD÷OÕN \DUGÕPÕ VD÷ODPDN ]HUH GH Lú\HUL G]H\LQGH PXQ]DP SURJUDPODUÕQ ROXúWXUXOGX÷X PúDKHGH HGLOPHNWHGLU 0RQWJRPHU\YH'DYLV

(66) . %XJQ JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH PXQ]DP VDQGÕNODUD D÷ÕUOÕN YHUHUHN NDPX VRV\DO JYHQOLN SURJUDPODUÕQÕQ \NQ D]DOWPD SROLWLNDODUÕ PHYFXW ILQDQVPDQ .

(67) 687,  "$ 9:<;"$#  =/# > NUL]LQLQ DúÕOPDVÕQGD DOWHUQDWLI ELU DUDúÕ\ÕúÕ WHPVLO HWPHNWHGLU %X QHGHQOH |]HOOLNOH $YXVWXU\D GD  \ÕOÕQGD LúOHWPHOHUGH PXQ]DP VDQGÕNODUÕQ NXUXOPDVÕQÕ WHúYLN HGHQ LNL \DVD oÕNDUÕOPÕúWÕU 'L÷HU JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH GH EHQ]HULJHOLúPHOHUV|]NRQXVXGXU 0Õ]UDN'XVNÕQ

(68)  6RV\DO*YHQOL÷LQg]HOOHúWLULOPHVL. 6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ |]HOOHúWLULOPHVL HQ UDGLNDOUHIRUP DOWHUQDWLILQLWHúNLO HWPHNWHGLU %X |QHUL PRGHUQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPLQLQ VDGHFH NXOODQÕPGDQ NDOGÕUÕODUDN VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ WHNUDU ELUH\VHO VRUXPOXOX÷D EÕUDNÕOPDVÕQÕ YH JHOLUL DVJDUL \DúDP G]H\LQH \HWPH\HQ ELUH\OHUH GHYOHWoH \DUGÕP \DSÕOPDVÕ HVDVÕQDGD\DQPDNWDGÕU. 6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ |]HOOHúWLULOPHVL JHOLúPLú HQGVWUL ONHOHULQGH FLGGL ELU DOWHUQDWLI RODUDN HOH DOÕQPDPDNWDGÕU $QFDN ùLOL 3HUX YH %ROLY\D JLEL JHOLúPHNWH RODQ /DWLQ $PHULND ONHOHULQGH VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ |]HOOHúWLULOGL÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU. ùLOL GH *LOOLRQ YH %RQQLOOD   &DVWLOOR   0Õ]UDN  ,VVD  $N\ÕOGÕ] 

