Başlık: Depremin görünürleştirdiği yeni ırkçı söylemler: "İlahi Adalet" ve "Kürt Depremi"Yazar(lar):ÇOBAN KENEŞ, HaticeCilt: 9 Sayı: 1.2 Sayfa: 047-072 DOI: 10.1501/Iltaras_0000000127 Yayın Tarihi: 2011 PDF
Tam metin
(2) 44 iOetiÁiP araÁt¿rPaOar¿. 'HSUHPLQ*|UQUOHüWLUGLùL<HQL,UNo× 6|\OHPOHU´úODKL$GDOHWµYH´.UW'HSUHPLµ. %X oDO×üPD EL\RORMLN WHPHOOHUH GD\DQDQ ´HVNLµ ×UNo×O×NWDQ GDKD oRN D\U×PF×O×NODU×Q HNOHNWLN NDU×ü×P× LOH WHPHOOHQHQ ´\HQLµ ×UNo×O×ùD HYULOHQVUHoWHNDYUDP×QQDV×OELUG|QüPGHQJHoWLùLQLKDQJLDQODPODUD EUQGùQ YH QDV×O J|UQUOHüWLùLQL RUWD\D NR\PD\× DPDoODPDNWDG×U%XDPDoGRùUXOWXVXQGD(NLPWDULKLQGHVDDW·GH 5LFKWHU |OoHùLQH J|UH E\NOùQGH Dù×UO×NO× RODUDN HWQLN N|NHQL .UWRODQYDWDQGDüODU×Q\DüDG×ù×9DQNHQWPHUNH]LYH(UFLüúOoHVLQGH PH\GDQDJHOHQGHSUHPLQ´HWQLNOHüWLULOPHVLµ\ROX\ODPHG\DQ×QUHWWLùLGRODü×PDVRNWXùXV|\OHPOHU\HQL×UNo×O×ù×QJ|UQPOHULHNVHQLQGH LQFHOHQHFHNWLU %X NDSVDPGD GHSUHPOH HWQLN N|NHQ DUDV×QGD EDùODQW×Q×Q NXUXOGXùX V|\OHPOHUH RGDNODQ×ODFDNW×U 6RV\DO PHG\DGD \HU DODQ RNXU \RUXPODU×QDJ|UVHOPHG\DGDUHIOHNVLIELUüHNLOGHDo×ùDo×NDQLIDGHOHUH YH \D]×O× EDV×QGD GDKD GROD\O×VW |UWN ELU üHNLOGH \DS×ODQG×U×ODQ KDEHUOHUH |]F EL\RORMLN WHPHOOHUH UHIHUDQVOD UHWLOHQ NXUXPVDO J|VWHUJHOHUL RODQ YH ´HVNLµ RODUDN QLWHOHQHUHN UDIODUD NDOG×U×ODQ ×UNo×O×ù×Q \HQLN×O×NODUODQDV×OUHWLOGLùLQLJ|VWHUPHNDPDF×\OD\HUYHULOHFHNWLU dDùGDü×UNo×O×ù×QGDKDoRNGLOYHV|\OHPGHWHPHOOHQGLùL YDQ'LMN DEYH%DOLEDUD%DFNYH6RORPRV$\G×QND\D
(3) GLNNDWHDO×QG×ù×QGD×UNo×V|\OHPOHULQGHüLIUHHGLOPHVL×UNo×O×ND\U×PF×O×NNDUü×W×PFDGHOHDo×V×QGDQELU]RUXQOXOXNRODUDNRUWD\D o×NPDNWDG×U%XQXQODEDùODQW×O×ELUEDüND]RUXQOXOXN×UNo×O×ù×QNLWOHVHO RODUDNK×]ODGRODü×P×QDYH\D\×OPDV×QDDUDF×O×NHGHQPHG\DQ×QGLOVHO NXOODQ×PODU YH V|\OHPVHO WHUFLKOHUOH HWQLN GLQL YH GLùHU D]×QO×NODUD.
(4) dREDQ.HQHù 'eSrePin *|rnrOeùtirGiöi <eni ,rko× 6|\OePOer 45. LOLüNLQ×UNo×D\U×PF×\DUJ×ODU×GHSUHPJLELGRùDOELUIHODNHW]HULQGHQ NROD\O×NODUHWHELOPHVLYHGRODü×PDVRNDELOPHVLQHGHQL\OHPHG\DQ×Q WDYU×Q×QVRUJXODQPDV×Do×V×QGDQGDGRùPDNWDG×U ´'HSUHPYH×UNo×O×NµLOLüNLVLQLQLQFHOHQGLùLEXoDO×üPDGDLONRODUDN ×UNo×O×ù×Q NDYUDPVDO RODUDN QDV×O ELU G|QüPGHQ JHoWLùLQH YH LGHRORMLNELU\DS×ODQPDRODUDNGLùHULGHRORMLOHUHHNOHPOHQHUHN×UNo×O×ù× QDV×OUHWWLùLQHKDQJLDUDoODUODNHQGLQLPHüUXODüW×UG×ù×QDYHJ|UQUOHüWLUGLùLQH GDLU WDUW×üPDODUD \HU YHULOHFHN EX WDUW×üPDODU×Q RUWD\D NR\GXùXELOJL\OH\HQL×UNo×O×ù×QQHOLùLQHLOLüNLQGDKDL\LELUNDYUD\×üD XODü×ODFDNW×UúNLQFLRODUDNoDùGDü×UNo×O×ù×QGDKDoRNGLOGHYHV|\OHPGHWHPHOOHQPHVLQHGHQL\OHRQXQUHWLOPHVLQGHYH\D\J×QODüW×U×OPDV×QGD |QH o×NDQ DUDoODUGDQ ELUL RODUDN PHG\D\D RGDNODQ×ODFDNW×U gWH \DQGDQ EX oDO×üPD \HQL ×UNo×O×ù×Q WRSOXP LoLQGH ´DQV×]×Qµ ´VSRQWDQHµ´IUDJPDQWHUµ $\G×QND\D
(5) ELUüHNLOGHRUWD\Do×NDELOHQQLWHOLùLQH\RùXQODüW×ù×LoLQVLVWHPOLELUKDEHUWRSODPDYHDQDOL] VUHFLQH GD\DQPDP×üW×U <DOQ×]FD ´ELU \DüDP ELoLPL ELU UDKDWODPD VWUHVDWPDYHNHQGLQHJHOPHµELoLPLRODUDN $\G×QND\D
(6) VRV\DO PHG\DGD ELU UHIOHNV KDOLQGH NRQWUROV] ELoLPGH WHOHYL]\RQGDNL FDQO×\D\×QSURJUDPODU×QGDYHGDKDGROD\O×VW|UWNELoLPGH\D]×O× EDV×QGDGHSUHPLQ´HWQLNOHüWLULOPHVLµ\ROX\ODDo×ùDo×NDQYHGRODü×PD JLUHQ×UNo×V|\OHP|UQHNOHULQH\HQL×UNo×O×ù×WDQ×PODPDNDPDF×\OD\HU YHULOHFHNWLU gWH\DQGDQELUUHIOHNVKDOLQGHFDQO×\D\×QSURJUDPODU×QGDVXQXFXQXQüDKV×QGDYHWHVDGIvELUROD\]HULQGHQWRSOXPXQIDUNO×\HOH-.
(7) 46 iOetiÁiP araÁt¿rPaOar¿. ULQFHELUH\VHORODUDNVRV\DOPHG\DGDUHWLOHQ×UNo×V|\OHPOHUOHPHG\D SURIHV\RQHOOHULQFH GLOVHO YH V|\OHPVHO DUDoODUOD SODQODQDUDN UHWLOHQ ×UNo×V|\OHPOHUDUDV×QGDDQDOLWLNELUD\U×P\DSPDNJHUHNWLùLDo×NW×U%X D\U×P× EHOLUJLQOHüWLUPH\H \|QHOLN ELU oDO×üPD EX \D]×Q×Q DPDF×Q× YH NDSVDP×Q×DüPDNODELUOLNWH\LQHGH\D]×O×EDV×Q×QGLOLYHV|\OHPLSURIHV\RQHOFH NXOODQDUDN GHSUHPL HWQLNOHüWLUPHN \ROX\OD GDKD GROD\O× RODUDN UHWWLùL ×UNo×O×ù×Q |UQHNOHULQL oRùDOWPDN DPDF×\OD \DS×ODQ ELU oDO×üPDQ×QVRQXoODU×QDEX\D]×NDSVDP×QGD\HUYHULOPLüWLU. %L\RORMLN0LWWHQ.OWUHO0LWH<HQL,UNo×O×N ´.ODVLNµ´HVNLµ×UNo×O×ù×Q×UNVDOVWQOùHGD\DO×´GDYUDQ×üNDO×SODU×µLOHKDUHNHWHWPHVLNDUü×V×QGDEXJQQ×UNo×O×ù×NOWUHRGDNODQ×U .OWUQRGDùDDO×QPDV×LNLWU´oDùGDüµ×UNo×O×ù×RUWD\Do×NDUP×üW×U úONL×UN\HULQHNOWUQKL\HUDUüLNRODUDNV×Q×IODQG×U×OPDV×ELoLPLQGH J|UQUONND]DQ×UYHJUXSODUDUDV×HüLWVL]OLNOHULQQHGHQLRODUDN´DüDù×O×Nµ YH ´DOWWDNLµ JUXSODU×Q oDO×üPD DKODN× NHQGLQH JYHQ NHQGLQL GLVLSOLQHHWPHYHELUH\VHOEDüDU×JLELGHùHUOHUNRQXVXQGDNoPVHQPHVLQH GD\DQ×U úON RODUDN ·ODUGD |]HOOLNOH $%'·GH ´NOWU \RNVXQOXùXµRODUDNHWLNHWOHQHQYH$PHULND·\DX\DUODQDQNOWUHO×UNo×O×ù×Q WHPHOL ´NXUEDQ× VXoODPDNµ D]×QO×NODU×Q NRQXPXQXQ GDLPD D\Q× NDOPDV×Q×RQODU×Q´JD\UHWOHULQLQ\HWHUVL]OLùLQGHJ|UPHNµ´DLOH\DS×ODU×Q×QJHYüHNOLùLµYH´X\JXQVX]GHùHUOHUHµVDKLSROGXNODU×Q×LOHULVUPHN\ROX\ODDW×OP×üW×U 6LOYD
(8) %XJ|UQPoDùGDü×UNo×O×ù×Q LON ELoLPLGLU .OWU RGDùD DODQ LNLQFL ×UNo× J|UQP LVH NOWUHO KL\HUDUüL\LUHGGHGHUYHELUELULQHEHQ]HPH\HQELUELULQGHQIDUNO×RODQ JUXSODU×QEDU×üYHX\XPLoLQGHELUDUDGD\DüDPDV×Q×QPPNQROPDG×ù× VDY×QGDQ KDUHNHW HGHU 6RPHUVDQ
(9) gWHNLOHUOH DUDV×QGD ´PXWODNµIDUNROGXùXQXLOHULVUHQGüQFHLOHIDUN×LQNkUHGHQ´DVLPLODV\RQFXOXùXQ KDNO×O×ù×QD GD\DQDQµ GüQFHQLQ KHU LNLVL GH gWHNL·QL UHGGLQH \RO DoDUDN JQP]GH ×UNo×O×ù×Q VUGUOPHVLQH DUDF×O×NHGHU 6FKQDSSHU
(10) ,UNODUKL\HUDUüLVLQLQ´JL]OHQPHVLQHµ\DGDED]×GXUXPODUGD´UHGGHGLOPHVLQHµ\RODoDQEX\HQLV|\OHPLONNH]0DUWLQ%DUNHUWDUDI×QGDQ ´\HQL×UNo×O×NµRODUDNDGODQG×U×OP×üW×U%DUNHU)UDQ])DQRQ·XQ´NOW-.
