BRUSH UP
YOUR
ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
“A quick review.”
ENGLISH OFFICE
ÜDS,KPDS,TOEFL HAZIRLIK / AKADEMİK ÇEVİRİ
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0232 374 66 15 – 0505 714 78 29
www.englishoffice.org
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
• TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH
2
• TENSES IN ENGLISH
3-8
• PREPOSITIONS
9-14
• MODALS VERBS
15-21
• THE PASSIVE SENTENCES
22-27
• CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
28-32
• NOUN CLAUSES
33-40
• GERUNDS / INFINITIVES
41-49
• ADJECTIVE and ADVERBS
50-60
• RELATIVE CLAUSES
61-68
• QUANTIFIERS
69-79
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TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH
TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH
TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH
TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH
ANLAMIN UNSURLARI
a) Time: Eylemin zamanını belirtir.
b) Aspect: Konuşmacını olayı nasıl gördüğünü ifade eder.
TIME ASPECT PRESENT SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE ASPECT: A) Permanent Events.
The Castle overlooks the town for many centuries The Castle overlooks the town for many centuriesThe Castle overlooks the town for many centuries The Castle overlooks the town for many centuries....
B) Completed events.
Fatih conquered Istanbul in 1953 Fatih conquered Istanbul in 1953Fatih conquered Istanbul in 1953 Fatih conquered Istanbul in 1953....
C) Habitual activities or simple facts.
He usually goes fishing after the school He usually goes fishing after the schoolHe usually goes fishing after the school He usually goes fishing after the school.... The World revolves around the sun. The World revolves around the sun.The World revolves around the sun. The World revolves around the sun.
CONTINUOUS ASPECT: A) Temporary events.
I am staying with a friend of mine this week I am staying with a friend of mine this weekI am staying with a friend of mine this week I am staying with a friend of mine this week....
B) Incomplete events.
She is writing a book about the environmental problems She is writing a book about the environmental problemsShe is writing a book about the environmental problems She is writing a book about the environmental problems....
C) Activity in progress.
When I came home my mother was cooking. When I came home my mother was cooking.When I came home my mother was cooking. When I came home my mother was cooking.
PERFECT ASPECT: İki farklı zamanı birbirine bağlar A) Geçmişi günümüze.
I have read that book. I have read that book.I have read that book. I have read that book.
B) Geçmişi geçmişe.
My parents had left when I came home My parents had left when I came homeMy parents had left when I came home My parents had left when I came home....
C) Günümüzü geleceğe.
I will have finished my work by the time you come back. I will have finished my work by the time you come back.I will have finished my work by the time you come back. I will have finished my work by the time you come back.
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TENSES IN ENGLISH
TENSES IN ENGLISH
TENSES IN ENGLISH
TENSES IN ENGLISH
1) THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
A) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade eder. (Now, right now, at the moment, at present, still) gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır.
My brother is studying for his exams in his room now. My brother is studying for his exams in his room now.My brother is studying for his exams in his room now. My brother is studying for his exams in his room now.
B) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda değil de o sıralarda devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. (nowadays, these days, this term, this year) gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır. B)
My brother is redecorating his house nowadays. My brother is redecorating his house nowadays.My brother is redecorating his house nowadays. My brother is redecorating his house nowadays.
C) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda değişmekte olan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.
It is cold.
It is getting colder. It is getting colder.It is getting colder. It is getting colder.
The economic situation is very bad. The economic situation is getting worse. The economic situation is getting worse.The economic situation is getting worse. The economic situation is getting worse.
D) Gelecekte planlanmış eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. (Go, come, visit, have, meet) gibi fiiler bu yapıyla sıkça kullanılırlar.
They are having a party next week. They are having a party next week.They are having a party next week. They are having a party next week.
2) THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
A) Alışkanlıklarımızı anlatırız. (always, very often, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, hardly ever, ever) gibi sıklık zarfları kullanılır.
A)
I sometimes feel depressed. I sometimes feel depressed.I sometimes feel depressed. I sometimes feel depressed.
B) Doğa kanunlarını ve her zaman doğru olan genellemeleri anlatmak için kullanılır. B)
The world revolves around the sun. The world revolves around the sun.The world revolves around the sun. The world revolves around the sun.
C) Bir zaman çizelgesine bağlı gelecekteki eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.
The train to Adana leaves at 10.00. The train to Adana leaves at 10.00.The train to Adana leaves at 10.00. The train to Adana leaves at 10.00.
State Verbs: Bir eylem değil; bir durum, his ve düşünce bildiren fiillerdir. Continuous tenslerle kullanılmazlar.
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Think / realise / understand / forget / mean / suppose / notice / feel / want / believe / recognize / doubt / need / imagine / know / remember / prefer
Emotional State: Duygu bildiren fiiller.
Love / hate / like / dislike / appreciate / detest / loathe / fear / envy / mind / care / desire / wish / forgive
Possession State: Sahiplik bildiren fiiller. Possess / have / own / belong
Perception State: Duyu bildiren fiiller. See / hear / smell / taste / feel
Diğer State Verbs:
Look / seem / appear / own / cost / weigh / exist / advice / promise / refuse / contain / consist of / include / sound
Not: Aşağıdaki fiiller istisnai olarak eylem bildiren fiiller olarak kullanılabilirler. THINK : I am thinking of goiI am thinking of goiI am thinking of goiI am thinking of going abroad next year.ng abroad next year.ng abroad next year.ng abroad next year.
SEE : The manager is seeing my brother.The manager is seeing my brother.The manager is seeing my brother.The manager is seeing my brother. SMEL : Why do you smell that flowers?Why do you smell that flowers?Why do you smell that flowers?Why do you smell that flowers? HAVE : She is having breakfast now.She is having breakfast now.She is having breakfast now.She is having breakfast now. TASTE : I am tasting the meal.I am tasting the meal.I am tasting the meal.I am tasting the meal.
FEEL : I am feeling better now.I am feeling better now.I am feeling better now.I am feeling better now.
WEIGH : The butcher is very weighing the meat now.The butcher is very weighing the meat now.The butcher is very weighing the meat now.The butcher is very weighing the meat now. 3) THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
A) Geçmişte belli bir zamanda olmuş bitmiş eylemleri anlatır. B)
I became a teacher last year. I became a teacher last year.I became a teacher last year. I became a teacher last year.
B) Bir hikayedeki eylemleri oluş sırasına göre anlatır. A)
I heard noises coming from downstairs. I put on my dressing gownI put on my dressing gownI put on my dressing gownI put on my dressing gown. I went down stairs. I saw somebody in thI saw somebody in thI saw somebody in thI saw somebody in the kitchen.e kitchen.e kitchen. e kitchen.
C) Arka arkaya gelen iki PAST TENSE cümlede birinci eylemin bitiminden sonar ikinci eylemin başladığını ve birinci eylemin ikinci eylemi tetiklediğini anlatır.
When I came home, my wife cooked. When I came home, my wife cooked.When I came home, my wife cooked. When I came home, my wife cooked.
D) Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı anlatırız.
When I was a small child, we lived at the sea–side. I always took my dog I always took my dog I always took my dog I always took my dog for a wolk on the beach at the weekends.
for a wolk on the beach at the weekends.for a wolk on the beach at the weekends. for a wolk on the beach at the weekends.
NOT: Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı (used to / would) ile de anlatabiliriz. a) State verb ile would kullanamayız.
The factory The factory The factory
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b) Would kullanabilmemiz için blieli bir zaman veya olaylar zinciri belirtiriz.