(69)   \ÕOÕQD JHOLQGL÷LQGH DúÕUÕ WUOHUH D\UÕOPÕú  \Õ DúNÕQ GH÷LúLN HPHNOL D\OÕ÷Õ |GHPH úHNOLQH VDKLS  FLYDUÕQGDELUELULQGHQYHELUELUL\OHX\XPVX]OXNLoHULVLQGHEXOXQDQNDUPDNDUÕúÕN ELU RUJDQL]DV\RQ V|]NRQXVXGXU  \ÕOÕQGD  RODQ DNWLISDVLI RUDQÕ LVH  GH  H GúPúWU 7DPDPHQ \DSÕVDO ILQDQVDO YH LGDUL SUREOHPOHULQ LoHULVLQGHRODQPHYFXWVLVWHP\ÕOÕQGD|]HOOHúWLULOPLúWLU. <HQL VLVWHP WHPHOGH ELUH\VHO IRQ \|QWHPL YH PHFEXULOLN LONHVLQH GD\DQPDNWDGÕU <DúOÕOÕN VLJRUWDVÕ |]HO HPHNOLOLN IRQ NXUXOXúODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ \UWOPHNWHGLU g]HO PDOOON YH |OP VLJRUWDODUÕ VHNW|UHO G]H\GH ROXúWXUXOPXú ROXS ILQDQVPDQ PRGHOL D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN GD÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPLQH GD\DQPDNWDGÕUøúND]DVÕYHPHVOHNKDVWDOÕ÷ÕVLJRUWDVÕ|]HOVLJRUWDúLUNHWOHULQFH JUXSVLJRUWDVÕúHNOLQGH\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU6UHNOLLúJ|UHPH]OLN|GHQHNOHULNDQXQOD YHJHoLFLLúJ|UHPH]OLN|GHQHNOHULGHWRSOXV|]OHúPHOHUGHEHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU. +DVWDOÕN YH DQDOÕN VLJRUWD KL]PHWL NDPX oDOÕúDQODUÕQD NDPX |]HO NHVLPGH oDOÕúDQODUD GD |]HO NXUXOXúODU WDUDIÕQGDQ VD÷ODQPDNWDGÕU g]HO VD÷OÕN VLJRUWDODUÕQFD VD÷ODQDQ |GHQHNOHU VLJRUWD V|]OHúPHOHULQH J|UH GH÷LúLU DQFDN NDPX VLVWHPLQFH VD÷ODQDQ G]H\GHQ GDKD GúN RODPD] $\UÕFD JHOLUL \NVHN RODQoDOÕúDQODULVWHUOHUVHPHYFXWNDPXVLVWHPLLoHULVLQGH\HUDODQJHQHOVD÷OÕN VLJRUWDVÕQGDQ oÕNDUDN |]HO VD÷OÕN VLJRUWDODUÕQD JHoHELOLUOHU $LOH |GHQHNOHUL VLJRUWD IRQNVL\RQX NDU DPDFÕ JWPH\HQ |]HUN NXUXOXúODUFD LFUD HGLOLU %X NXUXOXúODU LúoL YH LúYHUHQOHUFH ELUOLNWH \|QHWLOLUOHU $\UÕFD 5HIDK øGDUHVL .XUXPXWDUDIÕQGDQ\|QHWLOHQDLOH|GHQHNOHULVLJRUWDVÕGDPHYFXWWXU. <HQLVLVWHPGHLúYHUHQFH|GHQHQLúND]DVÕYHPHVOHNKDVWDOÕNODUÕSULPL YH VLJRUWDOÕ YH GHYOHWoH ILQDQVH HGLOHQ DLOH |GHQHNOHUL SULPOHUL  KDULo GL÷HU. . .

(70)  . (? "@!@/A<7&B+9@  ;, DC

(71)  E&?&*F. EWQVLJRUWDSULPOHULVDGHFHVLJRUWDOÕODUWDUDIÕQGDQ|GHQLU$\UÕFDKLoELUJHOLUH VDKLSROPD\DQPXKWDoNLPVHOHUHGHYOHWoH\DUGÕPD\OÕ÷ÕYHULOPHNWHGLU. ùLOLVLVWHPLoHúLWOLER\XWODUÕ\ODHOHúWLULOPHNWHGLU6LVWHPLQGHYOHWEWoHVL ]HULQGHNL EDVNÕVÕ DUWPÕúWÕU (PHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ G]H\L EHOLUOL RUDQGD SULP |GHPHJQVD\ÕVÕIRQ\DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQJHWLULVLUHHOFUHWOHULQVH\ULYHVLJRUWDOÕQÕQ \DúDP VUHVLQH ED÷OÕGÕU hONHQLQ LoHULVLQGH EXOXQGX÷X HNRQRPLN úDUWODU GDKLOLQGH VLVWHPLQ \HWHUOL G]H\GH HPHNOL D\OÕ÷Õ VD÷OD\DFD÷ÕQGDQ úSKH GX\XOPDNWDGÕU. $\UÕFD GHYOHW VEYDQVL\RQODUÕQÕQ GDKD ID]OD DUWPDVÕQGDQ HQGLúH GX\XOPDNWDROXSVLVWHPOHELUOLNWHROLJRSRORVWLNELUVHNW|UQRUWD\DoÕNWÕ÷ÕLOHUL VUOPHNWHGLU. 6LVWHP 8OXVODUDUDVÕ dDOÕúPD gUJWQQ ,/2