(11) dREDQ.HQHù 'eSrePin *|rnrOeùtirGiöi <eni ,rko× 6|\OePOer 47. UHO×UNo×O×NµNDYUDPODüW×UPDV×QGDQHWNLOHQPLüWLU)DQRQNHQGLJHOHQHN YHNOWUOHULQLQGLùHUJUXSODU×QJHOHQHNYHNOWUOHULNDUü×V×QGDGDKD GHùHUOLROGXùXQDRODQLQDQF×QWXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×QEXJQN×UNo×O×ù×Q GHYDPO×O×ù×Q× VDùODG×ù×QD YXUJX \DSDU )DQRQ ·GHQ DNW 6XPEDV
(12) %DUNHU GD ×UNo×O×ù×Q EXJQN QLWHOLùLQLQ JHUHNoHVLQL XOXVODUDUDV×KL\HUDUüLGHQYH\DELOLQoOLELUWRSOXOXNROXüWXUPDNWDQ|WH WRSOXOXùD\DEDQF×ODU×QJLUPHVLQHYHYDURODQ\HUOHüLNWRSOXOXùXQ XOXVXQ
(13) \DEDQF×ODU×G×üODPDGX\JXVXQDGD\DQG×U×U «V×Q×UODU× EHOOL ELU WRSOXOXN GLùHU XOXVODUGDQ IDUNO× \|QOHULQLQ ELOLQFLQGHRODQELUXOXVPH\GDQDJHWLUPHNLQVDQ\DS×V×QDJ|UHGRùDOG×U 8OXVODU GDKD L\L \D GD GDKD N|W GHùLOGLU )DNDW WRSOXOXùD \DEDQF×ODU JLUHUVHGüPDQO×NGX\JXODU×RUWD\Do×NDU«KHUELUWRSOXOXNLQVDQGRùDV×Q×QRUWDNLIDGHVLGLU\DEDQF×ODU×G×üDU×GDE×UDNPDGX\JXVXQXSD\ODü×UNHQ KHU ELULPL] |]HO NLüLOHUH Do×N WRSOXOXNODU \DUDW×\RUX] %DUNHU·GDQ DNW0LOHV
(14) . )DUNO×NOWUOHULQELUDUDGD\DüDPD\DHQJHOROXüWXUGXùXGüQFHVL\OH KDUHNHW HGHQ NOWUHO ×UNo×O×N ELoLPLQL 3LHUUH $ 7DJXLHII LVH ´IDUNo××UNo×O×NµRODUDNDGODQG×U×U7DJXLHIIEL\RORMLNVWQONWHQNOWUHO ×UNo×O×ùD GRùUX RODQ EX G|QüP EL\RORMLN oDùU×ü×PODU× RODQ ´×UNµNDYUDP×\HULQHHWQLVLWHNOWU´HüLWVL]OLNµ\HULQH´IDUNo×O×NµYH KHWHURIREL IDUNO×O×NODUGDQ NRUNDQ
(15) \HULQH KHWHURILOL IDUNO× ROPD KDNN×
(16) NDYUDPODU×\OD |]HWOHU 7DJXLHII
(17) ·OHULQ EDü×QGDQ LWLEDUHQ ×UNo×LGHRORMLQLQVDKLSROGXùXEXQLWHOLNOHUQHGHQL\OH×UNo×O×ù×HVNLNDYUDPODUOD WDQ×PODPDQ×Q HNVLNOLùLQH YXUJX \DSDQ 7DJXLHII NDYUDP×Q KHPLoHULùLQLGHùLüWLUPHNJHUHNOLOLùLQHKHPGH×UNo×O×NNDUü×W×PFDGHOHQLQ EX G|QüP GLNNDWH DODUDN \HQL \ROODU EXOPDV× JHUHNWLùLQH YXUJX\DSDU 7DJXLHII
(18) %D]×KDONODU×QGLùHUOHULQGHQVWQOù ]HULQH NHQGLQL NXUPDNWDQ GDKD oRN NOWUHO IDUNO×O×NODU×Q ELU DUDGD\DüDPD\DHQJHOROGXùXQXLOHULVUHQIDUNO×NOWUOHUDUDV×QGDNL V×Q×UODU× NDOG×UPDQ×Q YH IDUNO× \DüDPD ELoLPOHULQLQ JHOHQHN YH J|UHQHNOHULQELUDUDGDROPDV×Q×Q´X\XüPD]O×ù×µ]HULQGHQNHQGLQLPHüUXODüW×UPD\D oDO×üDQ oDùGDü ×UNo×O×ù×Q LNLQFL WUQ (WLHQQH %DOLEDU GD 3LHUUH$7DJXLHII·HDW×IOD´×UNV×]×UNo×O×Nµ\DGD´\HQL×UNo×O×NµRODUDN DGODQG×U×U %DOLEDUD
(19) .
(20) 48 iOetiÁiP araÁt¿rPaOar¿. g]HWOH´LVLPGHULUHQJLGLQVHOLEDGHWµJLELIDUNO×O×NJ|UQPOHULQGHQ\RODo×NDQ\HQL×UNo×O×N´EL]µNLPOLùLQLKHUWUO´PHOH]OHüPH NDU×üPD YH LVWLODGDQµ NRUXPD\D GD\DO× V|\OHPOHUGH WHPVLOOHUGH YH ´üLGGHW KRU J|UPH KRüJ|UV]ON DüDù×ODPD V|PUµ ELoLPOHULQL LoHUHQSUDWLNOHUGHDo×ùDo×NDU×U %DOLEDUD
(21) <DEDQF×GüPDQO×ù×Q× GRùDO ELU ELoLPGH UHWHQ ´HWQRVDQWUL]PGHQµ ND\QDNODQDQ \HQL ×UNo×O×N NOWUHO VWQOù |QH o×NDUPD] DPD oQF GQ\DGDQ JHOHQOHULQ \HUOL NLPOLùL ER]GXùX VDY×QGDQ KDUHNHW HGHU %L\RORMLN VWQOù GHùLO GH NOWUHO D\U×PF×O×ù× KHGHIOHU 7Dü
(22) <HQL ×UNo×O×NWD´IDUNO×µNOWUOHUNOWUQHGLQLOPHVLQLQ|QQGHHQJHOROXüWXUDQ\DGDHQJHORODUDNNXUXODQNOWUOHUGLU%XQDNDUü×QGLùHUWDUDIWDQGD´H]LOHQV×Q×IODU×Q¶NOWUHOKDQGLNDSODU×·¶G×ü·WDROPDQ×QSUDWLNWHNLNDUü×O×NODU×RODUDN\DGD|]HOOLNOH¶NDU×üPD·Q×Q\×N×F×HWNLOHULQH« Do×NNDODQ\DüDPWDU]ODU×µRODUDNJ|UOU %DOLEDUD
(23) ´6DOG×UJDQO×N\HQL×UNo×O×ù×QKHUELoLPLQLQEDüYXUGXùXYHEXGXUXPGDEL\RORML]PLELUGHUHFHLOHULJ|WUHQNXUPDFDELU|]GU¶×UNODU·\RNWXUDPD NOWUQ EL\RORMLN YH ¶EL\RSVLüLN· QHGHQOHUL YH VRQXoODU× YH NOWUHO IDUNO×O×ùDJ|VWHULOHQEL\RORMLNWHSNLOHUYDUG×Uµ´%L\RORMLNPLW·WHQNOWUHOPLWµHHYULOHQELU×UNo×O×NYDUG×U %DOLEDUD
(24) *QP] ×UNo×O×ù×Q×Q VDKLS ROGXùX EX \HQL QLWHOLNOHU YH JHQLü DQODP\DQ×QGDRQXQ|QHPOLELUGLùHU|]HOOLùLQL%DOLEDUü|\OHDo×NODU «WDPDPHQ IDUNO× WDELDWODUD VDKLS WRSOXPVDO JUXSODU× |]HOOLNOH GH ¶\DEDQF×WRSOXOXNODU×·YH¶DüDù××UNODU×·NDG×QODU׶VDSN×QODU×·D\Q×DQGD KHGHIOH\HQ ¶D]×QO×NODüW×UPD· YH ¶×UNODüW×UPD· görüngüsü[nün] ELUELULQGHQ EDù×PV×] ELU GL]L WDQ×PV×] QHVQH NDUü×V×QGD X\JXODQDQ VDGHFH EHQ]HU V|\OHP YH WXWXPODU×Q \DQ \DQD JHOPHVLQL GHùLO ELUELULQH EDùO× ELUELULQL WDPDPOD\DQG×üODPDYHWDKDNNPOHULQROXüWXUGXùXWDULKVHOELUVLVWHP>L@WHPVLO HWPHNWHGLU E
(25) . 'LùHUELUGH\LüOHEXGXUXPHWQLNWHPHOOLELU×UNo×O×NLOHFLQVL\HW\D GDPLOOL\HWoLOLNWHPHOOLELU×UNo×O×ù×Q´ELUELULQHNRüXWJLGLüLQGHQoRNµ ×UNo×O×N YH FLQVL\HWoLOLùLQ ×UNo×O×N YH PLOOL\HWoLOLùLQ ELUOLNWH LüOHPHVL |]HOOLNOH GH ×UNo×O×ù×Q KHU ]DPDQ ELU FLQVL\HWoLOLùL \D GD PLOOL\HWoLOLùL ´|QYDUVD\PDV×µRODUDNGHùHUOHQGLULOHELOLU %DOLEDUE
(26) . úWDOLNOHU\D]DUDDLW.
