الفضائل الأخلاقية في الشعر العربي الجاهلي

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Geliş: 18.11.2019 / Kabul: 18.03.2020 DOI: 10.29029/busbed.648290 Tamim FAKHOURY /_{يروخاف ميتم}2 1

_{ليهاجلا بيرعلا رعشلا في ةيقلاخلأا لئاضفلا}

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_{ﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﰊﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷا ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟا}

Tamim FAKHOURY/يرﻮﺧﺎﻓ ﻢﯿﻤﺗ2 ---Geliş: 18.11.2019 / Kabul: 18.03.2020 DOI: 10.29029/busbed.648290 ﺺّﺨﻠﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺲﻜﻋ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰊﺮﻌﻟا ﱘﺪﻘﻟا رﻮﺻ ةﺎﻴﳊا لاﻮﺣأو ،سﺎﻨﻟا َﻞﻘﻧو ﻢﻬﻋﺎﺒﻃ ﻢﻬﻗﻼﺧأو ،ﻢFادﺎﻋو ﺪﻗو ُﺖﻴﻌﺳ ﰲ اﺬﻫ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺪﺻﺮﻟ ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟا ﻢﻴﻘﻟاو ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷا ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟا ﰲ ﻚﻟذ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ،ﺎﻬﺒﻳﻮﺒﺗو ﻮﻫو ﺚﲝ ﱂ زوﺎﺠﺘﻳ ﻦﻳواود بﺎﺤﺻأ ،تﺎﻘﻠﻌﳌا ﻚﻟذو فﺪd ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺮﻬﻈﻓ ﺎﻨﻟ ﺎjأ ﺔﻌﺑرأ ﺮﺸﻋ ُﻠﺧ ،ًﺎﻘ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﱪﺘﻌُﺗ ًﻼﺜُﻣ ﺎﻴﻠﻋ ﰲ ﻚﻟذ ،ﻊﻤﺘrا ﻲﻫو مﺮﻜﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟاو ﺔﺛﺎﻏإو فﻮﻬﻠﳌا ةرﺎﺟإو ﲑﺠﺘﺴﳌا ﺔﻠﺻو ﻢﺣﺮﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻋرو رﺎﳉا ءﺎﻓﻮﻟاو ﺔّﻔﻌﻟاو ء}ﻹاو ﻢﻠِﳊاو قﺪﺼﻟاو ﺔﲪﺮﻟاو لﺪﻌﻟاو ﱪﺼﻟاو ﺔﻤﻜﳊاو ) ﻞّﻘﻌﺘﻟا ( ، ﻲﻫو قﻼﺧأ نﺎﻜﻣﻹا ﰲ نأ ﺗ جرﺪﻨ ﺎﻬﺘﲢ تﺎﻤﻴﺴﻘﺗ قﻼﺧﻷ ﺔﻴﻋﺮﻓ ىﺮﺧأ ﻮﻟ ءﺎﺷ ﺚﺣ} ءﺎﺼﻘﺘﺳﻻا . ُﺖﻴﺸﻣو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟا ﻞﻜﺑ ﻖُﻠﺧ وأ ،كﻮﻠﺳ ﺔﻃﺎﺣﻹاو ةﺰﺟﻮﳌا ﻩﺎﻨﻌﲟ ،ﻩدﻮﺼﻘﻣو ًﺎﻨﻴﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﺟﺎﻌﲟ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺎﲟو ﻲﻔﻳ ﺔﺟﺎﳊ} ﻦﻣ ﻢﺟﺎﻌﳌا ﺔﻴﺣﻼﻄﺻﻻا ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟ} بدﻷاو ﺪﻘﻨﻟاو ،ﰊﺮﻌﻟا ﺖﻨﻌﺘﺳاو ﺑ ﺘﻴﺒ ﲔ وأ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻦﻣ تﺎﻴﺑأ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ ﻞﻛ ةﺮﻘﻓ ﻞﻤﺘﻜﻴﻟ ﻢﺳر ةرﻮﺻ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻋ ﻖﻠﳋا وأ كﻮﻠﺴﻟا .ﺮﻌﺸﻟا لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ بﺮﻌﻟا ةﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ ﻪﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗو

1_{Bu makale Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsünde devam eden} “ARAP ŞİİRİNDE AHLÂKÎ DEĞERLER -CAHİLİYYE VE İLK İSLAMİ DÖNEM-” başlıklı doktora tezinden faydalanılarak, Prof. Dr. Nejdet Gürkan denetimi altında hazırlanmıştır.

2_{Doktora Öğrencisi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Arap Dili ve Belagatı} Anabilim Dalı, tamimfakhoury1@hotmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5197-2692

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ّﺪﻌُﻳ اﺬﻫ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ىﺮﺧأ ﺔﻳواز ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧأ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻪﺗاذ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ةﻮﻄﺧ ءاﺮﺟﻹ ﺔﺳارد ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧأ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ﺮﻌﺷ ﺮﺼﻌﻟا ﻫﺎﳉا ﻲﻠ .ﰊﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﻌﺸﻟا رﻮﺼﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻩﲑﻏ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﺘﻔﳌا تﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟا ،ﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺮﻌﺸﻟا : ﻢﻴﻘﻟا ،قﻼﺧﻷا ، ،ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا ءاﺮﻌﺷ تﺎﻘﻠﻌﳌا .

Cahiliye Dönemi Arap Şiirinde Ahlaki Değerler

Öz

Kadim Arap şiiri, insanların yaşantısını ve durumlarını yansıtmakta, onların duyarlılıklarını, ahlâkî değerlerini ve adetlerini nakletmektedir. Çalışmanın boyutunu sınırlandırmak amacıyla, muallaka şairlerinin divanları çerçevesinde ele alınan bu araştırmada, şiirdeki erdemlerin ve yüksek ahlâkî değerlerin gözlemlenmesi ve sınıflandırılması arzulanmaktadır. On dört ahlâkî davranışın, Cahiliye toplumunda ideal olarak kabul edildiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bunlar; cömertlik, cesaret, sıkıntıya derhal müdahil olma, koruma dileyenleri ağırlama, akrabalarla iyi ilişkiler kurma, komşularla ilgilenme, sadakat, iffet, gurur, takdir, doğruluk, merhamet, adalet, sabır ve sağduyudur. Bu değerler, konuyu daha detaylı araştırmak isteyen araştırmacılar tarafından, farklı alt bölümler içerisinde sınıflandırılabilecek niteliktedir. Çalışmada, her ahlâkî davranışın ve her etiğin tanımlamasına yönelik gayret sarf edilmiş, dil sözlükleri, felsefe, edebiyat ve Araplara has eleştiri yöntemleri ile ilgili diğer terimsel sözlüklerden de istifade edilmiş ve bu değerlerin anlamları ile kastedilen manaları yeterince izah edilmiştir. Buna paralel olarak, Arap yaşantısındaki uygulamalara ilişkin, genel bir tablonun ortaya çıkartılabilmesi gayesinin gerçekleştirilebilmesi amacıyla, her paragrafta iki yahut üç tane şiir beyti alıntılanmıştır.

Bu araştırma, Cahiliye ve Sadru’l-İslâm Dönemi şiiri aracılığıyla, mukayeseli bir ahlâkî inceleme yapılmasını amaçlayan öncü bir adım olarak mütalaa edilebilir. Çalışmanın sonundaysa, Arap toplumuna İslam dini tarafından kazandırılan kavram ve düşüncelerdeki bir takım farklılıklar ve değişiklikler ele alınmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Câhiliyye Şiiri, Değerler, Ahlak, Cesaret, Muallaka

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The Ethics in Arabic Jahili Poetry

Abstract

The old Arabic Poetry depicted the life and the various conditions of the people of the age. It conveyed their sensibilities, morals and customs. In this research, I will observe and classify the virtues and the high moral values in that poetry. This is a research that does not go beyond the divans of Al-Muallaqat poets for reasons of not going beyond the limited range of the study. It turns out that about fourteen moral behaviors or ethics were regarded as ideals in that society: Generosity, courage, prompt response to the distressed, protecting the one who seeks out safety, keeping good relations with relatives, taking care of the neighbors, faithfulness, chastity, pride, discretion, truthfulness, mercy and justice, patience and prudence. These are ethics which may have other sub-divisions if a researcher seeks to investigate the subject more. I have adopted the method of defining every moral behavior and every ethic and have provided an adequate account of its meaning and of its intended design, using the dictionaries of the language and other sufficient idiomatic dictionaries related to philosophy, literature and Arabic criticism. Two or three lines of relevant poetry have been included in each paragraph to complete the making of a general perception of every ethic and of its application in the Arabs's lives through poetry.

This research is considered as a step towards the making of a comparative ethical study through the Pre-Islamic poetry and the early Islamic poetry. A number of differences and changes in the ideas and perceptions as caused by the advent of Islamic religion into the Arabic society are concluded at the end of the study.

Keywords: Pre-Islamic Poetry, Values, Ethics, Courage, Al-Muallaqat poets.

:ﺪﻴﻬﲤ ﱘﺪﻘﻟا ﰊﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ّﻲﺋﺎﻨﻏ ﺮﻌﺷ ﻮﻫ ﺎﲟ ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا ﻪﻴﻓ ﺮﺛò نﺎﻛ ﻂﻴﳛ ﺑ ﻪ، و ﲟ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﺣ يﺮﳚ ﺎ ةﺎﻴﳊا لﺎﻜﺷأ ،ﺎﻫرﻮﺻو و ù ّﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا طﺎﺸﻨﻟا ناﻮﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌا ؛ ﻓ نﺎﻜ ﻳ َﺻ ﰲ ﻪﻧﺎﺴﻟ ﻖﻠﻄﻨ ْﻮ غ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻎِﺒﺴُﻳ ﱐاﺪﺟو ﻲﻔﻀُﻳو ﻪﺗدﺎﻣ ﻲﻘﺘﺴﻳ ﻞﻈﻳ غﻮﺻ ﻮﻫو ،ﻪﻣﻼﺣأو ﻪﺗارﻮﺼﺗو ﻪﺗﺎﻋﺎﺒﻄﻧا ﻦﻣ ًﻼﺻأ

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ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ؛ ﰒ نإ ًﺔﺛدﺎﺣ وأ ًاﱪﺧ ﻒﺻﻮﻟ} لوﺎﻨﺘﻳ نﺎﻛ ﲔﺣ ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا ، ًﺎﺼﺨﺷ وأ وأ ،ًﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣإ ﻪﻣّﺪﻘﻳ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﲔﻌﻣﺎﺴﻟا ﱃإ ﲔّﻘﻠﺘﳌاو ﻘﻓو ًﺎ ﻟ :ﲔﻘﺴﻨ َﺮﺧآو ،ّّﲏﻓ ّﻲﺴﻔﻧ ﱐاﺪﺟو ِﻗ ّﻲﻤﻴ (ّﻲﻗﻼﺧأ) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ يﻮﻔﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ نﻼﺼّﺘﻳو نﻼﺧاﺪﺘﻴﻓ ، ﻢﺠﺴﻨﻣ ﺎjﻮﻤﻀﻣو ةﺪﻴﺼﻘﻟا ﻞﻜﺷ ﰲ . ﺪﻳﺮﻧ ﻒﻘﻧ نأ ﻢﻴﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ةءاﺮﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ا ﻗﻼﺧﻷ ﺔﻴ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟا ﻞﺜﳌاو َﻊّﺒﺘﺘﻧ نأ ﻞﺒﻗ ،ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻮﻜﺗ ﰲ ﺎﻫَر™آو ،ﺔﻳﺮﻌﺸﻟا ضاﺮﻏﻷا ﲔﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﻦﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ فﻮﻗﻮﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ؛رﻮﻣأ ةّﺪﻋ اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻨﺘﻳﺎﻏو ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﻞﺜﳌا ﻰﻠﻋ فﻮﻗﻮﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣو ،قﻼﺧﻷا تﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﲟ ﻞﺼّﺘﳌا يﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰊدﻷا ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟا ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺎﺳﻷا ةﺎﻴﳊا ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟ ﺔّﻤﻬﻣ ةرﻮﺻ ﺲﻜﻋ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا نإ ﺚﻴﺣ ،كاﺬﻧآ ﰊﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻤﺘrا ﰲ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﺳ ،ةﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟا ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻈﻧأو و ﻪﻧأ ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا ﻻ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻟو ،لﺎrا اﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔّﻗﺪﺑ ﺔﻴﻌﻗاﻮﻟا ﺔﻘﻴﻘﳊا ﱃإ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻦﻜﳝ ﻲﻜﻟ ﺶﻴﺘﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﻰﻌﺴﻧ فﺮﻌﻧ ﻪﻟوﺎﻨﺘﻳو ﻪﻔﺼﻳ يﺬﻟا ﻊﻗاﻮﻠﻟ ﻪﺘﺑرﺎﻘﻣو ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا قﺪﺻ ، ﻚﻟذ ﰲ ﺎﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﺑ ًﺔﺣاﺮﺻ دﺎّﻘﻨﻟاو ًﺎﻨﻤﺿ ءاﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻖﻔﺗا ﺎﻣ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻ ﻦﻣ ﻟا قﺪﺼﻟا ﲔﺑ ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﲏﻔ .ّﻲﻗﻼﺧﻷا وأ ﻲﻌﻗاﻮﻟا قﺪﺼﻟاو ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟا ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷا ﰲ تﺎﻘﻠﻌﳌا بﺎﺤﺻأ ﺮﻌﺷ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷا تارﺎﺷﻹا ﻦﻣ درو ﺎﻣ ﻞﻜﺑ ﺔﻃﺎﺣﻹا ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ َﻞَﺒِﻗ ﻻ ﻊﺳاو ب} اﺬﻬﻓ ، ﻪﻠﺜﲟ ، ءﺰﺟ ﻞﻛ ﺎﻨْﻤَﻤﺿ اذإ ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ وأ .ﻪﻌﻣ ىﺮﺧأ ءاﺰﺟأ ﻊﻣ ﻪﻳﻮﺘﳛ ﺲﻴﺋر ب} ﱃإو ﻪﻠﺻأ ﱃإ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ عﺮﻓ نأ ﺎﻨﻳأر ﺪﻗو ﺗ ﰲ رﺎﺘﳔ ﻢﻴﻈﻨ قﻼﺧﻷا ﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ًﺎ ﺟرﺪﺘﻣ ًﺎ ﻚﻟذو ،لوﺰﻨﻟا ﰲ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ُزوﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ و ُرﻮﻬﻇ ﺮﺛأ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺎﻨﻳأر ﺎﻣ ﺐﺴﲝ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ ، و ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ُﻠﻋﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻬ ﲔﺑ و ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﻮﻫو ،سﺎﻨﻟا ّﱯﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟ ًﺎﺌﻴﺷ ﺲﻴﻟو ، ًﺎﻘﻴﻗد ًﺎﻴﻤﺘﺣ 3 . ءﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺪﻨﻋ ٌتارﺎﺷإ َﺮﻈﻨﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻖﻓاو ﺪﻗو يﺬﻟا ﻪﻳﻮﻜﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺪﳒ ﺎﻤﻠﺜﻣ ،قﻼﺧﻷا ،قﻼﺧﻷ} ﻖّﻠﺨﺘﻟا ﰲ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺐﻧﺎﳉا ﺔّﻴﳘأ ﱃإ ﻪّﺒﻨﺗ ﺴَﺗ ﻩﲑﻏ ﱃإ ﺎﻬﺒﺣﺎﺻ تّﺪﻌﺗ اذإ ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ةﺪﺣاو ﻞﻛو" :لﻮﻘﻳ ُﺒﺣﺎﺻ ﻰّﻤ حِﺪُﻣو ﺎd ﺎﻬ 3 ﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟاو بﺎّﺘُﻜﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻖﻠﻄﻧا ﺚﻴﺣ ،بﺮﻌﻟا قﻼﺧأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻠﻜﺗ ﲔﺣ ّﻲﴰﺎﳍا ﺪﲪأ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ،ﺎﻫﺪﻳﺪﲢو قﻼﺧﻷا ﺰﻴﻴﲤ ﰲ ﻊﺳاو رﺎﻃإ ﻦﻣ ﲔ فﺮﺸﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻊﻤﳚ ﻆﻔﻟ ﻮﻫو ،ﺎﻫﺮﻛذ ﻦﻣ اوﺮﺜﻛأو ةءوﺮﳌ} اﻮﺣّﺪﲤ ﺪﻗو" :لﻮﻘﻳ ،ةﲑﺜﻛ قﻼﺧﻷ ًﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻓ "ةءوﺮﳌا" ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﺑ ﻰﻔﺘﻛا "ءﺎﻓﻮﻟاو مﺮﻜﻟاو ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻋ ) ﻲﴰﺎﳍا : ﻼﺑ ﺦﻳر¡ ، ﺰﺟ آ ج .ن 2 ص 10 ( ﲔﺑ ﻊﻤﲡ ﺔﻔﺻ" ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻓ ،ةءوﺮﳌا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻊّﺳﻮﺗو . :ﺮﻈﻧا ."رﺄﺜﻟا ﺐﻠﻃو ةﺪﺠﻨﻟاو ءﺎﻓﻮﻟاو رﺎﳉا ﺔﻳﺎﲪو مﺮﻜﻟاو ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا ) ﺔﺒﻫو : 1984 ، 422 ،( :ﺮﻈﻧاو ) ﺮﻜﺑ} ، 2005 ،( ﻞﺜﻣ Ãﺪﻴﻔﻳ ﻻو !ﺔّﻴﻘُﻠﳋا تﺎﻔﺼﻟا ﲔﺑ لﺰﻌﻟاو ﻞﻴﺼﻔﺘﻟا ﻲﻫ ﱵﻟا ﺎﻨﺘﻳﺎﻏ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻌﺒﻳ ﻪﻧﻷ لﺎﺣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺘﻟا اﺬﻫ