(72)      YH  QR OX V|]OHúPHOHUL LOH GH X\XúPDPDNWDGROD\ÕVÕ\OD EX ER\XWODUÕ\OD GD HOHúWLULOPHNWHGLU .DUPD0RGHOgQHULOHUL. .DPX YH |]HO PRGHOOHULQ NDUÕúÕPÕ \HQL PRGHOOHU GH |QHULOPHNWHGLU øVYHo WH|QHULOHQPRGHOEXWUDUD\ÕúODULoLQJ]HOELU|UQHNWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU. øVYHo WH øVYHo YH ùLOL PRGHOOHULQLQ L\L QLWHOLNOHULQLQ ELUDUD\D JHWLULOGL÷L \HQLELUPRGHO|QHULOPHNWHGLU 9LWWDV

(73) 6|]NRQXVXEXPRGHOo E|OPGHQ ROXúPDNWDGÕU %LULQFL E|OP øVYHo VLVWHPLQGH ROGX÷X JLEL WHN G]H DVJDUL D\OÕNLOHND]DQoODLOLúNLOHQGLULOPLúD\OÕ÷ÕNDSVDPDNWDGÕU7HNG]HD\OÕN RUWDODPD ND]DQFÕQ   L YH\D   VL NDGDU RODFDNWÕU .D]DQoOD LOLúNLOHQGLULOPLúD\OÕ÷ÕQWXWDUÕVLJRUWDOÕQÕQoDOÕúPDKD\DWÕER\XQFDHOGHHWWL÷LQHW ND]DQFÕ ]HULQGHQ KHVDSODQDFDN YH RUWDODPD QHW JHOLULQ  L \DGD  VL NDGDURODFDNWÕU. 6LVWHPLQ LNLQFL E|OP WDPDPHQ ùLOL PRGHOL LoHULVLQGH G]HQOHQPHNWHGLU %X E|OP LoHULVLQGH GH VLJRUWDOÕQÕQ KD\DW ER\X HOGH HWWL÷L RUWDODPD QHW ND]DQFÕQ   YH\D   ÕQD HúLW ELU D\OÕN ED÷ODQPDVÕ |QJ|UOPHNWHGLU 6|]NRQXVX E|OP LWLEDUÕ\OD KHU VLJRUWDOÕ NHQGL ELUH\VHO IRQ KHVDEÕQD VDKLS RODFDN LVWHGL÷L IRQ NXUXOXúXQX VHoHFHN YH V|]NRQXVX IRQODU |]HO VHNW|U LGDUHVLQGH RODFDNWÕU $\UÕFD VLVWHPLQ oQF E|OPQ LVH HN J|QOOSURJUDPODU LVWH÷HED÷OÕPXQ]DPVDQGÕNODU

(74) ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU. øVYHo¶H EHQ]HU ELoLPGH $PHUND  GD GD \DúOÕOÕN VLJRUWDVÕQD |GHQHQ   RUDQÕQGDNL SULPLQ  ¶ VLQLQ ELUH\VHO HPHNOLOLN KHVDEÕQD EHQ]HU úHNLOGH |]HO VHNW|UGH \DWÕUÕP RODUDN GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL 6FKQHSSHU 

(75)  D\UÕFD ONHPL]GH ]RUXQOXOXN HVDVÕ YH VRV\DO VLJRUWD NXUXOXúODUÕ LOH ELUH\VHO WDVDUUXI IRQODUÕQD GD\DQDQ LNL D\DNOÕ ELU VLVWHP |QHULOPHNWHGLU 7h6ø$'  

(76)  .

(77) 687,  "$ 9:<;"$#  =/# >  6RV\DO *YHQOLNWH 5HIRUP $OWHUQDWLIOHULQLQ 7RSOXPVDO 7DOHSOHU $oÕVÕQGDQ.RQXPX. WDULKOL%LUOHúPLú0LOOHWOHUøQVDQ+DNODUÕ(YUHQVHO%H\DQQDPHVLYH WDULKOL$YUXSD6RV\DOùDUWÕEDúWDROPDN]HUHXOXVODUDUDVÕNDEXOHGLOPLú GL÷HU EHOJHOHUOH VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDNNÕ  <]\ÕO LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQÕQ RUWDN GH÷HUL KDOLQH JHOPLúWLU 'LOLN  YH .RFDR÷OX  

