• Sonuç bulunamadı

Kümeleme Problemlerine Küme Örtüleme Modeli Yaklaşımı ve Bir Uygulama

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Kümeleme Problemlerine Küme Örtüleme Modeli Yaklaşımı ve Bir Uygulama"

Copied!
15
0
0

Yükleniyor.... (view fulltext now)

Tam metin

(1)

  23.4 .h0(/(0(352%/(0/(5ø1( .h0(g57h/(0(02'(/ø<$./$ù,0, 9(%ø58<*8/$0$  øEUDKLP*h1*g5567 g=(7

øVWDWLVWLNVHO YHULOHULQ NPHOHQPHVL VRUXQXQD JHQHOOLNOH NPHOHPH DQDOL]L WHNQLNOHUL LOH o|]P DUDQPDNWD DQFDN EX WHNQLNOHU DQODPOÕOÕN WHVWOHULQL \HWHULQFH GLNNDWH DOPDPDNWDGÕU %X oDOÕúPD LOH LVWDWLVWLNVHO \|QWHPOHUH J|UH DOÕQPÕú oRN VD\ÕGDNL|UQH÷LQNDoIDUNOÕDQDNLWOHGHQJHOGL÷LEDúNDELULIDGHLOHEX|UQHNOHULQNDo IDUNOÕ NPHGH WRSODQDELOHFH÷L VRUXQXQD o|]P JHWLUHQ ELU DOJRULWPD |QHULOPLúWLU $OJRULWPD 7UNL\H¶GHNL LOOHULQ JQHúOHQPH VUHVL YHULOHULQH J|UH NPHOHQPHVL SUREOHPLQH X\JXODQPÕúWÕU %X DOJRULWPD NPHOHPH LúOHPOHULQL DQODPOÕOÕN WHVWOHULQH X\JXQRODUDN\DSPDNWDGÕU

*LULú

øVWDWLVWLNVHO YHULOHULQ NPHOHQPHVL VRUXQXQD JHQHOOLNOH NPHOHPH DQDOL]L WHNQLNOHUL LOH o|]P DUDQPDNWDGÕU dRN GH÷LúNHQOL LVWDWLVWLNVHO DQDOL]OHUGHQELULRODQNPHOHPHDQDOL]LQLQDVÕODPDFÕHOGHNLELUYHULJUXEXQX EHOOL ELU EHQ]HUOLN |OoVQ GLNNDWH DODUDN LNL YH\D GDKD ID]OD NPH\H E|OPHNWLU %X NPHOHULQ NHQGL LoLQGH \NVHN VHYL\HGH KRPRMHQ NPHOHU DUDVÕQGDLVHKHWHURMHQROPDVÕDUDQÕU +DLU 

.PHOHPHDQDOL]LQGHHQ|QHPOLVRUXQNPHVD\ÕVÕQÕQEHOLUOHQPHVLGLU %XNRQXGDVRQ\ÕOODUGD\R÷XQoDOÕúPDODU\DSÕOÕ\RUROPDNODELUOLNWHKDOD¶OL \ÕOODUGDJHOLúWLULOPLúRODQYHoRNGDJYHQLOLUVRQXoODUYHUPH\HQED]ÕWHVWOHUGHQ \DUDUODQÕOPDNWDGÕU 7DGOÕGLO    $\UÕFD NPHOHPH DQDOL]LQGH DQODPOÕOÕN WHVWOHUL JLEL REMHNWLI LVWDWLVWLNVHO WHVWOHU NXOODQÕODPDPDNWDGÕU %X \]GHQ DUDúWÕUPDFÕODU NHQGLOHULQH J|UH ELU oRN VEMHNWLI NULWHUOHU NXOODQPDN ]RUXQGDNDOPÕúODUGÕU +DLU 

%X oDOÕúPD LOH LVWDWLVWLNVHO \|QWHPOHUH J|UH DOÕQPÕú oRN VD\ÕGDNL |UQH÷LQNDoIDUNOÕDQDNLWOHGHQJHOGL÷LYH\DEX|UQHNOHULQNDoIDUNOÕNPHGH WRSODQDELOHFH÷L úHNOLQGHNL NPHOHPH VRUXQXQD o|]P JHWLUHQ ELU DOJRULWPD |QHULOPLúWLU$OJRULWPD\DJ|UH|UQHNOHULQJHOGL÷LDQDNLWOHOHULQQRUPDOGD÷ÕOÕP J|VWHUGL÷LYHD\QÕYDU\DQVDVDKLSROGXNODUÕYDUVD\ÕPÕ .DUWDO WHPHO DOÕQDUDN\DSÕODQoRNVD\ÕGDNL$129$WHVWOHULVRQXFXQGDRODVÕWPDOWNPHOHU EXOXQPDNWD YH EX DOW NPHOHU GLNNDWH DOÕQDUDN ROXúWXUXODQ NPH |UWOHPH PRGHOLQLQ o|]P LOH RSWLPXP NPH VD\ÕVÕQD X\JXQ ELU NPHOHPH \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU

 89:;=<0>*?@=A!B?@C< ?D*E*?@?FG?DH,?H0?IJ?K?HML,NO PQROICS!NT!QUTV? 

(2)

 23!a

%X oDOÕúPDGD |QHULOHQ DOJRULWPDQÕQ NXOODQÕOPDVÕ LOH \DSÕODQ NPHOHPHQLQ NPHOHPH DQDOL]L WHNQLNOHUL LOH \DSÕODQ NPHOHPH\H J|UH HQ |QHPOLIDUNÕ\HWHULQFHDQODPOÕOÕNWHVWOHULQLQ\DSÕOPÕúROPDVÕQHGHQL\OHo|]P VRQXQGD HOGH HGLOHQ |UQHN NPHOHULQGHQ KHU ELULQLQ IDUNOÕ ELU DQD NLWOHGHQ JHOPLú ROGX÷XQXQ NDQÕWODQPDVÕ YH NPH VD\ÕVÕQÕQ IDUNOÕ DQD NLWOH VD\ÕVÕQÕQ  NXOODQÕODQ YHULOHULQ \DSÕVÕ GLNNDWH DOÕQDUDN RSWLPXP ELU VD\Õ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPHVLGLU

<DSÕODQ OLWHUDWU WDUDPDVÕ VRQXFXQGD NPHOHPH DQDOL]L LOH LOJLOL SHN oRN oDOÕúPDQÕQ\DSÕOGÕ÷Õ J|]OHQPLú IDNDWNPH |UWOHPH PRGHOL NXOODQÕODUDN \DSÕOPÕú ELU NPHOHPH oDOÕúPDVÕQD UDVWODPDN PPNQ ROPDPÕúWÕU .PH |UWOHPHPRGHOLQH\DNÕQELU|]HOOLNJ|VWHUHQNPHE|OPHPRGHOLNXOODQÕODUDN *RSDO YH 5DPHVK WDUDIÕQGDQ ELU NPHOHPH oDOÕúPDVÕ \DSÕOPÕúWÕU *RSDO YH 5DPHVK 

gQHULOHQ$OJRULWPD

øVWDWLVWLNVHO\|QWHPOHUHJ|UHDOÕQPÕúoRNVD\ÕGDNL|UQH÷LQNDoIDUNOÕDQD NLWOHGHQ JHOGL÷L YH\D EX |UQHNOHULQ NDo IDUNOÕ NPHGH WRSODQDELOHFH÷L úHNOLQGHNLNPHOHPHVRUXQXQXQo|]PLoLQJHOLúWLULOHQDOJRULWPDQÕQDGÕPODUÕ DúD÷ÕGDNLJLELWDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU

$GÕP  gUQHNOHULQ DOÕQGÕ÷Õ DQD NLWOHOHULQ QRUPDO GD÷ÕOÕP J|VWHUPHVL JHUHNLU 1RUPDO GD÷ÕOÕP J|VWHUPL\RUVD JHUHNOL G|QúWUPHOHU \DSÕODUDN 5DPVH\YH6FKDIHU EXúDUWVD÷ODQÕU

$GÕPgUQHNOHULQDOÕQGÕ÷ÕDQDNLWOHOHULQD\QÕYDU\DQVDVDKLSROPDODUÕ JHUHNLU*HUHNOLWHVWOHULQ (UJQ \DSÕOPDVÕVRQXFXQGDIDUNOÕYDU\DQV GXUXPX YDU LVH YHULOHUH X\JXQ G|QúWUPHOHU \DSÕODUDN EX úDUW VD÷ODQPD\D oDOÕúÕOÕU6D÷ODQDPÕ\RUVDD\QÕYDU\DQVDVDKLSROPD\DQDQDNLWOHOHUGHQJHOGLNOHUL VDSWDQDQ|UQHNOHUGDKDVRQUDLúOHPHDOÕQPDN]HUHD\UÕOÕU

$GÕP $QD NLWOHOHULQLQ QRUPDO GD÷ÕOÕP J|VWHUGL÷L YH D\QÕ YDU\DQVD VDKLSROGX÷XEHOLUOHQHQ|UQHNOHURUWDODPDODUÕNoNWHQE\÷HRODFDNúHNLOGH VÕUDODQÕUYHVÕUDQXPDUDVÕ Q YHULOLU

$GÕP2UWDODPDVÕHQNoNRODQ|UQHNWHQEDúOD\DUDNVÕUD\ODELU|UQHN WQXPDUDOÕ|UQHN EDúODQJÕoRODUDNDOÕQÕUYH$129$WHVWLLOHWYHWQXPDUDOÕ |UQHNOHULQ D\QÕ DQD NLWOHGHQ JHOLS JHOPHGLNOHUL DUDúWÕUÕOÕU $\QÕ DQD NLWOHGHQ JHOL\RULVHELUVRQUDNL|UQHNGHGDKLOHGLOHUHND\QÕWHVWX\JXODQÕU%XDUGÕúÕNWHVW LúOHPOHULQHDUGÕúÕNLNLGHQoRN+b KLSRWH]LNDEXOHGLOLQFH\HNDGDUGHYDPHGLOLU $\QÕ DQD NLWOHGHQ JHOGLNOHUL VDSWDQDQ |UQHNOHUH W QXPDUDOÕ |UQHN GDKLO HGLOHUHND\QÕWHVWOHU\DSÕOÕU$\QÕDQDNLWOHGHQJHOL\RUODUVDELU|QFHNL|UQHNGH GDKLOHGLOHUHND\QÕWHVWWHNUDUODQÕU%XDUGÕúÕNWHVWLúOHPOHULQHGHDUGÕúÕNLNLGHQ

(3)

 23.j

oRN +b   KLSRWH]L NDEXO HGLOLQFH\H NDGDU GHYDP HGLOLU YH EWQ EX LúOHPOHU VRQXFXQGDQWDQH|UQHNNPHVLEHOLUOHQPLúROXU

$GÕP  2UWDODPDVÕ HQ E\N RODQ |UQHNWHQ EDúOD\DUDN $GÕP ¶GHNL LúOHPOHUWHUVLQGHQ E\NWHQNo÷HGR÷UX X\JXODQDUDNQWDQH|UQHNNPHVL GDKDEHOLUOHQLU $GÕP$GÕPYH$GÕP¶GHEHOLUOHQHQ Q WDQH|UQHNNPHVLQGHQ ELUELULQGHQIDUNOÕRODQODUEHOLUOHQLUYHNPHLoLQGHNL|UQHNOHULQRUWDODPDVÕQÕQ RUWDODPDVÕ NPHRUWDODPDVÕ NoNWHQE\÷HRODFDNúHNLOGH|UQHNNPHOHULQH VÕUDQXPDUDVÕ P YHULOLU

$GÕP  $GÕP  LOH HOGH HGLOHQ NPHOHU GLNNDWH DOÕQDUDN ELU NPH |UWOHPH WDEORVX ROXúWXUXOXU Q VDWÕU P VWXQGDQ ROXúDFDN RODQ EX WDEORGDQ JHUHNOLLQGLULPOHU\DSÕODUDN *DUILQNHOYH1HPKDXVHU HOGHHGLOHFHN \HQLWDEOR\XGLNNDWHDODQELUNPH|UWOHPHPRGHOLNPHVD\ÕVÕQÕPLQLPL]H HGHFHNúHNLOGHNXUXOXU

$GÕP  0RGHOLQ RSWLPXP o|]P LOH EXOXQDQ NPHOHULQ ELUGHQ ID]ODVÕQGD \HU DODQ |UQHNOHU YDUVD EX |UQHNOHULQ RUWDODPDVÕ KDQJL NPH RUWDODPDVÕQDHQ\DNÕQLVHRNPH\HGDKLOHGLOLSGL÷HUNPHOHUGHQoÕNDUÕODUDN KHU|UQH÷LQVDGHFHELUNPHGH\HUDOGÕ÷Õo|]PHOGHHGLOLU

$GÕP  $GÕP  LOH D\UÕOPÕú RODQ |UQHNOHUGHQ KHU ELUL NHQGL RUWDODPDVÕQD HQ \DNÕQ NPH RUWDODPDVÕQD VDKLS RODQ NPH\H GDKLO HGLOHUHN GDKLOHGLOHQ|UQH÷LQEXNPHLoLQYDU\DQVHúLWOL÷LQLER]XSER]PDGÕ÷ÕDUDúWÕUÕOÕU 9DU\DQVHúLWOL÷LQLER]DQ|UQHNOHUYDUVDEX|UQHNOHULQGDKLOHGLOGLNOHULDQDNLWOH LOHLOJLOLELOJLOHU\RUXPODQÕUNHQEXGXUXPDGDLúDUHWHGLOLU