We used to We used to We used to
We used to / would play in the garden.in the garden.in the garden.in the garden.
c) Bir olayın kaç kez olduğunu, nekadar zaman aldığını, veya o olayın meydana geldiği tam zamanı belirttiğimizde (would / used to) kullanamayız.
We woul / used to visited Adana four times during the 2006s. We woul / used to went on holiday to Egypt last year.
4) THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
A) Geçmişte belli bir zaman dilimi içerisinde süreklilik gösteren eylemleri anlatır. (this time last year / at this hour yesterday / yesterday at three a clock) gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır.
What were you doing at noon last Saturday? I was playing footballI was playing footballI was playing football.... I was playing football
B) (INTERRUPTED ACTIVITY) Geçmişte devam etmekte olan bir eylem sırasında başka bir eylemin olduğunu bu tensle ifade ederiz.
A)
I was having breakfast I was having breakfast I was having breakfast
I was having breakfast when he came home.when he came home.when he came home.when he came home. He came home
He came home He came home
He came home while I was hawing breakfast.while I was hawing breakfast.while I was hawing breakfast.while I was hawing breakfast.
AS / WHEN: Aynı anda cereyan eden iki kısa eylemi ifade etmek için kullanılır.
As / when the can is opened, the content heat As / when the can is opened, the content heatAs / when the can is opened, the content heat
As / when the can is opened, the content heats automatically.s automatically.s automatically.s automatically.
AS / WHILE: Aynı anda cereyan eden iki uzun eylemi ifade etmek için kullanılır.
As / As / As /
As / whilewhilewhilewhile my wife cleaned the house, I went shopping. my wife cleaned the house, I went shopping. my wife cleaned the house, I went shopping. my wife cleaned the house, I went shopping.
WHİLE + PAST SIMPLE + PAST SIMPLE:
WHILE + PAST CONTINIOUS + PAST CONTINIOUS: Temel cümledeki eylem devam ederken aynı anda başka bir eylemin devam ettiğini ifade eder.
I waited outside I waited outside I waited outside
I waited outside while Ali had an interview.while Ali had an interview.while Ali had an interview. while Ali had an interview. The students were talking
The students were talkingThe students were talking
The students were talking while the professor was lecturing.while the professor was lecturing.while the professor was lecturing.while the professor was lecturing.
5) THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A) Geçmişi şu ana bağlar. (For / since)
I have live I have liveI have live
I have lived in Ankara d in Ankara d in Ankara d in Ankara forforfor four years.for four years. four years. four years. I have lived in Eskişehir
I have lived in Eskişehir I have lived in Eskişehir
I have lived in Eskişehir sincesincesincesince 1993 1993 1993 1993 / for eleven years/ for eleven years/ for eleven years/ for eleven years
(today / this morning / this month / this year) Henüz tamamlanmamış bir dönemi ifade eder.
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I haven’t heard the alarm I haven’t heard the alarm I haven’t heard the alarm
I haven’t heard the alarm this morning.this morning.this morning.this morning.
B) Geçmişteki deneyimlerimizi ifade eder. (ever / never / all my life / several times / once / twice / so far / up to now / up until now) zaman zarfları kullanılır.
Have you Have you Have you
Have you everevereverever been to the moon? been to the moon? been to the moon? been to the moon? I have
I have I have
I have nevernevernevernever eaten snake eaten snake eaten snake eaten snake I have swum in the sea once I have swum in the sea once I have swum in the sea once
I have swum in the sea once so farso farso farso far this summer this summer this summer this summer
ALREADY ALREADY ALREADY
ALREADY //// JUSTJUSTJUSTJUST //// YETYETYETYET::::
YET: Soru ve olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır ve cümlenin sonuna gelir.
Have you finished your homework Have you finished your homework Have you finished your homework
Have you finished your homework yetyetyetyet? ? ? ? I haven’t finished my homework
I haven’t finished my homework I haven’t finished my homework I haven’t finished my homework yetyetyet.... yet
JUST: Olumlu cümlelerde yardımcı fiille ana fiil arasında yer alır.
The manager has just gone out. The manager has just gone out.The manager has just gone out. The manager has just gone out.
ALREADY: Bir işin beklenenden önce bittiğini anlatır.
He has already booked the hotel and bought the rings. He has already booked the hotel and bought the rings.He has already booked the hotel and bought the rings. He has already booked the hotel and bought the rings.
LATELY / RECENTLY:
Have you seen your parents Have you seen your parents Have you seen your parents
Have you seen your parents latelylatelylatelylately???? (Son günlerde) They came
They came They came
They came recentlyrecentlyrecentlyrecently (Kısa bir süre önce)
C) Geçmişte bitmiş bir eylemin şu anki önemini anlatır.
I have cleaned my flat I have cleaned my flatI have cleaned my flat
I have cleaned my flat / my flat is clean now. I have bought a new car
I have bought a new carI have bought a new car
I have bought a new car / I have no money.
6) THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
A) Geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devam eden eylemleri anlatır.
I have been reading this book fo I have been reading this book foI have been reading this book fo
I have been reading this book for two hours.r two hours.r two hours. r two hours.
B) Şu anki bir duruma neden olan; kısa bir süre önce bitmiş bir eylemin kendisini vurgulamak için bu tens kullanılır.
I am tired. I have been studying for my exams for seven hours. I am tired. I have been studying for my exams for seven hours.I am tired. I have been studying for my exams for seven hours. I am tired. I have been studying for my exams for seven hours.
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PRESENTPRESENT
PRESENT PERFECTPERFECTPERFECTPERFECT SIMPLESIMPLESIMPLESIMPLE or CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUSCONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
a) (Live / Work) gibi long term fiillerle Continuous tercih edilir. (Find / Cut) gibi short term fiillerle Present Perfect Simple kullanılır.
I have been I have been I have been
I have been livinglivingliving in Eskişehir since 1993living in Eskişehir since 1993 in Eskişehir since 1993 in Eskişehir since 1993 I have
I have I have
I have cutcutcutcut my finger. my finger. my finger. my finger.
b) Durum, düşünce, his bildiren (State verbs) fiillerle Present Perfect Simple kullanılır.
I have known my teacher for two months. I have known my teacher for two months.I have known my teacher for two months. I have known my teacher for two months.
c) Şayet cümlede sayı ve miktar varsa Present Perfect Simple kullanılır.
She has smoked ten cigarettes since she came in. She has smoked ten cigarettes since she came in.She has smoked ten cigarettes since she came in. She has smoked ten cigarettes since she came in.
7) THE PAST PERFECT TENSE Geçmişi geçmişe bağlayan tense.
When WhenWhen
When I came home, I came home, I came home, I came home, my wife had cooked my wife had cooked my wife had cooked my wife had cooked By the time
By the timeBy the time
By the time she came back, she came back, she came back, she came back, I had finished my work.I had finished my work.I had finished my work.I had finished my work. Until
UntilUntil
Until I completed my work, I completed my work, I completed my work, I completed my work, they had stated in the office.they had stated in the office.they had stated in the office. they had stated in the office. After
AfterAfter
After she had graduated, she had graduated, she had graduated, she had graduated, she went abroad.she went abroad.she went abroad.she went abroad. Before
BeforeBefore
Before the bell rang, the bell rang, the bell rang, I had finished my exam paper. the bell rang, I had finished my exam paper.I had finished my exam paper.I had finished my exam paper. As soon as
As soon asAs soon as
As soon as th th th the guests had left, e guests had left, e guests had left, e guests had left, I went to bedI went to bedI went to bedI went to bed
8) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Belli bir zamana kadar tamamlanmış olacak eylemleri anlatır.
