Libya'daki üniversitelerin, özellikle de devlet üniversitelerinin web siteleri, öğrencilere ve ziyaretçilere hizmet ve bilgi sağlayan önemli bir mecra haline gelmiştir. Bu nedenle kullanım kolaylığının mevcudiyeti, bu üniversite web sitelerinin her birinin temel amacı olmalıdır. Bu amacın bir parçası olarak, çalışmamızın başlangıç tarihi olan Şubat 2019'da Webometrics sıralamasına göre üç adet Libya devlet üniversitesini belirlendi ve söz konusu üniversitelerin web sitelerinin kullanılabilirliğini, kullanılabilirlik testleri yöntemlerinden toplanan verilere dayanarak araştırıldı. Yaptılan çalışmanın sonuçları, öğrencilerin ve ziyaretçilerin bu web sitelerini etkili, verimli ve tatmin edici bir şekilde kullanmasının oldukça zor olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Geliştiricilerin ve ilgili birimlerin kullanılabilirlik sorunlarına daha fazla odaklanmasının zorunluluk haline geldiği görülmektedir. Değerlendirilen web siteleri Libya'daki en iyi üç devlet üniversitesine ait olmasına rağmen, çalışma katılımcılarının çoğu bu web sitelerinin performansı hakkında olumsuz yorum yapmıştır. Katılımcılar, web sitelerinde yer alan veri ve bilgilerin güncellenmemesinin yanı sıra birçok tasarım sorunu olduğu için söz konusu web sitelerinin kullanılabilirlik derecesini yüksek değil olarak tanımladılar. Ayrıca memnuniyet anketine verilen yanıtlardan, katılımcıların genel olarak web sitelerinden memnun kalmadıkları görülmektedir. Bu, web sitelerinin etkililiğini ve verimliliğini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Kullanılabilirlik değerlendirmesi, belirlenen üniversitelerin web sitelerinde birçok tasarım problemi tespit etmiş ve tanımlamıştır, üniversitelere ait bu web sitelerinin geliştirilmesi veya değerlendirilmesi söz konusu olduğunda bu tespitlerin dikkate alınması gereklidir. Libya’nın önde gelen devlet üniversiteleri, web sitelerinin standartlarını geliştirme hususunda, statü ve itibarlarına uygun şekilde web sitelerinin altyapısını geliştirmek için gerekli olan çabayı göstermelidir.
İlgili birimler ve bölümler ayrıca, üniversiteler için web sitelerinin kullanılabilirliğinin büyük ölçüde kullanıcı memnuniyetine bağlı olduğunu dikkate almalıdırlar ve hedeflenen kullanılabilirliğe ulaşabilmek için öğrencilerin üniversite web sitelerinin tasarımına katılmaları ve bunları test etmeleri faydalı olacaktır. Geliştiriciler bu çalışmanın sonuçlarını web sitelerinin değiştirilmesi gereken
kısımlarını belirlemek için kullanabilecekleri gibi, kullanıcılarının ihtiyaçlarını karşılama noktasında daha kolay kullanım sağlayan daha fazla üniversite web sitesi tasarlamak için de kullanabilirler. Böylece üniversitelerin Webometrics sınıflandırma sistemindeki sıralarını yükseltmeleri de mümkün olacaktır. Mevcut araştırma sırasında, web siteleri için Arapça arayüzünde görevlerin yapılmasının istenmesi, söz konusu web sitelerinin genel olarak ne ölçüde kullanılabilir olduğunu değerlendirmek için yeterli değildir. Ayrıca, sadece Türkiye’de okuyan Libyalı lisansüstü öğrencilerine kullanıcı testi ve anket uygulanmıştır; bu durum elde edilen sonuçların genelleştirilmesine engel teşkil edebilir. Gelecekte yapılması planlanan çalışmalar, katılımcı sayısını artırmayı ve aynı zamanda kullanıcı grubunun daha çeşitli olmasını ve sadece yurtdışında eğitim gören Libyalı öğrenciler ile sınırlı olmamasını sağlamayı hedefleyebilir. Ayrıca, gelecekteki çalışmalarda daha farklı kullanılabilirlik sorunlarını tanımlayabilmek için farklı ülkelerden daha fazla üniversiteyi ve daha fazla katılımcıyı çalışmaya dahil etmek mümkündür. Son olarak, gelecek yıllarda yapılacak çalışmalarda kullanılabilirlik sorunlarını daha doğru bir şekilde anlayabilmek için sezgisel değerlendirme ve kullanıcı testlerine ek olarak, farklı değerlendirme yöntemleri (göz izleme yöntemi gibi) uygulanarak sonuçlar desteklenebilir ve/veya güçlendirilebilir.