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ّﺪﻌﺘﻳ ﱂ اذإ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ دﻮﳉا ﺎّﻣأ .ءﺎﲰﻷا ﻩﺬﻫ تَِّﲑُﻏ ﻞﺑ ﺎd ﱠﻢَﺴُﻳ ﱂ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ تﺮﺼﺘﻗا اذاو .ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ..ًﺎﻗﺎﻔﻨِﻣ ﻪُﺒﺣﺎﺻ ﻲِّﻤـُﺳ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺻ ) ﻪﻳﻮﻜﺴﻣ : 2011 ، 249 (" . ﺔﻠﻴﻀﻔﻟا رﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﻰﻠﻋ لﺪﻳ ﺮﻣأ ﻮﻫو ﺮﺼﻌﻟا ﰲ بﺮﻌﻟا ءاﺮﻌﺷ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷا ﻢﻴﻘﻟاو ﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا :دﻮﺳأ ﲔﺴﺣ) 2007 ﺞﻣ، 82 ، ج 4 ، 804 ( ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻢﻫأو ، : 1 :مﺮﻜﻟا فﺮﺸﻟاو ﲑﳋا عاﻮﻧﻷ ﻊﻣﺎﳉا :ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﱘﺮﻜﻟا .ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟاو ﱡبرو لﺎﻌِﻔﻟا ﺪﻴﲪ ٌﱘﺮﻛ ّﻞﺟو ّﺰﻋ ’ﺎﻓ ﺾﻴﻘﻧ مﺮﻜﻟا..ﱘﺮﻜﻟا شﺮﻌﻟا مﺆﻠﻟا ﻩّﺰﻨﺗ ءﻲﺸﻟا ﻦﻋ مﺮﻜﺗو . . ٌبﺎﺘﻛو "ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻣ ٌﻦﺴﺣ :ﱘﺮﻛ ) ﻦﺑا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ : "مﺮﻛ" ةدﺎﻣ .ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ (. "َﺲُﻔَـﻧو ﱠﺰﻋ :ُءﻲﺸﻟا مُﺮﻛو :ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ) 2004 ةدﺎﻣ،م .("مﺮﻛ" ﻦﻣو ﲎﻌﻣ ٌﻦَﺴﺤﺘﺴﻣ ﻖُﻠﳋا اﺬﻫو ،قﺎﻘﺤﺘﺳا ﻻو ﺔﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻦﻣ لﺎﳌا ُلﺬﺑ" ﻮﻫو ،ُءﺎﺨﺴﻟا مﺮﻜﻟا ﻞﺑ ًﺎّﻴﺨﺳ ﻰﻤﺴﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻘﺤﺘﺴﻳ ﻻ ﻦﳌ ﻪﻜﻠﳝ ﺎﻣ ﻊﻴﲨ لﺬﺑ ﻦﻣ ّنﺈﻓ ،ﺮﻳﺬﺒﺘﻟاو فَﺮﺴﻟا ﱃإ ِﻪﺘﻨﻳ ﱂ ﺎﻣ .ﺐﺟاو ٌﺮﻣﺄﻓ كﻮﻠﳌا ﰲ ﺎﻣأو ،ﺔﻨﺴﺤﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻠﻴﻀﻓ سﺎﻨﻟا ﺮﺋﺎﺳ ﰲ ءﺎﺨﺴﻟاو .ًﺎﻌّﻴﻀﻣ ًارّﺬﺒُﻣ ﻰﻤﺴﻳ ". ) ّيﺪﻋ ﻦﺑا : 1993 ، 63 -64 (. ﻞﻀﻓ بﺮﻌﻟا كردأ ﺪﻗو ﻖًﻠﺧ مﺮﻜﻟا ، لﺎﺧدإو ﺎﺿﺮﻟا بﺎﺴﻛإو سﻮﻔﻨﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﻤﺘﺳا ﰲ ﺐﻴﺠﻌﻟا ﻩﺮﺛأو ﳌ ًﺎﺤﺻÃ ﻲﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟا ﺲﻳردإ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﳏ لﺎﻗ ﻚﻟﺬﻟو ،روﺮﺴﻟا ﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟا بﻮﻴﻌﻟاو ﺺﺋﺎﻘﻨﻟا ﻪﺗﺮﻤﻏ ﻦ ﺔ سﺎﻨﻟا مﺎﻣأ مﺮﻜﻟا ﱃإ ﺄﺠﻠﻳ نù ﻮﺤﳝو ﺔﻨﺴﻟﻷا ﻊﻄﻘﻳ اﺬﻬﻓ ،ءﺎﻄﻌﻟاو تﺎﺌﻴﺴﻟا ، نﺎﻫذﻷ} ﻖﻠﻌﻳ ﻼﻓ لﺎﻗ !ةﺮﻄﻌﻟا ىﺮﻛﺬﻟا ﻻإ سﻮﻔﻨﻟاو ) ﻲﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟا : 1985 ، 46 (: ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ْنإو َﻛ ُـﺜ َﺮ ْت ُﻋ ُﻴ ُﺑﻮ َﻚ ِﰲ َﱪﻟا َﬂا َو َﺳ ﱠﺮ َك ْنأ َﻳ ُﻜ َنﻮ َﳍ ِﻏ ﺎ َﻄ ُءﺎ َﺗ َﺴ ﱠـﺘ ْﺮ ِ} ﱠﺴﻟ َﺨـــــــ ِءﺎ َﻓ ُﻜ ﱡﻞ َﻋ ْﻴ ٍﺐ ُـﻳ َﻐ ِّﻄ ِﻪﻴ َﻛ ِﻗ ﺎﻤ ُﻞﻴ ﱠـﺴﻟا َﺨـــــــــــ ُءﺎ

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" ُﺮﳓو ،ناﲑﻨﻟا دﺎﻘﻳإ مﺮﻜﻟا ﻪﻴﻓ ﻰﻠﺠﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأو َﳉا ﺊﺟﻼﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿإو ،روﺰ " ) ﻲﴰﺎﳍا : 1992 ، ج 2 ص 10 ( . ٌﻞﻓﺎﺣ ّﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺮﻌﺸﻟاو „ تارﺎﺷ لوﺎﻨﺘﺗ ؛ﺔﻔﺼﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻓ ُﻞﳜ ﻢﻠ نأ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻋﺎﺷ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺐﺴﻨﻳ ﻪﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﺔﻔﺼﻟا ، ِﲑﻏ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵو ﻢﻬﻴﺛﺮﻳ وأ ﻢﻬﺣﺪﳝ ﻦّﳑ ﻩ ، ُﺗ رﻮﺼﻟ ﻪﲰر ﻊﻣ زاﺮﺑإ ﰲ ﻢﻬﺴ ﺔﻋور ﱡﺒﻠﺗ ِﺴ ﻢﻬ ِﻣﺎﻴﻗو ﻢﻬ } ﻷ ﻟاو لﺎﻤﻋ ﻛﻮﻠﺴ تﺎ ﻠﺼﺘﳌا ﺔ ﺎd . ﻟا ﻖﻠﺧ ﻰﻠﻋ ةﲑﺼﻗ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ داﺮﻳ„ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻲﻔﺘﻜﻧ ﻦﳓو مﺮﻜ .ﺔﻳﺮﻌﺸﻟا ضاﺮﻏﻷا ﰲ قﻼﺧﻷا ﺚﺤﺒﻣ ﱃإ ﻞﻴﺼﻔﺘﻟا ﺊﺟﺮﻧو ﱵﻟا ﺔﻌﻳﺪﺒﻟا ةرﻮﺼﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﱃإ ﺮﻈﻨﻨﻟو ﻪﺣوﺪﳑ ﻒﺻو ﰲ ﱐﺎﻴﺑﺬﻟا ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا لﻮﻘﻳ ،ةﲑﺴﻳ تﺎﻤﻠﻜﺑ ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا ﺎﻫﺮﺼﺘﺧا ) ﱐﺎﻴﺑﺬﻟا ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا : ﻼﺑ ﺦﻳر¡ ، 229 ﺰﻳِﺪْﻠﻴِﻳ ْيآ ؛ : 936 -960 (: ﻂﻴﺴﺒﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا َﻣ َﱴ َْò َـﺗ ِﻪِﺗ ْﻌ ُﺸ َﱃإ ﻮ َﺿ ْﻮ ِء َÃ َِﲡ ِﻩِر َﺧ ْﺪ ْـﻴ َÃ َﺮ ِﻋ ٍر ْﻨ َﺪ َﺧ ﺎﻫ ْـﻴ ُﻣ ُﺮ ِﺪِﻗﻮ 4 ﺔﻔﺻ ﻮﻫ ﻞﺑ ،ﻚﻠﳕ ﻻو نﻮﻜﻠﳝ ﻦّﳑ ﺎﻫﺪﺣو ةروﺮﻀﻟاو ﺔﺟﺎﳊا ﺖﻗو ً}ﻮﻠﻄﻣ ًﺎﺌﻴﺷ ﺲﻴﻟ ُمﺮﻜﻟاو ﻰﻤﻠﺳ ﰊأ ﻦﺑ ﲑﻫز لﻮﻘﻳ .ﻢﻬﺴﻟﺎﳎ ﰲ ﻪُﺑﺎﺤﺻأو ﻮﻫ ﺎd ﻰﻠﺤﺘﻳ نù ﺮﺨﻔﻳو ءﺮﳌا ﺐﳛ ) ﻢﻠﻋﻷا يﺮﻤﺘﻨﺸﻟا : 1980 ، 135 (: ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا َو َﻗ ْﺪ ُﺪْﻏأ َﻋ و ِﻛ ٍﺔَﺜُـﺛ ﻰﻠ ٍماﺮ َﺸَﻧ َوﺎ َو ى ِﺟا ِﺪ َﻦﻳ ِﻟ َﻤ َﻧ ﺎ َﺸ ُءﺎ َُﳍ ْﻢ َر َو ٌحا ُوار ِﺑ ﱡﻞَﻌُـﺗ ٌﻚْﺴِﻣو ٌقو ِﻪ ُﺟ ُﻠ ُدﻮ ُﻫ َو ُﻢ َﻣ ُءﺎ 5 نﺈﻓ ً}ﻮﻠﻄﻣ ًﺎﺣوﺪﳑ ًﺎﻘﻠُﺧ مﺮﻜﻟا نﺎﻛ اذإو ﲡ ٌﺔﻣﻮﻣﺬﻣ ٌﺔﻔﺻ ،ﻞﺨﺒﻟا ﻮﻫو ،ﻩﺪِﺿ رﺎﻌﻟا ﺐﻠ ًﺎﻴ ِﺟﺎﻫ ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا لﻮﻘﻳ .ﺎﻬﺒﺣﺎﺼﻟ ) ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا :ﱐﺎﻴﺑﺬﻟا 228 (: ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا َﻻأ ﱠﳕإ ِﻧ ﺎ َـﻗ ُناﲑ ْﻴ َذإ ٍﺲ َﺷ ا َﻄِﻟ اﻮَﺘ ِرﺎ َﻟ ِق ْﻴ ِﻣ ٍﻞ ْﺜ َÃ ُﻞ ِر ِﺐ ِﺣﺎﺒُﳊا 6 4 ﺪِﺼﻘﺗ :ﻮﺸﻌﺗ 5 ﺔﻋﺎﲨ :ﺔﺒﺛ – ىرﺎﻜُﺳ :ىوﺎﺸﻧ – ﺮﲬ :حار – ﺮﻤﺨﻠﻟ ٌةﺎﻔﺼِﻣ :قووار – ﺐﻴِﻃ :ﻚﺴِﻣ -.ﺐﻴﻄﺗ :ّﻞﻌُﺗ