By ByBy
By five o clock, five o clock, five o clock, five o clock, I will have finished my report. I will have finished my report. I will have finished my report. I will have finished my report. By the time
By the timeBy the time
By the time you come back, you come back, you come back, you come back, I will have cooked. I will have cooked. I will have cooked. I will have cooked. When
WhenWhen
When you come back, you come back, you come back, you come back, I will have eaten my breakfast. I will have eaten my breakfast. I will have eaten my breakfast. I will have eaten my breakfast. Before
BeforeBefore
Before you come back, you come back, you come back, I will have gone to b you come back, I will have gone to bI will have gone to bed. I will have gone to bed. ed. ed.
9) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Geçmişte başlayıp, yine geçmişte belli bir zamana kadar bir eylemin ne kadar süredir devam ettiğini ifade etmek için kullanılır.
We had been waiting for her We had been waiting for her We had been waiting for her
We had been waiting for her for for for for two daystwo daystwo days when she came.two dayswhen she came.when she came.when she came.
10) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Gelecekte bir işin belli bir zamana kadar ne kadar süredir yapılyor olacağını ifade eder.
By the next year, By the next year, By the next year,
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11) FUTURE TİME Geleceğe yönelik niyetlerimizi ve tahminlerimizi anlatır.
WILL: Future Intention: Konuşma anında karar verdiğimiz niyetlerimizi anlatırız.
Don’t worry. I will lend you some money. Don’t worry. I will lend you some money.Don’t worry. I will lend you some money. Don’t worry. I will lend you some money.
WILL: Future Prediction: Hiç bir delile dayanmayan gelecek tahminlerimizi anlatır.
Turkish economy will recover soon. Turkish economy will recover soon.Turkish economy will recover soon. Turkish economy will recover soon.
GOING TO: Future intention: Konuşma anından önce planladığımız niyetlerimizi anlatır.
I am going to by a new car. I am going to by a new car.I am going to by a new car. I am going to by a new car.
GOING TO: Future Prediction: Belli delile dayalı tahminlerimizi anlatır.
The sky is black. It’s going to rain. The sky is black. It’s going to rain.The sky is black. It’s going to rain. The sky is black. It’s going to rain.
12) FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
A) Gelecekte belli bir zaman dilimi içerisinde süreklilik gösterecek olan eylemleri anlatır.
Don’t call me between ten and eleven. I will be sleeping Don’t call me between ten and eleven. I will be sleepingDon’t call me between ten and eleven. I will be sleeping Don’t call me between ten and eleven. I will be sleeping
B) Birisinden bir şeyi rica ederken kullanırız.
Will you be using your bike tomorrow? Will you be using your bike tomorrow?Will you be using your bike tomorrow? Will you be using your bike tomorrow?
TENSE AGREEMENT TENSE AGREEMENT TENSE AGREEMENT TENSE AGREEMENT
1) PAST TİME: “When I got home” cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar mutlaka PAST TIME olmalıdır.
When I got home, I had a bath and ate my dinner.I had a bath and ate my dinner.I had a bath and ate my dinner.I had a bath and ate my dinner. mymy son was sleeping.mymy son was sleeping. son was sleeping. son was sleeping.
mymy parents had gone to bed.mymy parents had gone to bed. parents had gone to bed. parents had gone to bed.
mymy son had been watching TV for two hours.mymy son had been watching TV for two hours. son had been watching TV for two hours. son had been watching TV for two hours.
2) PRESENT TİME: “When I get home” cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar PRESENT TIME olur.
When I get home, I usually take a rest for a whileI usually take a rest for a whileI usually take a rest for a while I usually take a rest for a while I play with my son for a while.I play with my son for a while. I play with my son for a while.I play with my son for a while.
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3) FUTURE TİME: “When I get home tomorrow” cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar PRESENT TIME olur.
When I get home, I will take a rest for a whileI will take a rest for a whileI will take a rest for a while I will take a rest for a while mymy son will be sleeping.mymy son will be sleeping. son will be sleeping. son will be sleeping. ourour guest will have left.ourour guest will have left. guest will have left. guest will have left. I’m going to let you know.I’m going to let you know. I’m going to let you know.I’m going to let you know.
PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITIONS
1) ZAMAN İFADE EDEN PREPOSITIONS AT
a) Saatlerde kullanılır.
Yester YesterYester
Yesterday, I left work day, I left work day, I left work day, I left work atatatat 6 o’clock sharp. 6 o’clock sharp. 6 o’clock sharp. 6 o’clock sharp.
b) Zamanda bir nokta belirten ifadelerde kullanılır.
Meal times : at tea time / at lunch time / at dinner time
Festivals : at Christmas / at Easter
Age : at 17 / at the age of 17
Diğer zaman ifadeleri: at dawn / at midday / at midnight at night / at noon / at the weekend / at the moment
at present / at the beginning of the year / at the end of the month / at the same time / at this time
Not:
“At the endAt the endAt the endAt the end” Bir sürenin sonunda anlamında olup isim alır.
At t At tAt t
At the end of the month.he end of the month.he end of the month.he end of the month.
“In the endIn the endIn the endIn the end” Finally anlamında olup sonuna isim almaz.
In the end, he found a job. In the end, he found a job.In the end, he found a job. In the end, he found a job.
ON Günlerde ve tarihlerde kullanılır.
On Monday / On her birthday / On Monday morning On Sundays / On Christmas day / On that day On Weekdays / On 10th December
IN Daha uzun zaman dilimlerini belirtilen ifadelerle kullanılır.
Months : In January, in December
Years : In 1959, in the 1960’s
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Century : In the 20th century
Ages : In the middle ages
Diğerleri : In the evening, in the middle of the night.
NOT:
a) Morning / afternoon / evening ifadeleriyle normalde IN kullanılır. Ancak bu ifadeler bir gün isimiyle birlikte ise on kullanılır.
She usually goes shopping She usually goes shopping She usually goes shopping
She usually goes shopping in the morning.in the morning.in the morning.in the morning. She usually
She usually She usually
She usually goesgoesgoesgoes shopping shopping shopping shopping on Monon Monon Monon Monday mornings.day mornings.day mornings.day mornings.
b) ‘At the age of’ birinin yaşını ifade ederken kullanırız. Kişinin yaşını kesin olarak bilmiyor- sak; in her thirties, in her early thirties, in her late thirties gibi ifadeler kullanırız. c) Next, last, this ile in / on / at kullanılmaz.
I moved to Ankara I moved to Ankara I moved to Ankara
I moved to Ankara last year.last year.last year. last year. We are going on holiday We are going on holidayWe are going on holiday
We are going on holiday next month. next month. next month. next month.
We haven’t decided yet where to go on holiday We haven’t decided yet where to go on holidayWe haven’t decided yet where to go on holiday
We haven’t decided yet where to go on holiday this summer. this summer. this summer. this summer.
IN + A PERIOD OF TIME: Gelecekte bir zaman belirtir.
in two days / in a few hours / in three years / in two days / in a few hours / in three years / in two days / in a few hours / in three years / in two days / in a few hours / in three years / in a week / in two d
in a week / in two din a week / in two d
in a week / in two days time / in three years time / ays time / in three years time / ays time / in three years time / ays time / in three years time / in a week’s time.
in a week’s time.in a week’s time. in a week’s time.