(78)  %X ED÷ODPGD NROOHNWLIVRUXPOXOXNDQOD\ÕúÕQDGD\DOÕELUVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPLQLQNXUXOPDVÕ ELUH\OHULoLQELUKDNYHGHYOHWOHULoLQGHELUJ|UHYWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU .RFDR÷OX 

(79)  (VDVHQ VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ VD÷ODQPDVÕ JQP]Q oD÷GDú GHYOHW DQOD\ÕúÕ RODQ VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ HQ WHPHO IRQNVL\RQODUÕQGDQ ELULVLQL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU )ORUDYH+HLGHQKHLPHU:LOHQVN\

(80) . 6RV\DOGHYOHWLVHVRV\RHNRQRPLNHúLWVL]OLNOHULQD]DOWÕOPDVÕED÷ODPÕQGD VL\DVDO VRV\DO KDNODUÕQ NXUXPODúPÕú ROGX÷X ELU GHYOHW PRGHOLGLU )ORUD YH +HLGHQKHLPHU

(81) . %X PRGHO LoHULVLQGH VL\DVDO YH LNWLVDGL LNWLGDUÕ E\N |OoGH VL\DVDO SDUWLOHUEDVNÕJUXSODUÕYHGL÷HUVLYLOWRSOXP|UJWOHULDUDVÕQGDSD\ODúÕOPDNWDGÕU %X ED÷ODPGD EDúWD VHQGLNDO |UJWOHU ROPDN ]HUH oHúLWOL EDVNÕ YH oÕNDU JXUXSODUÕ VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ IRQNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ UHWLOPHVLQGH WHPHO VRV\DO GLQDPLNOHUL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU *|]H  

(82)  dR÷XOFX YH NDWÕOÕPFÕ GHPRNUDWLN VUHo LoHULVLQGH VHoLOHELOPH ND\JÕVÕ LoHULVLQGHNL SROLWLNDFÕODU LOH WRSOXPGD VHVLQL \NVHOWHELOHQ EDVNÕ JXUXSODUÕQÕQ HWNLOHúLPL GDLPD WRSOXPVDO WDOHSOHUL DUWÕUPD \|QQGH ELU H÷LOLPH VDKLSWLU <D\OD  <D\OD

(83) . %XQDNDUúÕQEXWDOHSOHULQPDOLNOIHWLQLNDUúÕODPDN]HUHYHUJLYHSULP RUDQODUÕ DUWÕUPD\D YH HNRQRPLGHNL GXUJXQOX÷X DúPDN LoLQ GL÷HU LVWLNUDU WHGELUOHULQL DOPD\D \|QHOHQ KNPHWOHU LVH EDúWD VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ WHPHO GLQDPLNOHUL RODQ EDVNÕ JUXSODUÕ ROPDN ]HUH WRSOXP WDUDIÕQGDQ VHUJLOHQHQ GLUHQoOHNDUúÕNDUúÕ\DJHOPHNWHGLU %URZQLQJ,/2

(84) øúWHEX ED÷ODPGD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVPDQ DoÕNODUÕQÕQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ YH VRV\DOJYHQOLNKL]PHWLQLQGDKDHWNLQVXQXPXQD\|QHOLNRODUDN|QHULOHQUHIRUP DOWHUQDWLIOHUL LOH EX DOWHUQDWLIOHULQ HQ D]ÕQGDQ NÕVD G|QHPGH EHUDEHULQGH JHWLUGL÷L NOIHWL \NOHQPHN LVWHPH\HQ VRV\DO GLQDPLNOHU ELU ELUL\OH oHOLúPHNWHGLU 6RQXo. øoHULVLQGH EXOXQGX÷XPX]  <]\ÕOÕQ VRQ oH\UH÷LQGH GQ\DPÕ] LNWLVDGL VRV\DO YH VL\DVDO DODQGD PWKLú ELU G|QúP JHoLUPHNWHGLU *OREDOOHúPH VUHFL LoHULVLQGH ILQDQV  NDSLWDOLQ |Q SODQD JHoWL÷L \HQL ELU HNRQRPLN\DSÕODQPDVUHFLKHUDODQGDOLEHUDOL]DV\RQH÷LOLPLQLEWQGQ\DGD KDNLPNÕOPÕúJ|]NPHNWHGLU. . .