$GÕP  YH ¶GHNL LúOHPOHULQ |UQHN E\NO÷QH J|UH X\JXQ ELU WHVW WHNQL÷LQLQ VHoLOHUHN \DSÕOPDVÕ JHUHNLU %X oDOÕúPDGD  $GÕP   YH ¶GDNL LúOHPOHUL \DSDQ ELU ELOJLVD\DU SURJUDPÕ GD KD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU $OJRULWPDQÕQ WP DGÕPODUÕQÕ GLNNDWH DODQ ELU SURJUDP \DSÕOPDVÕ KDOLQGH oRN  E\N ER\XWOX SUREOHPOHULQGDKLNÕVDVUHGHo|]OHELOHFH÷LWDKPLQHGLOPHNWHGLU

 .PHgUWOHPH3UREOHPL

<|QH\OHP DUDúWÕUPDVÕ OLWHUDWUQGH JHQHOOLNOH |UWOHPH SUREOHPL FRYHULQJ SUREOHP  LVPL\OH \HU DODQ EX SUREOHP DúD÷ÕGDNL JLEL IRUPOH HGLOPHNWHGLU 526($8;  

  0LQ= F[       

  .ÕVÕWODU$[tH      

(4)

 23.l

%XPRGHOGH$ DmkPDWULVLP[QER\XWXQGDRODQYHGH÷HUOHULQGHQ

ROXúDQ ELU PDWULVWLU L HOHPDQÕ M DOW NPHVL LoLQGH \HU DOÕ\RUVD Dmk  GL÷HU GXUXPGDDmk GH÷HUDOÕU

HP[ER\XWXQGDYHEWQHOHPDQODUÕRODQELUYHNW|UGU  F [Q ER\XWXQGD ROXS SR]LWLI NDWVD\ÕODUGDQ ROXúDQ ELU YHNW|UGU %X NDWVD\ÕODUNPH|UWOHPHSUREOHPLQLQX\JXODQDFD÷ÕDQDNPHLoLQGHQ|QFHGHQ EHOLUOHQHQRODVÕEWQDOWNPHOHULQ QWDQH ROXúXPPDOL\HWOHULGLU

[  [k GH÷LúNHQOHULQGHQ  ROXúDQ Q[ ER\XWXQGD ELU YHNW|UGU M DOW NPHVL RSWLPXP o|]P LoLQGH \HU DODFDN DOW NPHOHUGHQ ELUL LVH [k  GL÷HU GXUXPGD[k GH÷HULQLDOÕU

 <XNDUÕGDNLLIDGHOHUGHQGHDQODúÕOGÕ÷ÕJLELNPH|UWOHPHSUREOHPL

WDPVD\ÕOÕ GR÷UXVDO PRGHO LOH LIDGH HGLOPHNWHGLU %X  PRGHOLQ NXUXOPDVÕQGD DúD÷ÕGDNLLúOHPOHUWDNLSHGLOLU *QJ|UYH(UR÷OX 

 .PH |UWOHPH SUREOHPLQLQ X\JXODQDFD÷Õ 6 DQD NPHVLQLQ EWQ HOHPDQODUÕ PWDQH EHOLUOHQLUYHQXPDUDODQGÕUÕOÕU

 (OH DOÕQDQ VRUXQXQ \DSÕVÕQD J|UH RSWLPXP o|]PGH \HU DOPDVÕ RODVÕOÕ÷ÕRODQEWQ0kDOWNPHOHUL QWDQH HOHPDQQXPDUDODUÕ\ODEHOLUOHQHUHN ELUDOWNPHOHUVHWL) ^0n0o0p`ROXúWXUXOXU PWDQHVDWÕUQWDQHVWXQGDQROXúDQYHP[QWDQHKFUHVLRODQNPH |UWOHPHWDEORVXKD]ÕUODQÕU0kDOWNPHVLQGHLHOHPDQÕ\HUDOÕ\RUVDWDEORQXQL VDWÕUÕYHMVWXQXQGDEXOXQDQJ|]QGH÷HUL\DQLDmk GL÷HUGXUXPGDDmk  GH÷HUL\D]ÕOÕU%XWDEORGDNLNDWVD\ÕODU  HúLWVL]OL÷LQGH\HUDODQ$PDWULVLQL ROXúWXUXU

 0k DOW NPHOHULQLQ ROXúXP PDOL\HWOHUL EX DUDúWÕUPDGD \DSÕODQ X\JXODPDoDOÕúPDVÕQGDEXNDWVD\ÕODUMNPHVLQGH\HUDODQHOHPDQVD\ÕVÕRODUDN DOÕQPÕúWÕU   KHVDSODQÕU %X PDOL\HW NDWVD\ÕODUÕQGDQ ROXúDQ [Q ER\XWXQGDNL YHNW|UDPDoIRQNVL\RQXQXQNDWVD\ÕODUÕQÕROXúWXUXU

8\JXQELUo|]PGHKHUELUHODPDQÕQHQD]ELUDOWNPHGH\HUDOPDVÕ ]RUXQOXOX÷XROGX÷XLoLQ  HúLWVL]OLNOHULQLQKHSVLQLQGHVD÷WDUDIÕQD\D]ÕOÕU %X úHNLOGH HOGH HGLOHQ YH EWQ HODPDQODUÕ  RODQ P[ ER\XWXQGDNL YHNW|U PRGHOGHNLHYHNW|UQROXúWXUXU

.PH|UWOHPHSUREOHPLQLQKHUKDQJLELUX\JXQo|]P\OH)¶QLQELU DOWNPHVLHOGHHGLOLUNLEXDOWNPHGH\HUDODQ0kDOWNPHOHULQLQELOHúLPOHUL6 DQDNPHVLQLYHUPHN]RUXQGDGÕU

(5)

 23.q

/LWHUDWUGHJHQHOOLNOHLNLVLELUDUDGDHOHDOÕQDQNPHE|OPHSUREOHPLYH NPH |UWOHPH SUREOHPLQL ELUELULQGHQ D\ÕUDQ WHPHO |]HOOLN NPH E|OPH SUREOHPLQGHNÕVÕWODU$[ HúHNOLQGHLNHQNPH|UWOHPHSUREOHPLQGH$[tH úHNOLQGH ROPDVÕGÕU )LVKHU YH .HGLD    %X IDUNOÕ NÕVÕWOD\ÕFÕ GHQNOHPOHUGHQGROD\ÕNPHE|OPHSUREOHPLQLQKHUKDQJLELUX\JXQo|]PQGH \HUDODQ0kDOWNPHOHULQLQELOHúLPOHUL6DQDNPHVLQLYHNHVLúLPOHULLVHERú NPH\LYHUPHN]RUXQGDROPDODUÕQDNDUúÕQNPH|UWOHPHSUREOHPLQGHVDGHFH ELOHúLPOHULQLQ6DQDNPHVLQLYHUPHVL]RUXQOXOX÷XYDUGÕU