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2 -:ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا َﱐﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻠﻟ نأ ّﻚﺷ ﻻ و تﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ةﺪﻳﺪﻋ ،نﺎﺴﻧﻹا ةﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ ﺔﻬﺟاﻮﳌا ّﺪﺣ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻒﻘﺗ ﻻ ّﺪﲢو ﺔﻳﺪﺴﳉا ،ﺔّﻳدﺎﳌا ﺮﻃﺎﺨﳌا ي ُﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻣ مﺪﻋ ﰲ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟاو ،ًﻼﺜﻣ ﺲﻔﻨﻟا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﳏ ﰲ ،سﺎﻨﻟا مﺎﻣأ ّﻖﳊا لﻮﻗ ﻦﻣ جّﺮﺤﺘﻟا ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻟ ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا ﰲ ﺪﻗ اﺬﻫ ﺪﳒ ﻻ ،ّﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻻ ﺎﻨﻧأ ﻦﻋ ًﻼﻀﻓ ﻊﻘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﲑﺜﻛ ﺢﺿاوو اﺬﳍ ﻆﻔﻠﻟا ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻟ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ًﺎﻌﺳاو مﻼﻜﻟا ﺪﳒ لﻮﺣ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﳍ ّﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻴﻓ ﻖُﻠﳋا اﺬ ﺎﻤ ﺑ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﺴﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢِﻠُﻄﺻا ﺮﻌﺸ ؛ﺔﺳﺎﻤﳊا ﺮﺜﻛأو" ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﺠﺘﺗ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا ﻢﻫﺪﻨﻋ ُلاﺰّﻨﻟا عﺎﻓﺪﻟاو ﻦﻋ ﻞﻫﻷا ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻘﻟاو ةﺪﳒو "خﺮﺼﺘﺴﳌا ) ﻲﴰﺎﳍا : 1992 ، ج 2 ص 10 ( ، نأ ﻚﻟذو ا ﻦﻋ ﲏﻐﺘﺴﻳ ﻻ ﰊﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا ءﺎﻋد و ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا تارﺎﻬﻣ كﻼﺘﻣا ﺔّﻴﺳوﺮﻔﻟا و ، نإ ًÃﺎﺒﺟ نﺎﻛ !ءاﺪﻋﻷا ﺔﻬﺟاﻮﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ةرﺪﻘﻟاو ةﻮﻘﻟا بﺎﺒﺳأ ﻦﻣ ًﺎﻴﻟﺎﺧ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻪُﺿﺮﻔﺗ ﺎﻣ اﺬﻫ ﳊا ﺎﻴة ﺔّﻳوﺪﺒﻟا ءاﺮﺤﺼﻟا ﰲ ﺎﻬﺸﻴﻌﻳ نﺎﻛ ﱵﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ِﺔﺒﻳﺮﻘﻟا وأ ةﺎﻴﳊا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺪﻘﻓ ،ﺮﻀﳊا ﰲ – ﺎﻣو لاﺰﺗ -ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ةﺮﻳﺰﳉا ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﰲ ًﻼﻴﻠﻗ ﺮﻄﳌاو ،ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻗ ﺔّﻓﺎﺟ ةﺎﻴﺣ ﻲﻫو ، ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺗ ةرﺎﻏﻹا ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻞﻜﺸ ﺐﻠّﺴﻟاو تÃاﻮﻴﳊاو لاﻮﻣﻸﻟ ،ﺶﻴﻌﻠﻟ ًﺎﻤﻬﻣ ًادرﻮﻣ ءﺎﻔﻌﻀﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ نﺎﻜﻣ ﻻو ﰲ ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟاو . و ،يﺪﺘﻌﳌا يزﺎﻐﻟا ﻲﻫ ﺎﻌﻧﻷاو ضرﻷا ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﰲ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ،ءاﺪﺘﻋﻻاو وﺰﻐﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﻳ يﺬﻟا م او ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺴﻟا ةﺮﻄﻔﻟا ﲔﻧاﻮﻗو ّﻲﳍﻹا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺐﻴﻐﺗ ﺔﺌﻴﺑ ﰲ .ﺔﺠﺿﺎﻨﻟ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﳊاو نﻮﻜﻳ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﳌا ﰲو ،حﺪﳌا ﰲو ،ﻲﻠَﺒﻘﻟاو ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻟا ﺮﺨﻔﻟا ﺮﻌﺷ ﻦﻣ ًاﲑﺜﻛ قﺮﻐﺘﺴﻳ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا ﺮﺨﻔﻟا ﰲ صﺮﺑﻷا ﻦﺑ ﺪﻴﺒﻋ لﻮﻘﻳ .ﺔﻳﺮﺨﺴﻟاو ءﺎﺠﻬﻠﻟ ًارﺎﺜﻣ ،ﱭُﳉا ﻮﻫو ،ﻩﺪﻀﺑ فﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟ} ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻟا ) صﺮﺑﻷا ﻦﺑا : 1957 ، 102 (: ﻂﻴﺴﺒﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا َﻫ َﺣو اﺬ ْﺮ ٍناﻮَﻋ ٍب َﻗ ْﺪ ََﲰ ْ ﻮ ََﳍ ُت َﺣ ﺎ ﱠﱴ َﺷ َـﺒ ْﺒ َﳍ ُﺖ َÃ ﺎ ِ„ ًار َﻘﻳ ِدﺎ 7 لﻮﻘﻳو مﻮﺜﻠﻛ ﻦﺑ وﺮﻤﻋ ﻢﻬﺘﻋﺎﺠﺷو ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ﺔﻟﻮﻄﺒﺑ ًاﺮﺨﺘﻔﻣ ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 72 (: ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا 6 ءﺎﺘﺸﻟا ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ ّﻞﺣ :اﻮﺘﺷ – ﻳ ٌب}ُذ ﻮﻫ :ﺐﺣﺎﺒﳊا .رﺎﻨﻟا ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﻞﲞ ﻦﻋو ،ﺎ ِFﻮﻔﺧو ﻩرÃ ﺔّﻗِد ﻦﻋ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻛ .ﻪُﺒَـﻧذ ُءﻲﻀُﻳ ﻞﻴﻠﻟ} ﲑﻄ 7 ةﺪﻳﺪﺷ :ناﻮﻋ – .ُﺖﻠﻌﺷأ :ُﺖﺒﺒﺷ

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َﻣ َﱴ َـﻧ ْـﻨ ُﻘ َﱃإ ْﻞ َـﻗ ْﻮ َر ٍم َﺣ َÃﺎ َﻳ ُﻜ ُﻧﻮ ِﰲ اﻮ ِّﻠﻟا َﻘ ِءﺎ َﻟ َﻨ َﻃ ﺎ ِﺤ َﻨﻴﺎ 8 3 -ﺔﺛﺎﻏإ فﻮﻬﻠﳌا : ﻛ فﻮﻬﻠﳌا ﻪﺑ ّﻞﺣ نﺎﺴﻧإ ﻮﻫ ﻪﻤﻬﻔﻧ ﺎﻤ ،ﺔﺌﺟﺎﻔﻣ ﺔﺒﻴﺼﻣ ﻢﻴﻈﻋ ﺮﻄﺧ وأ ﻩﲑﻏ نﺎﺴﻧإ ﻊﻨﺻ ﻦﻣ وأ ،ًﺎﻣﻮﻠﻈﻣ نﻮﻜﻴﻓ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻣ ﲑﻏ ﺔّﻴﻠﺑ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻟﺎﳊا ﰲ ﻮﻫو ،ًاﺮﻄﻀﻣ نﻮﻜﻴﻓ ةﺎﻴﳊا ﰲ ﷲ راﺪﻗأ ﻮﺟﺮﻳ ﺪﳚ نأ ﺮﻈﺘﻨﻳو ﻪﺴﻔﻨﻟ .سﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ًﺔﲪرو ًÃﻮﻋ ﺔﺛﺎﻏﻹا ﻦﻣ .ﺎﻨْﺜِﻏأ ﻢﻬﻠﻟا :ﺚﻳﺪﳊا ﰲ"و :لﺎﻘﻳو . ّﲏﻋ ْجِّﺮﻓ يأ ،ﲏْﺜِﻏأ :ﺔﱠﻴِﻠَﺑ ﰲ ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا لﻮﻘﺑو . "ٌﺔﺛﺎﻏإ يأ .ٌثْﻮَﻏ ﻻو ٌﺔﺛﻮﻐﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻋ ﱄ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻓ ،ًÃﻼﻓ ُﺖْﺜﻐﺘﺳا ) رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﺑا : ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ ةدﺎﻣ "ثﻮﻏ" (. ﻦﻣ ﺺّﻠﳜ ﻦﻣ ءاﺪﻧ :ﺔﺛﺎﻐﺘﺳﻻاو..ﻪﻧﺎﻋأو ﻩﺮﺼﻧ :ﷲ ﻪﺛﺎﻏ"و ﻊﻓد ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﻌﻳ وأ ةﺪﺷ "ﺔﱠﻴﻠﺑ :ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ) 2004 ، "ثﻮﻏ" ةدﺎﻣ (. ﱵﻟا ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا قﻼﺧﻷا ّﻢﻫأ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺗﺪﳒو فﻮﻬﻠﳌا ﺔﺛﺎﻏإ ّﺪﻌﺗ وأ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا ﺎd ﺮﺨﻓ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ ﺎd ﻒﺻﻮﻟا ﺔﻴﳘأ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻬﻈﻳو .ًﺎﺘﻴﻣ ﺎd ﻰﺛر وأ ،ﻩﲑﻏ ﺎd حﺪﻣ ًﺔﺿﺮُﻋ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻢFﺎﻴﺣ نأ ﻟ ﺔﺌﺟﺎﻔﳌا ﺐﺋﺎﺼﻤﻠ ًﺎﻓﺪﻫو ، ِتاﻮﻠﻔﻟا شﻮﺣﻮﻟ ًﺎﻓﺪﻫو ،وﺰﻐﻠﻟ ًﺎﻤﺋاد ًﺎﻓﺪﻫ ﻢﳍاﻮﻣأو ﻢFﺎﻴﺣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺪﻘﻓ ؛ ﺔﺌﺟﺎﻔﳌا لﻮﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﱵﻟا ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا ضراﻮﻋو ﺔﻫﺮﺑ ﰲ ﺔﻋﺎﺳ وأ ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ - ّﻣﺪﺗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ةﺎﻴﳊا ﺮ أو ﺶﻴﻌﻟا بﺎﺒﺳ .ًاﲑﻣﺪﺗ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻬﺜﻳﺪﲝ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻲﻣﺎﺴﻟا ﻖُﻠﳋا اﺬﳍ ءاﺮﻌﺸﻟا لُوﺎﻨﺗ نأ ٌﺮﻫﺎﻇو وأ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا ًﺎﺣدﺎﻣ ﲑﻫز لﻮﻗ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟ} ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎّﻤِﻤﻓ ؛ًﺎﺣﺪﻣو ًاﺮﺨﻓ ،مﺮﻜﻟا ) ﻢﻠﻋﻷا : 1980 ، 34 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا َذإ َﻓ ا ِﺰ ُﻋ َﻃ اﻮ ُرﺎ َﱃإ او ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ ِﻐ ِﺜﻴ ِﻬ ْﻢ ِﻃ َﻮ َلا ِّﺮﻟا َﻣ ِحﺎ َْﻻ ِﺿ َﻌ ُلْﺰُﻋ ﻻو ٌفﺎ 9 ﻦﻣو لﺎrا اﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ًﻼﺼﺘﻣ ًﺎﺣدﺎﻣ ةﺰّﻠِﺣ ﻦﺑ ثرﺎﳊا لﻮﻗ مﺮﻜﻟ} ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 72 (: 8 .ةد}ﻹاو ﻞﺘﻘﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻛ 9 .ﻪﻌﻣ حﻼﺳ ﻻ يﺬﻟا ﻮﻫ .لﺰﻋأ ج :لﺰﻋ

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ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻂﻴﺴﺒﻟا َﺳ ْﻬ ْﻟا َﻞ َﻤ َﺒ َءﺎ ِة ّﺮَﻀُْﳐ َﻣ ُﻪُﺘﱠﻠََﳏ ًا ُﻳ ﺎ ْﺼ ِﺒ ُﺢ ﱠﺪﻟا ْﻫ َﺮ ﱠﻻإ َﺣ ْﻮ ُﻖَﻠَﺣ ُﻪَﻟ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْﻨ ِرَﺬ ِﻟو َﻦﻳ ْﻠ َﻤ ْﻌ ُﺼ ِبﻮ ُﻪُﺘﱠﻤِﻟ ْﻧأ َﺖ ِّﻀﻟا َﻴ ِﺬﻟا ُءﺎ ُْﳚ ي َﻠ ﻰ ِﺑ ِﻪ ُﻖُﻓﻷا 10 4 -ةَرﺎﺟإ ﲑﺠﺘﺴﳌا : " :ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ َﺖﻴﺑ كروﺎﳚ يﺬﻟا :رﺎﳉاو .ﻢﻫِراﻮﲜ مﱠﺮﲢ :نﻼﻓ ﲏﺑ روﺎﺟو .ﻪَﻨﻛﺎﺳ َﻞﺟﺮﻟا َروﺎﺟ يﺬﻠﻟ لﺎﻘﻳو .ﻩﲑ ُﳚ نأ ﻪﻟﺄﺳ :ﻩرﺎﺠﺘﺳاو .ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻟاو ،ﻒﻴﻠﳊاو ،رﺎﻘﻌﻟا ﰲ ﻚﻳﺮﺸﻟا :رﺎﳉاو .َﺖﻴﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺗﺮﺟأ يﺬﻟا :رﺎﳉاو .رﺎﺟ :ﻚﺑ ﲑﺠﺘﺴﻳ ذﺎﻋ ﻦﻣو .ﱂﺎﻇ ﻪﻤﻠﻈﻳ نأ ﻩرﺎﺟأ ﻪﺑ َرﺎﺠﺘﺳا يأ ’} ﷲ " ) رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﺑا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ : "رﻮﺟ" ةدﺎﻣ (. رﺎﺠﺘﺳاو .ﻪﻴﻟإ ﺄﺠﺘﻟاو ﻪﺑ ثﺎﻐﺘﺳا :نﻼﻔﺑ رﺎﺠﺘﺳا"و "نﺎﻣﻷاو ،ﺪﻬﻌﻟا :راﻮﳉاو .ﻪﻈﻔﳛو ُﻪَﻨِّﻣَﺆﻳ نأ ﻪﻟﺄﺳ :ًÃﻼﻓ :ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ) 2004 ، ةدﺎﻣ "رﻮﺟ" ( . ﻮﻫو ،ﺲﻔﻨﻟا مﺮﻛو ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا ﻖﻠﺧ ﻦﻣ عﻮﻧ ﻪﻴﻓو ،بﺮﻌﻟا قﻼﺧأ مرﺎﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ب} ﲑﺠﺘﺴﳌا ةرﺎﺟإ .ﺢﻳﺪﳌاو ﺮﺨﻔﻟا ﺮﻌﺷ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻜﻟ لﺎﳎ نورﻮﻬﺸﻣ ﻪﻣﻮﻗ نù ﻢﻫﺮﺧﺎﻔﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻫﺎﺒُﻳ ةﺰﻠﺣ ﻦﺑ ثرﺎﳊا اﺬﻫ ثرﺎﳊا لﻮﻘﻳ .بوﺮﳊاو ﺮﻃﺎﺨﳌا ﺖﻗو ﻢd ذﻮﻠﻳ ﻦﳌ ﻢﻬﺘﻳﺎﻤﲝ ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 27 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻒﻴﻔﳋا َﻫ ْﻞ َﻋ ِﻠ ْﻤ ُﺘ ﱠﬂأ ْﻢ ﱠﻨﻟا ُﺐَﻬﺘْﻨُـﻳ َم ِﻟ ًاراﻮِﻏ ُس ﺎ ُﻜ ِّﻞ َﺣ ُءاﻮُﻋ ٍّﻲ 11 ًﻼﺋﺎﻗ ﻪَﻠﺜﻣ مﻮﺜﻠﻛ ﻦﺑ وﺮﻤﻋ ﺮﺨﻔﻳو ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 43 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا َْﱂأ َﺗ ْﺸ ُﻜ َﻟ ْﺮ ْـﺑأ ﺎﻨ َﻨ َـﺗ ُءﺎ ْﻴ ْﺧإو ٍﻢ َﻮ ُـﺗ َﻬ ﱠﻠﻟا ﺎ َﻬ ِ زﺎ ُﻌُﻘﻟاو ُم ُرﻮ 10 كرﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻧأ دﻮﺼﻘﳌاو ،ﻦﻜﺴﻟا ﺊﻧﺎﻫ :ﻪﺘﻠﳏ ًاﺮﻀﳐ – ﻪﻴﻟإ ﲔﺟﺎﺘﶈا تﺎﻘﻠﺣ :ﻖَﻠﺣ – بﻮﺼﻌﳌا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﻒﻠﺨﻠﻟ سأﺮﻟا ﺮﻌﺷ طﻮﺑﺮﳌا :ﻪﺘ_ّﳌ .ﺔﺟﺎﺣو ّﻢﻫ 11 ًةرﺎﻏإ :ًاراﻮِﻏ – .حﺎﻴﺼﻟاو ﺞﻴﺠﻀﻟا دﻮﺼﻘﳌاو ،ﺐﺋﺬﻟا تﻮﺻ :ءاﻮﻋ