(85)  . (? "@!@/A<7&B+9@  ;, DC

(86)  E&?&*F. .H\QHV\HQ GúQFH\H GX\XODQ LQDQFÕQ VDUVÕOPDVÕ VRQXoWD VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ VRUJXODQPDVÕ YH \HQLGHQ \DSÕODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ ILNULQLGH EHUDEHULQGH JHWLUPLúWLU*OREDO|OoHNWH\DúDQDQNUL]VDGHFHHNRQRPLGHGH÷LOD\QÕ]DPDQGD VRV\DOYHVL\DVDODODQODUGDGD\HQL\|QHOLPOHUH\RODoPÕúWÕU. %XED÷ODPGDKHPHNRQRPLGHYHKHPGHVRV\DOJYHQOLNWHRUWD\DoÕNDQ PDOL NUL] VRV\DO JYHQOLN DODQÕQGD |]HO LQVL\DWLIH GDKD ID]OD D÷ÕUOÕN WDQÕ\DQ \HQLUHIRUP|QHULOHULQLQRUWD\DoÕNÕúÕQDQHGHQROPXúWXU. %|\OHVL ELU JHOLúPH SHN KDNVÕ]GD GH÷LOGLU dQN VRV\DO JYHQOLN NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQILQDQVPDQNUL]LLOHLNWLVDGLNUL]DUDVÕQGDELUELUOHULQLEHVOH\LFLELU LoED÷ODQWÕV|]NRQXVXGXU. 'Q\D ONHOHULQGH ED÷ÕPOÕ QIXVXQ JHQHO QIXV LoHULVLQGHNL SD\ÕQÕQ VUHNOL DUWÕúÕ V|]NRQXVX ONHOHUGH VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ|QHPOLELUND\QD÷ÕROPD\DGHYDPHGPHNWHGLU. 6D÷OÕN KL]PHWOHULQLQ PDOL\HWLQGHNL VUHNOL DUWÕú YH LQVDQODUÕQ VD÷OÕN KL]PHWOHULQH RODQ WDOHELQGHNL VUHNOL JHQLúOHPH EXQD NDUúÕQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVPDQ ND\QDNODUÕQÕQ EX JHOLúPH\H D\DN X\GXUDPDPDVÕ PHYFXWILQDQVPDQDoÕNODUÕQÕD÷ÕUODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU. $\UÕFD PHYFXW VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ DúÕUÕ EURNUDWLN YH NDUPDúÕNROPDVÕYHED]ÕNHVLPOHULQVRV\DOJYHQOLNLKWL\DFÕQDFHYDSYHUPHPHVL JLELQHGHQOHUOHHWNLOLVRUXQXLoHULVLQGHROGX÷XJ|UOPHNWHGLU. %X QHGHQOHUOH PHYFXW VLVWHPOHULQ ÕVODKÕQGDQ VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ |]HOOHúWLULOPHVLQHNDGDUoHúLWOLUHIRUPDOWHUQDWLIOHULVXQXOPDNWDGÕU. $QFDN EWQ EX UHIRUPODUÕQ WHPHO QHGHQOHULQLQ EDúÕQGD ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ ROPDVÕ VRQXoWD ELU EHGHOLQ |GHQPHVLQL \D GD VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDNODUÕQÕQGDUDOWÕOPDVÕQÕJHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU. +DOEXNL VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ Lo GLQDPLNOHUL VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDNODUÕQÕQ JHQLúOHWLOPHVL EXQD NDUúÕQ WRSOXPXQ \NOHQGL÷L NOIHWLQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ \|QQGH ELUSDUDGRNVXEHUDEHULQGHJHWLUPHNWHGLU. %X VUHo GDKD Xo ELU DOWHUQDWLI RODQ |]HOOHúWLUPH\L EDúWDQ LPNDQVÕ] NRQXPD VRNPDNWDGÕU %XQD NDUúÕQ PHYFXW VLVWHPOHULQ ÕVODKÕ YH NDPX VRV\DO JYHQOLN NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ IRQNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ NÕVPHQ PXQ]DP VDQGÕNODUD GHYUL PXKWHPHODOWHUQDWLIRODUDNDOJÕODQDELOLU. $QFDN EXUDGD GD \XNDUÕGDNL VUHo J|]GHQ ÕUDN WXWXOPDPDOÕGÕU +HUúH\GHQ HYYHO VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ Lo GLQDPLNOHUL YH VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ ND\QD÷ÕQÕ ROXúWXUDQ DQD\DVDO KNPOHU DVJDUL VRV\DO JYHQOLN LKWL\DFÕQÕQ \LQH NDPX NXUXPODUÕQFD UHWLOPHVL \|QQGH VRQXo GR÷XUDFDNWÕU %X QHGHQOH VRV\DO .