NOT:
a) ‘In + a period of time’ Bir işin ne kadar zamanda yapıldığını ifade ederken de kullanılır. Bu durumda in yerine ‘WITHIN’ de kullanılır.
He usually does his homework in (within) an hour.
b) ‘Apostrophe + time’ kullanıldığında belirtilen saat kadar sonra anlamını verir.
You will have to eat lunch in half an hour’s time You will have to eat lunch in half an hour’s timeYou will have to eat lunch in half an hour’s time You will have to eat lunch in half an hour’s time (Yemeğini yarım saat sonra yemek zorunda kalacaksın)
ZAMAN İFADE EDEN DİĞER YAPILAR DURING: Sırasında
He fell a slee He fell a sleeHe fell a slee
He fell a sleep p p p during the lessonduring the lessonduring the lessonduring the lesson because it was so boring. because it was so boring. because it was so boring. because it was so boring.
FROM…TO / TILL / UNTIL:
The Second World War runs The Second World War runs The Second World War runs
11 BETWEEN…AND:
Most people take their holidays sometime Most people take their holidays sometime Most people take their holidays sometime
Most people take their holidays sometime between May and September.between May and September.between May and September.between May and September.
TOWARD (S): e doğru
Towards the end of the day Towards the end of the dayTowards the end of the day
Towards the end of the day, she, she, she, she started to feel very tired. started to feel very tired. started to feel very tired. started to feel very tired.
THROUGH OUT: Boyunca
I drink several cups of coffee I drink several cups of coffeeI drink several cups of coffee
I drink several cups of coffee throughout the day. throughout the day. throughout the day. throughout the day.
2) YER VE HAREKET İFADE EDEN PREPOSITIONS IN: (de-da/içinde)
in a city / in the east of Turkey / in a room / in a park in the river / in the sea in a line / in a queue / in a row in a book / in a newspaper / in the sky
in an armchair / in bed / in the world / in the sun in the rain.
AT: (Bir nokta ifade eder)
at home/ at school / at work / at the cinema at the party / at the meeting / at the airport at the front / at the back / at sea (yolculuk) at the beginning of the street
at the end of the street.
ON: (Üzerinde, yüzeyinde)
on the floor / on the wall / on the ceiling / on the bed on the table / on the shelf / on the page 7 on the front page of the newspaper / on an island
on a river / on the ground / on earth / on her face on my nose / on the west coast of…
TO / FROM: (Bir yerden ayrılma ve bir yere yönelme)
to work / to school / to the station / to the airport from work / from school / from the station
INTO: (Bir şeyin içine doğru hareketi bildirir.)
Walk in to the cinema / get in to the car.
OUT OF: (Bir yerden dışarı çıkma anlamını verir)
Come out of the cinema / get out of the car.
12
We lived round the corner.
We have no hedge round the garden.
BEYOND: (ötede, ilerisinde)
Beyond the river / beyond the beach.
BY: (Yanında)
By the sea / by the lake
PAST: Geçince anlamını verir.
Past the post office / past the police station.
THROUGH: Bir şeyin içinden geçerek anlamını verir.
Through the tunnel / through the woods.
ACROSS: Bir uçtan diğer uca, bir taraftan diğer tarafa
Across the river / across the field.
ALONG: Boyunca
Along the river / along the road.
AMONG: İkiden fazla gurubun içinde
Among the trees / among the students.
BETWEEN: İki öğenin arasında
Between the teacher and students.
UP: Yukarı doğru
Up the hill / up the road.
DOWN: Aşağı doğru
Down the hill / down the road.
ABOVE: Düzey olarak üzerinde daha yüksekte / nesneler birbirine değmez.
Above the sea level, above the clouds.
BELOW: Düzey olarak altında, aşağıda / nesneler birbirine değmez.
Below the surface of the sea / The people below us.
13
The plaster over his eye / a plane flaying over the city over fifty years of age.
UNDER: Altında (nesneler değebilir.)
Under the table / under 50 years of age.
AGAINST: Bir şeye dayanmak.
Put something against the wall.
OPPOSITE: Karşısında.
The cinema opposite our house / Sit opposite me.
IN FRONT OF: Önünde.
In front of the cinema / in front of us
BEHIND: Arkasında.
Behind the garden / behind me.
BESIDE: Yanında / yanına.
Sit beside me / the restaurant beside our house.
INSIDE: İçinde.
Inside the house / inside the cave.
OUTSIDE: Dışında.
Outside the house / outside the shop
NOTLAR:
a) Birinin hala yatmakta olduğunu belirtmek için (in bed), yatağın üzerinde ki nesneyi belirtmek için (on the bed)
b) Denizde yüzmek anlamında (in the sea), denizde yolculuk anlamında (at sea) c) Nehirde yüzmek (in the river), nehirde taşıtlarla (on the river)
d) Ayrı ayrı iki nesnenin birbirinin önünde veye arkasında olduğunu (in front of / behind) ile ifade ederiz.
Ancak; aynı zemin üzerinde önde / arkada derken (at the front / at the back)
We are sitting at the front of the cinema
14 Ancak;
on the front / on the back page gazetede in the front row / in the back row sırada in the front / in the back of the car arabada on the front / on the back of the bus taşıtlarda
e) (Home / abroad / here / there) ile (go, come, get, fly, arrive, drive) fiilleriyle preposition kullanılmaz.
Get home / go abroad / come here / drive there Get home / go abroad / come here / drive there Get home / go abroad / come here / drive there Get home / go abroad / come here / drive there
f) Varmak ulaşmak anlamıda ‘reach’ ile preposition kullanılmaz.
When I reached the hotel, I went straight to bed.
Birşeye yetişmek, almak için reach ‘for’ alır.
15
MODEL VERBS
MODEL VERBS
MODEL VERBS
MODEL VERBS
1) REQUEST & PERMISSION 2) OBLIGATION 3) ADVICE 4) EXPECTATION 5) ABILITY 6) MAKING SUGGESTION 7) POSSIBILITY 8) PREFERENCE
1) REQUEST / PERMISSION
A) With subject (IIII) MAY / CAN / COULD C)
May May May
May IIII borrow your car? borrow your car? borrow your car? borrow your car? FORMAL Could
Could Could
Could IIII see you again? see you again? see you again? see you again? FORMAL Can
Can Can
Can IIII answer this question? answer this question? answer this question? answer this question? INFORMAL
B) With subject (YouYouYouYou) WOULD / COULD / WILL / CAN C)
Would Would Would
Would youyouyouyou give me some information about your business? give me some information about your business? give me some information about your business? give me some information about your business? Could
Could Could
Could youyouyou help me please?you help me please? help me please? help me please? Will
Will Will
Will youyouyouyou lend me your book please? lend me your book please? lend me your book please? lend me your book please? Can
Can Can
Can youyouyouyou open the door please? open the door please? open the door please? open the door please?
C) WOULD YOU MIND
WOULD YOU MIND IF + PAST SİMPLE
Would WouldWould
Would you mind if I smoke here? you mind if I smoke here? you mind if I smoke here? you mind if I smoke here?
WOULD YOU MIND + DOING STH
Would you mind posting these letters for me? Would you mind posting these letters for me?Would you mind posting these letters for me? Would you mind posting these letters for me?
2) OBLIGATION (MUST / HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO)
MUST: Konuşmacının fikrini ifade eder. Dışarıdan bir zorlama yoktur.