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ِù ﱠÃ َْﳓ ُﻦ َْﲪأ ْـﻴ َﻨ َِﲪ ﺎ ْﻢُﻫﺎ ْﻧأو َﻜ ْﺮ َÃ َو َﻟ ْﻴ َﺲ َُﳍ ْﻢ َﻧ ِﻜ ُﲑ ﻞﻳﻮﻟ} ﻮﻋﺪﻴﻓ ﲑﻫز ﺎّﻣأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﺼﺣ لآ ، ﺚﻴﺣ ﻞﺟر ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺪﺑﻷا ﱃإ رﺎﻋ ﻢﻬﻘﳊ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻧأ ﻦﻠﻌﻳ ﻢﻬﻴﻟإ ﺄﺠﺘﻟا لﻮﻘﻳ .ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﻞﺟﺮﺑ ﻩﻮﻠﺘﻘﻓ ) ﻢﻠﻋﻷا : 1980 ، 141 -142 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا َﺳ َﺘ ْﺄ ِﰐ َلآ َﺣ ٍﻦْﺼِﺣ ْﻴ ُﺚ َﻛ ُﻧﺎ اﻮ ِﻣ َﻦ َﻼُﺜَﻤْﻟا َ} ِت ِﻗ َﻴ َﻨِﺛ ٌﺔ ُءﺎ َـﻓ َﻠ ْﻢ َأ َر َﻣ ْﻌ َﺸ َﺳأ ًاﺮ ُﺮ َﻫ او ًّﬂِﺪ َو َْﱂ َرأ َﺟ َرﺎ َـﺑ ْﻴ ٍﺖ َـﺘْﺴُﻳ َﺒ ُءﺎ 12 5 -ﺔﻠﺻ ﻢﺣﺮﻟا رﺎﳉا ﺔﻳﺎﻋرو ، : ءﻻﺆﻬﻓ ،عﻮﺿﻮﳌا اﺬﻫ ﰲ مﻼﻜﻟا ﲔﺣ ﻢﺣﺮﻟا يذ ﺐﻳﺮﻘﻟاو رﺎﳉا ﲔﺑ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟا قراﻮﻓ ﺐﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﻣ ًاﲑﺜﻛ ًﺎﻌﻣ ثﻮﻐﻟاو ةﺪﺠﻨﻟا ﻖﺣ ﺎﻤﳍو ،ﺔﺑرﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺔﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﰲ ، ِﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊاو عﻮﳉا ﺮﻄﺧ ﻦﻣو ،ءاﺪﻋﻷا ﺮﻄﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻘﻔﻟاو دﺮﻓ ﻞﻛ رﻮﻌﺷ ﻚﻟﺬﻛو ،ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻘﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﺘﳌا ةﺮﻫﺎﺼﳌا تﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺐﻳﺮﻘﺘﻟا اﺬﻫ بﺎﺒﺳأ ﻦﻣو ، ﺎﳉا ّﻖﺣو ﺐﻳﺮﻘﻟا ّﻖﲝ مﺎﻴﻘﻟا ﰲ نإ ﰒ .ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻘﻟا ّﺺﳜ ﺎّﳑ ﻪﻟﻮﺣ ﺎّﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻟوﺆﺴﳌ} ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ردﺎﻗ ﺔﺻﺮﻓ ر ٍﻖﻠﲞ ﻲّﻠﳊا مﺎﺳو ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﻖﻴﺼﻟ ﻜﻳ ﻮ ن مﺮﻜﻟا ًÃﺎﻴﺣأ أو نﻮﻜﻳ .ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا و ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻟ} ﻮﺤﻨﻳ ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا اﺬﻫ لﻮﻘﻳ .ةﲑﺸﻌﻟا داﺮﻓأ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻖﲝ ًاﲑﺼﻘﺗو ًﻻﺎﳘإ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺲﺣأ ﲔﺣ ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ) ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا ﻼﺑ :ﱐﺎﻴﺑﺬﻟا ،ﺦﻳر¡ 153 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا َـﺗ ﻻ ُﻢُﻛﱠﺪِﺟأ ْﺰ ُﺮُﺟ َﻋ او ْﻦ َﻼُﻇ َﻣ ٍﺔ َﺳ ِﻔ َﻬﻴ َﻟو ،ًﺎ ْﻦ َـﺗ ْﺮ َﻋ ِﻟ اﻮ ِﺬ ُﻮﻟا ي ؟ْﻩَﺮِﺻآ ِّد 13 ﺎﻬﻴﻓ برﺎﻗﻷا عﺮﻄﺻا اذإ ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻘﻟ} ّﻞﲢ ﱵﻟا ثراﻮﻜﻟا ﱃإ ﲑﺸﻳ ةﺰّﻠﺣ ﻦﺑ ثرﺎﳊاو ﲑﺼﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ، دﺮﻔﻟا – ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﱃإ ﲑﺸﻳو – ﲔﺑ ﺮﺛﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﰲ ،ةﻮﻗ ﻻو لﻮﺣ ﻼﺑ ًﺎﻔﻴﻌﺿ ،ﺔﻳرﺬﻟا ﻊﻄﻘﻨﻣ ﻪﻧﺄﻛ 12 ﻪﺑ ﻞﱠﻜﻨﻳو ﱠﺐَﺴُﻳ نأ :ﺔﻠُﺜَﻣ ج :تﻼﺜﳌا – ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ءﺎﺠﻫ :ﺔﻴﻗ} – ﺔﻣﺮﳊا وذ :ّيﺪﳍا – .ﻪﺗأﺮﻣا ﺬﺧﺆﺗ :ءﺎﺒﺘﺴُﻳ 13 .ﺔﺑاﺮﻘﻟاو ﻢ ِﺣﺮﻟا :ةﺮﺻﻵا

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ﻪﻨﻋ اﻮﻠﻤﳛو ﻢﻬﻨﻋ ﻞﻤﺤﻴﻟ ،ﻪﻟﻮﺣ داﺮﻓأ ﱃإ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ دﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﺪﺘﺸﺗ ﺔﺌﻴﺑ ﰲو ،ءﺎﻤﺴﻟاو ضرﻷا لﻮﻘﻳ . ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 70 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻒﻴﻔﳋا َﻗ َﺬ َـﻓ ﱠﬂﻷا َﻚْﺘ ِ} ُم َْﳊ َﺪ ِث ْﻛﻷا ـ َِﱪـ ِﻣ ْـﻨ َﻬ َو ،ﺎ َﺷ َر َبﺎ ْأ ﱠﺼﻟا ُس ِﻐ ِﲑ َـﺗو َﻔ َﱏﺎ َـﺑ ُﻨ ِﺑأ ﻮ َﻓ َﻚﻴ ْﺻﺄ َﺒ َﻋ َت ْـﺤ ِﻘ ِﻟ ًاﲑ ﱠﺪﻠ ْﻫ ِﺮ ْوأ َﻛ ْﻟﺎ َﻌ ِﻘ ِﲑ تﺎّﻤﻠﳌا ﻪﺑ ﺖﻟﺰﻧ اذإ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﻪّﻤﻋ َﻦﺑا ﱄﻮﻳ ﻮﻬﻓ ؛فوﺮﻌﳌاو ﲑﳋا ﲑﺜﻛ ﲑﻫز ﺪﻨﻋ حوﺪﻤﳌاو ، ﲔﻜﺴﳌاو ﻒﻴﻀﻟا ًﺎﻀﻳأ ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ﻮﻋﺪﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻌﻃ ناﲑﻧ ﻦﻜﻟ ﲑﻫز لﻮﻘﻳ .ﻢﻴﺘﻴﻟاو ) ﻢﻠﻋﻷا : 1980 ، 118 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻒﻴﻔﳋا َﺣ َﻋ ٌبِﺪ َﻠ ْﻟا ﻰ َﻤ ْﻮ َﱃ ﱠﻀﻟا ِﺮ َذإ ِﻚﻳ َÃ ا َﺑ ْﺖ َﻋ َﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ َـﻧ َﻮ ِﺋا ﱠﺪﻟا ﺐ ْﻫ ِﺮ ُﻣو ِّﻨﻟا ُﻖﱠﻫَﺮ ِﰲ ُﺪَﻤُْﳛ ِناﲑ ـﻟا َْﻷ َﻏ ،ِءاو ْـﻴ ُﻣ ُﺮ َﻠ ِرْﺪِﻘﻟا ِﻦﱠﻌ 14 نﻮﻌﻟا ﻮﻫو ؛ﻪﻴﻟإ بﺎﺴﺘﻧﻻ} ﺮﺨﻔﻟا ﺮﻳﺪﺟ ةﺎﻴﳊا ﻚﻠﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﳘﻷ} ًﺎﻴﻨﻏ ًﺎﺒﻧﺎﺟ دّﺪﳛ ﻩﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻌﺒﺑ ﻮﻬﻓ .نﺎﻣﻷاو ﻢﻠﺴﻟا ﺖﻗو ﰲ مﺎﻌﻄﻟا مﺎﻌﻃإو تﺎﻤﻠﳌا ﰲ 6 -،ءﺎﻓﻮﻟا ءﺎﻓﻮﻟاو ﺪﻬﻌﻟi و i ﺪﻋﻮﻟ : ﺔﻈﻓﺎﳏو ،ةﺎﺳاﻮﳌا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺔﻣزﻼﻣ" ﻮﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻاو ﰊدﻷا حﻼﻄﺻﻻا ﰲ ءﺎﻓﻮﻟا "ءﺎﻄﻠﳋا دﻮﻬﻋ ) ﱐﺎﺟﺮﳉا : ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ ، 212 (. نإو ٌﺔّﻳذأ ﻪﺋﺎﻓﻮﺑ ﻪﻘﺤﻠﺗ ﱂ ﻦﻣ ًﺎّﻴﻓو ّﺪﻌُﻳ ﺲﻴﻟ" ﻪﻧأ يﺪﻋ ﻦﺑا ىﺮﻳو ،دﻮﻤﳏ ﻖُﻠﳋا اﺬﻫو .ءﺎﻓﻮﻟا ﰲ ﻎﻠﺑأ نﺎﻛ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻜﳛ ﺎﻣ ﺖﲢ لﻮﺧﺪﻟا ﻪﺑ ّﺮﺿأ ﺎﻤﻠﻛو .ْﺖّﻠﻗ .ﻪﺑ ﺪﻌﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻊﻴﲨ ﰲ لﻮﻘﻟا لﻮﺒﻘﻣ نﺎﻛ ءﺎﻓﻮﻟ} فِﺮُﻋ ﻦﻣ نﺈﻓ ﻢﻴﻈﻋ نﺎﻛ لﻮﻘﻟا لﻮﺒﻘﻣ نﺎﻛ ﻦﻣو "ﻩﺎﳉا ) يﺪﻋ ﻦﺑا : 1993 ، 57 -58 (. اﻮﻤﻜﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﳌا ﰲو ءﺎﻓﻮﻟا ﺔﻴﳘﻷ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺪﻘُﻓ" ﻦﻣ نù 14 ﻖﻔﺸﻣ :بِﺪﺣ – ّﻢﻌﻟا ﻦﺑا ﺎﻨﻫ :ﱃﻮﳌا – روﺮﻀﳌا :ﻚﻳﺮﻀﻟا – ﻒﻴﻀﻟاو ﺐﻳﺮﻐﻟ} ﻰﺸﻐُﺗ :ناﲑﻨﻟا ﻖّﻫﺮﻣ – .ةﺪﺸﻟاو ﺪﻬﳉا :ءاوﻸﻟا

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،ءﺎﻓﻮﻟاو ﺪﻬﻌﻟا ةﺎﻋاﺮﲟ ﻻإ ﻢjوﺎﻌﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻو ،نوﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﱃإ نوﺮﻄﻀﻣ سﺎﻨﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹا ﻦﻣ ﺦﻠﺴﻧا ﺪﻘﻓ ﺶﻳﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻊﻔﺗراو بﻮﻠﻘﻟا تﺮﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟ ﻚﻟذ ﻻﻮﻟو ) ا ﺐﻏاﺮﻟا ﱐﺎﻬﻔﺻﻷ : 2007 ، 209 -210 (. ا ﺮﺨﻓ ﺪﻗو ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧأ ﱃإ ءﺎﻓﻮﻟا ﺔﻔﺻ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ ءاﺮﻌﺸﻟ ﻮﻫ ءﺎﻓﻮﻟا ﱐﺎﻌﻣ بﺮﻗأ ّﻞﻌﻟو ،ﻢﻬﻣاﻮﻗأ ﱃإو ًةﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻩاﺮﻛذ ﺖﻴﻘﺑو تﺎﻣ يﺬﻟا ّﻲﺛﺮﳌا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻻو ﻪﻟ ﻊﻤﻃ ﻻ ﻲﺛاﺮﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻪﺗاذ ّﺪﲝ ء™ﺮﻟا ضﺮﻏ ﻪﻟﻮﻗ صﺮﺑﻷا ﻦﺑ ﺪﻴﺒﻌﻟ أﺮﻘﻨﻠﻓ .ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا رﻮﻌﺷ ﰲ ) ﻦﺑا صﺮﺑﻷا : 1957 ، 25 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا َﺗ َﺬ ﱠﻛ ُﻬُـﺗْﺮ ْﻢ َﻣ ْنإ ﺎ َِﲡ َﻣ ﱡﻒ َﺪ ِﻣا ِﻌ َﻛ ﻲ َﺟ ْنﺄ ْﺪ َو َﻳ ٌل ْﺴ ِﻘ َﻣ ﻲ َﺰ ِرا َْﳐ َع ُﺮ ِبو َو َـﺑ ْﻴ ٍﺖ َـﻳ ُﻔ ُحﻮ ْﻟا ِﻤ ْﺴ ِﻣ ُﻚ ْﻦ ِﺗاﺮَﺠَﺣ ِﻪ َﺗ َﺴ ْـﻳﱠﺪ ِﻣ ُﻪُﺘ ْﻦ َـﺑ ِْﲔ َو ٍّﺮِﺳ َْﳐ ُﻄ ِبﻮ 15 لﻮﻘﻳ .ءﻲﺷ ﻞﻌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ نﺎﳝﻷا اﻮﻤﺴﻗأو اوﺪﻫﺎﻋ اذإ ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ءﺎﻓﻮﺑ مﻮﺜﻠﻛ ﻦﺑ وﺮﻤﻋ ﺮﺨﻔﻳو ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 82 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا َو ُﻧ َْﳓ ُﺪَﺟﻮ ُﻦ ْﻣأ َﻣِذ ﻢُﻬَﻌَـﻨ َو ًارﺎ ْوأ َﻓ ْﻢُﻫﺎ َذإ َﻋ ا َﻘ ُﺪ َِﳝ او َﻨﻴﺎ 16 .ًءﺎﻴﺣأ ﻢﳍ رﺄﺜُﻳ ﻦﻣو ً¡اﻮﻣأ ﻢﳍ ُرﺄﺜُﻳ ﻻ ﻦﻣ اوّﺪﻌﻓ ،ﻪﻟ ءﺎﻓﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ًﺎﻋﻮﻧ لﻮﺘﻘﻤﻠﻟ رﺄﺜﻟا اﻮﻠﻌﺟ ﻢjإ ﻞﺑ ةﺰّﻠﺣ ﻦﺑ ثرﺎﳊا لﻮﻘﻳ ) بﻮﻔﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 27 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻒﻴﻔﳋا ْنإ َـﻧ َﺒ ْﺸ َﻣ ْﻢُﺘ َـﺑ ﺎ َْﲔ ْﻠِﻣ َﺤ َﻓ َﺔ ﱠﺼﻟﺎ ِﻗ ﺎ ِﻓ ِﺐ ِﻪﻴ ْﻣﻷا َﻮ ُتا ْﺣﻷاو َﻴ ُءﺎ 17 15 ﺪﺳأ ﲏﺒﻟ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ :بوﺮﳐ – ﻪﺒﻧاﻮﺟ :ﻪﺗاﺮﺠﺣ – ﻪﻴﻓ ُﺖﻠﺧد ﲏﻌﻳ ،ﻪﺘﻨﻄﺒﺗ :ﻪﺘﻳﺪﺴﺗ – .ﻊﺿاﻮﻣ :بﻮﻄﳐو ّﺮﺳ 16 .ﺔّﻣﺬﻟاو ﺪﻬﻌﻟا ًﺎﻀﻳأ ﻮﻫو .ﻪﻴﻤﳛ ﺎﻣو ﻞﺟﺮﻟا ﱘﺮﺣ :رﺎﻣﺬﻟا 17 .ﻊﺿاﻮﻣ :ﺐﻗﺎﺼﻟاو ﺔﺤﻠِﻣ