(87) 687,  "$ 9:<;"$#  =/# > JYHQOLNWH EX oHUoHYH\H X\JXQ UHIRUP DOWHUQDWLIOHULQLQ JHUoHNOHúPH úDQVÕQD VDKLSRODELOHFH÷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¶V PDNHV WKH PRVW DFFHSWDEOH WKH DOWHUQDWLYHV ZKLFK SUHIHU LQGLYLGXDO UHVSRQVLELOW\ %XW WKLV IDFW GLVSXWHV WKH LQWHUQDOG\QDPLFVRIVRFLDOVWDWH .$<1$.d$. $.<,/',= +VH\LQ 

(88)  6RV\DO *YHQOL÷LQ g]HOOHúWLULOPHVL <D\ÕQODQPDPÕú'RNWRUD7H]L

(89) $QNDUD. %$55<1RUPDQ 

(90)  dHY&HYGHW$<.$1

(91) <HQL6D÷$QNDUD. %$7,5(/g)DUXN1$'$52ö/8+DOLOYH6(9øö9H\VL 

(92) 6RV\DO *YHQOL÷LQ)LQDQVPDQÕ6RV\DO*YHQOLNg]HOLKWLVDV.RPLV\RQX 5DSRUX72%%<D\ÕQÕ$QNDUD %52:1ø1*(GNDU. 

(93) ³7KH3ROLWLFV2I6RFLDO6HFXULW\5HIRUP´ . )LQDQFLQJ6RFLDO6HFXULW\(GLWHG%\&ROLQ'&RPEHOO :DVKLQJWRQ'&. &$67,//2 5DXO %XVWRV 

(94)  $QDO\VLV RI D 1DWLRQDO 3ULYDWH 3HQVLRQ 6FKHPH7KHFDVHRIWKH&KLOH&RPPHQWV,/59RO1R 'ø/ø.6DLW 

(95) ³(UNHQ(PHNOLOLNJHOHFHNøoLQJYHQ9HUPL\RU´ øúYHUHQ'HUJLVL;;;$UDOÕN 'ø/ø.6DLW 

(96) 6RV\DO*YHQOLN$QNDUD. ',/127 $QGUHZ 

(97) 6RFLDO 6HFXULW\ 3ROLF\ 'HILQLQJWKH%RUGHUVRI WKH VWDWH 7KH (FRQRPLF %RUGHUV RI WKH 6WDWH 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV1HZ<RUN '37 

(98) 8OXVODUDUDVÕ(NRQRPLN*|VWHUJHOHU. '58&.(53HWHU) 

(99)  dHY%HONÕVd25$.d,

(100) .DSLWDOLVWgWHVL 7RSOXPøQNÕODS.LWDEHYLøVWDQEXO. . '86.,1 (OL]DEHW 

(101)  &KDQJLQJ WKH 0L[ RI 3XEOLF DQG 3ULYDWH 3HQVLRQVWKH,VVXHV3ULYDWH3HQVLRQVDQG3XEOLF3ROLF\2(&' 1R .