KAYNAKLAR
[1] Galovicova, T., Kremenova, I. & Fabus, J. (2017). Usability Evaluation of Üniversite Websites, in EUNIS BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS 2017, EUNIS 23rd Annual Congress–Shaping the Digital Future of Universities, , pp. 2409-1340.
[2] Şengel, E. & Öncü, S. (2010). Conducting preliminary steps to usability testing: investigating the website of Uludağ Üniversite, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 890-894.
[3] Adepoju, S. & Shehu, I. (2014). Usability evaluation of academic websites using automated tools, in User Science and Engineering (i-USEr), 2014 3rd International Conference on, 186-191.
[4] Astani, M. & Elhindi, M. (2008). An empirical study of üniversite websites. Issues in Information Systems, IX(2), 460–465.
[5] Peterson, K. (2006). Academic web site design and academic templates: where does the library fit. Information Technology and Libraries, 25(4), 217–221. [6] Will, E.M. & Callison, C. (2006), Web presence of universities: is higher
education sending the right message online?, Public Relations Review, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 180-183.
[7] Poock, M. C. & Lefond, L. (2001). How college-bound prospects perceive üniversite web sites: findings, implications, and turning browsers into applicants”, College & Üniversite Journal, 77 (1), 12-21.
[8] Sandvig, J.C. and Bajwa, D. (2004). Information seeking on üniversite web sites: an exploratory study”, Journal of Computer Information Systems, 45(1), 13- 22.
[9] Schimmel, K., Motley, D., Racic, S., Marco, G. & Eschenfelder, M. (2010). The importance of üniversite web pages in selecting a higher education institution, Research in Higher Education Journal, 9, 1-16.
[10] Nielsen, J. (2003). Usability 101: introduction to usability”, available at: www.nngroup.com/articles/usability-101-introduction-to-usability/(accessed January 2014).
[11] ISO 9241-210 (2010). Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 210: Human-cantered design for interactive systems.
[12] Agarwal, R. & Venkatesh, V. (2002). Assessing a firm’s web presence: a heuristic evaluation procedure for the measurement of usability. Information Systems Research, 13(2), 168–186.
[13] URL-1. Nielsen, J. (2012). Introduction to Usability: https://www.nngroup.Com /articles/usability-101-introduction-to-usability/
[14] Latif, M.H.A. & Masrek, M.N. (2010). Accessibility evaluation on Malaysian e- Government websites. Journal of E-Government Studies and Best Practices, 11, 1-11.
[15] Matera, M., Rizzo, F., & Carughi, G.T. (2006). Web usability: Principles and evaluation methods. Web engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 143-180. [16] Hasan, L. (2013). “Using üniversite ranking systems to predict usability of üniversite websites”, JISTEM-Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 235-250.
[17] Nielsen, J. & Molich, R. (1990). Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces. SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1-5 April 1990, Seattle, Washington, USA, 249-256.
[18] Albert, R., Jeong, H. & Barabási, A. L. (1999). Internet: Diameter of the world- wide web, " nature, vol. 401, 130,.
[19] Varlan, S. E. (2010). Advantages of Semantic Web Technologies in The Knowledge Based Society, Scientific Annals of the ‘Alexandru Ioan Cuza’ Üniversite of Iasi: Economic Sciences Series, pp. 417-422,.
[20] Yang, Z. S. Cai, Zhou, Z. & Zhou, N. (2005). Development and validation of an instrument to measure user perceived service quality of information presenting web portals, Information & management, vol. 42, pp. 575-589. [21] Barnard, J. (1997). The World Wide Web and higher education: The promise of
virtual universities and online libraries, Educational technology, 37, 30-35. [22] López-Pérez, M. V., Pérez-López, M. C. & Rodríguez-Ariza, L. (2011). Blended
learning in higher education: Students’ perceptions and their relation to outcomes, Computers & education, 56, 818-826.
[23] Calongne, C. M. (2001). Designing for web site usability, in Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 39-45.
[24] Tobar, L. M. P., Andrés, M. L. & Lapena, E. L. (2008). WebA: A Tool for the Assistance in Design and Evaluation of Websites, J. UCS, 14, 1496-1512. [25] Xenos, M. (2001). Usability perspective in software quality, in Usability
Engineering Workshop, The 8th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics with International Participation, Southern Cyprus.
[26] Nielsen, J. (1995). 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/
[27] Nabovati, E., Vakili-Arki, H., Eslami, S., & Khajouei, R. (2014). Usability evaluation of Laboratory and Radiology Information Systems integrated into a hospital information system. Journal of Medical Systems, 38(4), 1-7. [28] Kientz, J.A., Choe, E.K., Birch, B., Maharaj, R., Fonville, A., Glasson, C., &
Mundt, J. (2010). Heuristic evaluation of persuasive health technologies. 1st ACM International Health Informatics Symposium, 11-12 November 2010, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 555-564.