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7 ا :ﺔّﻔِﻌﻟ ﺔّﻔﻌﻟا ﰲ " :ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ..ًﺎﻓﺎﻔﻋو ًﺔﱠﻔِﻋ ﺔّﻴﻧّﺪﻟا عﺎﻤﻃﻷاو مرﺎﶈا ﻦﻋ ﱠﻒَﻋ .ُﻞُﻤْﳚو ﱡﻞِﳛ ﻻ ﺎّﻤﻋ ّﻒﻜﻟا صﺮﳊاو ﺔﻟﺄﺴﳌا ﻦﻋ ّﻒﻋو " ) رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﺑا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ : "ﻒﻔﻋ" ةدﺎﻣ (. ﻦﻣ تاﻮﻬﺸﻟا كﺮﺗ" ﺔﱠﻔِﻌﻟاو ﻞﻛ َﻠﻏو ،ءﻲﺷ ِّﳑ جﺮﻔﻟا ﻆﻔﺣ ﰲ ﺐ "ّﻞِﳛ ﻻ ﺎ :ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ) 2004 ، "ﻒﻔﻋ" ةدﺎﻣ (. و ﺎّﻣأ ﺪﻘﻓ ًﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻا ﻢﻴﻘﻳ ﺎﲟ ءﺎﻔﺘﻛﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫُﺮْﺴَﻗو ،تاﻮﻬﺸﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺲﻔﻨﻟا ﻂﺒﺿ" ﺎjù ّيﺪُﻋ ﻦﺑا ﺎﻬﻓّﺮﻋ ُبﺎﻨﺘﺟاو ؛ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﺘّﺤﺻ ﻆﻔﳛو ،ﺪﺴﳉا َدَوأ لاﺪﺘﻋﻻا ُﺪْﺼﻗو ،تاﺬﻠﻟا ﻊﻴﲨ ﰲ ﲑﺼﻘﺘﻟاو فَﺮّﺴﻟا . تاﻮﻬﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ نﻮﻜﻳ نأو تﺎﻗوأ ﰲو ،ﻪﺋﺎﻀﺗرا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖَﻔﺘﳌا ،ّﺐﺤﺘﺴُﻤْﻟا ﻪﺟﻮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ِﺔﱠﻔِﻌﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﻲﻫ لﺎﳊا ﻩﺬﻫو..ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﲎﻏ ﻻ ﱵﻟا ﺔﺟﺎﳊا " ) يﺪﻋ ﻦﺑا : 1993 ، 50 ( . و ّﺪﲢ ث ﺐﻏاﺮﻟا ﻲﻫو..ﺔّﻳﻮﻬﺸﻟا ةﻮﻘﻟ} ﻻإ ﻖّﻠﻌﺘﺗ ﻻ" ﺎjأ دﺪﺤﻴﻓ ،ّقدأ ّﻲﺣﻼﻄﺻا ﻞﻴﺼﻔﺘﺑ ﱐﺎﻬﺒﺻﻷا َرﺎﻐﻟ} ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻟاو ﻦﻄﺒﻟا :ﺎﳘو ﻦﻳ ﻮﻫ ﻂﻳﺮﻔﺗو ،ﻩﺮﺸﻟا ﻮﻫ طاﺮﻓإ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻫو..جﺮﻔ دﻮﲨ ﻟاو ﺔﻋﺎﻨﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟا ّسأ ﻲﻫو ،ةﻮﻬﺸﻟا .ءﺎﺨﺴﻟاو ﺲﻔﻨﻟا ﲎﻏو ﺪﻫﺰﻟاو ﺔﻔﻌ ﺔﻤﺴﺑ ﻢﺴّﺗا ﻦﻣو "ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫاﻮﺳ ﺎﻣ ﺔّﺠﲝ ﻪﻟ ﺔّﻔﻌﻟا ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﺔّﻔﻌﻟا ) ﱐﺎﻬﻔﺻﻷا ﺐﻏاﺮﻟا : 2007 ، 224 (، ﰒ ،ًﺎﻔﻴﻔﻋ ﻒّﻔﻌﺘﳌا نﻮﻜﻴﻟ ﻂﺋاﺮﺷ ﻊﻀﻳ ﻪﻧﻷ وأ ﻪﻨﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﻷ ًارﺎﻈﺘﻧا ءﻲﺸﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻪﻔّﻔﻌﺗ نﻮﻜﻳ ﻻأ ﻲﻫو" ﻪﻘﻓاﻮﻳ ﻻ "ﻪﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﻦﻣ عﻮﻨﳑ ﻪﻧﻷ وأ ،ﻪﺘﺒﻗﺎﻋ ﻦﻣ ٍفﻮﺧ رﺎﻌﺸﺘﺳﻻ وأ ،ﻪﺗﻮﻬﺷ دﻮﻤﳉ وأ ، ) ﺐﻏاﺮﻟا ﱐﺎﻬﻔﺻﻷا : 2007 ، 225 ( ﻦﻣ" ﻪﻧù ﻒﻔﻌﺘﳌا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ تﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟا ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﺮﺼﺘﳜ ﲔﺣ ﰲ . "ةءوﺮﳌاو عﺮﺸﻟا ﻖﻓو ﻰﻠﻋ رﻮﻣﻷا ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻳ ا) ﱐﺎﺟﺮﳉ ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ : 127 (. ﺎﻨﻴﻨﻌﻳ ﺎﻬﻠﻛ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺘﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻦﳓو ﻖُﻠﺧ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵا ءﺎﻴﺷأ ﻦﻣ باﱰﻗﻻا مﺪﻋو نﻮﺼﻟا ﻢFﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧو ﻢFﺎﻜﻠﺘﳑو ﻴﻗﺎﺒﻟا ةﺮﻄﻔﻟا بادآ ﻖﻓو ،ﻢﻬَﺿاﺮﻋأو ﺔ، ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﺐﺴﲝو ﱵﻟا ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺴﻟا .ّﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺮﺼﻌﻟا ﰲ نﻮﻠﻗﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺘﻳ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻠﲨأو ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ ﺔّﻔﻌﻠﻟ لﺎﺜﻣ بﺮﻗأ ّﻞﻌﻟو لﻮﻘﻳ ﲔﺣ ةﱰﻨﻋ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻩؤﺮﻘﻧ ) يﻮﻟﻮﻣ : ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ ، 308 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟا ْﻏأ َﺸ َـﻓ ﻰ َﺘ َةﺎ َﳊا ِّﻲ ِﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ َﺣ ِﻠ ِﻠﻴ َﻬ َو ﺎ َذإ َﻏ ا َﺰ ِﰲ ا َْﳉا ْﻴ ِﺶ َﻻ ْﻏأ َﺸ َﻫﺎﺎ َو َأ ُﻏ َﻃ ﱡﺾ ْﺮ ِﰲ َﻣ َﺑ ﺎ َﺪ ْت ِﱄ َﺟ َرﺎ ِﰐ َﺣ ﱠﱴ ُـﻳ َﻮ ِرا َي َﺟ َرﺎ ِﰐ َﻣ ْﺄ َو َﻫا ﺎ

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ﻲﻠﻴﺼﻔﺗ ﻒﺻو ﻪﻧإ ﰲ ًﺎﺒﺋﺎﻏ ﺎﻬﺟوز نﺎﻛ اذإ ﻪﺗرﺎﺟ روﺰﻳ ﻻ ﻮﻬﻓ ،ﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻋﱰﺴﻳو ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻧﻻا ﺪﺸﻳ .ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺑ وأ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﺧ ﻞﺧﺪﺗ نأ ﱃإ ﺎﳍﺎﻴﺧ اﺪﺑ اذإ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻩﺮﻈﻨﺑ ﺢﻴﺸُﻳو ،وﺰﻐﻟا ﺎﻣ ﱃإ ﻩﺮﺼﺑ ّﺪُﳝ ﻻ ﻮﻬﻓ ،ﺢﻳﺮﺻو ﺢﺿاو يﻮﻐﻟ ﲎﻌﲟ ﺔّﻔِﻌﻟا ﻖﻠﺧ ﺪّﺴﳚ صﺮﺑﻷا ﻦﺑ ﺪﻴﺒﻋ اﺬﻫو لﻮﻘﻳ .ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻋ ﻩﺮﺟﺰﻳ ﻪﻧإ ﻞﺑ ،ﻪﻟ ﺲﻴﻟ ) صﺮﺑﻷا ﻦﺑا : 1957 ، 38 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻂﻴﺴﺒﻟا َو َﻣ ﱠﻄﻟا ﺎ ِﻣ ُفْﺮ ِّﲏ َﱃإ َﻣ َﻟ ﺎ ْﺴ ْﻣأ ُﺖ ِﻠ ُﻜ ﱠِﳑ ُﻪ ِﱄ ِﺪَﺑ ﺎ ِﺑ َﺒ ِﻏﺎ ﱠﻠﻟا ﻲ ْﺤ َﻃ ِﻆ ﱠﻤ ِحﺎ ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟاو ﺪﻛﺆﻳ ﺔّﻔﻋ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻦﻋ ﺪﺴﺣ سﺎﻨﻟا ﰲ ،ﻢﳍاﻮﻣأ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ﻪﻧأ ﻮﻟ ﺐﻏر ﻪﻌﻤﲜ عﺎﻄﺘﺳﻻ ﻚﻟذ حﺪﲟ لذارأ ،سﺎﻨﻟا ﻞﻴﻧو تﺂﻓﺎﻜﳌا ﻢﻬﻨﻣ . لﻮﻘﻳ ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ :ﱐﺎﻴﺑﺬﻟا ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا) 140 (: ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ُﻛو ْﻨ ُﺖ ْﻣا ًأَﺮ ﻻ ْﻣأ َ ﺪ ُح ﱠﺪﻟا ْﻫ َﺮ ُﺳ َﻗﻮ ًﺔ َـﻓ َﻠ ْﺴ ُﺖ َﻋ ﻰﻠ َﺧ ٍْﲑ َ¡أ َك ِﲝ ِﺳﺎ ِﺪ ﻦﻣو ﻰﻗرأ رﻮﺻ ،ﻒّﻔﻌﺘﻟا ﺎﻬِﻠﺒﻧأو ﺎﻣ ﺮﺨﻔﻳ ﻪﺑ ؛ةﱰﻨﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧأ ضﻮﳜ بوﺮﳊا ﻞﺗﺎﻘﻳو ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ،ﺔﻟﺎﺴﺒﺑ اذﺈﻓ نﺎﻛ ﺖﻗو ﻊﻳزﻮﺗ ﻢﺋﺎﻨﻐﻟا ﻰﺤﺘﻧا ًﺎﺒﻧﺎﺟ ضﺮﻋأو ﺎﻬﻨﻋ . لﻮﻘﻳ ) يﻮﻟﻮﻣ : ﻼﺑ ،ﺦﻳر¡ 209 ( : ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ِكْﱪُﳜ َﻣ ْﻦ َﺷ َﺪِﻬ َﻮﻟا َﻊِﺋﺎﻗ ﱠﻧأ ﲏ ْﻏأ ﻰﺸ َﻮﻟا ،ﻰﻏ ﱡﻒِﻋأو ِﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ ْﻟا َﻤ ْﻐ َﻨ ِﻢ ﻦﻣو ﺔّﻔﻌﻟا نﻮﺻ نﺎﺴﻠﻟا ﻦﻋ ءيﺬﺑ مﻼﻜﻟا ﻪﺤﻴﺒﻗو . لﻮﻘﻳ ﺪﻴﺒﻋ :صﺮﺑﻷا ﻦﺑا) 1957 ، 54 (: ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا َﻟ َﻌ ْﻤ َكُﺮ ﺎﻣ َْﳜ ﻰﺸ َﳉا ُﺲﻴﻠ َـﺗ ﻲﺸﱡﺤَﻔ َﻋ َﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ، ﻻو ْ¸أ ى َﻋ ِﻦ ِدِّدَﻮَـﺘُﻤْﻟا 8 ءiﻹا ةّﺰﻌﻟاو : ﰲ " :ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ء}ﻹاو .ﻪﻫﺮﻛ :ًء}إ ُﻩ}˝ َءﻲﺸﻟا ﰉأ : عﺎﻨﺘﻣﻻا ّﺪﺷأ " ) رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﺑا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ : ةدﺎﻣ "فﺮﺷ" (. "ﻊﱡﻓﺮﺗ تاذ :ﺔّﻴﺑأ ٌﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﻟو .ﻪﻨﻋ َﻊّﻓﺮﺗ :َءﻲﺸﻟا ﰉأو .ﻰﺼﻌﺘﺳا :ﰉأ"و ) ﻤﳎ ﺔﻋﻮ :ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ 2004 ، "ﰉأ" ةدﺎﻣ (.

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"ٌءﻲﺷ ﻪﺒﻠﻐﻳ ﻼﻓ ﻊﻨﺘﻤﳌا ﻮﻫ :ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟاو .عﺎﻨﺘﻣﻻاو ﺔﻌﻓّﺮﻟا :ةّﺰِﻌﻟاو ّﺰﻌﻟاو .ﺔﺒَﻠﻐﻟاو ةﺪﺸﻟاو ةﻮﻘﻟا :ّﺰِﻌﻟا"و ) رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﺑا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ : "زﺰﻋ" ةدﺎﻣ ( "ﺔﻔﻧﻷاو ﺔﱠﻴِﻤَﳊا :ةّﺰِﻌﻟا"و . ةّﺰﻌﻟا ﻪﺗﺬﺧأ ﷲ ﻖﺗا ﻪﻟ ﻞﻴﻗ اذإو) : "(ﰒﻹ} ) ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ : 2004 ، "زﺰﻋ" ةدﺎﻣ (. نﺎﺴﻧﻹا ﻞﻌﳚ ﺎd ﺔﻔﺻ" ﺎjù ﻢﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﻓّﺮﻋو "ﻪﺴﻔﻧ رﺪﻗ ﺎd فﺮﻌﻳو ،ﱪﻜﺗ ﲑﻏ ﻦﻣ ماﱰﺣﻻاو ﺔﻌﻓﺮﻟا لزﺎﻨﻣ ﰲ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ) ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ : 2006 ، ص 51 (. ّﻞﻌﻟ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻔﻧﻷاو ةّﺰﻌﻟا تﺎﻔﺼﻟا ﺢﺿوأ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻘُﻠﳋا ﺎd ﺮﺨﻔﻟاو ةﺎﻫﺎﺒﳌا ﻰﻠﻋ ّﺮﺼﻳ ﰊﺮﻌﻟا نﺎﻛ ﱵﻟا ، ﻊﻣ ًﺎﻴﳜر¡ ْﺖﻣزﻼﺗ ﺪﻗو ﻞﺑ ،ﺔﻳﺮﳊاو لﻼﻘﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﻪﻠﻴﻣو ،نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟو ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻠﻟ عﻮﻀﳋا ﻦﻣ ﻩرﻮﻔﻧ ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا ﺎﻬﻐﺒﺴُﻳ نﺎﻛ ﻞﺑ ،ﺐﺴﺤﻓ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ًﺔﻔﺻ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﻩﺬﻫو .ًÃﺎﻴﺣأ ﻰﺿﻮﻔﻟا ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﻚﺌﻟوﻷ لﺬﻟا ﺐﺴﻨﻳ نﺎﻛ اذإو .ﻢﻬﺋاﺪﻋﻷ رﺎﺴﻜﻧﻻاو لﺬﻟا ﺐﺴﻨﻳ ﻪﻧأ ﲔﺣ ﰲ ،ﻪﺗﲑﺸﻋو رﻮﺻ ﻢﺳر ﰲ ﻦّﻨﻔﺘﻳ ﻤﺸﻟاو ﺔﻤﻈﻌﻟاو ءﬂﱪﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﰲ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻣ نﺎﻌﻣ ﻩﺬﻫو ،ﻪﻣﻮﻘﻟ ﺎﻬﺒﺴﻨﻳ ﱵﻟا خﻮ ﻪّﳘ نﻮﻜﻳ نأ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻓﱰﻳ صﺮﺑﻷا ﻦﺑ ﺪﻴﺒﻋ اﺬﻫ .مﺮﻜﻟاو ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا ﻖﻠﲞ نﺎﻴﺣﻷا ﻮﻫو ،ﻪﻨﻄﺑ ﰲ لﻮﻘﻳ .ًﺔﻣاﺮﻛو ًﺎﻌﻓﺮﺗ عﻮﳉا ﻰﻠﻋ ﱪﺼﻳ ) صﺮﺑﻷا ﻦﺑا : 1957 ، 78 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻒﻴﻔﳋا َذإ َﻣ ا َﻛ ﺎ َنﺎ ِﺿْﺮِﻋ ِﻋ ﻲ ْﻨ َﺪ َﺑ ْﻄ ِﲏ َﻓ ْﻳﺄ َﻦ ِﻣ ْﻦ ْنأ ِﺑ ﱠﺐَﺳُأ ِﻪ َﻣ َﻨ ِﺻﺎ ﻲ َﻓ ْنﺈ َﺧ ُِﳉ ْﺖﱠﻔ ِعﻮ َﺒﻟا ْﻄ ِﻦ ِر ْﺟ ِﻠ َﻓ ﻲ َﺪ ﱠق ِر ُﷲ ْﺟ ِﻠ ِ} ﻲ َﻌُﻤْﻟ ِﺻﺎ ﻲ 18 لﻮﻘﻳ .ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵا دﺎﳎأ ﻪﻐﻠﺒﺗ ﻻ يﺬﻟا ﻊﻴﻓﺮﻟا ﻢﻬﻓﺮﺷو ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ﺪﺠﲟ ﺮﺨﻔﻳ ﻮﻫو ) ﻦﺑا صﺮﺑﻷا : 1957 ، 138 (: ﺰﺟﺮﻟا ءوﺰﳎ َﻻ َـﻳ ْـﺒ ُﻠ ُﻎ َﺒﻟا ِﱐﺎ َو َﻟ ْﻮ َر َﻓ َﻊ ﱠﺪﻟا َﻋ ِﺋﺎ َﻣ َﻢ َـﺑ ﺎ َﻨْـﻴَـﻨ ﺎ 18 ّﺮَﻔﻣو ﺄﺠﻠﻣ :صﺎﻨﻣ – .ﻊﺟﻮﻟاو ءاﻮﺘﻟﻻا :ﻲﺻﺎﻌﳌا