.PHE|OPHPRGHOLLOHNPH|UWOHPHPRGHOLQLQELUELULQHoRN\DNÕQ |]HOOLNJ|VWHUPHVLQHUD÷PHQ EXoDOÕúPDGDNPH |UWOHPH PRGHOLQLQ GLNNDWH DOÕQPDVÕQÕQ QHGHQL NXUXODFDN NPH E|OPH PRGHOLQLQ o|]PV] ROPDVÕ RODVÕOÕ÷ÕGÕUgUQH÷LQX\JXODPDoDOÕúPDVÕLOHHOGHHGLOHQYHULOHUOHNXUXODQNPH E|OPHPRGHOLo|]PV]oÕNPÕúWÕU

$OJRULWPDQÕQ8\JXODPDVÕ

gQHULOHQ DOJRULWPDQÕQ X\JXODPDVÕ JQHúOHQPH VUHOHUL DoÕVÕQGDQ 7UNL\H¶GHNLLOOHULQNPHOHQPHVLNRQXVXQGD\DSÕOPÕúWÕU6RQ\ÕOLoLQJQON RUWDODPD JQHúOHQPH VUHOHUL GLNNDWH DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD LO PHUNH]OHULQLQ HQ D] NDo D\UÕNPHGHWRSODQDELOHFH÷LDUDúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU

'HYOHW 0HWHRURORML øúOHUL *HQHO 0GUO÷QGHQ  WDULK VD\ÕOÕ\D]ÕVÕHNLQGHDOÕQDQ³\ÕOODUÕLoLQLOPHUNH]OHULQLQ \ÕOODUD J|UH JQHúOHQPH VUHOHULQLQ ELU JQH GúHQ RUWDODPD GH÷HUOHUL´ YHULOHULQGHQ 6366 LVWDWLVWLN SDNHW SURJUDPÕ LOH KHVDSODQDQ \ÕOOÕN RUWDODPD YH VWDQGDUW VDSPD GH÷HUOHUL RUWDODPD GH÷HUOHU NoNWHQ E\÷H VÕUDODQGÕUÕOPÕú RODUDN 7DEORGHYHULOPLúWLU

+HULOLoLQDOÕQDQ\ÕOOÕN ELUH\OLN JQHúOHQPHYHULOHULQGHQROXúDQ  D\UÕ |UQHN EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 7DPDPÕ Q  E\NO÷QGHNL EX |UQHNOHULQ WDPDPÕLoLQ6366SDNHWSURJUDPÕLOH/HYHQH9DU\DQVODUÕQ+RPRMHQOL÷L7HVWL X\JXODQGÕ÷ÕQGD  |QHP VHYL\HVLQH J|UH YDU\DQVODUÕQ KRPRMHQOL÷L UHGGHGLOPLúWLU (Q E\N YDU\DQV GH÷HUOHULQH VDKLS RODQ (U]LQFDQ YH 9DQ |UQHNOHUL KDULo WXWXOGX÷XQGD JHUL\H NDODQ  |UQHN LoLQ YDU\DQVODUÕQ KRPRMHQOL÷LNDEXOHGLOPLúWLU%XQHGHQOH7DEOR¶GH(U]LQFDQYH9DQ|UQHNOHUL LoLQQXPDUDYHULOPHPLúWLU%XLNL|UQHNNPHOHPHDQDOL]LQLQGÕúÕQGDWXWXOPXú YHLúOHPOHUWDPDPODQGÕNWDQVRQUDRUWDODPDGH÷HUOHULQHX\JXQRODQELUNPH\H GDKLOHGLOPLúWLU   

(6)