I must pass the UDS exam I must pass the UDS examI must pass the UDS exam
I must pass the UDS exam Olumlu You mustn’t come home late
You mustn’t come home lateYou mustn’t come home late
You mustn’t come home late Olumsuz I had to pass the UDS exam
I had to pass the UDS examI had to pass the UDS exam
I had to pass the UDS exam Olumlu Past I didn’t have to study very hard
I didn’t have to study very hardI didn’t have to study very hard
I didn’t have to study very hard Olumsuz Past Must you leave now?
Must you leave now?Must you leave now?
Must you leave now? Soru Have you got to leave now?
Have you got to leave now?Have you got to leave now?
16 HAVE TO: Kanun ve kurallara dayalı zorunluluk.
Children have to go to school until they are thirteen Children have to go to school until they are thirteenChildren have to go to school until they are thirteen Children have to go to school until they are thirteen....
NOT: ‘Have to’ nun olumsuz hali ‘mustn’t’ dır. ‘Don’t have to’ seçenek ifade eder.
You You You
You mustn’tmustn’tmustn’t cross the road when the light is redmustn’t cross the road when the light is red cross the road when the light is red cross the road when the light is red You
You You
You don’t have todon’t have todon’t have to go to England to learn don’t have to go to England to learn go to England to learn go to England to learn EnglishEnglishEnglishEnglish I
I I
I don’t have to / don’t need to/ needn’tdon’t have to / don’t need to/ needn’tdon’t have to / don’t need to/ needn’tdon’t have to / don’t need to/ needn’t get up early get up early get up early get up early
‘Have got to’ olumsuz biçimi ‘Haven’t got to’ dur.
I had to work until late yesterday. I had to work until late yesterday.I had to work until late yesterday. I had to work until late yesterday.
DIDN’T DIDN’T DIDN’T
DIDN’T HAVEHAVEHAVEHAVE TOTOTOTO / DIDN’TDIDN’T NEEDDIDN’TDIDN’TNEEDNEEDNEED TOTOTOTO: Yapmak zorunda değildim. Yapmadım.
I didn’t have to / need to wait f I didn’t have to / need to wait fI didn’t have to / need to wait f
I didn’t have to / need to wait for or or or themthemthemthem. They came on time.. They came on time.. They came on time.. They came on time.
NEEDN’T NEEDN’T NEEDN’T
NEEDN’T HAVEHAVEHAVEHAVE DONEDONEDONEDONE: Yapmam gerekmediği halde yaptım.
You needn’t have bought such an expensive present You needn’t have bought such an expensive presentYou needn’t have bought such an expensive present You needn’t have bought such an expensive present
3) ADVICE (SHOULD / OUGHT TO / HAD BETTER)
A) SHOULD / OUGHT TO: Yapmam gerekir anlamında kullanılırlar. Bu yapıda ifade edilen eylemleri erteleme olanağımız vardır.
D)
I should / ought to clean my car. I don’t feel well now. I think I will clean I should / ought to clean my car. I don’t feel well now. I think I will clean I should / ought to clean my car. I don’t feel well now. I think I will clean I should / ought to clean my car. I don’t feel well now. I think I will clean it tomorrow.
it tomorrow.it tomorrow. it tomorrow.
B) HAD BETTER: Yapacağımız işi erteleme şansımız yok. Yapmazsak kötü şeyler olur.
I had better go home early; otherwise I had better go home early; otherwiseI had better go home early; otherwise
I had better go home early; otherwise, my father will get angry with me., my father will get angry with me., my father will get angry with me. , my father will get angry with me.
B) SHOULD NOT / OUGHT NOT TO / HAD BETTER NOT: Yapılmaması gereken şeyleri öğütler.
E)
You shouldn’t / ought not to (oughtn’t to) treat him so unkindly You shouldn’t / ought not to (oughtn’t to) treat him so unkindlyYou shouldn’t / ought not to (oughtn’t to) treat him so unkindly You shouldn’t / ought not to (oughtn’t to) treat him so unkindly You’d better study so hard, or you will get ill.
You’d better study so hard, or you will get ill.You’d better study so hard, or you will get ill. You’d better study so hard, or you will get ill.
17 PRESENT ADVİCE
(SHOULD BE DOING / OUGHT TO BE DOINGSHOULD BE DOING / OUGHT TO BE DOINGSHOULD BE DOING / OUGHT TO BE DOINGSHOULD BE DOING / OUGHT TO BE DOING): İçinde bulunduğumuz ana ilişkin bir tavsiyeyi ifade eder.
Why are you sleeping? You should be studying nowYou should be studying nowYou should be studying nowYou should be studying now.
I’m watching TV now, but in fact; I ought to be studying for my exam.I ought to be studying for my exam.I ought to be studying for my exam.I ought to be studying for my exam.
PAST ADVICE
(SHOULD HAVE DONE / OUGHSHOULD HAVE DONE / OUGHT TO HAVE DONESHOULD HAVE DONE / OUGHSHOULD HAVE DONE / OUGHT TO HAVE DONET TO HAVE DONET TO HAVE DONE):
Geçmişte yapılması gereken eylemin yapılmadığını ve sonucun kötü olduğunu ifade eder.
He failed the test. He should have studied harder.He should have studied harder.He should have studied harder.He should have studied harder.
He ignored my warnings and had an accident. He shouldn’t have ignored He shouldn’t have ignored He shouldn’t have ignored He shouldn’t have ignored my warnings.
my warnings.my warnings. my warnings.
NOT: SHOULD HAVE BEEN DOING / OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN DOING: Geçmişte belli bir zaman dilimi içerisinde devam etmekte olan bir olaya ilişkin tavsiyede bulunmak için kullanılır.
On my way to work, I saw some children playing in the street yesterday. They shouldn’t have been p
They shouldn’t have been pThey shouldn’t have been p
They shouldn’t have been playing in the street but in the park.laying in the street but in the park.laying in the street but in the park. laying in the street but in the park.
4) EXPECTATIONS (BE TO / BE SUPPOSED TO)
A) Bir programa göre olması gereken olayı ifade eder. “be due to” ile aynı anlamdadır.
The film is to start at 11.oo. The film is to start at 11.oo.The film is to start at 11.oo.
The film is to start at 11.oo. The film is supposed to start at 11.oo. The film is supposed to start at 11.oo. The film is supposed to start at 11.oo. The film is supposed to start at 11.oo. The film is
The film is The film is
The film is due to start at 11.oo.due to start at 11.oo.due to start at 11.oo.due to start at 11.oo.
B) Birinin bir başkasından beklentisini ifade eder. ‘be supposed to’ should ile aynı
anlamdadır, ancak be supposed to’ da gerçeklilik daima dış etkenlerden kaynaklanır.
I am sup I am supI am sup
I am supposed to go home early;posed to go home early;posed to go home early;posed to go home early; otherwiseotherwiseotherwiseotherwise,,,, my mother gets my mother gets my mother gets angry. my mother gets angry. angry. angry.
‘be to’ must ile yakın anlama sahiptir. Ancak zorunluluk dış etkenlerden kaynaklanır ve ‘be supposed to’dan güçlü bir ifade taşır.
I am to go to work early tomorrow. I am to go to work early tomorrow. I am to go to work early tomorrow.
I am to go to work early tomorrow. My boss ordered.My boss ordered.My boss ordered.My boss ordered.
D) WAS / WERE SUPPOSED TO: Bir başkasının geçmişte bizden beklentisini ifade eder. ‘Should have done’ ile yakın anlam taşır. Zorlama dışardandır.
I supposed to go to work early. I supposed to go to work early. I supposed to go to work early.