(27) dREDQ.HQHù 'eSrePin *|rnrOeùtirGiöi <eni ,rko× 6|\OePOer 49. <HQL ×UNo×O×ù×Q FLQVL\HWoLOLN PLOOL\HWoLOLN JLEL GLùHU LGHRORMLOHUH HNOHPOHQHQ QLWHOLùL YH GDKD oRN NOWUHO IDUNODUD GD\DO× RODUDN \HQLGHQ ELoLPOHQPHVL RQX ×UNo×O×ù× NXUXPVDO J|VWHUJHOHUH GD\DO× ELU JHUoHNOLN RODUDN VUGUHQ HVNL ×UNo×O×NWDQ D\×UDQ |QHPOL ELU QLWHOLNWLU %DFNYH6RORPRV
(28) <HQL×UNo×O×N|]HOOLNOH´|WHNLµRODUDNQLWHOHQHQ JUXSODUD NDUü× GX\XODQ |Q\DUJ×Q×Q |UWN RODUDN \DS×ODQG×ù× ELU ×UNo×O×NW×U´*HOHQHNVHOGHùHUOHULVDYXQPDNNOWUHOIDUNODU×DEDUWPDN YH EX IDUNODU× PDKNP HWPHNµ EX WUGHQ ×UNo×O×ù×Q GD\DQDNODU×G×U 6FKQDSSHU
(29) 'DKDoRNV|\OHPVHORODUDNLüOH\HQ\HQL×UNo×O×N RQXQLIDGHHGLOGLùLRUWDPGDNLüDUWODU×Q\HUOHüPHVLQHGLùHUELUV|\OH\LüOH×UNYH×UNo×O×ù×QDUDoODU×EHOLUOLV|\OHPDODQODU×QD\HUOHüPH\HYH EXEDùODPLoLQGHEXOXQDQVRV\DOLOLüNLOHUHLKWL\DoGX\DU %DFNYH6RORPRV
(30) ,UNo×O×ù×Q V|\OHPVHO QLWHOLùLQH YXUJX \DSDQ 7HXQ$YDQ 'LMN GD V|\OHPVHORODUDNUHWLOHQEXJQN×UNo×O×ù×QHQ|QHPOLNDUDNWHULVWLNOHULQLQRQXQWDü×G×ù×JHQLüDQODPODLOLüNLOLROGXùXQXLOHULVUHUYHEX LoHULùL ´HWQLVL]Pµ NDYUDP× \HULQH ×UNo×O×N NDYUDP× LOH Do×NOD\DFDù×Q× EHOLUWLUYDQ'LMN×UNo×O×NNDYUDP×Q×QKHPGDKD\D\J×QRODUDNNXOODQ×OG×ù×Q× KHP GH LQNkU HGLOVH GH Do×NoD YH J|UQU ELU üHNLOGH EL]GHQ IDUNO× RODQODU× WDQ×PODPDN LoLQ ELU NULWHU RODUDN HWNLVLQL JQFHOOLùLQL VUGUGùQ V|\OHPHNWHGLU
(31) $UW×N IDUNO×O×NODU JHQHWLN RODUDN GHùLO NOWUHO RODUDN RUWD\D NRQPDNWDG×U YH NOWUHO IDUNO×O×NODU GD×UNo×O×NRODUDNDGODQG×U×OPDNWDG×U 0DWKHVRQ
(32) <HQL×UNo×O×NIDUNO×O×NODU×D\U×PODüW×UPDN\ROX\ODSROLWLNELUPHüUXOXNVXQDUNHQ×UNo×O×ù×ELU´PHWDµ×UNo×O×ùD\DGD´LNLQFLONRQXPµRODUDNDGODQG×U×ODQELU×UNo×O×ùDG|QüWUPüWU%DOLEDUEXQXü|\OHLIDGH HGHU ´¶+RüJ|U HüLNOHUL·QH VD\J× J|VWHUPHN ¶NOWUHO PHVDIHOHUL· NRUXPDNµ ELUH\OHULQ ´ELU WHN NOWUQ PLUDVo×ODU× YH WDü×\×F×ODU× ROGXùXµQXLOHULVUPHN %DOLEDUD
(33) gWH\DQGDQEXYDUVD\×PODUWRSOXOXNODU×D\×UPDQ×QGDPHüUXJHUHNoHOHULRODUDNLüOHYVHOOHüWLULOPHNWHGLU%XQHGHQOHHVNLELoLPLQGHQYHGD\DQDNODU×QGDQ\RNVXQ NDOPDNOD ELUOLNWH ×UNo×O×ù×Q \RN ROGXùXQX V|\OHPHN GRùUX GHùLOGLU ,UNo×O×N HWQLN IDUNO×O×NODU× YHYH\D GDKD JHQHO NOWUHO IDUNO×O×NODU× PLWOHüWLUHUHNNHQGLYDUO×ù×Q×VUGUPHNWHGLU %DOLEDUDYHE &DOOLQLFRV
(34) .
(35) 50 iOetiÁiP araÁt¿rPaOar¿. 6×Q×I×UNHWQLNN|NHQYHEHQ]HULQHGD\DQDQJHQHODQODPGD\D\J×QD\U×PF×O×NSUDWLNOHULQLQHYUHQVHOLQVDQKDNODU×EDùODP×QGDXOXVODUDUDV×YHXOXVDO\DVDO|QOHPOHUDO×QDUDNHQJHOOHQPHVLQLQGHELUVRQXFX RODUDN GDKD oRN JQGHOLN \DüDP LoLQGH NHQGLQH \HU EXODQ YH GLOVHO SUDWLNOHU DUDF×O×ù×\OD J|UQUON ND]DQDQ ×UNo×O×NWDNL EX G|QüP DVO×QGDGHYOHWLQ×UNo×O×NUHWPHWHNHOLQLJQGHOLNDODQGD|UOHQLOLüNLOHUDù×QD\D\PDV×G×UGHYUHWPHVLGLU%XQHGHQOHNODVLN×UNo×O×ù×QELUoRN |]HOOLùLQLQ\HQL×UNo×O×NWDGDEXOXQGXùXQXDQFDNGHùLüLNOLùLQNHQGLOHULQLVXQXüELoLPLQGH\DGDPHUNH]HDO×QDQNDYUDPODUGDJ|UOGùQV|\OH\HQ'HQL]9DUGDU·×QDOW×Q×oL]GLùLJLEL´LVWHUH\OHPHG|QüVQ LVWHU GüQFH G]H\LQGH NDO×S GRùUXGDQ \D GD GROD\O× RODUDN oHüLWOL ONHOHULQ VL\DVDO VDKQHOHULQGHNL oDW×üPDODU× EHOLUOHVLQµ \HQL ×UNo×O×N |QHPOLELUUROHVDKLSWLUYH\HQLDODQODUD\D\×ODUDNHWNLQOLùLQLVUGUPHNWHGLU 9DUGDU
(36) %XQHGHQOHGHQLOHELOLUNLJQGHOLNSUDWLNOHU LoLQGH GDKD oRN GLOGH YH V|\OHPGH J|UQUON ND]DQDQ YH KHU WUGHQD]×QO×ù×Q\DGDD]×QO×NRODUDNLüDUHWOHQHQOHULQJQGHOLN\DüDPODU×QGD×UNo×O×ùDPDUX]NDOPDODU×QGDYHNDPXR\XQXQ×UNo×V|\OHPOHUH YH SUDWLNOHUH NDUü× ELU GXUXü JHOLüWLUHPHPHVLQGH GHYOHWLQ ×UNo×O×NOD RODQVW|UWNLOLüNLVLJ|]GHQNDo×U×OPDPDO×G×U'ROD\×V×\ODEXLOLüNL GHGLNNDWHDO×QDUDNNODVLN×UNo×O×ùDJ|UHJ|UQPIDUNO×RODQGROD\O×|UWNRODUDNJQGHOLNGLOHYHV|\OHPH\HUOHüHUHNUHWLOHQEXJQN ×UNo×O×NODPFDGHOHHWPHNLoLQRQXQL\LWDQ×QPDV×YHKDQJLPHFUDODUGD QDV×OUHWLOGLùLQLQDQDOL]HGLOPHVLJHUHNWLùLDo×NW×U ,UNo×O×ù×Q|]HOOLNOHGLOLYHV|\OHPLDUDoVDOODüW×UDUDN\HQLELUüHNOH EUQPHVL RQXQ DQDOL] HGLOHELOPHVLQGH PHG\D\× PHG\DQ×Q GRODü×PDVRNWXùXPHWLQOHULGDKDoRNGLNNDWHDOPD\×JHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU0HG\DQ×Q´V|]HOLüLWVHOJ|UVHOµNRGODUODROXüWXUGXùXLoHULNOHUYHEXLoHULNOHUGHNL´NH\ILOLNVUHoOHULµ $\G×QND\D
(37) ×UNo×O×ù×NLWOHVHOOHüWLUHUHNGHùHUOHUDODQ×QDVRNPDNWDG×U,UNo×O×ù×QKHGHILRODQNLüLYH \D JUXSODU×Q VWHU\RWLSOHU LOH WDQ×PODQPDV× YH WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HW ×UN HWQLNNLPOLNWHPVLOOHULQLQEHQ]HUoHUoHYHLoLQGHVXQXOPDV× <DQ×NND\D
(38) PHG\DQ×Q DOWHUQDWLI GüQFHOHUL EDVN×ODPDV× PDUMLQDOL]H HWPHVLYHE|\OHFHGLùHUVRV\DOJUXSODU×YHVRV\DOLQDQoODU×HWNLOHPHVL ×UNo×O×ù×Q ROXüWXUXOPDV×QGD \HQLGHQ UHWLOPHVLQGH YH \D\J×QODüW×U×OPDV×QGDHWNLOLGLU YDQ'LMNDYH/XOO
(39) .
(40) dREDQ.HQHù 'eSrePin *|rnrOeùtirGiöi <eni ,rko× 6|\OePOer 51. ,UNo×O×ö×Q6|\OHPVHOOLöL0HG\DQ×Q$ö×UO×ö× 'LOLYHV|\OHPLNHQGLVLLoLQLüOHYVHOOHüWLUHQYHJQGHOLNSUDWLNOHUGHJ|UQUONND]DQDQ\HQL×UNo×O×NWRSOXPXQJQGHOLNKD\DW×Q×ELU ´LNWLGDU DODQ× RODUDN SROLWLNOHüWLULS VRUXQVDOODüW×U>×U@µ 7HPHO DPDF×Q× EXJQGHOLNDODQ×QHOHJHoLULOPHVLRODUDNEHOLUOHU $\G×QND\D %RUD
(41) ,UNo× V|\OHPOHULQ K×]OD GRODü×PD VRNXOPDV×QD DUDF×O×N HGHQ YH JQGHOLN KD\DW×Q |QHPOL ELU ELOHüHQLQL ROXüWXUDQ PHG\D JQGHOLN DODQ× HOH JHoLUPH KHGHILQGH RODQ oDùGDü ×UNo×O×ù×Q NHQGLQLJHUoHNOHüWLUPHVLQHDUDF×O×NHGHUdDùGDü\DGD\HQLRODQ×UNo×O×ù×QEXüHNOLGDKDoRNGLOVHOYHV|\OHPVHOSUDWLNOHUDUDF×O×ù×\OD\DS×ODQ×U YH RQD NDW×O×P RQXQ ´LGHRORMLVLQH GHùLO GLOLQH NDW×O×PG×Uµ $\G×QND\D
(42) *QP]GH ´LOHWLüLP LGHRORMLVL KDEHUOHüPH SHUIRUPDQV×YHNHQGLQLLIDGHGHùHULQHµ
(43) G|QüHQ×UNo×O×N $\G×QND\D·Q×QGDEHOLUWWLùLJLELELU´WHPVLOµVLVWHPLRODUDNNHQGLQLYDU HWPHNWHYH´J|]PHUNH]OLLGHRORMLµRODUDN´DU]XµODUDVHVOHQPHNWHGLU 'ROD\×V×\OD ´ELU \DüDP ELoLPL ELU UDKDWODPD VWUHV DWPD YH NHQGLQH JHOPHµELoLPLRODUDNGDWDQ×PODQDELOLU
(44) <HQL×UNo×O×ù×QNHQGLQL WRSOXPGD JHUoHNOHüWLUPH\H \RùXQODüPDV× RQXQ ROXüXPXQXQ YH \HQLGHQUHWLPLQLQWHPHOEDùODP×Q×QWRSOXPROGXùXQXRUWD\DNR\DU %X QHGHQOH \HQL ×UNo×O×N WRSOXP LoLQGH ´DQV×]×Qµ ´VSRQWDQHµ ´IUDJ . )×UDW$\G×QND\D´\HQLIDüL]PLQN|NHQOHULHEHGLG|QüµLVLPOLNLWDE×QGD
(45) \HQL ×UNo×O×ù×QHQL\LLFUDDODQ×Q×\HQLIDüL]PRODUDNWD\LQHGHU2QXQ\HQLIDüL]PHDWIHWWLùL QLWHOLNOHU\HQL×UNo×O×ù×QQLWHOLNOHUL\OHGHRUWDNODüPDNWDG×U%XRUWDNO×ù×QQHGHQL\HQL ×UNo×O×ù×GRùXUDQHQ|QHPOL]HPLQLQ\HQLIDüL]PROPDV×\ODLOLüNLOLGLU%XQXQODELUOLNWH |]HOOLNOHVD\ID·WH´JQGHOLNIDüL]PµYH´\HQLIDüL]PµNDYUDPODU×\OD´\HQL×UNo×O×NµNDYUDP×Q×QELUELUOHULQLQ\HULQHYHYH\DELUOLNWHGHNXOODQ×OG×ù× J|UOPHNWHGLU+HPEXQHGHQOHKHPGH\HQLIDüL]PHDWIHGLOHQQLWHOLNOHULQ\HQL×UNo×O×ù×Q QLWHOLNOHULQL GH LoHUPHVL YH EX \D]×Q×Q NXUDPVDO oHUoHYHVLQH ´\HQL ×UNo×O×Nµ NDYUDPODüW×UPDV×Q×QGDKDX\JXQROPDV×QHGHQL\OH)×UDW$\G×QND\D·Q×QV|\OHGLNOHUL \HQL×UNo×O×NDo×V×QGDQGHùHUOHQGLULOPLüWLU%XNDSVDPGD$\G×QND\D·Q×Q\HQLIDüL]P EDùODP×QGD DQODWW×NODU× ´\HQL ×UNo×O×Nµ NDYUDP×Q× DQODWPDN LoLQ GH LüOHYVHO J|UQPüWU gWH \DQGDQ$\G×QND\D·Q×Q V×NO×NOD DW×I \DSW×ù× 7DQ×O %RUD·Q×Q ´0HGHQL\HW .D\E× 0LOOL\HWoLOLN YH )DüL]P h]HULQH <D]×ODUµ LVLPOL NLWDE×QGD
(46) ´)DüL]PLQ +DOOHULµ DOW EDüO×ù× DOW×QGD \D]G×NODU× YH |]HOOLNOH IDüL]PLQ ×UNo×O×NOD HNOHPOHQPHVL ]HULQHV|\OHGLNOHULGH´\HQL×UNo×O×ù×QµQLWHOLNOHULQLGDKDL\LDQODPDGD\ROJ|VWHULFL ELUoDO×üPDRODUDNEXUDGDDQ×OPDO×G×U.