 23*r

7DEORøO0HUNH]OHULQLQ<ÕOODUÕ*QON2UWDODPD*QHúOHQPH 6UHOHULYH6WDQGDUWVDSPDODUÕ VDDWJQ 

Hstsutv wxyxCvz ? E*?E{=|)}~{ Hstsutv wGx xCvz ? E*?E{=|)}~{ v€O 2ya D a!q D 4#j#q!q ;JA€‚!ƒ P 4!q l D qq#a!q D 4#j#q)2 z)<0ƒ „!€A… 3†a D 2%3!3  D 4V2j#a {^…#‡Yƒ%<,ƒ 4.rˆl D q#r  q D 4a)23 x<,>‰ 4Ša D 3#l.r  D 43#3  ‹=Œ<0Œ‡!‡*ƒNO 4!Žl D q # D a  l#a {^<MP!… a†a D a.l  D 3#a.r#  ƒ€ƒ …#PO‘ a  l D   l#q D a!4!r#l IA#N‰ j†j D 3V2q#4 D a  j#a }’ƒ%….“,ƒ a2”q D 24#4 D 4#4#q#3 E!ƒ ‡Yƒ%<•.ƒ l†j D 3#4!j#4 D a!4#l.r wUO.L,O –.< a!3—q D 2 l # D 3!l#q!4 E#…*A‘ q†j D 4j!l#q D 4#j#l!j H“M‡*O ….>#O <‰#… a.4Žq D 2r  q D 3#a)2 E!ƒ QR“M‰!… rŠj D a3*rq D a!#j#3 ‹=A…!•.ƒ a!a—q D 3V2rq D 4#q#!l ‹=A!˜ƒON †j D jY2  q D j##.r ‹U?}’ƒ%<,ƒL a.jŽq D 33!3  D a.rq!j ICƒ%<PŒ… 2  j D lY24#4 D a!j#  ™ƒ%…*ƒ ‡#‡*ƒNO a.lŽq D 3a.l  D 3!#l)2 ;dƒNA.ƒ 2!2šj D lq#a!q D a#a!#3 ‹=Œ<0Œ‡!‡*ƒNO a.qŽq D 3#q#3!q D 4#l#4#a {=QRƒ“M•.ƒ 23›j D l#r3  D 3!3!3 {J>!ƒ …*ƒ a*rˆq D 4Y2a  D 3!qa!a ztO ‡*<,>!ƒœ 24j D qY2  q D 4!r3. }~‰.L a.Žq D 4324 D a!  2 ‹Jƒ“MPƒ QGA…#‰ 2a›j D qq.r  D ja!l#a ICƒ%PQRƒ … j  q D 44#a!q D qV2q!l  T!QUT*L0–.ƒ ….O 2jj D q#3  D a  a.j {^‡Y“,ƒ%<,ƒ • j)2”q D 4#3!q D 4  j)2 ž A…!‚‰.N>#ƒ ‡ 2lj D rl!j#4 D j # a }~‰!œ#Nƒ j#3—q D 4!l  D 3!j  l H“MPƒ …#„#‰.N 2qj D 4.rq D a.rj!j I ‰#<,>‰< j!4Žq D 4!#4 D 4#q#.r ‹CT!Pƒ –•.ƒ 2rŸj D a.j#4 D 4  r  {^…#Pƒ ‡#•.ƒ j#aŽq D aV2a  D a#a!!l ztA‡*ƒ P 2j D l # D 3 # 3 @=O ….€N j!jˆq D a#4#a!q D 4#l#4.r ™ƒ%…#‡*Œ<0Œ 3  l D r3!q D 3!la!a uNƒ €Œœ j!lˆq D a#l  q D a#3!4#a u>#<M….O 32šl D 2%3.4#4 D a)2l!l wUœ#>#O j!qˆq D jl#a  D 4#4a  ™ A<M‰#Q 3!3›l D 2 4.r  D 4a!l!4   “M‘Yƒ%<Pƒ j.r¡q D j#r # D 4#l#l!l u<€…*˜ƒ … u l D 2r#j#4 D qa!! }hO <0“,… j!ˆq D l  r  D 4#V2  I ‰#<,“,ƒ 3.4l D 3##a  D a.r  2 {=•!>#Œ… l  q D lj#3!q D 3)2   ‹Jƒ%<%“ 3!a›l D 4j!q#4 D a)2 a!a E#<P l)2¢q D lq!4#4 D a#3!)2 INO˜‡ 3.jl D 4l!#4 D 4#q#.r }’ƒNƒ P•.ƒ l3£q D qj!#4 D j#l!r!r ICƒ%….>#Œ<QRƒ 3.ll D aa!3  D a  4)2 ‹=N“ l#4¤q D r*24#4 D jV2q#a ICƒNŒ‡*O“,< 3.ql D a#j#3  D j#l3.l ¥ ƒ … ¥ q D rra!q D qV2!4 {Jœ<,Œ 3*rŸl D a#j#a!q D a!q#!l ‹Jƒ%<%ƒ QGƒ … la£q D  !# D 3.rj!q I….‚#S#N 3.l D a#q)24 D 4!r4#a H€QG< l#j¤q D Y23  D a)2 a2 u<€‰#<‰#Q 4  l D a!r#q#4 D 4!r3.q @=•.ƒ <„Yƒ%‡*Œ< l#l¤q D a  q D 4#3    œ!>#Œ< 4)2šl D a#.r  D j  ! ¦ ƒ ‡#‡Yƒ%<0 l#q¤q D j # D a!4V2l IPN“ 4#3›l D j3.j#4 D a!q#q!l § <,¨ƒ l!r©q D q#a!q D 4#l3!3 uª“M‡.L%O –!< 4!4l D jl#3  D a  l.r {J>#Œ•.ƒ QRƒ … l#£r D 2 j#3!q D 4#   {d¨•!A… 4#a›l D lY2r  D 4#l3. }’ƒ%<0>#… q  r D 2r#q#4 D a  3.l ‹Jƒ •.“,O <, 4!jl D q3  q D 4#3!3 {^…#PƒN•!ƒ qV2«r D aV2r  D 3!l  3 E#.ƒ“ 4!ll D qa  q D a!4#l!j ztA‘*Nƒ QG>!ƒ l D lq!V2 2 D l.r 

(7)

 23.

 D\UÕ |UQHN YHULVLQLQ KHU ELUL LoLQ NoN |UQHNOHU LoLQ GDKD X\JXQ RODQ /LOOLHIRU QRUPDO GD÷ÕOÕPOÕOÕN WHVWL (UJQ    \DSÕOPÕú YH WHVW LúOHPOHUL VRQXQGD WDPDPÕQÕQ  |QHP VHYL\HVLQH J|UH QRUPDO GD÷OÕP J|VWHUGL÷LJ|]OHQPLúWLU

gQHULOHQ DOJRULWPDQÕQ   YH  QXPDUDOÕ DGÕPODUÕQD X\JXQ RODUDN \DSÕODQ$129$WHVWOHULVRQXFXQGDEXOXQDQRODVÕDOWNPHOHUGHQROXúDQ³NPH |UWOHPH WDEORVX´ 7DEOR ¶GH YHULOPLúWLU %X  LúOHPOHUL \DSDFDN úHNLOGH ELU ELOJLVD\DUSURJUDPÕ\DSÕOPÕúWÕU3URJUDPDEX YHULOHU\NOHQLSoDOÕúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD LúOHPVUHVLVDQL\HRODUDNJ|]OHQPLúWLU7DEOR¶QLQELULQFLVDWÕUÕQGDRODVÕDOW NPHOHULQNRGQXPDUDODUÕ M ELULQFLVWXQXQGDLVH|UQHNOHULQNRGQXPDUDODUÕ L \HUDOPDNWDGÕU%XWDEORGDNLDmkPDWULVLL|UQH÷LMDOWNPHVLQLQELUHOHPDQÕ LVHDm k GL÷HUGXUXPGDD mk GH÷HUOHULQGHQROXúPDNWDGÕU$QFDNWDEORQXQGDKD UDKDWELUJ|UQWYHUPHVLLoLQDm k GH÷HUOHULQLQ\HULERúEÕUDNÕOPÕúWÕU 7DEOR¶QLQVRQVDWÕUÕQGD\HUDODQ&k GH÷HUOHULMDOWNPHVLQGHEXOXQDQ |UQHN VD\ÕVÕQÕ J|VWHUPHNWHGLU .PH E|OPH PRGHOLQGH EX VD\ÕODU DPDo IRQNVL\RQXQXQNDWVD\ÕODUÕRODUDN\D]ÕODFDNWÕU$PDoIRQNVL\RQXNDWVD\ÕODUÕQÕQ WDPDPÕQD&k GH÷HULYHULOHUHNGHPLQLPXPVD\ÕGDNPHQLQROGX÷XELUo|]P HOGHHGLOHELOLU $QFDN EXGXUXPGDEXOXQDQ o|]PGH ELUGHQ oRN NPHGH\HU DODQ|UQHNVD\ÕVÕQÕQGDKDoRNoÕNPDVÕRODVÕOÕ÷ÕYDUGÕU