[29] Zhang, J., Johnson, T.R., Patel, V.L., Paige, D.L., & Kubose, T. (2003). Using usability heuristics to evaluate patient safety of medical devices. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 36(1), 23-30.
[30] Pribeanu, C. (2014). Extending and Refining Usability Heuristics to Better Address User Centered Design Issues in the Development and Evaluation of Municipal Websites. Informatica Economica, 18(1), 83-91.
[31] Al-Khalifa, H. S. (2010). Heuristic evaluation of the usability of e-Government websites: A case from Saudi Arabia. 4th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, 25-28 October 2010, Beijing, China, 238-242.
[32] Donker-Kuijer, M.W., de Jong, M., & Lentz, L. (2010). Usable guidelines for usable websites? An analysis of five e-government heuristics. Government Information Quarterly, 27(3), 254-263.
[33] Noiwan, J. & Norcio, A. (2000). A comparison analysis on web heuristic usability between Thai academic web sites and US academic web sites. In Proceedings of SGI, World Multi Conference on Systems, Cybermetrics and Informatics,. 536-541.
[34] Kostaras, N. & Xenos, M. (2007). Assessing educational web-site usability using heuristic evaluation rules. In Proceedings of 11th Panhellenic Conference in Informatics, 543-550.
[35] Kasli, M. & Avcikurt, C. (2008). An investigation to evaluate the websites of tourism departments of universities in Turkey. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education (Pre-2012), 7(2), 77.
[36] Christoun, S., Aubin, H., Hannon, C. &Wolk, R. (2006). Web site usability in higher education. Director, 07.
[37] Mustafa, S.H. & Al-Zoua’bi, L.F. (2008). Usability of the academic websites of Jordan's universities an evaluation study. In Proceedings of the 9th International Arab Conference for Information Technology, 31-40.
[38] Nielsen, J. (1994). Heuristic evaluation. Usability inspection methods, 17(1), 25- 62.
[39] Astani, M. (2003) An empirical study of the effectiveness of universities’ web sites. Issues in Information Systems, 4(1), 14-20.
[40] Gullikson, S., Blades, R., Bragdon, M., McKibbon, S., Sparling, M. &Toms, E.G. (1999). The impact of information architecture on academic web site usability. The Electronic Library, 17(5), 293-304.
[41] Hasan, L. (2012). Investigating the relative importance of design criteria in the evaluation of the usability of educational websites from the viewpoint of students. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering (WCE 2012).
[42] Nielsen, J. (1994). Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics, in Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 152-158.
[43] Hasan, L. (2014). Evaluating the usability of educational websites based on students’ preferences of design characteristics, " International Arab Journal of e-Technology, 3, 179-193.
[44] Hasan, L. (2013). Heuristic Evaluation of Three Jordanian Üniversite Websites, " Informatics in Education, 12, 231-251.
[45] Alotaibi, M.B. (2013). Assessing the usability of üniversite websites in Saudi Arabia: A heuristic evaluation approach. 10th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, 15-17 April 2013, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 138-142.
[46] Sivaji, A., Abdullah, A., & Downe, A.G. (2011). Usability testing methodology: Effectiveness of heuristic evaluation in E-government website development. Fifth Asia Modelling Symposium, 24-26 May 2011, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 68-72.
[47] Faustina, F. & Balaji, T. (2016). Evaluation of universities websites in Chennai city, India using analytical hierarchy process, " in Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), International Conference on, 112- 116.
[48] Chamba-Eras, L., Jacome-Galarza, L., Coronel-Romero, E. & Labanda- Jaramillo, M. (2017). Analysis of usability of universities Web portals using
the Prometheus tool-SIRIUS, in eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG), 2017 Fourth International Conference on, 195-199.
[49] Kiyea, C. & Yusuf, A. B. (2014). Usability evaluation of some selected Nigerian Universities websites, International Journal of Computer Applications, 104, 6-11.
[50] Alexander, D. (2005). How usable are üniversite websites? a report on a study of the prospective student experience, Technical Report.
[51] Bastien, J. C. (2010). Usability testing: a review of some methodological and technical aspects of the method, International journal of medical informatics, 79, 18-23.
[52] Dumas, J. S., Dumas, J. S. & Redish, J. A (1990). Practical guide to usability testing: Intellect books.
[53] Roy, P. K. (2013). Some popular usability evaluation techniques for websites, Proceedings of the International Conference on Frontiers of Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications (FICTA), 535-543..
[54] Ericsson, K. A. & Simon, H. A. (1980). Verbal reports as data, Psychological review, 87, 215.
[55] Lazar, J. (2006). Web Usability: A User-Centered Design Approach, Pearson Addison Wesley, Boston, MA.
[56] Chaparro, B. S. (2008). Usability evaluation of a üniversite portal website, Usability News, 10, 1-7.