18 5) ABILITY (CAN / BE ABLE TO)
A) Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederiz. F)
I can speak two foreign languages fluently. I can speak two foreign languages fluently.I can speak two foreign languages fluently. I can speak two foreign languages fluently. I am able t
I am able tI am able t
I am able to speak two foreign languages fluently.o speak two foreign languages fluently.o speak two foreign languages fluently.o speak two foreign languages fluently.
B) ‘CAN’ yapılması mümkün olayları ifade eder.
I can help you. I am free now. I can help you. I am free now.I can help you. I am free now. I can help you. I am free now. I can’t help you. I am buzy now. I can’t help you. I am buzy now.I can’t help you. I am buzy now. I can’t help you. I am buzy now.
C) Geçmişte zor bir işin üstünden gelme ifade edildiğinde ‘was /were able to’ kullanılır. ‘Could’ kullanılmaz.
I could / was able to sing very well. I could / was able to sing very well. I could / was able to sing very well.
I could / was able to sing very well. Ability in the past.Ability in the past.Ability in the past.Ability in the past.
The students The students The students
The students were able to / were allowed towere able to / were allowed towere able to / were allowed towere able to / were allowed to leave school earlier. leave school earlier. leave school earlier. leave school earlier. PermissionPermissionPermissionPermission
I missed the bus yesterday, but I I missed the bus yesterday, but I I missed the bus yesterday, but I
I missed the bus yesterday, but I was able towas able towas able towas able to get to work on time by taxi. get to work on time by taxi. get to work on time by taxi. get to work on time by taxi.
Geçmişte zor bir işin üstesinden g Geçmişte zor bir işin üstesinden gGeçmişte zor bir işin üstesinden g Geçmişte zor bir işin üstesinden gelme.elme.elme.elme. 6) MAKING SUGGESTIONS
A) LETS DO SOMETHING:
It’s a nice day today. It’s a nice day today.It’s a nice day today.
It’s a nice day today. Let’s go out and have a walk. Let’s go out and have a walk. Let’s go out and have a walk. Let’s go out and have a walk.
B) MAY / MIGHT: Öneri getirilirken olumlu veya olumsuz düz cümlede kullanılır.
If you don’t have any other plans, If you don’t have any other plans, If you don’t have any other plans,
If you don’t have any other plans, we may / might invite some friends we may / might invite some friends we may / might invite some friends we may / might invite some friends over
over over
over the weekend.the weekend.the weekend.the weekend.
NOT: MAY / MIGHT AS WELL Lets anlamını verir ancak öneri zorunluluktan kaynaklanan gönülsüzce yapılan öneridir.
Since we can’t afford to go to the cinema, Since we can’t afford to go to the cinema, Since we can’t afford to go to the cinema,
Since we can’t afford to go to the cinema, we may / might as well hire a we may / might as well hire a we may / might as well hire a we may / might as well hire a video and watch it at home.
video and watch it at home.video and watch it at home. video and watch it at home.
MAY / MIGHT AS WELL: Olumsuz cümlelerde ‘needn’t’ anlamını verir.
Since you are not close friends with Lucy, Since you are not close friends with Lucy, Since you are not close friends with Lucy,
Since you are not close friends with Lucy, you may / might as well not you may / might as well not you may / might as well not you may / might as well not attend her wedding next Sunday.
attend her wedding next Sunday.attend her wedding next Sunday. attend her wedding next Sunday.
C) WHY DON’T + SUBJECT: Soru cümlesi olmasına rağmen soru değil öneri getirir.
I am getting sleepy. I am getting sleepy. I am getting sleepy.
19
D) SHALL WE / I: Özne olarak sadece ‘we’ ve ‘I’ kullanılır. Türkçe’ye Yapayım mı/ yapalım mı olarak çevrilir.
Shall I help you? Shall I help you?Shall I help you?
Shall I help you? Sana yardım edeyim mi?
E) COULD:
What shall we do tomorrow? We could meet friends and We could meet friends and We could meet friends and go fishing.We could meet friends and go fishing.go fishing. go fishing.
7) EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY A) PRESENT POSSIBILITY
1- Şayet bir gerçeği kesin olarak biliyorsak modal verb kullanmaya gerek yoktur.
Why didn’t he go to school today? Why didn’t he go to school today?Why didn’t he go to school today? Why didn’t he go to school today? He is ill.
He is ill.He is ill.
He is ill. (I know that he is ill)
2- Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak ‘MUST kullanırız.
The baby is crying. She must be The baby is crying. She must be The baby is crying. She must be
The baby is crying. She must be hungryhungryhungry.... (Aç olmalı) hungry
3- Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama güçsüz bir tahminde bulunuyorsak ‘MAY / MIGHT / COULD’ kullanırız.
Why is Ali at home today? He may/might/could be ill. He may/might/could be ill.He may/might/could be ill.
He may/might/could be ill. Hasta olabilir.
B) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Where is your brother? He is studying in his room. He must be studying in his room.
He must be studying in his room.He must be studying in his room. He must be studying in his room.
He may be /might be / could be studying in his room. He may be /might be / could be studying in his room.He may be /might be / could be studying in his room. He may be /might be / could be studying in his room. He isn’t studying in his room.
He can’t /couldn’t be studying in his room. He can’t /couldn’t be studying in his room.He can’t /couldn’t be studying in his room.
He can’t /couldn’t be studying in his room. (Çalışıyor olamaz) He must not be studying in his room.
He must not be studying in his room. He must not be studying in his room.
He must not be studying in his room. (Çalışmıyor olmalı) He may / might not be studying in his room
He may / might not be studying in his roomHe may / might not be studying in his room
He may / might not be studying in his room. (Çalışmıyor olmalı)
C) PAST POSSIBILITY
I can’t find my grammar book.
You must have left it in the classroom. You must have left it in the classroom.You must have left it in the classroom. You must have left it in the classroom. You may /might/could have left it in You may /might/could have left it in You may /might/could have left it in
You may /might/could have left it in the classroom.the classroom.the classroom.the classroom. You can’t /
You can’t /You can’t /
You can’t /couldn’tcouldn’tcouldn’t have left it in the classroom. couldn’t have left it in the classroom. have left it in the classroom. have left it in the classroom. (Çalışmış olamaz)
You must not have left it in the classroom. You must not have left it in the classroom. You must not have left it in the classroom.
20
You may/might not have left it in the classroom. You may/might not have left it in the classroom.You may/might not have left it in the classroom. You may/might not have left it in the classroom.
NOT: couldcouldcouldcould havehavehavehave donedone //// couldn’tdonedone couldn’tcouldn’t havecouldn’thavehavehave donedonedonedone 1- Yapabilirdim ama yapmamayı tercih ettim.
I had lots of spare time yesterday. I I I could have gone to the cinemaI could have gone to the cinemacould have gone to the cinemacould have gone to the cinema, but I preferred to stay at home.
2- İsteseydi bile yapamazdı.
We found out that the match had been cancelled, so wewewewe couldn’t have gone couldn’t have gone couldn’t have gone couldn’t have gone even if
even if even if
even if wewewewe had wanted to. had wanted to. had wanted to. had wanted to.
3- Geçmişte olma olasılığı olup, olmadığından emin olduğumuz durumlarda Might /Might /Might /Might / could have done could have donecould have donecould have done kullanırız.
I had a close friend at the police station, otherwise; I might / could have I might / could have I might / could have I might / could have been arrested.
been arrested.been arrested. been arrested.
D) PAST PROGRESSIVE POSSIBILITY
Ali had a car accident Last Saturday. He must have been driving very fast. He must have been driving very fast.He must have been driving very fast. He must have been driving very fast.