.XUXODFDNNPH|UWOHPHPRGHOLQGHJHUHNVL]RODUDN\HUDODFDNNÕVÕWODUÕ GÕúODPDNDPDFÕ\OD7DEOR¶GHYHULOHQNPH|UWOHPHWDEORVXVDGHOHúWLULOHELOLU %X QHGHQOH 7DEOR ¶GHNL Dmk PDWULVLQGH W VDWÕUÕQÕ NDSVD\DQ L VDWÕUODUÕ LSWDO HGLOHELOLU *DUILQNHOYH 1HPKDXVHU dQNWVDWÕUÕQDLOLúNLQNÕVÕW VD÷ODQGÕNWDQVRQUDEXVDWÕUÕNDSVD\DQLVDWÕUODUÕQDLOLúNLQNÕVÕWODUÕQGDVD÷ODQPÕú RODFDNWÕU %XQD J|UH LSWDO HGLOPHVL JHUHNHQ VDWÕUODU 7DEOR ¶GH YHULOGL÷L JLEL RODFDNWÕU7DEOR¶QLQEXúHNLOGHVDGHOHúWLULOPLúKDOL7DEOR¶GHJ|UOPHNWHGLU        

(8)

 24





(9)

 24)2 

7DEOR7DEOR¶\L6DGHOHúWLUPHNøoLQøSWDO(GLOPHVLJHUHNHQ6DWÕUODU .DSVDQDQ6DWÕU

1XPDUDVÕ .DSVD\DQ6DWÕUODUÕQ1XPDUDODUÕ øSWDO(GLOHELOHFHN6DWÕU1XPDUDODUÕ 

                           7DEOR7DEOR¶LQ6DGHOHúWLULOPLú+DOL ¬­ 2®3š4¯ašj°l°qšrš±2  2!2 23 24 2a 2j 2l 2q 2r 2 3  32 3!3 3.4 3!a 3.j 3.l 3.q 3*r 3! 4  4)2 4#3 4!4 4#a 2²2 a 2 q 2°2°2 23 2°2°2°2°2³2 2j 2°2°2°2³2´2 2r 2°2°2³2´2¯2 2 2°2³2´2¯2°2 3  2³2´2¯2°2°2 32 2´2¯2°2°2°2 3!3 2¯2°2°2°2°2 3.4 2°2°2°2°2°2 3.j 2°2°2°2 4!q 2°2°2°2 4! 2°2°2°2 a  2°2°2¯2 a2 2°2¯2°2 a!3 2¯2°2°2 a.4 2°2°2°2 j!j 2°2°2°2°2›2°2 j.r 2°2°2°2›2°2µ2°2¯2 l  2°2°2›2°2µ2°2¯2°2 l.r 2°2°2 q)2 2 

(10)

 24#3

7DEOR¶GHNLVDGHOHúWLULOPLúNPH|UWOHPHWDEORVXGLNNDWHDOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD NXUXODFDNNPH|UWOHPHPRGHOLDúD÷ÕGDNLJLELRODFDNWÕU

(QN= ;n;o;¶;·;¸;¹;º;»;¼;n½;n n;no;n¶;n·;n¸;n¹;nº;n»;n¼;o ½;on;o,o ;o%¶;o,·;o ¸;o%¹;o%º;n»;o%¼;¶,½;¶n;¶0o;¶%¶ ;¶0· .ÕVÕWODU;nt ;ot ;¶;·;¸t ;·;¸;¹;º;»;¼t ;¸;¹;º;»;¼;n½t ;¹;º;»;¼;n½;n,nt ;º;»;¼;n½;n%n;not ;»;¼;n½;n%n;no;n¶t ;¼;n½;n,n;no;n¶;n·t ;n½;n,n;no;n¶;n·;n¸t ;n%n;no;n¶;n·;n¸;n¹t ;n¶;n·;n¸;n¹;nºt ;n¹;nº;n»;n¼t ;nº;n»;n¼;o%½t ;n»;n¼;o%½;ont ;n¼;o%½;on;o,ot ;o ½;on;o,o;o%¶t ;on;o,o;o%¶;o,·t

;o%o;o%¶;o,·;o ¸;o ¹;o º;o»t

;o ¶;o,·;o ¸;o%¹;o º;o»;o ¼;¶,½;¶nt ;o%·;o ¸;o%¹;o%º;o»;o ¼;¶%½;¶n;¶0ot ;¶n;¶0o;¶,¶t

(11)

 24!4 ;¶,·t

;m

k YH\D

0RGHOLQ o|]P LoLQ 3HQWLXP  00;  0+]  NLúLVHO ELOJLVD\DUYH/,1'2SDNHWSURJUDPÕ 'HPR/,1'23&5HOHDVH  NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕUd|]PVUHVLVDQL\HRODUDNJ|]OHQPLúWLU2SWLPXPo|]P VRQXoODUÕDúD÷ÕGDNLJLELEXOXQPXúWXU

;n ;o ;· ;n½ ;n¹ ;o ½ ;o%· ;¶,¶ ;¶0·  'L÷HU;k (QN= 

%X o|]P VRQXFXQD J|UH EXOXQDQ DOW NPHOHU 7DEOR ¶GH J|UOHQ M YHLQGLVOL NR\XUHQNOLRODUDNLúDUHWOHQPLú  NPHOHUGLU %X NPHOHUH GLNNDWOH EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD L  YH  LQGLVOL |UQHNOHULQLNLNPHGHELUGHQ\HUDOGÕNODUÕJ|UOPHNWHGLU0LQ=GH÷HULQLQ   ID]OD oÕNPDVÕQÕQ QHGHQL EXGXU %X |UQHNOHULQ LNL NPHGHQ KDQJLVLQHGDKD\DNÕQLVHVDGHFHRNPHGH\HUDOPDVÕX\JXQRODFDNWÕU%X DPDoOD\DSÕODQ$129$WHVWOHULVRQXFXQGDGDKDGúNELUJYHQNDWVD\ÕVÕ YHUGL÷LQGHQYHQXPDUDOÕ|UQHNOHULQQXPDUDOÕNPHGHQQXPDUDOÕ |UQH÷LQQXPDUDOÕNPHGHQYHQXPDUDOÕ|UQH÷LQQXPDUDOÕNPHGHQ oÕNDUWÕOPDVÕDOWNPHVÕQÕUODUÕQÕQQHWOHúPHVLDoÕVÕQGDQX\JXQRODFDNWÕU%X G]HQOHPHOHULQ\DQÕQGD7DEORYH7DEORELUOLNWHGLNNDWHDOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGDHQ X\JXQNPHOHPH7DEOR¶GHJ|UOG÷úHNLOGHROPDNWDGÕU