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مﻮﺜﻠﻛ ﻦﺑ وﺮﻤﻋ اﺬﻫو ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ّﺰﻌﺑ ﺮﺨﻔﻳ ﺪrا ﻊﻨﺼﺗ ﱵﻟا ﻲﻫ ةﻮﻘﻟا نù ًاﺮﻛﺬﻣ ، ٍﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﲎﻌﻣ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵا ﻢﻠﻈﻟ ًﺎﺒﺒﺳ ّﺰﻌﻟا اﺬﻫ نﺎﻛ نإ ﻚﻟذ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﻴﻨﻌﻳ ﻻو ،ﻪﻴﻤﲢو . لﻮﻘﻳ ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، ص 90 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا َﻟ َﻨ ﱡﺪﻟا ﺎ ْـﻧ َﻴ َو ﺎ َﻣ ْﻦ ْﻣأ َﺴ َﻋ ﻰ َﻠ ْـﻴ َﻬ ﺎ َو َـﻧ ْﺒ ِﺣ ُﺶِﻄ َﲔ َـﻧ ْﺒ ِﻄ ُﺶ َﻗ ِدﺎ ِر َﻨﻳ ﺎ ُـﺑ َﻐ َﻇ ًةﺎ ِﻟﺎ ِﻤ َو َﲔ َﻣ ْﻤِﻠُﻇ ﺎ َﻨ َو ﺎ َﻟ ِﻜ ْﻦ َﺳ َـﻨ ْﺒ َﺪ ُأ َﻇ ِﻟﺎ ِﻤ َﻨﻴﺎ 9 ِﳊا :ﻢﻠ ﺎﻣ اﺬﻫو ،ﻢﻠﳊ} ﻊّﺒﻄﺘﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻞﺻﻷا ﰲ ةﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻔﺟو ﺎﻬﺘﻧﻮﺸﲞ ةواﺪﺒﻟا ةﺎﻴﺣ نأ ﻚﺷ ﻻ ﻩرﺎﺒﺘﻋ} ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﱃإ ﺮﻈﻨﻳ ﻪﻧأ ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ،ﻪﺣوﺪﻤﳌ وأ ﻪﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﻢﻠﳊا ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﻩّﻮﻨﻳ ﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻟا ﻞﻌﳚ ًÃﺎﻴﺣأ ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻨﻟا ﺔﻔﺼﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﺾﻴﻘﻨﺑ حﺪﻤﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻌﻨﳝ ﻻ اﺬﻫ ﻦﻜﻟو .ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺛو ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺔﺒﳔ ﻮﻫو ﺔﻔَﻧﻷاو ﺐﻀﻐﻟا ﺔﻋﺮﺳو ﺶﻴﻄﻟا قﻼﺧﻸﻟ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﳊا ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟاو ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺪﻟا ﻂﺑاﻮﻀﻟا بﺎﻴﻏ ﺪﻛﺆﻳ ﺎﻣ اﺬﻫو ! ﻢﻴﻘﻟا ﻞﻜﻟ رﺎﻴﻌﳌاو ﻒﺷﺎﻜﻟا ﻪﻧأ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻧ يﺬﻟا ﻮﻫو ،كاﺬﻧآ ﻲﳍﻹا ﻲﺣﻮﻟا بﺎﻴﻏ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ،ةﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟا .ﻖﺋﺎﻘﳊاو ِﳊﺎﻓ لﺎﺣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻠﻋو ُﻠﺧ ﻢﻠ ﻫ ﻦﻣو ،ﻞﻘﻌﻟاو ﺔﻤﻜﳊ} ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻖ رﺮﻜﺗ ﺎﻨ ﻢﻠﳊا لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳا ﺔﻤﻜﳊا ﺮﻌﺷ ﰲ ﲑﻫز لﻮﻘﻳ .ﺎﳘﺎﻨﻌﲟ ) ﻢﻠﻋﻷا : 1980 ، 268 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا َذإ ْﻧأ ا َﺖ َْﱂ َـﺗ ْﻘ ُﺼ َﻋ ْﺮ ِﻦ َْﳉا ْﻬ ِﻞ َﳋاو َﻨ ﺎ َﺻأ ْﺒ َﺣ َﺖ ِﻠ َﻤﻴ ْوأ ًﺎ َﺻأ َﺑﺎ َﺟ َﻚ ِﻫﺎ ُﻞ 19 ﻢﻬﻨﻜﻟ ،ﻢﻬﺴﻟﺎﳎ ﰲ سﺎﻨﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﰲ ﱪﺻو ﺢﺟار ﻞﻘﻋ بﺎﺤﺻأ ﻢjù ﲔﺣوﺪﻤﳌا ﻒﺼﻳ ﻮﻫو .ﻒﻨﻌﻟاو ﻚﺘﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ،بﺮﳊا اﻮﺿﺎﺧ اذإ ﻢﻬﺘﻧازرو ﻢﳍﻮﻘﻋ ﺔﺣﺎﺟر نوﺪﻘﻔﻳ ﲑﻫز لﻮﻘﻳ ) ﻢﻠﻋﻷا : 1980 ، 203 (: 19 .لﻮﻘﻟا ﺶﺤُﻓ :ﺎﻨﳋا

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ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟا َﻠُﺣ َﻤ ِﰲ ُءﺎ ﱠﻨﻟا ِدﺎ َذإ ي َﻣ ا ِﺟ ﺎ ْـﺌ ُﻬَـﺘ ُﺟ ْﻢ َﻬ َﻼ َـﻳ ُء ْﻮ َﻋ َم َﺠ َﺟﺎ َو ٍﺔ ِﻟ َﻘ ِءﺎ 10 ﻟا :قﺪﺼ ﰲ " :ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ٌﻞﺟرو .بﺬﻜﻟا ﺾﻴﻘﻧ قﺪﺼﻟا َﺻ ْﺪ ٌق ﻞﺟﺮﻟا َﻢﻌِﻧ : ٍقﺪِﺻ ُﻞﺟرو .ٌءﻮﺳ ٌﻞﺟر ُﺾﻴﻘﻧ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟا ﺎﻨﻬﻫ قﺪِّﺼﻟا :ٌةﺎﺠﻨﻣ قﺪِّﺼﻟا ﰲو .حﺎﻣﺮﻟا ﻦﻣ ُﺐْﻠﱡﺼﻟا :ٌقﺪَﺻ ٌﺢﻣرو ٌقﺪَﺻ ﻒﻴﺳو .ﻮﻫ :ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا لﻮﻗ ﰲو .ﺔﺑﻼﱠﺼﻟاو .ةدﻮﻤﶈا فﺎﺻوﻸﻟ ﻊﻣﺎﳉا ُقﺪﱠﺼﻟا ﺎﳕإ : ٍقﺪَﺻ نﻮﻠﻟا ﻚﻟﺎﺣ ﰲ ﻢﻬُﺘﻗﺪﺻ َﺖﻠﻗ ﻢd َﺖﻌﻗوأ اذإ ،ﺪﻴﻋﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺬﻛو " ) رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﺑا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ : ةدﺎﻣ "قﺪﺻ" (. ًÃﻼﻓ قﺪﺻو .ةّﻮﻗ ﰲ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺒﻗأ :لﺎﺘﻘﻟا ﰲ قَﺪﺻو .ﻊﻗاﻮﻟ} ﱪﺧأ :ﺚﻳﺪﳊا ﰲ قَﺪﺻ"و ﻠﺧأو .ﻪﻟ ﺎﻤﻬﺼﻠﺧأ :َءﺎﺧﻹاو َﺔﺤﻴﺼﻨﻟا ﺪﻘﻟو) :ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟا ﻞﻳﺰﻨﺘﻟا ﰲو ."ﻪﺑ ﰱوأ :ﺪﻋﻮﻟا ًÃﻼﻓ ﺺ (ﻩَﺪﻋو ﷲ ﻢﻜﻗﺪﺻ ) ﻤﳎ :ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮ 2004 ، "قﺪﺻ" ةدﺎﻣ ( . ﻮﻫ لﻮﻘﻟا ﰲ قﺪﺼﻟا نﺎﻛ اذإو ،ﻪﻣﺎﲤإ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﻨﻋ فاﺮﺼﻧﻻا مﺪﻋو ،ﻪﻧﺎﻴﺗإ ﻞﻌﻔﻟا ﰲ قﺪﺼﻟا" نﺈﻓ ،ﻪﻨﻋ دﺎﻌﺘﺑﻻاو بﺬﻜﻟا كﺮﺗ ،ﻞﻌﻔﻟا غﻮﻠﺑ ﱴﺣ تﺎﺒﺜﻟا ﺔﳝﺰﻌﻟا ﰲ قﺪﺼﻟاو "ﻆﻔﳊا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎFﻮﻗ ةﺮﻛاﺬﻟا ﰲ قﺪﺼﻟاو ) ﺎﺒﻴﻠﺻ : 1982 ، ج 1 ، 722 ( ﻚﻟاﻮﺣأ ﰲ نﻮﻜﻳ ﻻأ" ﻮﻫ ﻊﺳاو ّمﺎﻋ ﻢﻬﻓو رﺎﻃإ ﰲ قﺪﺼﻟا نإ ﻞﺑ . ﻩﺮﻬﻇأ ﺎّﳑ ًﺎﺌﻴﺷ ْعﺪﻳ ﱂ يﺬﻟا ﻮﻫ ﻖﻳِّﺪِّﺼﻟاو .ﺐﻴﻋ ﻚﻟﺎﻤﻋأ ﰲ ﻻو ،ﺐﻳَر كدﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﰲ ﻻو ،بﻮَﺷ ﻪﻠﻤﻋو ﻪﺒﻠﻘﺑ ﻪﻘﻘﺣ ﻻإ نﺎﺴﻠﻟ} ) ﱐﺎﺟﺮﳉا ﻼﺑ : ،ﺦﻳر¡ 113 (. ﲎﻌﻣ قﺪﺼﻟا نأ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا تﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺢﻀﺘﻳ ّﻢﻬﻣ ّﻲﻗﻼﺧأ ٌﺔﻔِﺻو ﻧإ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ 20 ، ﻻو .ﻊﻗاﻮﻠﻟ لﻮﻘﻟا ﺔﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﲎﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﻳ ﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳا رﺮﻜﺗ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻦﻣو ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ قﺪﺼﻟ} ﻒﺻﻮﻟا ل ،ﻲﻠﻫﺎﳉا و ﺪﺻﺎﻘﻣ تدﺪﻌﺗ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻا اﺬﻫ ﺎﲟ ﻖﻓاﻮﻳ ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﳌا ﱐﺎﻌﳌا ةدﺪﻌﺘﳌا ﱵﻟا .ﺎﻫÃدروأ ﺎﻬﻓ ﻮﻫ اذ ًﺎﺣدﺎﻣ لﻮﻘﻳ ،"َلﺎﺘﻘﻟا قَﺪﺻ" ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﻳ ًﻼﺜﻣ مﻮﺜﻠﻛ ﻦﺑ وﺮﻤﻋ ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 50 (: 20 نﺎﻛ ﺔﺸﺣﺎﻓ ﻦﻋ ﻞﺌﺳ نإ نﺎﺴﻧﻹا قﺪﺻ ﻦﺴﺤﺘﺴﲟ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ" :يﺪﻋ ﻦﺑا لﻮﻘﻳ ،ﻪﻗﻼﻃإ ﻰﻠﻋ ًاﲑﺧ ﺲﻴﻟ قﺪﺼﻟا نأ بﺮﻌﻟا كردأ ﺪﻗو ﲑﺠﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻞﺌﺳ اذإ ﻪﻗﺪﺻ ﻦﺴﳛ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻚﻟﺬﻛو ،ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا ﺔﻴﻗﺎﺒﻟا ﺔﺼﻘﻨﳌاو رﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟذ ﰲ ﻪﻘﺤﻠﻳ ﺎﲟ ﻪﻗﺪﺻ ﻦﺴﺣ ﻲﻔﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻬﺒﻜﺗرا ."ﻩﺎﻔﺧﺄﻓ ﻩرﺎﺠﺘﺳا ) ﻪﻳﻮﻜﺴﻣ : 2011 ، 62 (.

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ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا ِù ﱠن ْﻟا َﻤ ِﺟﺎ َﻘﻟا َﺪ ْﺑا َمْﺮ َﻋ َﻦ ْﻤ ٍﺮ و َﻏ َﺪ َﻄُﻧ َةا ُعﺎ َﻗ ْﺪ َﺻ َﺪ َق ِﻘﻟا َﺘ َﻻﺎ 21 لﺎﻗ ،"ّدﻮﻟا قُﺪﺼﺗ" ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺳاو ) ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ :ﱐﺎﻴﺑﺬﻟا 231 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟا َﻟ ْﻮ ُﻛ ْﻨ َﺖ َﺗ ْﺼ ُﺪ ُق َﻷ ُﻩﱠدُو َﻃ ْﻌ ﱠنإ ُﻪَﺘ ِﻟ ﱠﺐِﺤُﻤْﻟا َﻤ ْﻦ ُِﳛ ﱡﺐ ُﻣ ِﻄ ُﻊﻴ لﺎﻗ .ﻞﻴﺒﻨﻟا ﻞﺻﻷاو ﻊﻴﻓﺮﻟا ﺐﺴﻨﻟا ﱃإ ةرﺎﺷﻹا ﰲ قﺪﺼﻟا ﲎﻌﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺳﺎﻓ ﲑﻫز ﺎّﻣأ ) ﻢﻠﻋﻷا : 1980 ، 152 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا َﻟ ُﻪ ِﰲ ﱠﺬﻟا ِﻫا ِﺒ ُرُأ َﲔ ْﺪِﺻ ُمو َو ٍق َﻛ َنﺎ ُﻟ ِﻜ ِّﻞ ِذ َﺣ ي ُرُأ ٍﺐَﺴ ُمو 22 11 ﻟا :ﺔﲪﺮ ﰲ " :ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻒّﻄﻌﺘﻟاو ﺔﻗﺮﻟا :ﺔﲪﺮﻟا .. ﺔﲪرو ،ﻪﻔﻄﻋو ﺐﻠﻘﻟا ُﺔﻗر :بﺮﻌﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ مدآ ﲏﺑ ﰲ ﺔﲪﺮﻟاو ﻪُﻗزرو ﻪﻧﺎﺴﺣإو ﻪُﻔﻄﻋ :ﷲ " ) رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﺑا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ : "ﻢﺣر" ةدﺎﻣ (. ﺔﲪﺮﻟا"و : ﲑﳋا ﺔﻤﻌﻨﻟاو ﰲ . "(ًﺔﲪر سﺎﻨﻟا ﺎﻨﻗذأ اذإو) :ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟا ﻞﻳﺰﻨﺘﻟا ) ﻤﳎ :ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮ 2004 ، "ﻢﺣر" ةدﺎﻣ (. ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ﰲو ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﺔﻔﺼﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻒﻴﻔﺨﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﻄﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ وأ ،ﲑﳋا ﻞﻌﻓ ةدارإ ﻰﻠﻋ" ﺖَﻘِﻠﻃُأ ﺎjأ ﺪﳒ و .ﻢﻬﻣﻻآ ﻖﻴﻗد ﻖﻳﺮﻔﺗ كﺎﻨﻫ نﺎﻛ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻓأﺮﻟاو ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﲔﺑ ، ﺔﻓأﺮﻟا" نأ اوﺮﻛﺬﻓ "ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ّﺪﺷأ ) ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ : 2006 ، 39 ( ﻢﻬﻀﻌﺑ لﺎﻗ ﲔﺣ ﰲ ، " ﻊﻓد ﺔﻓأﺮﻟاو ،ءﺮﳌا ﱃإ ةّﺮﺴﳌا لﺎﺼﻳإ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا نإ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ اذﺈﻓ ،سﺎﻨﻟا ﺎﻫرﻮﺼﺘﻳ ﱵﻟا ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟا ﻞﺜﳌا فﻼﺘﺧ} ﺔﲪﺮﻟ} رﻮﻌﺸﻟا ﻒﻠﺘﳜو .ﻪﻨﻋ ةّﺮﻀﳌا ذإو ،ﺔﻌﻄﻘﻨﻣ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﻳدﺎﳌا ىﻮﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻣ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟا ﻞﺜﳌا ﺔﻴﺣوﺮﻟا ىﻮﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ا ًﺎﺧأ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ نﺎﺴﻧﻹا ّﺪﻌَﻳ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ ﻻإ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺔﺒﳏ ﱃإ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﺐﻠﻘﻨﺗ ﻻو ،ﻊﺳوأو ﺖﺒﺛأ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ 21 ﺪّﻴﺴﻟا :مﺮﻘﻟا .ﺔﻣﺎﻤﻴﻟ} ﺔﻳﺮﻗ :عﺎﻄُﻧ 22 داﺪﺟﻷا :ﲔﺒﻫاﺬﻟا – ﱘﺮﻜﻟا ﻞﺻﻷا زﺔﻣورأ ج :مورُأ – .ﺮﺛﺂﳌا ةﺮﺜﻛ :ﺐﺴﳊا