The light in my brother’s room was on at 3.00 yesterday. He may/might/could have been reading book.
He may/might/could have been reading book.He may/might/could have been reading book. He may/might/could have been reading book.
E) FUTURE POSSIBILITY: Geleceğe yönelik olasılıklardan söz ederken ‘should / should / should / should /
ought to / may / ought to / may / ought to / may / ought to / may / might / couldmight / couldmight / couldmight / could’ kullanırız.
NOT: ‘must’‘must’‘must’‘must’ geleceğe ilişkin tahminlerde bulunurken kullanılmaz. Ancak içinde bulunduğumuz anda gelecekte bir eylemin olacağına ilişkin bir belirti varsa ‘must be must be must be must be doing
doingdoing
doing’ kullanabiliz.
I saw Ayşe buying lots of food and drink at the market. She must be having a huge party next week.
She must be having a huge party next week.She must be having a huge party next week. She must be having a huge party next week.
He is very good at driving. He will pass the test.He will pass the test.He will pass the test.He will pass the test. Kesin
He took plenty of lessons. He should / ought to pass the test.He should / ought to pass the test.He should / ought to pass the test.He should / ought to pass the test. Güçlü
21
8) EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: (WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER) A) Aynı anlamda olup; bir şeyi bir şeye tercih ettiğimizi ifade etmek için kullanırız.
I would rather read a book than watch TV. I would rather read a book than watch TV.I would rather read a book than watch TV. I would rather read a book than watch TV.
B) Would rather be doing something: Şu anda yaptığımız işten hoşnut olmadığımızı, onun yerine başka bir işi yapmayı tercih ettiğimizi ifade eder.
I would rather be walking by the seaside than studying. I would rather be walking by the seaside than studying.I would rather be walking by the seaside than studying. I would rather be walking by the seaside than studying.
C) Would rather / would sooner have done something:
Would prefer to have done something: Geçmişte yapmayı tercih ettiğimiz; ama yapamadığımız şeyleri ifade eder.
I would rather have studied at home than (have) gone out. I would rather have studied at home than (have) gone out.I would rather have studied at home than (have) gone out. I would rather have studied at home than (have) gone out.
D) Would prefer: Anlam olarak ‘would rather’ ile aynıdır, ama kullanımı farklıdır. NOT: ‘Would Prefer’ fiil ya da isim alır, ama ‘Would Rather’ ancak fiil alır.
I would prefer to stay at home tonight than go out. I would prefer to stay at home tonight than go out.I would prefer to stay at home tonight than go out. I would prefer to stay at home tonight than go out. I would rather stay at home tonight than go out. I would rather stay at home tonight than go out.I would rather stay at home tonight than go out. I would rather stay at home tonight than go out. I would prefer
I would prefer I would prefer
I would prefer coffeecoffeecoffeecoffee to to to to teateateatea.... I would prefer
I would prefer I would prefer
I would prefer to drinkto drinkto drinkto drink coffee to tea. coffee to tea. coffee to tea. coffee to tea.
E) Prefer: would prefer gibi hem isim hem fiil alır.
I prefer I prefer I prefer
I prefer to drinkto drink coffee rather to drinkto drink coffee rather coffee rather than ( coffee rather than (than (than (drinkdrinkdrinkdrink) tea.) tea. ) tea.) tea. I prefer I prefer I prefer I prefer vegetablesvegetablesvegetablesvegetables to to to to meat
meatmeat meat....
F) Would rather somebody did something / Would prefer somebody to do stg.
I would rather they travelled by bus. I would rather they travelled by bus.I would rather they travelled by bus.
I would rather they travelled by bus. (Present) I would rather they had travelled by car.
I would rather they had travelled by car.I would rather they had travelled by car.
I would rather they had travelled by car. (Past) They would prefer me not to leave early
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THE PASSIVE SENTENCES
THE PASSIVE SENTENCES
THE PASSIVE SENTENCES
THE PASSIVE SENTENCES
1) TENSLERE GÖRE PASSİVE YAPILAR:
She is cleaning the house. The house is being cleaned. She cleans the house. The house is cleaned. She cleaned the house. The house was cleaned. She was cleaning the house. The house was being cleaned. She has cleaned the house. The house has been cleaned. She had cleaned the house. The house had been cleaned. She will clean the house. The house will be cleaned.
She is going to clean the house. The house is going to be cleaned. She can clean the house. The house can be cleaned.
She will have cleaned the house. The house will have been cleaned. She will be cleaning the house.
She has been cleaning the house. She had been cleaning the house. She will have been cleaning the house.
Eylemi yapan kişiyi veya eylemin hangi araçla yapıldığını ifade etmek için:
“By”: This song was composed This song was composed This song was composed byThis song was composed bybyby Ziya Taşkent. Ziya Taşkent. Ziya Taşkent. Ziya Taşkent.
“Preposition”: The wood was chopped The wood was chopped The wood was chopped The wood was chopped withwithwith an axe with an axe an axe by an axe bybyby my brother my brother my brother my brother.
NOT: Şayet eylem kendiliğinden gerçekleşmiş ise nesneler içinde “by” kullanılır.
She was injured She was injured She was injured
She was injured bybybyby a rolling stone. a rolling stone. a rolling stone. a rolling stone.
2) STATE PASSIVE: Bir eylem değil de bir durum bildiren passive yapılar.
The window was broken by Ali yesterday The window was broken by Ali yesterdayThe window was broken by Ali yesterday
The window was broken by Ali yesterday.... (Eylem bildiriyor) When I came in, the window was broken
When I came in, the window was brokenWhen I came in, the window was broken
When I came in, the window was broken.... (Durum bildiriyor)
3) PASSIVE WITH GERUNDS & INFINITIVES:
Everybody likes someone giving them a present. Everybody likes being given a present.
Everybody likes being given a present.Everybody likes being given a present. Everybody likes being given a present. I hate anyone cheating me.
I hate being cheated. I hate being cheated.I hate being cheated. I hate being cheated.
They don’t permit people to take food in to the hotel rooms. Food is not permitted to be tak
Food is not permitted to be takFood is not permitted to be tak
Food is not permitted to be taken in to the hotel rooms.en in to the hotel rooms.en in to the hotel rooms.en in to the hotel rooms.
NOT: ‘Need’ fiili aktif cümlede ‘infinitive’ alır. Pasif cümlede ‘infinitive veya gerund’ alır. Şayet cümlenin öznesi insan ise infinitive alır.
23
My shirt needs to be ironed. My shirt needs to be ironed.My shirt needs to be ironed.
My shirt needs to be ironed. My shirt needs ironing.My shirt needs ironing.My shirt needs ironing. My shirt needs ironing. I need to be told the truth.
I need to be told the truth.I need to be told the truth. I need to be told the truth.
4) İKİ NESNELİ CÜMLELERDE PASSIVE:
I gave him some money yesterday.
H H H
He was given some money by me yesterday.e was given some money by me yesterday.e was given some money by me yesterday.e was given some money by me yesterday. Some money was given to him by me yesterday. Some money was given to him by me yesterday. Some money was given to him by me yesterday. Some money was given to him by me yesterday.
5) RİVAYET PASSİVE: A) PRESENT (TO BE)
They say the man upstairs is a murderer.
It’s said that the man upstairs is a murderer. It’s said that the man upstairs is a murderer.It’s said that the man upstairs is a murderer. It’s said that the man upstairs is a murderer. The man upstairs is said to be a thief.