gUQHNOHULQ WP ELUOLNWH GLNNDWH DOÕQDUDN \DSÕODQ /HYHQH WHVWLQH J|UH YDU\DQVODUÕQ HúLWOL÷L VD÷ODQPDGÕ÷Õ LoLQ GDKD |QFH D\UÕOPÕú RODQ (U]LQFDQ YH 9DQ LOLQH DLW |UQHNOHU GH RUWDODPD GH÷HULQH HQ \DNÕQ RODQ NPHOHUHGDKLOHGLOPLúOHUGLU%XLODYHOHUGHQVRQUD\DSÕODQ/HYHQHWHVWOHULQH J|UHNPH\HGDKLOHGLOHQ9DQ|UQH÷LEXNPHLoLQGHNLYDU\DQVHúLWOL÷LQL ER]PDPÕúWÕUNPH\HGDKLOHGLOHQ(U]LQFDQ|UQH÷LLVHYDU\DQVHúLWOL÷LQL ER]PDNWDGÕU(U]LQFDQ|UQH÷LQLQ.PH\HGDKLOHGLOPHVLGXUXPXQGDLVH YDU\DQV HúLWOL÷L ER]XOPDPDNWD DQFDN EX NPH\L WHPVLO HGHQ DQD NLWOHGHQ JHOPLúROPDVÕD |QHPVHYL\HVLQHJ|UHNDEXOHGLOHELOPHNWHGLU%X VRQXoODUD J|UH (U]LQFDQ |UQH÷LQLQ  .PH\H GDKLO HGLOPHVL X\JXQ ROPDNWDGÕU

<DSÕODQ X\JXODPD oDOÕúPDVÕQÕQ VRQXFXQD J|UH 7UNL\H¶GHNL LOOHU JQHúOHQPH VUHVL YHULOHULQH J|UH  IDUNOÕ NPH ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU +HU NPHGH\HUDODQLOOHU7DEOR¶GHDoÕNRODUDNJ|UOPHNWHGLU%XNPHOHUGH \HU DODQ |UQHNOHULQ DOÕQGÕ÷Õ DQD NLWOHOHULQ RUWDODPD YH VWDQGDUW KDWD GH÷HUOHULKHUNPHQLQDOWÕQGDJ|UOPHNWHGLU

(12)

 24#a 



(13)

 24!j ¾¿ÀÁ=ÂÄà 2 v€O 3 z)<0ƒ „!€A… 4 x<,>‰ Å ÆÇÈ-d/) *ÉU"*"ÆÊÈÈË.#È Ì*¿ÀÁ=ÂÄà a {^<MP!… j ICA#N‰ l E.ƒ%‡Yƒ%<•.ƒ Å ÆÇËÈ'U/)Ë'!Ë EY? ¦ ƒ Pƒ Íǁ#D j#q# Î*¿ÀÁ=ÂÄà q E!…!A‘ r E.ƒ QG“0‰…  ‹JA!˜ƒON 2 ^ICƒ%<MPŒ… 2!2 ;dƒNA!ƒ 23 {=QRƒ“M•.ƒ Å ÆÇË!Ëd/)Ë1 *ÉU"*"ÆÊÈÈ#Ï' Ð.¿ÀÁ=ÂÑà 24 zO%‡.<,>!ƒœ 2a ‹Jƒ“MPƒ QGA…‰ 2jd T!QUT*LM–*ƒ ….O 2l ž A…!‚‰.N>#ƒ ‡ 2q HM“MPƒ …#„#‰.N 2r ‹CT!Pƒ –•.ƒ 2 zA‡*ƒ P 3 d™ƒ%…#‡*Œ<0Œ 32 uª><M…!O 3!3 ™ A<M‰#Q Å Æ j D r#qdÒ)l D# *ÉU"*"Æ #D 4#4#l Ó ¿ÀÁ=ÂÑà uÔu)<M€…*˜ƒ … 3.4 I ‰<,“%ƒ 3!a ‹Jƒ%<,“ 3.j INO˜‡ 3.l ICƒ%….>#Œ<QRƒ 3.q ICƒNŒ‡*O“,< 3*r {dœ<0Œ 3. I….‚#S#N 4 =u<€‰<‰#Q 4)2   œ#>#Œ< 4#3 IPN“ 4!4 uª“‡*L,O –.< 4#a {d¨•!A… 4!j ‹Jƒ •.“,O <, 4!l E!.ƒ“ 4!q ;dA€‚!ƒ%P 4.r {=…#‡*ƒ%<0ƒ Å Æ l D a.ldÒ)l D j#q *ÉU"*"Æ #D 3!#4 Õ.¿ÀÁ=ÂÑà 4! ‹=Œ<,Œ‡!‡*ƒNO a   ƒ€ƒ …#PO ‘ a2 }’ƒ …!“%ƒ a!3 wUO .L,O –.< Å Æ~1Ï)Ö/Ö%ÈVÖ EY? ¦ ƒ%Pƒ ÍʁD a.l × ¿ÀÁ=ÂÑà a.4 H“‡*O ….>#O <‰#… a!a ‹=A…#•.ƒ a.j ‹U?}’ƒ%<,ƒL a.l ™ ƒ ….ƒ%‡!‡*ƒNO a.q ‹=Œ<,Œ‡!‡*ƒNO a*r {J>!ƒ …*ƒ a. }~‰.L j =ICƒ PQRƒ … j)2 {C‡Y“,ƒ%<,ƒ • j#3 }~‰!œ#Nƒ j!4 I‰<,>‰< j#a {^…#Pƒ%‡!•.ƒ j!j @=O ….€N j!l utNƒ €Œœ j!q wUœ#>#O j.r=  “‘Yƒ%<MPƒ j! }hO <0“,… l ={^•!>#Œ… Å ÆÄÖ%-#d/Ö%! *É"."Æ~ÈÈ'!!Ë Ø.¿ÀÁ=ÂÑà l)2 E#<P l#3 }’ƒNƒ P•.ƒ l!4 ‹JN“ ¥›¥ ƒ … l#a ‹Jƒ%<0ƒ QRƒ … l!j H€QG< l!l @J•.ƒ <„.ƒ ‡*Œ< l!qJ¦ ƒ ‡‡Yƒ%<0 l.r^§ <0¨ƒ l! {d>Œ•.ƒ QGƒ … Å ÆÄÖ%Ï'U/Ö%+Ö *É"*"Æ~ÈÈ-#Ï#' Ù.¿ÀÁ=ÂÑà q =}’ƒ%<0>#… q)2 {=…PƒN•.ƒ Å ÆÇÏYÖ/)Ï *É"*"Æ~ÈÈ#1!Ë   6RQXo

(14)