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"نﺎﺴﻧإ ﻞﻜﻟ ) ﺎﺒﻴﻠﺻ : 1982 ج ، 1 ، 111 ( . ﻦﻣ ﺐﻛﺮﻣ ﻪﻧأ ىﲑﻓ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﻖُﻠﺧ ّيﺪﻋ ﻦﺑا ﻞﻠﳛو ﻪﻨﻣ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﻦﳌ ﻻإ نﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا" نأو ،عﺰﳉاو ّدﻮﻟا ،ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﰲ ٌﺔﺼﻴﻘﻧ ﺎّﻣإ ،ﺔﻫوﺮﻜﻣ ٌﺔّﻠَﺧ ﻪﲪاﺮﻟ لﺎﳊا ﻩﺬﻫو .ﻢ ِﺣُر ﺎﻬﻠﺟأ ﻦﻣ ﱵﻟا لﺎﳊا ﻦﻣ عﺰﺟ ﻊﻣ ،مﻮﺣﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﳏ ﻲﻫ ﺔﲪﺮﻟﺎﻓ .ٌﺔﺿرﺎﻋ ﺔﻨﳏ ﺎّﻣإو ِرْﻮَﳉا ﱃإ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﻨﺗ ﱂو ،لﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺎﻬﺒﺣﺎﺼﺑ جﺮﲣ ﱂ ﺎﻣ ٌﺔﻨﺴﺤﺘﺴﻣ ) يﺪﻋ ﻦﺑا : 1993 ، 56 (. ﻔﺘﻟا اﺬﻫ ﺪﻌﺑو ،ﺔﻔﻟﺎﺴﻟا ﱐﺎﻌﳌا ﻩﺬd ﻞﻴﺼ ؛ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا قﻼﺧأ ﰲ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ نإ لﻮﻘﻟا ﻦﻜﳝ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺮﻬﺼﻨﺗ ﺔﻘﺗﻮﺑو ٌﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺔﻔﺻ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﻖﻠﺧ نﺄﻜﻓ ،ﻰﺼﲢ دﺎﻜﺗ ﻻ ةﲑﺜﻛ رﻮﺻ ﺎFﺎﻴّﻠﺠﺘﻟو ،ٌﺔﻌﺳاو ﻦﳓو ،ةﲑﺜﻛ ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻣو لﺎﻌﻓأو تﺎﻛﻮﻠﺳ ﻒﻘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ زﺎﳚ„ ﺎﻨﻫ . سﻮﺑﺎﻗ }أ ﻲﺛﺮﻳ ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا اﺬﻬﻓ ﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﺋﺎﻄﻋو ﻰﻣﺎﺘﻴﻟ} ﻪﺘﲪﺮﻟ ﻪﻠﻌﺠﻴﻓ ًاﲑﺧ ﺊﻠﺘﳑ ﻪﻧإ .ﺔﻨﺴﻟا لﻮﺼﻓ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻓ ﺔﻟﺰﻨﲟ ﲔﺟﺎﺘﺤ ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا لﻮﻘﻳ .ًءﺎﻄﻋو ًﺎﺴﻧأو ) ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ :ﱐﺎﻴﺑﺬﻟا 194 ( : ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﻄ َو ُﻛ ْﻨ َر َﺖ ِﺑ َﻌﻴ ِﻟ ًﺎ ْﻠ َـﻴ َﺘ َﻣﺎ َو ﻰ َﻤْﺼِﻋ َﻓ ًﺔ ْﻠُﻤ ِﰊأ ُﻚ َﻗ ُﺑﺎ ْﺿأ ٍسﻮ َﺤ َﻗ ﻰ ْﺪ ََﳒ ْﺰ ﳝ ﻮﻫو ﻰﻠﻋ رﺎﻏأ ﻦﻣ حﺪ ﺳﻷا ّﻚﻔﻴﻟ ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ّﻆﺣ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﻪﻧù حوﺪﻤﳌا ﻒﺼﻴﻓ ،ﻪﻳﺪﻟ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ىﺮ زﺎﺣ ﺪﻘﻓ .ﺔﻧﻮﺸﳋاو ﻞﺘﻘﻟا ﰲ فﺮﺴﻳ ﻢﻠﻓ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﻦﻣ ٌءﻲﺷ ﻪﺒﻠﻗ َﻞﺧاد ﺮﺼﺘﻧاو ﻚﻠﻣ ﲔﺣ ﻪﻧأو ،ٍﺮﻓاو لﻮﻘﻳ .ًﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﻖﻠﺧو ﺔﻟﻮﻄﺒﻟا ﻖُﻠﺧ ) ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا ﱐﺎﻴﺑﺬﻟا : ﻼﺑ ،ﺦﻳر¡ 212 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا َﺻ َﺒ ْﺤ َﺑ َﺖ ِﲏ ُذ ْـﺑ َﻴ ِﻣ َنﺎ ْﻨ ُﻪ ِﺑ َﻐ َرﺎ ٍة َﺟ َﺮ َﻟ ْت َﻚ ِﻣ ْﻨ ﱠﺴﻟا ﺎﻬ َِﳓﺎ ِù ُتﺎ ِﺪُﻌْﺳ َﺻأ َـﺑﺎ ُﻬ َﻗ ُﻢ ْﺴ َﻓ ًاﺮ ِﻋ اﻮَﺤْﺿﺄ ُﻩَدﺎﺒ َﻓ َﺠ ﱠﻠ َﻠ َﻬ ْﻌُـﻧ ﺎ َﻤ َو ﻰ َْﱂ َـﻳ َﺘ َﺸ ﱠﺪ ِد مﻻ" ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻟاو ﺔﺗﺎﻤﺸﻟا ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻠﳏ ّﻞﲢو ،بوﺮﳊا ﺪﻌﺑ مﻮﻤﻌﻟا ﰲ ًاﺪﻴﻌﺑ وﺪﺒﻳ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﻖﻠﺧ نأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا لﻮﻘﻳ .ًﺎﻣﺎﲤ ﺔﲪﺮﻟا ﺐﻴﻐﺘﻓ ،ﻩروﺮﺳ ﻞﻤﺘﻜﻴﻟ ﻢd ﻪﺘﺗﺎﻤﺸﺑ ﻢﻫﱪﳜ نأ ﻰﺴﻨﻳ ﻻو .ءاﺪﻋﻷا ) ﺔﻐﺑﺎﻨﻟا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ :ﱐﺎﻴﺑﺬﻟا 211 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا

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َﻓ ﱠﻠﻟا ُﺖْﻤِﻨ ْﻴ َﻞ ْذإ ْوأ َـﻗ ْﻌ ِﻓ ُﺖ ُﻜﻴ ْﻢ َـﻗ َﺒ َﻋ َﻞﺋﺎ ِﻣﺎ َو ٍﺮ َﺑ ِﲏ َِﲤ ِﻢﻴ َو َﺳ ِﱄ َغﺎ ﱠﺸﻟا َﺮ َو ُبا ُﻛ ْﻨ َﻗ ُﺖ ًْﻼﺒ َﻛأ ُدﺎ ِ} ﱡﺺَﻏأ ْﻟ َﻤ َﳊا ِءﺎ ِﻤ ِﻢﻴ 23 12 ﻟا :لﺪﻌ ءاﺰﳉا :لﺪﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ :ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ) 2004 ، "لﺪﻋ" ةدﺎﻣ (. ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﰲ ًﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻا لﺪَﻌﻟاو ﻦﻜﳝ دﺮrا ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟا ،ﺎﻬﻌﺿاﻮﻣ ﰲ رﻮﻣﻷا لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳاو ،ءاﻮﺘﺳﻼﻟ مزﻼﻟا ﻂّﺴﻘﺘﻟا" ﻪﻧù ﻩﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﲑﺧò ﻻو ،ﱘﺪﻘﺗ ﻻو ،ﲑﺼﻘﺗ ﻻو فَﺮﺳ ﲑﻏ ﻦﻣ ،ﺎﻫﺮﻳدﺎﻘﻣو ،ﺎﻬﻫﻮﺟوو ،ﺎFﺎﻗوأو ) يﺪﻋ ﻦﺑا : 1993 ، 68 ( ﻂﻳﺮﻔﺘﻟاو طاﺮﻓﻹا ﰲﺮﻃ ﲔﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌا ﺮﻣﻷا" نذإ ﻮﻬﻓ . " ) ﱐﺎﺟﺮﳉا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ : 124 ( . ﻊﻗﻮﺘُﻳ ﻻو ﺔﻫاﺪﺒﻟ} سﻮﻔﻨﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ﻞﻴﲤ ﱵﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹا ةﺮﻄﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻮﻫ لﺪﻌﻟا ﺐﻠﻃ نأ ﻚﺷ ﻻ ﻦﻜﻟو ،ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ تدرو ةﺪﻳﺪﻋ تارﺎﺷإ اﺬﳍو ،ﺔﻴﳍﻹا ﻊﺋاﺮﺸﻟا ﺖﺑﺎﻏ ﻮﻟو ﺎﻫﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗو ﺎﻬِﺘﻤﻴﻗ ُبﺎﻴﻏ ﺔﻳﺮﻌﺸﻟا صﻮﺼﻨﻟا – !ﺔﺑاﺮﻐﻠﻟ ﬂو – ﻞﺑ ،لﺪﻌﻟا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﻋ ًﺎﺿاﺮﻋإو ًﻻﺎﳘإ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﳌا ﰲ ﺎﻨﻴﻟإ ﺖﻠﻘﻧ ّﱪﻌﻳ مﻮﺜﻠﻛ ﻦﺑ وﺮﻤﻋ اﺬﻫ .ﲔﺗﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻫ ٍﺔﻟﺎﺠﻋ ﰲ ّﺮﲤ فﻮﺳو !نﺎﻴﺣﻷا ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲ ﻪﻟ ًﺎﻬﻴﻔﺴﺗ لﻮﻘﻳ ،ﻪﻟ ﻪﺘﺟوز ﻞﻫأ ﻢﻠﻇ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺘﺸﻫد ﻦﻋ ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 67 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا أ ِﰲ َﻟ ْـﻴ َﻠ ُـﻳ ﻰ َﻌ ِﺗﺎ ُﺒ ِﲏ ُﺑأ َﻫﻮ ﺎ ْﺧإو َﻮ َﻬُـﺗ َو ﺎ ُﻫ ْﻢ ِﱄ َﻇ ِﻟﺎ ُﻤ َÃﻮ !؟ َبﻮﻧذ ﻪﻧﻮﻠّﻤﳛو ،ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ مﺎﻜﺣﻷا قﻼﻃإ ﰲ نﻮﻟﺪﻌﻳ ﻻ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻜﻨُﻳ َةﺰّﻠﺣ ﻦﺑ ثرﺎﳊا اﺬﻫو .ىﺮﺧﻷا ﻪﻤﺴﺟ ءاﺰﺟأ نود ﲑﻌﺒﻟا ﻂﺳو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻛ ِلﺎﲪﻷا ﻖﻴﻠﻌﺘﺑ ﻢﻠﻈﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﻪّﺒﺸﻳو ،ﻢﻫﲑﻏ ثرﺎﳊا لﻮﻘﻳ ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 38 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻒﻴﻔﳋا ْمأ َﻋ َﻠ ْـﻴ َﻨ َﺟ ﺎ ِﻌﻟا ىّﺮ َﺒ َﻛ ِدﺎ َﻤ ِﻧ ﺎ ْﻮَﺠِـﺑ َط ـﻴ ْﻋﻷا ِﻞﱠﻤَﺤُﻤْﻟا ِز َﺒ ؟ُءﺎ 23 ﻊﻠﺒﻟاو ﺲّﻔﻨﱠﺘﻟا ﻪﻌﻨﻤﻓ ﻪﻘﻠﺣ ﰲ ضﱰﻋا : ﺎﳘِﻮﳓو ِءﺎﳌا وأ مﺎﻌﱠﻄﻟ} ﱠﺺﻏ – .درﺎﺒﻟا ءﺎﳌ} ﺺﺼﻐﻟﺎﻓ .ّرﺎﳊا ءﺎﳌا :ﻢﻴﻤﳊا