(47) 52 iOetiÁiP araÁt¿rPaOar¿. PDQWHUµ üHNLOGH RUWD\D o×NDU $\G×QND\D
(48) ´3ODQO× ROPDNWDQoRNWHVDGIvµGLUYH´|UJWOµELU\DS×J|UQPQGHGHùLOGLU$\U×FDGDKDoRNELUH\VHORODUDNJ|UQUYHEXQODU×Q×UNo×D\U×PF× IDüLVW GüQFHOHUL EHQLPVHPLü ELU |UJWOH ´RUJDQLN ELU EDùµ NXUPDV× JHUHNOLGHùLOGLU2QXLFUDHGHQOHULQ´NLPOLùLµ´V×Q×I×µ´GLQLµYH´SROLWLNµILNLUOHULELUELULQGHQROGXNoDIDUNO×RODELOLU $\G×QND\D
(49) %XGXUXPLUDGLYHQH\DSW×ù×Q×ELOHQ´HVNLµ×UNo×O×ùDJ|UH´\HQLµ×UNo×O×ù×QGDKDoRNJD\ULLUDGLRODUDNJQGHOLNGLOLNXOODQPDV×QDYHGDKD ID]OD ´NOWU DODQ×QµGD J|UQUON ND]DQPDV×QD \RO DoDU gUQHùLQ ´PDoV×UDV×QGDPD\PXQWDNOLGLLOHNRQVHUGHRNNDO×ELUNIUOHVLQHPDGDVLQLNELUDüDù×ODPDLOHWHOHYL]\RQGD×UNo×ELUQHIUHWLOHPRGDGD HGHSVL]ELUJ|QGHUPHµ $\G×QND\D
(50) LOH\DGDEXoDO×üPDGD GD J|VWHULOHFHùL JLEL GRùDO ELU IHODNHW ]HULQGHQ Do×ùD o×NDQ V|\OHPOHUH \HUOHüWLULOHQ ×UNo× \DUJ×ODU LOH JQGHPH JHOLU YH KHUNHVH XODü×U(VNLELoLPOHULQGHQIDUNO×RODUDNPL]DK×XVWDFDNXOODQDQoDùGDü ×UNo×O×NV|\OHPOHULQH\HUOHüWLUGLùLPL]DKLXQVXUODUOD×UNo×O×ù×Q×´SDURGLOHüWLULU NDEXO HGLOHELOLU V×Q×UODUD oHNHUµ YH E|\OHFH ´LQVDQLOHüWLULUµ $\G×QND\D
(51) *QP] ×UNo×O×ù×Q×Q \RN HWPHNWHQ ]L\DGH LQFHOWLOPLü ELU WHNQLNOH KLoOHüWLUPH\H YH DüDù×ODPD\D \|QHOPHVL HVNL ×UNo×O×NWDQ IDUNO× RODUDN RQX GDKD PHVDIHOL ELU ×UNo×O×N J|UQPQH EUQGUPüWU 0LOHV )RXFDXOW YH $\G×QND\D
(52) <HQL×UNo×O×ù×QEXQLWHOLùLDüDù×OD\DUDN|OGUPHQLQPHüUX \ROXGXU'LùHUELUV|\OH\LüOHDüDù×OD\DUDN|OGUPHQLQ´DKODNLµN×O×QPDV×G×U <HQL×UNo×O×ùDDWIHGLOHQEXWUGHQQLWHOLNOHUL´'RùDODIHWYH×UNo×O×Nµ LOLüNLVLQL DQDOL] HGHUHN J|UQUOHüWLUHQ oDO×üPDODU YDUG×U GH OD 3HxD %DFKPDQ ,VWUH &RKHQ YH .ODUPDQ
(53) WDUDI×QGDQ \DS×ODQ ´5HH[DPLQLQJ 3HUFHLYHG 'LVFULPLQDWLRQ EHWZHHQ %ODFNV DQG :KLWHV IROORZLQJ +XUULFDQH .DWULQD$ 5DFLDO&RQFLOLDWRU\ 3HUVSHFWLYHµ DGO× oDO×üPDGD$PHULNDGD1HZ2UOHDQV·WDPH\GDQDJHOHQ.DWULQDNDV×UJDV×VRQUDV×QGDKNPHWLQ\DSW×ù×\DUG×PODU×QV×Q×IVDOYH×UNVDO|QFHOLNOHUH J|UH EHOLUOHQLS EHOLUOHQPHGLùLQL DUDüW×U×OP×üW×U ´]HQJLQ EH\D] \RNVXOEH\D]]HQJLQVL\DKYH\RNVXOVL\DKµRODUDND\U×üW×U×ODQNDV×UJD PDùGXUODU×QDNDV×UJDVRQUDV×QGDKNPHWWDUDI×QGDQ\DS×ODQ\DUG×PODU×QK×]O×ELUüHNLOGHXODü×SXODüPDG×ù×VRUXOPXüWXUúVWDWLVWLNVHOROD-.
(54) dREDQ.HQHù 'eSrePin *|rnrOeùtirGiöi <eni ,rko× 6|\OePOer 53. UDNDQODPO××UNVDOIDUNO×O×NODU×QRUWD\Do×NW×ù×EXoDO×üPDGDDUDüW×UPD\DNDW×ODQEH\D]ODU×QELUN×VP×KNPHWLQ\DUG×PODU×GDù×WPDK×]×QGD VRV\RHNRQRPLN IDUNO×O×NODU×Q HWNLOL ROGXùXQX V|\OHUNHQ EH\D]ODU×Q E\N oRùXQOXùX \DUG×PODU×Q GDù×W×P üHNOL YH K×]× LOH VRV\RHNRQRPLNYH×UNVDOIDUNODUDUDV×QGDELULOLüNLNXUPDP×üW×U6L\DKNDW×O×PF×ODU LVHKNPHWLQ\DUG×PODU×GDù×WPDK×]×Q×YHüHNOLQLEHOLUOH\HQLQGDKD oRN ×UNVDO IDUNO×O×NODU ROGXùXQGD ×VUDU HWPLüOHUGLU úVWDWLVWLNVHO RODUDN DQNHWWHQo×NDQJHQHOVRQXoODUKNPHWLQNDV×UJDPDùGXUODU×Q×V×Q×IVDOYH×UNVDOIDUNO×O×NODUDJ|UHD\U×üW×UG×ù×\DUG×PODU×QK×]×Q×YHüHNOLQL EXQDJ|UHEHOLUOHGLùLYHD\U×PF×O×N×UNo×O×N\DSW×ù×G×U-RKQVRQ'RODQ YH6RQQHW
(55) WDUDI×QGDQ\DS×ODQ´6SHDNLQJRI/RRWLQJ$Q$QDO\VLV RI 5DFLDO 3URSDJDQGD LQ 1DWLRQDO 7HOHYLVLRQ &RYHUDJH RI +XUULFDQH .DWULQDµLVLPOLDUDüW×UPDGDLVHNDV×UJD\×WDNLSHGHQLONELUKDIWDLoLQGHNLXOXVDORODUDN\D\×QODQDQWHOHYL]\RQNDQDOODU×QGDNLKDEHUOHU×UNo× SURSDJDQGDDo×V×QGDQLoHULNDQDOL]LQHWDELWXWXOPXüWXU$ù×UO×NO×RODUDN$IUR$PHULNDO×ODU×Q\DüDG×ù×YHNDV×UJDNXUEDQODU×Q×QGDGDKDoRN DOWJHOLUJUXEXQGDNL$IUR$PHULNDO×ODU×QROGXùX\HUGHPH\GDQDJHOHQ EX IHODNHWH LOLüNLQ GDKD oRN EH\D] KDEHU ND\QDNODU×QGDQ DO×QDUDN EH\D] PXKDELUOHU WDUDI×QGDQ \DS×ODQ KDEHUOHU $IUR$PHULNDO× PDùGXUODU×Q PDùGXUL\HWLQL \DQV×WPDN \HULQH EH\D] RUWD V×Q×I GDYUDQ×ü NXUDOODU×\ODKDUHNHWHGHUHNEXPDùGXUODUDNDUü×KHPVHPSDWLGX\XS PDùGXUL\HWOHULQH ]OUNHQ KHP GH RQODU× \DùPD YH WDODQ \DSDQ ROXPVX]DNW|UOHURODUDNWDQ×PODPD\×WHUFLKHWPLüOHUGLU$UDüW×UPDF×ODU EX oDW×üPDO× GX\JX GXUXPXQX ´|WHNLµ RODUDN LüDUHWOHQHQOHUH KHP VHPSDWLGX\PDKHPGHD\U×PF×O×N\DSPDGLùHUELUV|\OH\LüOH|WHNLQH NDUü×KHPROXPOXKHPGHROXPVX]GX\JXODU×ELUDUDGDEDU×QG×UPDN DQODP×QGD ´DYHUVLYH UDFLVPNDo×QPDF× ×UNo×O×Nµ *DHUWQHU YH 'RYLGLRDNW3HDUVRQYG
(56) RODUDNWDQ×PODP×üODUG×U'RYLGLR WDUDI×QGDQ oDùGDü ×UNo×O×ù×Q ELU DOW WU RODUDN DGODQG×U×ODQ ´$YHUVLYH UDFLVPµ -RKQVRQ YH DUNDGDüODU×Q×Q \DSW×ù× EX oDO×üPDQ×Q VRQXoODU×Q× |]HWOHPHNLoLQGHX\JXQJ|UOPüWU+HPDGDOHWVL]OLùLQNXUEDQODU× RODUDNWDQ×PODQDQKHPGHNDV×UJDPDùGXUXRODQVL\DKODUDHüLWOLNYH DGDOHWSUHQVLSOHUL\OH\DNODü×OPDV×QDRQODUDVHPSDWLYHHPSDWLGX\XOPDV×QD UDùPHQ ELUELUL\OH oHOLüHQ YH oRùXQOXNOD ELOLQoOL ROPD\DQ ELU üHNLOGH JHoPLüWH HGLQLOHQ |Q\DUJ×Q×Q GD HWNLVL\OH NDV×UJD PDùGXUX.