 24!l

%XoDOÕúPDGDLVWDWLVWLNVHO\|QWHPOHUHJ|UHDOÕQPÕúoRNVD\ÕGDNL|UQH÷LQ NDo IDUNOÕ DQD NLWOHGHQ JHOGL÷L YH\D EX |UQHNOHULQ NDo IDUNOÕ NPHGH WRSODQDELOHFH÷LVRUXQXQDo|]PJHWLUHQELUDOJRULWPD|QHULOPLúWLU

gQHULOHQDOJRULWPDQÕQ7UNL\H¶GHNLLOOHULQJQHúOHQPHVUHVLDoÕVÕQGDQ NDoNPHGHWRSODQDELOHFH÷LúHNOLQGHNLNPHOHPHSUREOHPLQLQo|]PLoLQELU X\JXODPDVÕ \DSÕOPÕúWÕU 8\JXODPD oDOÕúPDVÕ VRQXQGD 7UNL\H¶GHNL LOOHULQ JQHúOHQPH VUHVL DoÕVÕQGDQ  IDUNOÕ NPH ROXúWXUGX÷X RUWD\D oÕNPÕú YH KHU NPHGH \HU DODQ LOOHUH LOLúNLQ |UQHNOHULQ D\QÕ DQD NLWOH\H DLW ROGXNODUÕ NDQÕWODQPÕúWÕU %X VRQXoODU 7UNL\H¶GH SRWDQVL\HO JQHú HQHUMLVLQLQ KHVDSODQPDVÕQGD JQHú HQHUMLVL LOH LOJLOL \DWÕUÕPODUGD |QFHOLNOL \HUOHULQ EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH EX \DWÕUÕPODUÕQ NDUOÕOÕ÷Õ DoÕVÕQGDQ E|OJHOHU DUDVÕQGDNL IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQ RUWD\D NRQXOPDVÕQGD WDUÕP YH RUPDQFÕOÕN DODQÕQGD \DSÕODFDN \DWÕUÕPODUGDYHELOLPVHODUDúWÕUPDODUGDYHULRODUDNNXOODQÕODELOLU

øVWDWLVWLNVHO YHULOHULQ NPHOHQPHVL VRUXQXQD JHQHOOLNOH NPHOHPH DQDOL]L WHNQLNOHUL LOH o|]P DUDQPDNWDGÕU $QFDN EX WHNQLNOHU DQODPOÕOÕN WHVWOHULQL\HWHULQFHGLNNDWHDOPDPDNWDGÕU%XoDOÕúPDLOH|QHULOHQDOJRULWPD\D J|UH \DSÕODQ NPHOHPH LúOHPOHULQGH JHUHNOL WHVWOHU \DSÕOPDNWD YH o|]P VRQXFXQGDHOGHHGLOHQNPHOHUGHNL|UQHNOHULQD\QÕDQDNLWOHGHQJHOPLúROPDODUÕ VD÷ODQPDNWDGÕU %X \|QWHPOH NPH VD\ÕVÕ NXOODQÕODQ YHULOHULQ \DSÕVÕQD J|UH RSWLPXPELUVD\ÕRODUDNEHOLUOHQHELOPHNWHGLU

$%675$&7

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

.$<1$.d$

(5*h1 0XVWDID   %LOLPVHO $UDúWÕUPDODUGD %LOJLVD\DUOD øVWDWLVWLN 8\JXODPDODUÕ6366)RU:LQGRZV$QNDUD2FDN<D\ÕQODUÕ

),6+(5 0/ YH .(',$ 3   ³2SWLPDO 6ROXWLRQ RI 6HW &RYHULQJ 3DUWLWLRQLQJ3UREOHPV8VLQJ'XDO+HXULVWLFV´0DQDJHPHQW6FLHQFH 

(15)

 24!q

*$5)ø1.(/ 56 YH 1(0+$86(5*/   ³7KH 6HW 3DUWLWLRQLQJ 3UREOHP 6HW &RYHULQJ :LWK (TXDOLW\ &RQVWUDLQWV´ 2SHUDWLRQV 5HVHDUFK

*23$/ 5' YH 5$0(6+ 5   ³7KH 4XHU\ &OXVWHULQJ 3UREOHP $ 6HW3DUWLWLRQLQJ $SSURDFK´ ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV 2Q .QRZOHGJH DQG (QJLQHHULQJ

*h1*g5øEUDKLPYH(52ö/8$EGXOODK  ³.PHgUWOHPH3UREOHPL YH %LU 8\JXODPD´ 6'HPLUHO hQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGL YH øGDUL ELOLPOHU )DNOWHVLGHUJLVL

+$,5 )+ $1'(5621 5( 7$7+$0 5/ YH %/$&. :&   0XOWLYDULDWH'DWD$QDO\VLV1HZ-HUVH\3UHQWLFH+DOO

.$57$/0DKPXW  %LOLPVHO$UDúWÕUPDODUGD+LSRWH]7HVWOHUL(U]XUXP ùDIDN<D\ÕQHYL

5(6($8;   ([HUFLFHV HW 3UREOqPHV 5pVROXV 'H 5HFKHUFKH 2SpUDWLRQQHOOH7RPH3DULV0LODQ%DUFHORQD%RQQ0DVRQ

7$7/,'ø/ +VH\LQ   8\JXODPDOÕ dRN 'H÷LúNHQOL øVWDWLVWLNVHO $QDOL] $QNDUD$NDGHPLPDWEDDVÕ

5$06(<)/YH6&+$)(5':  7KH6WDWLVWLFDO6OHXWK$&RUVHLQ 0HWKRGVRI'DWD$QDO\VLV%HOPRQW&$'X[EXU\3UHVV

Referanslar

Benzer Belgeler

Kürtleri hiristiyanlaştırma girişimlerine ilişkin bilgiler çok dağınık olmakla birlikte, Masudi5, Kürtler arasında, Musul ve Cudi dağı etrafında oturup,

[r]

Mikroorganizmaların başlangıç sayısının 1 10 ⁄ değerine indiği veya % 90’ ının ölmesi için gereken süre. mikroorganizma sayısında %90 azalma olacak demektir. Veya

In Turkey, in this context, the citizens of other countries, in exchange for making direct investments over a certain amount, purchasing real estate, holding or

SURJUDPODPD PRGHOLQL |QHUPLúOHUGLU (UQVW YG   \DSWÕNODUÕ oDOÕúPDGD SHUVRQHO oL]HOJHOHPH SUREOHPL ]HULQH \DSÕODQ. oDOÕúPDODUÕ X\JXODQGÕNODUÕ DODQODUD

X-rasgele değişkeni işaretlenen 20 sorudan doğru cevaplananların sayısı olsun.. 4 çocuklu bir ailede kız çocukların sayısı X rasgele değişkeni olsun. 4’er çocuklu

Bu dönemdeki kültürler, belli zaman aralıklarında sayıma tabi tutulurlarsa üreme eğrisi düz veya dik bir durum gösterir (B). Bu fazda fizyolojik olarak çok aktif

Bose SimpleSync™ teknolojisi ile Bose SoundLink Flex hoparlörünüzü bir Bose Akıllı Hoparlör veya Bose Akıllı Soundbara bağlayarak aynı şarkıyı farklı odalarda aynı