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قﺎﻴﺴﻟا اﺬﻫ ﰲو ﻪﻣﬂأ ﺮﻛﺬﺘﻳ ﺖﺑ™ ﻦﺑ نﺎﺴﺣ نﺎﻛ ﳝ و ﺔﻨﺳﺎﺴﻐﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺣﺪ ﻢﻬ ، و ﻳﺎj ﰲ ﺔ ﻪﺗﺪﻴﺼﻗ ا ﻪﺘﻠﻴﺒﻗ لﺪﻌﺑ ﺮﺨﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﺎﳉا نﺎﻣز ﰲ ﻢjأ ﻊﻣ ، ،ﺰﻳِﺪْﻠﻴِﻳ ْيآ) 2019 : 290 ( لﻮﻘﻳ ، ﺖﺑ™ ﻦﺑ نﺎﺴﺣ :ﺖﺑ™ ﻦﺑا) 2006 ، 74 -75 :( ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺎﻨُﺑﺎﻛِر ِكﻮﻠُﻤْﻟا َباﻮْﺑَأ ُروُﺰَـﺗَو ِلِﺪْﻌَـﻧ ِﺔﱠﻳَِﱪْﻟا ﰲ ْﻢﱠﻜَُﳓ ﱴَﻣَو ﻞﻘﻌﻟ} فﻮﺻﻮﳌا ﲑﻫﺰﻟ ًﺎﺒﻳﺮﻏ ًﺎﳛﺪﻣ أﺮﻘﻧ ِلﺪﻌﻟا ﻖُﻠﳋ ﻢﻴﻠﺴﻟا يﺮﻄﻔﻟا ﻢﻬﻔﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﰲو نإ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺔﻤﻜﳊاو ﻢَﻠﻈُﻳ ﱂ ﻮﻫ نإو ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﻒﺼﺘﻨﻳ نأ ﻰﻠﻋ ردﺎﻗ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﻢﻠﻈﻠﻟ ضّﺮﻌﺗ اذإ ﻪﺣوﺪﳑ ﲑﻫز لﻮﻘﻳ !ﻢﻠﻈﻟ} ﻩﲑﻏ أﺪﺒﻳ ﻪﻧأ ﻪﺘﻟﻮﻄﺑ ﻦﻣ نﺈﻓ ) ﻢﻠﻋﻷا : 1980 ، 21 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا َﺟ ِﺮ ٍءي َﻣ َﱴ ُـﻳ ْﻢَﻠﻈُﻳ َﻌ ِﺑ ْﺐِﻗﺎ ُﻈ ْﻠ ِﻤ َﺳ ِﻪ ِﺮ َﻌﻳ ِ} َﺪْﺒُـﻳ ﻻإو ،ًﺎ ﱡﻈﻟ ْﻠ ِﻢ ْﻈَﻳ ِﻢِﻠ 13 ﻟا :ﱪﺼ ﰲ " :ﺔﻐﻠﻟا نأ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ قﺮﻔﻟاو ،ﻢﻴﻠﳊا ﲎﻌﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺐﻳﺮﻗ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﺒﺼﻟاو .ُﻪَﺴﺒﺣ :ءﻲﺸﻟا ﻦﻋ ُﻩَﱪﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻞﺟر ﺲﺒﺣ ﻮﻟو..ﻢﻴﻠﳊا ﺔﻔﺻ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ˝ ﺎﻤﻛ رﻮﺒﺼﻟا ﺔﻔﺻ ﰲ ﺔﺑﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ˝ ﻻ ﺐﻧﺬﳌا .عﺰﳉا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺲﻔﻨﻟا ُﺲْﺒﺣ ﱪﺼﻟاو .عﺰﳉا ﺾﻴﻘﻧ ﱪﺼﻟاو .ﻲﺴﻔﻧ ُتْﺮَـﺒﺻ :لﺎﻗ ﻩﺪﻳﺮﻳ ءﻲﺷ )و نﺎﳝﻹا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻢﺘﻧأ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ تﺎﺒﺜﻟ} يأ (ﱪﺼﻟ} اﻮﻨﻴﻌﺘﺳا " )ﺑا ةدﺎﻣ .بﺮﻌﻟا نﺎﺴﻟ ،رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦ "ﱪﺻ" (. ﱂو ﻪﻠﻤﺘﺣا :ﺮﻣﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﱪﺻو .نﺎﻨﺌﻤﻃاو ءوﺪﻫ ﰲ ﺮﻈﺘﻧا :ﱪﺻو .عﺰﳚ ﱂو ﺪّﻠﲡ :ﱪﺻ"و "ﺎﻬَﻄﺒﺿو ﺎﻬﺴﺒﺣ :ﻪَﺴﻔﻧ ﱪﺻو .ﻪﻨﻋ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺲﺒﺣ :ﻪﻨﻋ ﱪﺻو .عﺰﳚ :ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ) 2004 ، "ﱪﺻ" ةدﺎﻣ ( . ﻞﻴﻗو : ﺮﺧﻵاو ،ﻢﻴﻈﻌﻟا ﱂﻷاو ،ﺪﻳﺪﺸﻟا بﺮﻀﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﱪﺼﻟﺎﻛ ،ّﱐﺪﺑ ﺎﳘﺪﺣأ ،ن}ﺮﺿ ﱪﺼﻟا ﺮﺠﻀﻟاو ﱭﳉاو عﺰﳉاو ﻊﻠﳍا ّﺪﺿ ﱪﺼﻟاو .تاﻮﻬﺸﻟا تﺎﻴﻀﺘﻘﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻔﻨﻟا ﻊﻨﻣ ﻮﻫو ،ﱐﺎﺴﻔﻧ

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"ِﻩَﺮﺸﻟاو صﺮﳊاو ﺲﻔﻨﻟا ﻖﻴﺿو ) ﺎﺒﻴﻠﺻ : 1982 ، ج 1 ، 721 (. ﺪﻨﻋ ﱪﺼﻟا نأ يﺪﻋ ﻦﺑا ىﺮﻳو "ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟاو رﺎﻗﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺐﻛﺮﻣ" ﺪﺋاﺪﺸﻟا ) يﺪﻋ ﻦﺑا : 1993 ، 66 (. ﰊﺮﻌﻟا ةﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧو ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔّﻴﻘﻠﺧ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﱪﺼﻟا نأ ﻚﺷ ﻻ ﱘﺪﻘﻟا تﺎﻘﺸﳌ} ىﻸﳌا ﻞﻜﻓ ، ،لﺎﻤﺘﺣﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ةﻮﻗو ﱪﺻ ﱃإ جﺎﺘﳛ ءاﺮﺤﺼﻟا ةﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ زﺎﳒإ رﺎﺷأ ﺪﻗو نآﺮﻘﻟا ﱃاﻮﺗ يﺬﻟا ﱘﺮﻜﻟا ﺬﻨﻣ ﻪﺗﬂآ لوﺰﻧ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﺎﳉا ﺪﻬﻋ ﺮﺧآ ﺎﻗ ،ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﰊﺮﻌﻟاو ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ نﺎﺴﻧﻹا ةﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ ﱂﻷا ةﺮﻜﻓ ﱃإ ل ﱃﺎﻌﺗ (ٍﺪَﺒﻛ ﰲ نﺎﺴﻧﻹا ﺎﻨﻘﻠﺧ ﺪﻘﻟ) : ) ﺔﻳﻵا ،ﺪﻠﺒﻟا ةرﻮﺳ 4 ( .ﺔﻘﺸﻣ ﰲ يأ نأ ًﺎﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻦﻣو َِﰊ} ﰲ ،ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻋداو ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ بﺎﺴﺘﻧﻻ} ﺔﻳﺮﻐﻣ ﱪﺼﻟا ﺔﻔﺻ نﻮﻜﺗ لﺎﺟﺮﻟا ﰲ نﻮﻜﺗ نأو ،حﺪﳌاو ﺮﺨﻔﻟا .ﻪﻔﻨﻛ ﰲ ﻢﻬﺋﺎﻤﺘﺣاو ﻪﻴﻟإ سﺎﻨﻟا ءﻮﺠﻠﺑ ًّﬂﺮﺣ ﺎﻬﺒﺣﺎﺻ نﻮﻜﻳ نأو ،ﺔﻟﻮﺟﺮﻟا لﺎﻤﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ًةﺰﻴﳑ ًﺔﻣﻼﻋ ﻩﱪﺻو ﻪﺗرﺪﻘﺑ ًاﺮﺨﺘﻔﻣ مﻮﺜﻠﻛ ﻦﺑ وﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻘﻳ ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 47 (: ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﺮﻓاﻮﻟا َْﱂأ َـﺗ ﱠﻧأ َﺮ ِﲏ َر ُﺟ َﺻ ٌﻞ ُﺒ َذإ ٌرﻮ َﻣ ا ْﻟا ﺎ َﻤ ْﺮ َْﱂ ُء َﺼِﺑ ْﻢُﻤْﻬَـﻳ ِْﱪ؟ ﺮﺳأو ﻞﺘﻗ ﲔﺑ بﺮﳊا ﰲ ّﻦﳍﺎﺟر ﺐﻴﺻأ اذإ ﻪﻣﻮﻗ ﻦﻣ ءﺎﺴﻨﻟا ﱪﺼﺑ ﺮﺨﻔﻳ ﻮﻫو ﻦﻣ اﺬﻬﻓ ، قﻼﺧأ ةﻮﻘﻟا ،ﺎﻬِﻋﺎﺒﻃو وﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻘﻳ .ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻘﻟا نﻮﺻ بﺎﺒﺳأ ﻦﻣو ) بﻮﻘﻌﻳ : 1991 ، 54 ( : ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا َﻣ َﻌ َﻟﻹا َذﺎ ْنأ ِﻪ َـﺗ ُﻨ ِﻧ َحﻮ َﺴ ُؤﺎ َÃ َﻋ َﻠ َﻫ ﻰ ْوأ ٍﻚِﻟﺎ ْنأ َﻧ ِﻣ ﱠﺞِﻀ َﻦ َﻘﻟا ِﻞْﺘ 14 -ﺔﻤﻜﳊا ﻞﱡﻘَﻌﺘﻟاو : ﰲ " :ﺔﻐﻠﻟا وذ ﻢﻴﻜﳊاو .ﺔﺑرﺎﻘﺘﻣ ءﺎﲰﻷا ﻩﺬﻫ ﱐﺎﻌﻣو ،ﻢﻛﺎﳊاو ﻢﻴﻜﳊاو ﻢَﻜﳊا ﷲ تﺎﻔﺻ ﻦﻣ :ﺎﻬﻨﻘﺘﻳو تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻖﺋﺎﻗد ﻦ ِﺴ ُﳛ ﻦﳌ لﺎﻘﻳو .مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﻞﻀﻓù ءﺎﻴﺷﻷا ﻞﻀﻓأ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺔﻤﻜﳊاو ،ﺔﻤﻜﳊا ﰲو .ﻢﻴﻜﺣ ِﻪَﻔﺴﻟاو ﻞﻬﳉا ﻦﻣ ﻊﻨﳝ ًﺎﻌﻓÃ ًﺎﻣﻼﻛ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﰲ نأ يأ ،ًﺎﻤﻜُﳊ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ نإ :ﺚﻳﺪﳊا ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻋ ﻰﻬﻨﻳو ﲎﻌﲟ ﻮﻫو ،ًﺔﻤﻜِﳊ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ نإ :ىوﺮﻳو .لﺪﻌﻟ} ءﺎﻀﻘﻟاو ﻪﻘﻔﻟاو ﻢﻠﻌﻟا :ﻢﻜُﳊاو . ُبرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻪْﺘَﻤﻜﺣأ ﺪﻗ :ًﺎﻤﻴﻜﺣ نﺎﻛ اذإ ﻞﺟﺮﻠﻟ لﺎﻘﻳو .ﻢْﻜُﳊا رﻮﻣﻸﻟ ﻦﻘْﺘُﻤْﻟا :ﻢﻴﻜﳊاو . " ) ﻦﺑا

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رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ : "ﻢﻜﺣ" ةدﺎﻣ (. .فﻮﺴﻠﻴﻔﻟا :ﻢﻴﻜﳊاو .ﺐﻄﻟاو ءﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟا :ﺔﻤﻜﳊا ﻢﻠﻋ"و َﻜﺤُﻤْﻟاو "ﻦَﻘﺘُﻤْﻟا :ﻢ ) ﻤﳎ ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮ 2004 ، "ﻢﻜﺣ" ةدﺎﻣ ( . ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟا ىﺪﺣإ" ﻲﻫ ًﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻاو "ﻖﳊا ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣو حوﺮﻟا ةﻮﻗ ﲏﻌﺗو .ﻊﺑرﻷا ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا ) ﺔﺒﻫو : 2007 ، 284 ( . ﻂﺳو ﲎﻌﳌا اﺬd ﻲﻬﻓ "ﻪَﻠﺒﻟاو ﻪَﻔﺴﻟا ﲔﺑ" ) ﲔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ : 2006 ، 33 ( . ﻲﻫو ًﺎﻀﻳأ ﻖﺋﺎﻘﺣ ﻦﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺚﺤﺒُﻳ ﻢﻠﻋ" "ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟا رﺪﻘﺑ دﻮﺟﻮﻟا ﰲ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ءﺎﻴﺷﻷا ) ﱐﺎﺟﺮﳉا ،ﺦﻳر¡ ﻼﺑ : 81 ( . ﻚﻟﺬﺑو "ﻖﺋﺎﻘﳊا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳا ﺐﳚ ﺎﻣ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳاو ،ﺎﻬﻘﺋﺎﻘﲝ ﺔﻴّﻠﻜﻟا ءﺎﻴﺷﻷا ﻢﻠﻋ" ﻲﻬﻓ ) ﻲﻣﺎﻬﺟ : 1988 ، 289 (. ﻦﻋ نوﺪﻴﻌﺑ مﻮﻗ بﺮﻌﻟﺎﻓ ،مﺎﻘﳌا اﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻲﺣﻼﻄﺻﻻا ﲎﻌﳌا ﺎﻨﻴﻨﻌﻳ ﻻ ﺰﻴﻟﺎﻫد ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟا ةدّﺮrا ﻢﻫو ، ﻞﻣò بﺎﺤﺻأ ،ﻖﻴﻤﻋ ﱐﺎﺴﻧإو ﱐاﺪﺟو ،ﺎﻫُءوﺪﻫو ءاﺮﺤﺼﻟا نﻮﻜﺳو ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا ءﺎﻔﺻ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻢjﺎﻋأ ﻢdرﺎﲡ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﻮﺼﻠﺨﺘﺳا ﺔﻌﺋار ًﺎﻤَﻜِﺣ ﻢﻫؤاﺮﻌﺷ غﺎﺻ ﺪﻗو ةﺎﻴﳊا ﰲ و ﻦﻣ َﺑ ﺪﻌ نﺎﻜﻓ ،ﻢﻫرﺎﻤﻋأ لﻮﻃ ﻢﻬﻤَﻜِﺣ ﻦﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺮﻌﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ُسَرﺪُﻳ ،ﺪﺋﺎﺼﻘﻟا ﻪﻠﺟﻷ ﺐَﺘﻜُﺗ ًﻼﻘﺘﺴﻣ ًﺎﺿﺮﻏ ﻦﻜﻳ ﱂ نإو ، ﻦﺑ ﺪﻴﺒﻋ لﻮﻗ ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻣ .ﺮﻜﻔﻟاو ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟا ﱂﺎﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫﺪﻴﺻر ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻤﻜﳊا نﺈﻓ رﺎﺼﺘﺧ}و ﻳﺮﻐﻟا ﺺﺨﺸﻟا ﻚﻨﻴﻌﻳ ﺎﻣ ًاﲑﺜﻜﻓ ،ﺐﻳﺮﻘﻟا ﺎﻤﻛ ﺐﻳﺮﻐﻟ} مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻا ﱃإ ًﺎﻴﻋاد صﺮﺑﻷا ﻚُﻠﻫﺎﺠﺘﻳو ﺐ ﺪﻴﺒﻋ لﻮﻘﻳ .بﺮﻘﻟاو ﲑﳋا ﻪﻴﻓ ﻦﻈﺗ ﻦﻣ ) صﺮﺑﻷا ﻦﺑا : 1957 ، 14 (: َﻗ ْﺪ ُﻳ ِﺻﻮ ﱠﻨﻟا ُﻞ ِزﺎ ﱠﻨﻟا َح ِﺋﺎ َو ﻲ َﻗ ْﺪ َـﻳ ْﻘ َﻄ ُذ ُﻊ َﻘﻟا ُﺔﱠﻤِﳍا و ِﺮ ُﺐﻳ ﰲ ﺪﻬﺘﺟا ﺎﻤﻬﻣ سﺎﻨﻟا ﺎﻬﻔﺸﺘﻜﻳ ءﺮﳌا ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ نﻷ ،نﺎﺴﻧﻹا ﻦﻃ} ﺔﻓﺎﻈﻧ ﱃإ ﻮﻋﺪﻳ ٌﲑﻫز اﺬﻫو ﲑﻫز لﻮﻘﻳ .ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﻴﺜﻤﺘﻟاو ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻔﺧإ ) ﻢﻠﻋﻷا : 1980 ، 28 (: ﻂﻴﺴﺒﻟا ءوﺰﳎ َﻣو ْﻬ َﻤ َﺗ ﺎ ُﻜ ْﻦ ِﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ ْﻣا ِﺮ ِﻣ ٍئ ْﻦ َﺧ ِﻠ َﻘﻴ ٍﺔ َو ْنإ َﺧ ََﳍﺎ َْﲣ ﺎ َﻔ َﻋ ﻰ َﻠ ّﻨﻟا ﻰ ِسﺎ ِﻢَﻠْﻌُـﺗ :ﺔﲤﺎﺧ ﻚﻠﺘﻓ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﻢﻴﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷا ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻔﻟاو ﺔﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟا ﱵﻟا ﺎﻫﺪﺻر ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﰲ مﻮﻤﻋ رﺎﻌﺷأ بﺎﺤﺻأ تﺎﻘﻠﻌﳌا ﰲ ﻢﻬﻨﻳواود . ﻻ ﺔﻴﺋﺰﺟ ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧأ تﺎﻛﻮﻠﺳو ﺔﻴﻋﺮﻓ ﻦﻳوﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﲢ جرﺪﻨﻳ نأ ﻦﻜﳝو