(57) 54 iOetiÁiP araÁt¿rPaOar¿. RODQVL\DKODURQODU×ROXPVX]WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODUOD\DQV×WDQKDEHUOHULQGHPDùGXUXROPXüODUG×U -RKQVRQYG
(58) dDO×üPDQ×QEXQGDQVRQUDNLN×VP×QGD\HQL×UNo×O×ù×QWHSNLVHOOLùLQL NRQWUROV]OùQSDUoDO×O×ù×Q×YHKHUPHFUD\DX\XPVDùOD\DQHVQHN QLWHOLùLQL J|UQUOHüWLUPHN ]HUH VHoLOHQ V|\OHPOHU LQFHOHQHFHNWLU %X LQFHOHPHGHWHOHYL]\RQGDQVRV\DOPHG\DGDQYH\D]×O×EDV×QGDQVHoLOHQ |UQHNOHUGH GHSUHPLQ HWQLNOHüWLULOPHVL \ROX\OD ×UNo×D\U×PF× WXWXPODU×Q YH \DUJ×ODU×Q ´VSRQWDQHµ ´IUDJPHQWHUµ YH ´DQV×]×Qµ o×NDELOHQ QLWHOLùLQHRGDNODQ×ODFDNW×U %XNDSVDPGDDüDù×GD\HUYHULOHQYHPHG\DDUDF×O×ù×\ODJ|UQUON ND]DQDQ GRODü×PD VRNXODQ V|\OHPOHU \HQL ×UNo×O×ù×Q \XNDU×GD VD\×ODQQLWHOLNOHULQLQGHSUHPLQHWQLNOHüWLULOPHVL\ROX\ODUHWLOHELOGLùLQLQVRPXW|UQHNOHULGLU<HQL×UNo×O×ù×QNRQWUROV]OùQYHNHQGLOLùLQGHQOLùLQLWDQ×PODPDNDPDF×\ODFDQO×\D\×QODQDQWHOHYL]\RQSURJUDPODU×QGDQ J|UQPH] ROPDQ×Q VLQLNOLùL LOH ELU UDKDWODPD ELoLPL RODUDN 7ZLWWHU YH )DFHERRN JLEL VRV\DO PHG\DGD NHQGLQH \HU EXODQ RNX\XFX \RUXPODU×QGDQYH\D]×O×EDV×Q×QGLOVHOYHV|\OHPVHODUDoODU×SURIHV\RQHOFHNXOODQDUDNGROD\O×ELUüHNLOGHUHWWLùLKDEHUOHUGHQDO×QDQEX×UNo× V|\OHP|UQHNOHULD\Q×]DPDQGD\HQL×UNo×O×ù×QKHUPHFUD\DX\XPVDùOD\DQHVQHNQLWHOLùLQLGHJ|UQUOHüWLUPHNWHGLU. *D\UL÷UDGL,UNo×O×N´g\OHGHPHN\DSPDNLVWHPHGLPµ 7HOHYL]\RQDUDF×O×ù×\ODGRODü×PDVRNXODQYHDüDù×GD\HUYHULOHQLNL |UQHNWH\HQL×UNo×O×ù×QJD\U×LUDGLRODUDN´DQV×]×Qµ´VSRQWDQHµ´IUDJPDQWHUµ ELU üHNLOGH JQGHOLN GLOL NXOODQDUDN QDV×O Do×ùD o×NDELOGLùL J|UOPHNWHGLU$79WHOHYL]\RQNDQDO×QGD\DSW×ù×FDQO×\D\×QV×UDV×QGD 0JH$QO× 9DQ·GD PH\GDQ JHOHQ GHSUHPLQ DUG×QGDQ R E|OJHGH \DUG×P oDO×üPDODU×QD NDW×ODQ JYHQOLN J|UHYOLOHULQL NDVWHGHUHN ´+HUNHV KDGGLQLELOHFHN<HULJHOLQFHWDüDWDFDNV×Q×]NXüDYODUJLELDYOD\DFDNV×QVRQUD\DUG×PLVWH\HFHNVLQ2SROLVOHUKHPHQ\DUG×P×QDNRüWXRUDGDNLOHULQ2WDüDWDQODU×QHOLN×U×OV×QµFPOHOHULQLNXOODQ×UNHQ'X\JX &DQEDü GD +DEHUWUN NDQDO×QGD FDQO× \D\×QODQDQ SURJUDP×QGD GHSUHPKDEHULQLYHULUNHQ´'HSUHPKHUQHNDGDU9DQ·GDGDROVDKHSLPL].
(59) dREDQ.HQHù 'eSrePin *|rnrOeùtirGiöi <eni ,rko× 6|\OePOer 55. ]OGNµ GHPLüWLU KWWSZZZHYUHQVHOQHWQHZVSKS"LG (ULüLP
(60) %LU UHIOHNV KDOLQGH o×NDQ EX V|]Q \DUDWDELOHFHùL ROXPVX] WHSNLOHUL EHUWDUDI HWPH ND\J×V×\OD ´X\DU×OPDV×µ ]HULQH 'X\JX&DQEDü·×QELUNDoGDNLNDVRQUD|]UPDKL\HWLQGHNLDo×NODPDV× LVH \HQL ×UNo×O×ù×Q KHP LQNkUF× QLWHOLùLQL KHP GH QDV×O NHQGLOLùLQGHQ UHIOHNVLIYHIUDJPHQWHUROGXùXQXJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU&DQEDüFDQO×\D\×QGD ND\×WODUD JHoHQ YH G×üOD\×F× D\U×PF× LoHULùL RODQ FPOHVLQL ü|\OH LQNkUHWPHNWHYH\XPXüDWPDNWDG×U´%XDUDGDVDQ×U×PELU\DQO×üDQODü×OPD YDU (ùHU E|\OH ELU FPOH VDUI HWWL\VHP NL EX PPNQ GHùLO ¶+HUQHNDGDUEXGHSUHP9DQ·GD\VDJLELELUFPOHVDUIHWPHPPPNQGHùLO(ùHUVDUIHWWL\VHPEXLüLQ]QWVQGHQGROD\×G×U+HUNHV NDGDU 7UNL\H·QLQ GRùXVXQGD EDW×V×QGD JQH\LQGH NX]H\LQGH NLP QHNDGDU]OG\VHEXDF×\×SD\ODü×\RUVDHOEHWWHEL]GHJ|UHYEDü×QGD D\Q×DF×\×SD\ODü×\RUX]6|]OHULP\DQO×üDQODü×OG×\VDWPL]OH\LFLOHUGHQ |]U GLOHULPµ ZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y (V:X7MPJZ
(61) &DQO×\D\×QODQDQWHOHYL]\RQSURJUDPODU×QGDSURJUDPVXQXFXODU×Q×Q üDKV×QGD GHSUHPLQ DUG×QGDQ ELU UHIOHNV KDOLQGH NRQWUROV] ELU . 0HG\DQ×Q oHüLWOL LQNkU VWUDWHMLOHUL DUDF×O×ù×\OD VW |UWN GROD\O× ELU üHNLOGH ×UNo× \DUJ×ODU×QDV×OUHWWLùLYHGRODü×PDVRNWXùXQDLOLüNLQD\U×QW×O×ELUoDO×üPDLoLQEDN×Q×] dREDQ.HQHü
(62) ´,UNo×D\U×PF×6|\OHPOHULQ.XUXFXgùHOHUL2ODUDNúQNkU6WUDWHMLOHULµ.OWUYHúOHWLüLP'HUJLVL
(63) . . 'LVFRXUVH DQG WKH GHQLDO RI UDFLVP E
(64) 6|\OHP YH ,UNo×O×ù×Q úQNkU×
(65) LVLPOL oDO×üPDV×QGD YDQ 'LMN D]×QO×NODUD J|oPHQOHUH NDUü× ×UNo×O×ù×Q GLOVHO YH V|\OHPVHO SUDWLNOHUOH VW |UWN JL]OL ELU üHNLOGH \DS×OPDV×QD RODQDN WDQ×\DQ ´LQNDU VWUDWHMLOHULQLµRUWD\Do×NDU×UdDO×üPDV×QGDYDQ'LMNEXVWUDWHMLOHULQHOLWV|\OHPLQLQ|QHPOLELU NDUDNWHULVWLùLROGXùXQXRUWD\DNR\PXüWXU´%L]GHùLORQODU«µüHNOLQGHLIDGHOHQHQ WHUVLQHoHYLUPH×UNo×O×ù×QVHEHELQLEDüNDV×QD\|QOHQGLUPHWUDQVIHUHWPH´EL]µHLOLüNLQ ROXPVX]H\OHPOHULJHoLüWLUPH\DGDVWQ|UWHUHNLIDGHHWPH\XPXüDWPD´RQODU×Q ED]×ODU×PHGHQLIDNDWJHQHOL«µJLELLIDGHOHUGHNHQGLQLDo×ùDo×NDUDQD\U×üW×UPDYH ´|\OHGHPHN\DSPDNLVWHPHGLPEHQL\DQO×üDQODG×Q×]µJLELLIDGHOHUGH\DS×ODQH\OHPLQ\DGDQL\HWLQLQNkUHGLOPHVLJLELVWUDWHMLOHU×UNo×O×ù×QV|\OHPLoLQGHLQNkUDGD\DO× \DS×ODQPDELoLPOHULQLDo×ùDo×NDUPDGDEHOLUOHQHQV|\OHPVHOVWUDWHMLOHUGLU YDQ'LMN E
(66) .