(102)  . (? "@!@/A<7&B+9@  ;, DC

(103)  E&?&*F *,//,21&ROLQYH%211,//$$OHMDQGUR 

(104) $QDO\VLVRID1DWLRQDO 3ULYDWH3HQVLRQ6HFKHPHWKH&DVHRI&KLOH,/59RO1R. *25'$1 0DUJDUHW 6 

(105)  6RFLDO 6HFXULW\ 3ROLFLHV LQ ,QGXVWULDO &RXQWULHV $ &RPSDUDWLYH $QO\VLV &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 1HZ<RUN *28*+,DQ 

(106) 7KH3ROLWLFDO(FRQRP\RI:HOIDUH6WDWH0DFPLOOLDQ 3UHVV/PW V3UHVV+RQJ.RQJ. *g=($\IHUL 

(107) /LEHUDO0DU[LVW)DúLVWYH6RV\DO'HYOHW6LVWHPOHUL øVWDQEXO. *h=(/ $OL 

(108)  6RV\DO *YHQOLN .DYUDPÕ 'R÷XúX YH 7DULKVHO *HOLúLPL 6RV\DO *YHQOLN g]HO øKWLVDV 5DSRUX $QNDUD 72%% <D\ÕQÕ *h=(/$OLYH2.85$OL5Õ]D 

(109) 6RV\DO*YHQOLN+XNXNXøVWDQEXO. )(/'0$1 OLQGD 

(110)  ³/LQNLQJ 6RFLDO  6HFXULW\ 7R 6WRFNV $ *RRG ,GHD"&KULWLDQ6LHQFH0RQLWRU9RO,VVXH6HSWHPEHU )/25$ 3HWHU YH +(,'(1+(,0(5 $UQROG - 7KH +LVWRULFDO &RUH DQG &KDQJLQJ%RXQGDULHVRI:DOIHUH6WDWH. +$*(0$15REHUW3YH1,&2/(77,*LXVHSS 

(111) $JHLQ3RSXODWLRQV (FRQRPLF(IIHFWV$QG,PSOLFDWLRQV)RUUXEOLF)LQDQFH2(&' 3UHVV. ,/2 

(112) ,QWRWKH7ZHQW\)LUVW&HQWXU\7KH'HYHORSPHQWVRI6RFLDO6HFXULW\ ,/23UHVV&HQHYD. ,66$³'HYHORSPHQWV$QG7UHQGV,Q6RFLDO6HFXULW\´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6RFLDO6HFXULW\5HYLHZQRO. .(,/(5)UDQN0 

(113) &DQ:H$IIRUG(DUO\5HWLUHPHQW7KH-RKQV +RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV/RQGRQ. .2&$2ö/80HKPHW 

(114) 6RV\DO3ROLWLND$QNDUD. 0,7&+(//'RQQ 

(115) ³$JDLQVW3ULYDWL]DWLRQWKH*HQLXV2I6RFLDO. 6HFXULW\´&KULVWLDQ&HQWXU\9RO,VVXHVHSWHPEHU. 0,=5$. 1LKDO  

(116)  6RV\DO *YHQOLN $ODQÕQGD *HOLúPHOHU YH %LU g]HOOHúWLUPH gUQH÷LùLOL g]HO (PHNOLOLN 6LVWHPL 0ONL\HOLOHU 'HUJLVL&6. 02172*20(5< (GZDUG YH '$9,6 2WWR $ 

(117)  3ULYDWH ,QFRPH 6HFXULW\6FKHPHVLQ7LPHVRI&ULVLV$&DVH6WXG\RI866WHHO /DERXU$QG6RFLHN\9DO1R 1$,6%,77-RKQYH$%85'(1(3DWULFLD dHY(UGDO*YHQ

(118) 0HJDWVHGV øVWDQEXO .