The man upstairs is said to be a thief.The man upstairs is said to be a thief. The man upstairs is said to be a thief.
B) PRESENT SIMPLE:
We understand that he dislikes children. It’s understood that he dislikes children. It’s understood that he dislikes children.It’s understood that he dislikes children. It’s understood that he dislikes children. He is understood to dislike children. He is understood to dislike children.He is understood to dislike children. He is understood to dislike children.
C) PAST (WAS / WERE)
They say that he was very rich in the past. It’s said that he was very rich in the past. It’s said that he was very rich in the past.It’s said that he was very rich in the past. It’s said that he was very rich in the past. He is s
He is sHe is s
He is said to have been very rich in the past.aid to have been very rich in the past.aid to have been very rich in the past.aid to have been very rich in the past.
D) PAST SIMPLE:
They claim that he left the country yesterday. It’s claimed that he left the country yesterday. It’s claimed that he left the country yesterday.It’s claimed that he left the country yesterday. It’s claimed that he left the country yesterday. He is claimed to have left the country yesterday. He is claimed to have left the country yesterday.He is claimed to have left the country yesterday. He is claimed to have left the country yesterday.
E) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:
I think he is waiting there now.
It’s thought that he is waiting there now. It’s thought that he is waiting there now.It’s thought that he is waiting there now. It’s thought that he is waiting there now. He is thought to be waiting there now. He is thought to be waiting there now.He is thought to be waiting there now. He is thought to be waiting there now.
F) PAST PROGRESSIVE:
People say he was working very hard. It is said that he was working very hard. It is said that he was working very hard.It is said that he was working very hard. It is said that he was working very hard. He is said to have been working very hard. He is said to have been working very hard.He is said to have been working very hard. He is said to have been working very hard.
24 G) FUTURE (will/going to)
People expect that the exchange rate will go down soon. It is expected that the exchange rate will go down soon. It is expected that the exchange rate will go down soon.It is expected that the exchange rate will go down soon. It is expected that the exchange rate will go down soon. The exchange rate is expected to go down soon.
The exchange rate is expected to go down soon.The exchange rate is expected to go down soon. The exchange rate is expected to go down soon.
H) PRESENT PASSIVE (will/going to)
They say that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. It is said that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. It is said that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day.It is said that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. It is said that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. A lot of electrical appliances are said to be stolen every day. A lot of electrical appliances are said to be stolen every day.A lot of electrical appliances are said to be stolen every day. A lot of electrical appliances are said to be stolen every day.
İ) PAST PASSIVE:
They report that two people were killed in the explosion. It is reported that two people were kille
It is reported that two people were killeIt is reported that two people were kille
It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion.d in the explosion.d in the explosion.d in the explosion. Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion. Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion. Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.
NOT:
1- Hem temel cümlenin hem de yan cümlenin yüklemi ‘Past’ ise iki eylem arasında zaman farkı olmadığı için ‘to do’ biçimiyle aktarırız.
They believed she knew the truth. She was believed to know the truth. She was believed to know the truth.She was believed to know the truth. She was believed to know the truth.
2- Yan cümle daha önce gerçekleşmiş ise bu ‘past perfect’ ile ifade edilir. Bu cümleyi passive yapmak için ise ‘to have done’ kullanırız.
They believed she had acted deliberately. She was believed to have acted deliberately. She was believed to have acted deliberately.She was believed to have acted deliberately. She was believed to have acted deliberately.
6) PASSIVE WITH ‘GET’: (GET + PAST PARTICIPLE): Durum bildiren yapıyı eylem bildiren yapıya dönüştürür.
She didn’t want to go out because she was tired. Having worked for three hours, she got tired. Having worked for three hours, she got tired.Having worked for three hours, she got tired. Having worked for three hours, she got tired.
25
PREPOSITIONS WITH STATE PASSIVES PREPOSITIONS WITH STATE PASSIVES PREPOSITIONS WITH STATE PASSIVES PREPOSITIONS WITH STATE PASSIVES 1) BE DERIVED FROM:
A lot of language used in advertising plans is derived from military terms such as target, tactics etc.
2) BE CONVINCED OF:
I am not convinced of the advisability of this project. 3) BE ADDICTED TO:
He eats so much chocolate. I believe that he is addicted to chocolate. 4) BE ANNOYED AT / ABOUT / WITH:
Are you annoyed with me? No, I am annoyed at / about what you said. 5) BE TIRED FROM:
I am tried from long journey. 6) BE TIRED OF:
I am tried of listening your nonsence comments. 7) BE CONNECTED TO / WITH:
Through Panama Canal, the Atlantic Ocean is connected to / with the pasific. 8) BE BLESSEED WITH:
He was blessed with a supportive familiy. 9) BE OPPESED TO:
I am opposed to nuclear energy. 10) BE RELATED TO:
The flying fox is not a really fox. It is elated to the bat. 11) BE EQUIPPED WITH:
Long-distance Lorries are equipped with a tachometer. 12) BE CROWDED WITH:
The city centre is crowded with football supporters. 13) BE PREPARED FOR:
I am not prepared for the interview. 14) BE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST:
Immigrants are fearful that they will be discriminated against by the company. 15) BE FED UP WITH:
26 I am fed up with being a government employee. 16) GOT CONFUSED WITH:
I always got the word ‘right’ confused with the word ‘write’ 17) BE USED FOR:
A barometer is an instrument, which is used for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. 18) BE BASED ON:
The film ‘Amistad’ is based on a true-life story. 19) BE COMMITTED TO:
Ayşe is committed to helping preserve to environment. 20) BE INVOLVED IN:
Ayşe is involved in conservation projects. 21) BE DEVOTED TO:
I am devoted to my family. 22) BE DISGUSTED AT:
I am disgusted at his table manners. 23) BE SUPPLIED WITH:
On the trip, I was supplied with little food. 24) BE CRITICIZED FOR:
The referee was criticized for not being impartial. 25) BE DISSUADED FROM:
I could have been dissuaded from my decision. 26) BE SUSPECTED OF:
He was suspected of stealing the money. 27) BE THRILLED WITH:
I was thrilled with the present she gave me. 28) BE FORCED OPEN WITH:
The door was forced open with a screwdriver. 29) BE REPLACED WITH:
All the money in the safe had been replaced with forgeries. 30) BE THROUBLED WITH:
I have been troubled with a bad back since 1996. 31) BE ORGANIZED WITH:
27 32) BE OBLIGED TO SOMEBODY:
I am obliged to you for your understanding. 33) BE PROVIDED WITH:
If you work hard, you will be provided with a computer. 34) BE PLEASED WITH:
I am pleased with the amount of money you offer. 35) BE COMPOSED OF:
Granite is composed of minerals. 36) BE MARRIED TO:
Ahmet is married to an English girl. 37) BE LIMITED TO:
The party is limited to their close friends. 38) BE SLAPPED IN THE FACE WITH:
It is regarded funny when you are slapped in the face with a cream-pie. 39) BE DRESSED IN:
She was dressed in a white dress at the party. 40) BE AMAZE AT:
The visitors will be amazed at the exhibits. 41) BE SHOT IN THE BACK:
He was shot in the back with a gun. 42) BE ASSOCIATED WITH: Autopsy is associated with forensic. 43) BE FILLED WITH:
I was filled with excitement when I met her. 44) BE INTERESTED IN:
I am interested in archaeology. 45) BE CONCERNED ABOUT:
I am concerned about the rises in drug taking. 46) BE EXPOSED TO:
When the children are exposed to toxic substances, you should take them to hospital immediately.