(67) 56 iOetiÁiP araÁt¿rPaOar¿. üHNLOGH Do×ùD o×NDQ LON ×UNo× WHSNLOHU VRV\DO PHG\DGD LVH J|UQPH] ROPDQ×QVLQLNOLùLLOHELUUDKDWODPDDUDF×RODUDNLüOHYJ|UPüWU. %LU5DKDWODPD$UDF×2ODUDN×UNo×O×N¶2KL\LROPXù· 7UNL\H·QLQ.UWQIXVXQXQ\RùXQOXNOXRODUDN\DüDG×ù×ELUE|OJHGH PH\GDQD JHOHQ GHSUHPLQ DUG×QGDQ VRV\DO PHG\DGD GHSUHPOH LOJLOLRODUDNYHULOHQKDEHUOHULQDOW×QDRNX\XFXODUWDUDI×QGDQ\DS×ODQYH ×UNo×LoHULùLRODQ\RUXPODU7ZLWWHU)DFHERRNJLELVRV\DOPHG\DGDQDO×QP×üW×U 'HSUHPLQ HWQLNOHüWLULOPHVL \ROX\OD Do×ùD o×NDQ YH ×UNo× LoHULùL . 0XWOX%LQDUNYGWDUDI×QGDQ\DS×ODQ7RSOXPVDO3D\ODü×P$ù×)DFHERRN*|UO\RUXP g\OH\VH9DU×P
(68) LVLPOLVRV\DOPHG\D]HULQH\DS×OP×üoDO×üPD\DQHIUHWV|\OHPLQLQ VRV\DO PHG\DGD GRODü×PD VRNXOPD YH J|UQUOHüWLULOPH ELoLPOHULQH LOLüNLQ GDKDNDSVDPO×ELOJLDo×V×QGDQEDN×ODELOLU<DQ×V×UD)XQGDûHQRO&DQWHN·LQ´2NXUXQXQJD]HWHVL*D]HWHVLQLQRNXUX+UUL\HW*D]HWHVLQLQ\RUXPVD\IDV×]HULQHµLVLPOL oDO×üPDV× GD +UUL\HW JD]HWHVLQLQ LQWHUQHW VD\IDV×QGDNL RNXU \RUXPODU× ]HULQH ELU oDO×üPDG×U %X oDO×üPDGD +UUL\HW·LQ PDQüHWH o×NDUG×ù× 7UNL\H·QLQ Lo YH G×ü SROLWLN PHVHOHOHULQL HWNLOH\HQ JQGHPL LüJDO HGHQ 2UKDQ 3DPXN·XQ 1REHO gGO DOPDV×$JRV*D]HWHVL*HQHO<D\×Q<|QHWPHQL+UDQW'LQN·LQ|OGUOPHVL*HQHONXUPD\%DüNDQ×<DüDU%\NDQ×W·×Q$%'·\L]L\DUHWL.XUWODU9DGLVLGL]LVLQLQ\D\×QGDQ NDOG×U×OPDV×]HULQH\DS×ODQKDEHUOHUYHRNXUODU×QEXKDEHUOHUH\DSW×NODU×\RUXPODU DQDOL]HGLOPLüWLU<RUXPODUGD´KDEHUPHWQLQHYHKDEHULoHULùLQLQLüDUHWHWWLùLLGHRORMLNGXUXüDJHQHOOLNOHHOHüWLUHO\DNODü×OPDG×ù×RQXQ\HULQHKDEHULQ\|QOHQGLULFLOLùL GRùUXOWXVXQGDRQXQUHIHUDQVODU×NXOODQ×ODUDNV|]JHoHQNLüLNXUXPROD\ONH WRSOXOXN YH EHQ]HULQH NDUü× HOHüWLUHO YH\D RQD\OD\×F× ELU WXWXP WDN×Q×OG×ù×µ J|UOPüWU &DQWHN
(69) &DQWHNEX\RUXPODUGDKDEHULQGRùUXOXùXQXQND\QDNODU×Q×QJYHQLOLUOLùLQLQYHVXQXOXüELoLPLQLQVRUJXODQPDG×ù×Q×QYHHJHPHQRNXPD ELoLPLQHGHQNGüHQ\RUXPODU×QHGLW|UOHUFHRQD\ODQDUDN\D\×QODQG×ù×Q×QDOW×Q×oL]HU
(70) 2NXU \RUXPODU× ]HULQH \DS×ODQ ELU GLùHU oDO×üPDGD úQDQ g]GHPLU
(71) ´'L\DUEDN×U·GD 0DUW ·GD G|UW 3..·O×Q×Q FHQD]H W|UHQOHUL V×UDV×QGD EDüOD\DQJ|VWHULOHUHLOLüNLQµ+UUL\HW0LOOL\HW6DEDKYH$NüDP*D]HWHOHULQLQLQWHUQHW VLWHOHULQGHNL KDEHUOHUH \DS×ODQ RNXU \RUXPODU×Q× )UDQNIXUW 2NXOX·QXQ JHOLüWLUGLùL 2WRULWHU .LüLOLN 3DUDPHWOHUL Do×V×QGDQ LQFHOHPLüWLU g]GHPLU RNXU \RUXPODU×QGDNL WHPHO|]HOOLNOHULQPXKDID]DNkUO×NDKODNLGHùHUOHUHNDW×ELUüHNLOGHEDùO×O×NYHGHYOHW NXUXPODU×\OD GHYOHWH VD\J× oHUoHYHVLQGH ELoLPOHQGLùLQL YH \RUXPODU×Q RWRULWHU ELU HùLOLPHVDKLSROGXùXQXWHVSLWHWPLüRNXUODU×QV|]NRQXVXGHYOHWROGXùXQGDHWQLN WHPHOOLKDNWDOHSOHULQLELOHGHYOHWH\|QHOLNELUVDOG×U×YHWHKGLWVD\DUDNWHU|UOHLOLüNLOHQGLUGLNOHULQLJ|VWHUPLüWLU
(72) .
(73) dREDQ.HQHù 'eSrePin *|rnrOeùtirGiöi <eni ,rko× 6|\OePOer 57. RODQEXRNX\XFX\RUXPlDU×Q×LNLJUXEDD\×UPDNPPNQJ|UQPHNWHGLU úONJUXSWD\HUDODQRNXUODU×Q\RUXPODU×QGDNLRUWDNO×NGHSUHPLQ PH\GDQD JHOGLùL E|OJHGH \DüD\DQODU×Q KHSVLQL .UW YH .UWOHULQ GH KHSVLQL ´WHU|ULVWµ ´3..µO× RODUDN J|UPHOHULGLU 'LùHU ELU V|\OH\LüOH ×UNo×LoHULNOLV|\OHPOHULQLNDO×S\DUJ×ODUODROXüWXUPDODU×VDOG×UJDQO×NODU×Q× YH |INHOHULQL GDKD GRùUXGDQ GLOH JHWLUPHOHULGLU %X JUXSWDNL \RUXPFXODU×Q GHSUHPLQ ´oRN \HULQGHµ YH ´]DPDQ×QGDµ WHFHOOL HGHQ LODKL ELU LKWDUµ ROGXùXQD LQDQPDODU× ×UNo×O×NODU×Q× GLQL LQDQoODU×\OD EHVOHPHOHULGLNNDWoHNLFLGLU´9DQ·GDJHUoHNOHüHQEXGHSUHPLQ]DPDQ× JHUoHNWHQGHoRN\HULQGHYH]DPDQ×QGDROPXü\FHDOODK×P×]×QDGHWD LODKL ELU DGDOHWLµ \RUXPXQGD NHQGLQL ELOOXUODüW×UDQ EX WUGHQ V|\OHPOHU7DQU×Q×QRNXUODELUOLNWH.UWOHUHNDUü×D\Q×QHIUHWLGX\DELOGLùLQH´]DPDQ×QGDµYH´\HULQGHµELUGHSUHPOHRE|OJHGH\DüD\DQ´.UWOHULWHU|ULVWOHULµFH]DODQG×UPDNNRQXVXQGDNHQGLOHUL\OHQDV×ORUWDNODüDELOGLùLQHRODQ´SDWRORMLNµLQDQF×QELUJ|VWHUJHVLGLU %XJUXSWD\HUDODQEHQ]HUQLWHOLNOL\RUXPODUGDQED]×ODU×ü|\OHGLU ´$OODK×Q ODQHWL \Dù×\RU NUWOHULQ VWQH QDQN|UOJQ EHGHOL EX $OODK×P üNUOHU ROVXQ VDQDµ ´$OODK GL\DUEDN×UDGD QDVLS HGHU LQüDOODKµ ´9DWDQ×QD LKDQHW HGHQ WHU|UH GHVWHN YHUHQ LOOHUH $OODK×Q LKWDU× ROVD JHUHNµ ´ûHKLWOHULQ NDQ× \HUGH PL NDODFDNW×"µ ´3..·\OD PFDGHOH\H $OODK·×Q GHYUH\H JLUGLùLQLQ J|VWHUJHVLGLUµ ´7UNOHULQ üHKLWOHULQH]OPH\HQOHULQYH\DVHYLQHQOHULQVHYLQFLK]QP]DF×V× LVHPXWOXOXùXPX]GXUµ´DOODKDüNUDOODK×QVRSDV×\RNRUGD\Dü×\DQ KHUNH] |OPH\L ]DWHQ KDNHGL\Rµ ´$<<< oRN VHYLQGLP EDN LQüDOODK ELUD]YDWDQKDLQOHULQLWHPL]OHUL\LROXUµ´2KL\LROPXü|OYDUP×|O RQGDQ KDEHU YHUµ ¶$OODK×P R GDùODU× \×ND\G×Q \D KDLQOHULQ VWQH \HUOHELUROVXQODUNDoDNo×O×NRQODUGDX\XüWXUXFXRQODUGDEHWHUROVXQODUµ ¶YDOLPL]H ELüH\ ROPXüPX XPDU×P KHUNHV |OPüWUµ ´LQDQ KLo ]OPHGLKDNNDULü×UQDN\HUOHELUROVXQ\×N×OV×QQKDNNDULYHü×UQDN WRSUDù×QDOW×QDJ|POPüWUXPDULP . 8ODü×ODQEX\RUXPODU6X]DQ'HPLU·LQ(NLPWDULKOL(YUHQVHOJD]HWHVLQGHNL N|üHVLQGH YH 2FDN WDULKOL 7HPHO 'HPLUHU·LQ .DSVDPD GHUJLVLQLQ HOHNWURQLN RODUDN\D\×QODQDQVD\×V×QGD\HUDODQ\D]×ODU×QGDQGHUOHQPLüWLUgWH\DQGDQEX×UNo× LoHULNOLV|\OHPOHUH´9DQGHSUHPL×UNo×O×Nµ\D]PDNVXUHWL\OHSHNoRNDUDPDPRWRUXQXQEXOGXùXLQWHUQHWVLWHOHULQGHQGHXODü×ODELOPHNWHGLU.
(74) 58 iOetiÁiP araÁt¿rPaOar¿. úNLQFLJUXSWD\HUDODQRNXUODU×Q\RUXPODU×QGDNLRUWDNO×NLVHGHSUHPGH |OHQOHUL NDWHJRUL]H HWPH\H GLNNDW HWPHOHUL YH GDKD ´DGLO ELU ×UNo×O×Nµ \DSPDODU×G×U 7HU|ULVW3..·O× RODQODU YH ROPD\DQODU ´ 9DQ·GDPH\GDQDJHOHQYHoHYUHLOOHUGHGHKLVVHGLOHQGHSUHPGHYHIDW HGHQ LQVDQODU×Q LoHULVLQGH 3..·\D GHVWHN YHUHQOHU RODELOLU %HQ 3..·\DGHVWHNYHULSWHYHIDWHGHQLQVDQODUD$//$+·WDQUDKPHWGLOHPL\RUXPµ´3NN\DQGDüODU×LQüDOODKRHQND]ODUGDQNXUWXODPD]*HULVLQH$OODKDFLOüLIDODUYHUVLQgOHQOHUHGHDOODKWDQUDKPHWGLOHULPNXVXUD EDNPD\×QEHQLPDVNHULPHDELPELOHQHNXUüXQV×NVD|OGùQGHVHYLQLULP ´7HN HQGLüHP PDVXP LQVDQODU×QGD ]DUDU J|UPü RODELOHFHùL WHU|UH GHVWHN YHUHQOHULQ JHEHUPHVL XPUXPGD ELOH GHùLO 'LùHUOHUL HQND]ODUGDQGDKLNXUWDU×OPDV×Q3NNO×2ODQODU*HEHUGL2OPD\DQODUD$OODKWDQ5DKPHW'LOL\RUX]µ 'HSUHPLQ HWQLNOHüWLULOPHVL \ROX\OD .UWOHUL 7DQU×Q×Q GD |WHNLVL RODUDN NRQXPODQG×UDQ EX WUGHQ \RUXPODU JQGHOLNJD\UL UHVPL NRQXüPDGLOLQLQNDO×SODU×\OD\DS×OP×üW×UJUDPHUYH\D]×PKDWDODU×\OD GROXQRNWDQ×QYLUJOQE\NNoNKDUI\D]×P×Q×QUDVWJHOHYH\DQO×ü RODUDN NXOODQ×OG×ù× |]HQVL] ELU GLO YH V|\OHP DUDF×O×ù×QGD .UWOHUH \|QHOLNQHIUHWERFDHGLOPLüWLU)XQGDû&DQWHN\XNDU×GDDQ×ODQoDO×üPDV×QGD EX GLOLQ ´VDQDO RUWDP×Q K×]×QD YH \DUDWW×ù× MDUJRQD X\JXQ RODUDN N×VDOWPDODU YH LüDUHWOHUOH GROX NHQGLQH |]J ELU GLOµ ROXüXQD YXUJX\DSDU$\U×FDROXüWXUXODQEXGLOLQYHV|\OHPLQ´HUNHNVLoRùXQOXNOD VDOG×UJDQ YH GD\DWPDF× VORJDQYDUL NLPL ]DPDQ VDUNDVWLN HJRVDQWULNNDO×S\DUJ×ODUYHPHWDIRUODUOD|UOµROXüXQXQGDDOW×Q×oL]HU &DQWHN
(75) %XoDO×üPDGDGD\XNDU×GDNL|UQHNOHUGHJ|UOGù JLELJQGHOLNNRQXüPDGLOLQLQNDO×SODU×\OD\DS×ODQ\RUXPODU×QEDU×QG×UG×ù××UNo×\DUJ×ODU´GHSUHPOHGHùLOVHELOHµDOD\HGHUHNDüDù×OD\DUDN |OGUHELOPHQLQ ELU \ROX RODUDN PHG\DQ×Q HGLW|UOHULQ YHVD\HWLQGH WHGDYOHJLUPLüYH×UNo×O×ù×Q\HQLELoLPOHULRODUDNRQD\J|UPüWU gWH\DQGDQ×UNo×\DUJ×ODU×Q×GDKDGRùUXGDQYHUHIOHNVLIELUüHNLOGH Do×NHGHQoRùXRNXUJUXEXQGDQD\U×üDUDN\HQL×UNo×O×ù×QGROD\O×VW |UWNQLWHOLùLQHGDKDGHQNGüHQDüDù×GD\HUYHULOHQLNL\RUXP.UWOHUHGDLUELOJLVDKLELROPD\DGD\DQPDV×YHEXELOJLQLQVW|UWNRODUDN ×UNo×O×N \DSPDN LoLQ QDV×O NXOODQ×OG×ù×Q× J|VWHUPHVL EDN×P×QGDQ |QHPOLGLU´úüWHWDWDQ+DLQOHULQH&HQDE×+DNWDQ&HwDSDUW×N.