(119) 687,  "$ 9:<;"$#  =/# > 2(&' 

(120) 7KH5HIRUP2I+HDOWK&DUH$&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\VLV2I 6HYHQ2(&'&RXQWULHV+HDOWK3ROLF\6WXGLHV1R3DULV. 3(67,($8 3LHUUH 

(121)  7KH 'LVWULEXWLRQ RI 3ULYDWH 3HQVLRQ %HQHIÕWV +RZ )DLU LV ,W" 3ULYDWH 3HQVLLRQV DQG 3XEOLF 3ROLF\ 2(&' 3UHVV. 3+,//,36$: 

(122) 7KH8QHPSOR\PHQW DQG5DWHRI0RQH\:DJHV 5DWHVLQWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP(GLWHGE\5-%$//YH 3'2</(3HQJXLQ%RRNV0LGGOHVH[ 6&+8/=-DPHV+ 

(123) ³(FRQRPLF6XSSRUW,Q2OG$JH7KH5ROH2I 6RFLDO ,QVXUDQFH,QGHYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV´7KH,PSOLFDWLRQVIRU 6RFLDO6HFXULW\2I6WUXFWXUDO$GMXVWPHQW3ROLFLHV,66$ *HQHYD. 6&+1(33(5-())$³&DQ<RX$YRLG*HWWLQJ5LSSHG2II%\7KH6RFLDO 6HFXULW\6\VWHP"´86$7RGD\0DJD]LQH9RO,VVXH. 7$</25*22%< 3HWHU YH '$/( -HQQLIHU 

(124)   6RFLDO 7KHRU\ DQG 6RFLDO:HOIDUH*UHDW%ULWDLQ 7h6ø$' 

(125) 7UN6RV\DO*YHQOLN6LVWHPLQGH<HQLGHQ<DSÕODQPD øVWDQEXO. 9,77$6 'LPLWUL 

(126)  6ZLVV &KLODQSRUH 7KH :D\ )RUZDUG IRU 3HQVLRQ 5HIRUP" 7KH ,PSOLFDWLRQV IRU VRFLDO 6HFXULW\ RI 6WUXFWXUDO$GMXVWPHQW3ROLFLHV,66$3UHVV*HQHYD <$</$$WLOOD 

(127) /LEHUDOL]P$QNDUD. <$</$$WLOOD 

(128) g]JUON<ROX+D\HN¶LQ6RV\DO7HRULVL$QNDUD. :$5' -RVHSK + 

(129)  /HJDO 6WDWXV 2UJDQL]DWLRQ RI )XQFWLRQLQJ RI 2FFXSDWLRQDO 3HQVLRQ 6HFKHPH2FFXSDWLRQDO3HQVLRQ6FKHPHV *HQHYD. :,/(16.<+DUROG/ 

(130) 7KH:HOIDUH6WDWH$QG(TXROLW\6WUXFWXUDO $QG ,GHRORJLFDO URRWV 2I 3XEOLF ([SHQGLWXUH8QLYHUVLW\ 2I &DOLIRUQLD3UHVV/RQGRQ. . .

(131)

Referanslar

Benzer Belgeler

ilk eşi Enver Paşa'yı kaybettikten sonra 28 yıl Avrupa'nın çeşitli şehirlerinde zorluklarla dolu bir yaşam sürdü Naciye Sultan (üstte).. Naciye Sultan Enver Paşa'nın

üzere 16

[r]

Marmara University Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences is an academic journal semi-annually published in June and December.. Our journal is internationally indexed

Çalışmamızda, vajinismuslu kadınların vajinal giriş zorluğu dışında, cinselliğin diğer alanlarında sorun yaşamadıklarına dair ön kabulün sınanması için, cinsel

Rusya temsilcisinin ~ran D~~i~leri Bakan~na, hu- dudlardaki düzen ve hudud konular~~ ile ilgili yaz~s~~ (s.. ~ran Di~leri Bakan~n~n Rusya temsilcisine, ~ran veli- aht~~ ile Rus

\|QWHPGH DPDFÕPÕ]D X\JXQ RODUDN IDUNOÕ VRV\DO GHPRJUDILN |]HOOLNOHUH VDKLS YH DOW VHJPHQW YH VW VHJPHQWLQ EXOXQGX÷X NDPX |]HO YH LOoH RNXOODUÕ VHoLOPLúWLU øNLQFL DúDPDGD LVH

J|UOPHVLQL úLGGHWOH UHGGHGHQ IDQWDVWLN ELU URPDQ RODUDN +DYDGD &lt;U\HQ, ancak RNXUXQVHoLPOHUL\OHDQODPND]DQÕUYHEX\|Q\OHELOLQPH]OL÷LQHELUDQODP\NOHQLU..