(76) dREDQ.HQHù 'eSrePin *|rnrOeùtirGiöi <eni ,rko× 6|\OePOer 59. ELUD] GüQUOHUµ ´'DKD GQ 9DQ·GD \U\HQ KDLQOHU 7& 9DQ·GDQ GHIRO GHUNHQ EXJQ G|YOHHWWW \RUGLP HWWW GL\R7 %X LNL \RUXPGD VRPXWODüDQ ´LQFHOWLOPLüµ ×UNo×O×N RQODU× GLùHU \RUXPODU×Q GRùUXGDQO×ù×QGDQ D\U×üW×UPDNWDG×U ´.UW DOIDEHVLQGH EXOXQDQ ´Zµ KDUILQL NXOODQPDN\ROX\OD×UNo×\DUJ×ODU×Q×RUWD\DNR\DQLON\RUXPFXNHQGLVLJLEL DQFDN .UW DOIDEHVLQGHNL KDUIOHUL WDQ×\DQODU×Q DQOD\DELOHFHùL GDKD |UWNELU×UNo×O×N\DSPDNWDG×U.UWV|]FùQNXOODQPDNV×]×QGLùHU ELUV|\OH\LüOHHWQLNNLPOLùHGRùUXGDQELUJ|QGHUPH\DSPDNV×]×Q\DOQ×]FD´ZµKDUILQLQQHDQODPDJHOGLùLQLELOHQOHULQDQOD\DELOHFHùLGDKD GROD\O×ELUüHNLOGH.UWOHUL´YDWDQKDLQLµYH´|OPKDNHGHQOHUµRODUDNLüDUHWOHPHNWHGLUgWH\DQGDQEX\RUXPXQDo×NHWWLùLELUEDüNDüH\ GHEX\RUXPX\DSDQNLüLQLQYHRQXDQOD\DQODU×Q.UWOHULDüDù×ODUNHQ ELOHD\U×ELUGLOOHULQLQD\U×ELUDOIDEHOHULQLQROGXùXQXGDVW|UWNELU üHNLOGH´NDEXOµHWPHOHULGLU7P.UWOHUL´YDWDQKDLQLµRODUDNLüDUHWOHPH\H \DUD\DQ EX ELOPH\H GD\DO× \RUXP \DQ×QGD 7UNoH NRQXüPDN ]RUXQGDE×UDN×ODQYHGHYOHWL´G|YOHHWWWµRODUDNWHODIIX]HGHELOHQ.UWOHULQDNVDQODU×QDJ|QGHUPH\DSDUDNDOD\HGHQDüDù×OD\DQLNLQFL|UQHN GH EHQ]HU ELU QLWHOLùH VDKLSWLU 7UNL\H &XPKXUL\HWLQLQ N×VDOW×OP×ü KDOLQLQ.UWOHUWDUDI×QGDQ7& 7(&(
(77) üHNOLQGHWHODIIX]HGLOPHVLQLQELU ´DüDù×ODPDµ DUDF× RODUDN NXOODQ×OG×ù×QD J|QGHUPH \DSDQ \RUXPFX . 9XUJXODUEDQDDLW. . %HQ]HUELUGXUXP3..N×VDOWPDV×Q×Q´SHNHNHµ\DGD´SHNDNDµRODUDNRNXQXüXYH EDKDU×QJHOLüLQLDGODQG×UPDN]HUH´QHZUR]µYH´QHYUX]µV|]FNOHULQLQ\D]×O×ü×YH V|\OHQLüL Do×V×QGDQ GD JHoHUOLGLU +HU LNL NHOLPHQLQ V|\OHQLü ELoLPL ´VDI×Q EHOLUOHQPHVLQGHµ ELU J|VWHUJH RODUDN LüDUHWOHQHELOPHNWHGLU =H\QHS *DPEHWWL EXUDGD V|]NRQXVXRODQGXUXPXQ7UNL\H·GH.UWOHULQHWQLNWDOHSOHULQHGHQL\OH7UNOHUOH\DüDG×NODU×LoVDYDü×QDVO×QGD´NOWUHOSUDWLNOHUHWHUFPHHGLOPHVL\DQLELUoHüLWVDYDü WDNOLGLµ RODUDN DGODQG×U×ODELOHFHùLQH LüDUHW HGHU *DPEHWWL KNPHWLQ \×O×QGD ´1HZUR]X1HYUX]RODUDN7UNOHüWLUHUHNµUHVPLED\UDPLODQHWPHVLQL\×O×QGD &XPKXUEDüNDQ×6OH\PDQ'HPLUHOYH%DüEDNDQ%OHQW(FHYLW·LQ´1HYUX]µXQNDUGHüOLNDQODP×QDJHOGLùLQLV|\OH\HQEH\DQODUGDEXOXQPDV×Q×\×O×QGD.OWUYH (ùLWLP%DNDQO×NODU×Q×Q2UWD$V\D7UNv&XPKXUL\HWOHULQGHQ´1HYUX]µNXWODPDODU× LoLQIRONORUJUXSODU×JHWLUPHOHULQL\×O×QGD(PQL\HW7HüNLODW×Q×QRNXOODUDGDù×W×OPDN]HUH´1HYUX]XµDQODWDQNLWDSo×NEDVW×UPDV×Q×YHEXNLWDSo×NWD´1HYUX]µXQ DVO×QGDELU2UWD$V\D7UNJHOHQHùLROGXùXQXQYH%R]NXUWYH(UJHQHNRQGHVWDQ×\OD LOLüNLOHQGLULOPHVLQLQ´1HYUX]µXQDQODP×Q×Q7UNOHUYH.UWOHULoLQIDUNO×ODüW×ù×YH 0DUW×Q´NDUü×O×NO×oHNLüPHJQQHµG|QüWùQQJ|VWHUJHOHULROGXùXQDLüDUHWHGHU *DPEHWWL
(78) .
(79) 60 iOetiÁiP araÁt¿rPaOar¿. ´7&µN×VDOWPDV×Q×VDOG×UPDNYHDüDù×ODPDNLoLQNDUü×LGHRORMLNELUVLODKDG|QüWUPüYHDQFDNEXWHODIIX]D\NOHQHQDQODPODU×ELOHQOHULQ DQOD\DELOHFHùL GDKD GROD\O× ELU ×UNo×O×N \DSP×üW×U g]HWOH EXUDGD \RUXPFX´7&µN×VDOWPDV×Q×KHP.UWOHUL7UNOHUHPXKWDo´KDLQOHUµ RODUDNNRQXPODQG×UPDNKHPGH.UWOHUL|INH\OHNDU×ü×NDOD\YHDüDù×ODPDQ×QKHGHIL\DSPDNLoLQDUDoVDOODüW×U×OP×üW×U +HP)DFHERRN7ZLWWHUKHPGHWHOHYL]\RQNDQDOODU×QGDUHWLOHQYH GRODü×PDVRNXODQ\XNDU×GDNL|UQHNOHU\HQL×UNo×O×ù×Q´|]FµEL\RORMLN NXUXPVDO WHPHOOHUL RODQ ´HVNLµ ×UNo×O×NWDQ D\U×üDQ QLWHOLNOHULQL J|UQU N×OPDNWDG×U %X |UQHNOHU GHSUHP JLEL oRN WHVDGIL ELU ROD\ ]HULQGHQ ×UNo×O×ù×Q WRSOXP LoLQGH ´DQV×]×Qµ ´VSRQWDQHµ ´IUDJPDQWHUµüHNLOGHRUWD\Do×NDELOGLùLQLQELUH\VHOELUJ|UQPGHROGXùXQXQ EXELUH\OHULQV×Q×IVDOGLQVHOSROLWLNNLPOLNOHULQLQELUELULQGHQIDUNO×ODüDELOGLùLQLQYHEXELUH\OHULQDo×NoDD\U×PF×O×N\DSDQ×UNo×YH\DIDüLVW ELU |UJWOH RUJDQLN EDùODU×Q×Q ROPD\DELOHFHùLQLQ J|VWHUJHVLGLU$\Q× ]DPDQGDEX|UQHNOHUGHSUHPJLELGRùDOELUDIHWDUDF×O×ù×QGD´|WHNLµQH GX\XODQQHIUHWLQJQGHOLNGLOLNXOODQDUDNQDV×ONXVXOGXùXQXQYHQDV×O ELUUDKDWODPDDUDF×QDG|QüHELOGLùLQLQGHJ|VWHUJHVLGLU . &DQWHNDQ×ODQoDO×üPDV×QGDHOHüWLULVLQLPL]DKL|ùHOHUNXOODQDUDN\DSDQ\RUXPFXODU×LNLJUXEDD\×UPDNWDG×UdRùXQOXùDGkKLORODQLONJUXSWDNLOHULQ´HVSULOHULGDKD KDUF×DOHPVDOG×UJDQO×NSRWDQVL\HOLYH|INHGX\JXVXQXGDKDGRùUXGDQLIDGHOHUOH GLOH JHWLUHQ HVSULOHUGLUµ úNLQFL JUXSWD \HU DODQODU× LVH 6DQGHUV·H DW×ÁD WDQ×POD\DQ &DQWHN6DQGHUV·LQ´RQXUN×UF×JOPHQLQQHüHOLJOPH\HRUDQODGDKDE\NGUDPDWLNH\OHPSRWDQVL\HOLWDü×G×ù×EXWUJOPHQLQLoWHQELUNLEULDNWDUG×ù×JOHQNLüLQLQ WRSOXP EDVDPDNODU×QGD EDüND KHUNHVWHQ oRN GDKD \NVHNOHUGH GXUGXùX LQDQF×\ODEDùODQW×O×ROGXùXµVDY×QDX\JXQGüWùQV|\OHU &DQWHN
(80) %XD\U×P GHSUHPLQ HWQLNOHüWLULOPHVLQLQ IDLOOHUL RODUDN EX oDO×üPD\D GkKLO HGLOHQ YH GHSUHP \ROX\OD.UWOHUL×UNVDOODüW×UDQRNXUODU×JUXSODQG×UPDNDo×V×QGDQGDLüOHYVHOGLU. 6X]DQ'HPLU·LQ(YUHQVHOJD]HWHVLQGHWDULKLQGH(OPDGDù+DEHU6LWHVL·QLQ \DSW×ù×KDEHUGHQVXQGXùXNHVLWOHUGH×UNo×V|\OHPLQELUEDüND|UQHùLGLU6RV\DOSD\ODü×PVLWHOHULQGHNLGX\XUXODUGD\HUDODQ\DUG×PNDPSDQ\DODU×Q×Q´3..EDùODQW×O× YDN×ÁDUµWDUDI×QGDQ\DS×OG×ù×Q×QYXUJXODQG×ù×EXVLWHQLQKDEHULQGH9DQ%HOHGL\HVLQLQ GHSUHP]HGHOHU LoLQ EDüODWW×ù× \DUG×P NDPSDQ\DV× GHùHUVL]OHüWLULOPHN LVWHQPHNWHGLU \DUG×PODU×Q EHOHGL\H\H \DS×OPDV×Q× HQJHOOHPHN DPDF×Q× WDü×\DQ KDEHU LoHULùL%HOHGL\HQLQ0D\×VWDULKLQGH3..ED\UDù×Q×Q9DQ%HOHGL\HVLELQDV×QD DV×OPDV×QDLVWLQDGHQ\DUG×PODU×Q3..LOH´LüELUOLùLµKDOLQGHRODQ9DQ%HOHGL\HVLQH GHùLO 7UN .×]×OD\·×QD JLWPHVLQL LVWHPHNWHGLU ´%D\UDù×Q DV×OPDV×QD J|] \XPDQ.
(81) dREDQ.HQHù 'eSrePin *|rnrOeùtirGiöi <eni ,rko× 6|\OePOer 61. +HUNHVLQEDü×QDJHOPHLKWLPDOLROPDNODELUOLNWHJQONKD\DWWDNL ×UNo×O×ù×Q´LQFHGHQµYH´GROD\O×µELUüHNLOGHD]×QO×ù×QJUXS\HOHULQLQ EDü×QDKHUJQJHOPHVLQLQ×UNo×O×ù×QEHOLUOH\LFLQLWHOLùLROGXùXQDLüDUHW HGHQ YDQ 'LMN DGDOHWVL]OLNOHULQ EX QHGHQOH ELULNWLùLQL YH E|\OHFH GH ´EDVN× KDOLQH JHOPHVH GH NRFDPDQ ELU SVLNRORMLN YH WRSOXPVDO VWUHV VLVWHPLµ KDOLQH JHOGLùL WHVSLWLQGH EXOXQXU 'LMN XVWDO×NOD \DS×ODQ EX WUGHQ ×UNo×O×ù×Q JLGHUHN GRùDO NDEXO HGLOPH\H EDüODQDFDù× ´ROGXùX JLEL NDEXO HGLOPHVL JHUHNLUPLü JLELµ J|UQHFHùL WHVSLWLQGH EXOXQXU YDQ'LMN
(82) ,UNo×KDUHNHWOHUüDNDODUWDFL]YHPDUMLQDOOHüWLUPH|\OH\D\J×QG×UNLDUW×N HJHPHQ JUXEXQ \HOHULQLQ oRùX DUDV×QGD oRN ID]OD LOJL X\DQG×UPD] 6DGHFHGDKDDo×NGDKDJ|]HoDUSDQYHGDKDDü×U×O×No×RODQ×UNo×O×ù×QIDUN×QD YDU×OPDNWD KDNN×QGD \D]× \D]×OPDNWD YH HOEHWWH NL UHVPL RODUDN D\×SODQPDNWDG×U6×UDGDQ×UNo×O×ND]×QO×NODU×QDUW×NJQGHOLNKD\DWODU×Q×Q GRùDOELUSDUoDV×G×U. 9DQ'LMN×UNo×O×ù×QPLNURG]H\LQLROXüWXUDQEXWRSOXPVDOSUDWLNOHULQ ELOLüVHO ELU WHPHOL ROGXùXQD GD YXUJX \DSDU 'LMN·H J|UH GLùHU LQVDQODUD ´DQFDN IDUNO× RODUDN DOJ×ODQ×\RU YH V×Q×IODQG×U×O×\RUVD IDUNO× GDYUDQ×ODELOLU«(üLWVL]GDYUDQPDRODUDND\U×PF×O×N\DOQ×]FDHJHPHQ JUXS DNW|UOHUL E|\OH ELU GDYUDQ×ü×Q QRUPDO \D GD EDüND ELU üHNLOGH PHüUX ROGXùXQD LQDQ×\RUODUVD |]QHO ELU üHNLOGH KDNO× o×NDU×ODELOLUµ YDQ'LMN
(83) %XQHGHQOH)DFHERRNYH7ZLWWHU]HULQGHQELUVRKEHW KDYDV× LoHULVLQGH JQGHOLN NRQXüPD GLOLQLQ NDO×SODU× LOH ´GRùDOµ RODUDNUHWLOHQ×UNo×\DUJ×ODU×QND\QDù×RODUDNV×UDGDQLQVDQODU×QGLOLQL YHV|\OHPLQLGHüLIUHHWPHNYHVXoODPDN×UNo×O×ù×DQODPDGDHNVLNNDODFDNW×U. %HOHGL\H\HWNLOLOHULGHSUHP]HGHOHUHGDù×W×OPDNLoLQ7UNKDON×QGDQEHOHGL\H\HFUHWVL] NDUJRODUOD \DUG×P WRSODPD\D EDüODG× 7UNL\H·GH \DUG×P WRSODPDN LoLQ WHN \HWNLOLYHHQHWNLOLNXUXP7UN.×]×OD\·G×Uµ (OPDGDù+DEHU·GHQDNW6X]DQ'HPLUFL KWWSHYUHQVHOQHWQHZVSKS"LG
(84) <DUG×PODU×Q ´3..·\D JLWWLùLQHµ YH ´WHU|ULVWOHUHµ \DUD\DFDù×QD LOLüNLQ ×UNo× \DUJ× YH ´VDSWDPDODUµ× GRODü×PD VRNDUDNGHSUHPLQHWQLNOHüWLULOGLùLEXKDEHUDUDF×O×ù×QGDGHSUHPE|OJHVLQH\DS×ODQ \DUG×PODU×Q|QNDSDW×OPDNLVWHQPLüWLU.
(85) 62 iOetiÁiP araÁt¿rPaOar¿. ,UNo×O×ö×Q0L]DKLOHùWLULOPHVL3DURGLOHùWLULOPHVL 0HG\DSURIHV\RQHOOHULQLQGLOVHOYHV|\OHPVHODUDoODU×NXOODQDUDN GDKDGROD\O×YHVW|UWNELUüHNLOGHUHWWLNOHUL×UNo×V|\OHPLQ\D]×O× EDV×QGDQVHoLOHQYHResim 1·GH\HUYHULOHQ|UQHùL×UNo×O×ù×QUHWLOGLùL PHFUDQ×QIDUNO×ODüPDV×QDSDUDOHORODUDN|QHo×NDQQLWHOLùLQLQYH×UNo×O×ù×QUHWLOPHELoLPLQLQIDUNO×ODüW×ù×Q×J|VWHUPHVLDo×V×QGDQ|QHPOLGLU 'ROD\×V×\ODELU|UJWVHONLPOLùHVDKLSRODQODUWDUDI×QGDQSURIHV\RQHO NRGODUODUHWLOHQ×UNo×V|\OHPOHGDKDELUH\VHOELUJ|UQPDU]HGHQ YHVRV\DOPHG\DGDROGXùXJLELWHVDGIELUROD\]HULQGHQWRSOXPXQ ELUELULQGHQIDUNO×ODüDQELUH\OHULWDUDI×QGDQNHQGLOLùLQGHQIUDJPHQWHU ELUüHNLOGHDo×ùDo×NDQ×UNo×V|\OHPOHULQDQDOL]LQGHELUD\U×P\DSPDN |QHPOLGLU 3URIHV\RQHOOHU WDUDI×QGDQ GDKD GROD\×PO× UHWLOHQ oDùGDü\HQL ×UNo×O×ù×QELUEDüNDQLWHOLùLGDKD|QFHYXUJXODQG×ù×JLELPL]DK×XVWDFD NXOODQDELOPHVLV|\OHPOHULQH\HUOHüWLUPHVLPL]DKLXQVXUODUOD×UNo×O×ù× SDURGLOHüWLUHELOPHVLNDEXOHGLOHELOLUV×Q×UODUDoHNHUHNLQVDQLOHüWLUHELOPHVLGLU $\G×QND\D
(86) (NLPWDULKOL<HQL$V\DJD]HWHVLWDUDI×QGDQVHUYLVHGLOHQ ELU NDULNDWUH EX WUGHQ ELU ×UNo×O×ù× |UQHNOHQGLUPHN DPDF×\OD \HU YHULOPLüWLU <HQL $V\D JD]HWHVL WDUDI×QGDQ ´ú/$+ú ú.$=µ EDüO×ù× LOH GRODü×PDVRNXODQResim 1·GHNLNDULNDWUGH9DQLOLQLQGHLoLQGHROGXùX 'RùX YH *QH\GRùX $QDGROX E|OJHVL 7UNL\H WRSUDNODU×QGDQ D\U×OP×üRODUDNoL]LOPLüWLU.DULNDWUQVROWDUDI×QGD\HUDODQIRWRùUDI %DV×Q úODQ .XUXPX·QXQ WLUDM UDSRUXQD J|UH EX JD]HWHQLQ GHSUHPLQ ROGXùX (NLP D\× LoHULVLQGHNL WLUDM× ·GXU *D]HWHQLQ VDKLEL 0HKPHW .XWOXODU $ùXVWRV ·GD GD ELQ NLüLQLQ |OPQH \RO DoDQ 0DUPDUD E|OJHVLQGH PH\GDQD JHOHQ GHSUHPGHQVRQUD\DSW×ù×ELUNRQXüPDGDYHNRQXüPDQ×QGD\HUDOG×ù×GDù×W×ODQELU NLWDSo×NWDGHSUHPL´úQVDQODU×QJQDKYHKDWDODU×NDUü×V×QGDWRSUDù×QLV\DQ×µYH´LODKL LKWDUµ RODUDN GHùHUOHQGLUPLüWLU (NLP WDULKLQGH EX J|UüOHUL QHGHQL\OH &H]D<DVDV×·Q×Q PDGGHVLQGHQ ´+DON× GLQ IDUNO×O×ù× J|]HWHUHN NLQ YH GüPDQO×ùDWDKULNµLGGLDV×\ODKDSLVFH]DV×QDoDUSW×U×ODQ ELDQHWRUJELDQHWLIDGHR]JXUOXJX HULüLP
(87) .XWOXODU·×Q VDKLEL ROGXùX <HQL $V\D JD]HWHVL EHQ]HU ELUWDYU×9DQGHSUHPLVRQUDV×QGDGDJ|VWHUPLüGHSUHPL.UWOHUH\|QHOLNELU´LODKL LKWDUµRODUDNGHùHUOHQGLUPLüWLU.
Benzer Belgeler
Hybrid-electric drive systems on transit buses are being aggressively investigated as a means o f improving fuel economy, reducing emissions, and lowering
From this figure, we conclude that i for both lepton channels, there are considerable differences between predictions of the SM and TC2 model on the differential branching ratio
The second observation is that for the large eigenvalues the perturbated results obained by asymptotic methods decrease linearly with respect to
exhibits one supply lead-ing (from bank credits to exports), two demand following (from government expenditures to bank credits, and from government expenditures
Outmigration (also known as population relocation) has provided some relief to areas unable to support their own populations. However, resulting inmigration to a "host"
Also the block diagram for realizing a 2-D multilevel classifier with two different input currents (I in1 , I in2 ) is shown..
In the post-2001 period, when the export "revenues were not able to meet even the demand for imports", the high rate of increase in import volume increased the
126 Czech Technical University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic 127 State Research Center Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia 128 Particle Physics Department,