[57] Mentes, S. A. & Turan, A. H. (2012). Assessing the usability of üniversite websites: An empirical study on Namik Kemal Üniversite, Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 11, 61-69.
[58] Hasan, L. (2014). The Website of the Üniversite of Jordan: Usability Evaluation, International Arab Journal of e-Technology, 3, 258-269.
[59] Roy, S., Pattnaik, P. K. & Mall, R. (2014). A quantitative approach to evaluate usability of academic websites based on human perception, Egyptian Informatics Journal, 15, 159-167.
[60] Stephan, E., Cheng, D. T. & Young, L. M. (2006). A usability survey at the Üniversite of Mississippi Libraries for the improvement of the library home page, The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 32, 35-51.
[61] Anderson, K. J. (2001). Internet use among college students: An exploratory study, Journal of American College Health, 50, 21-26.
[62] Rhema, A., Miliszewska, I. & Sztendur, E. (2013). Attitudes towards e-learning and satisfaction with technology among engineering students and instructors in Libya, in Proceedings of the Informing Science and Information Technology Education Conference, 157-171.
[63] Rhema, A. & Miliszewska, I. (2010). Towards e-learning in higher education in Libya, Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 7, 423- 437.
[64] Clark, N. (2004). Education in Libya, World Education News and Reviews, 17. [65] Peker, S. Kucukozer-Cavdar, S. & Cagiltay, K. (2016). Exploring the
relationship between web presence and web usability for universities: a case study from Turkey, 50, 157-174.
[66] Jeffcoat H. & Jannik, C. M. (2005). Redesigning for usability: information architecture and usability testing for Georgia Tech Library’s website, OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives, 21, 235-243. [67] Mara, F. S. & Nunes, D. (2005). Usability of digital libraries: A study based on
the areas of information science and human-computer-interaction, OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives, 21, 311-323. [68] Karaim, N. A. & Inal, Y. (2017). Usability and accessibility evaluation of
Libyan government websites, Universal Access in the Information Society, 1-10.
[69] URL-2. Jacobsen N.E., Hertzum M. & John B.E. (1998). The evaluator Effect in Usability Tests, In Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI, 255-256. DOI= http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/286498.286737
[70] Ling, C., Salvendy, G. (2005). Extension of Heuristic Evaluation Method: a Review and Reappraisal. Ergonomia. An International Journal of Ergonomics and Human Factors 27 (3). 179-197.
[71] Nielsen, J. & Molich, R. (1990). Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces. In
proceedings of ACM SIGCHI, 249-256. DOI=
http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/97243.97281
[72] Paz, F., Villanueva, D., Rusu, C., Roncagliolo, S., & Pow-Sang, J. A. (2013). Experimental evaluation of usability heuristics. 10th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, 15-17 April 2013, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 119-126.
[73] Jayathunga, D. Jayawardana, J. Wimaladharma, S. & Herath, H. (2012). Usability Recommendations for an Academic Website: A Case Study. [74] Bairamzadeh, S. & Bolhari, A. (2010). Investigating factors affecting students’
satisfaction of üniversite websites, " in 2010 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, 469-473.
[75] Hasan, L., (2012). Evaluating the usability of nine Jordanian üniversite websites, " in Communications and Information Technology (ICCIT), 2012 International Conference on, 91-96.
[76] Islam, A. & Tsuji, K. (2011). Evaluation of Usage of Üniversite Websites in Bangladesh, DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology,31. [77] URL-3. Nielsen, J. (2008). Enterprise Portals Are Popping. Available online:
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/usability-101-introduction-to-usability/. [78] Chamba-Eras L., Coronel-Romero, E. & Labanda-Jaramillo, M. (2016).
Usabilidad Web: situación actual de los portales Web de las Universidades de Ecuador.
[79] Manzoor, M. & Hussain, W. (2012). A web usability evaluation model for higher education providing Universities of Asia, Science, Technology and Development.
[80] Dominic, P. & Jati, H. (2010). Evaluation method of Malaysian üniversite website: Quality website using hybrid method, in Information Technology (ITSim), 2010 International Symposium in, 1-6.
[81] López-Pérez, M. V., Pérez-López, M. C. & Rodríguez-Ariza, L. (2011). Blended learning in higher education: Students’ perceptions and their relation to outcomes, Computers & education,56, 818-826.
[82] Sherwin, K. (2016). Üniversite websites: top 10 design guidelines, Nielsen Norman Group.
[83] URL-4. Introduction to usability: http://www.usabilityirst.com/intro/index/txl.- Dated Access :7/12/2002
[84] URL-5. Clairmont, M., Dickstein, R., Mills, V. (2013). Testing for usability in the design of new information gateway. http://dizzy- library.arizona.edu/library/teams/access979811ftpaper.html .- Dated Access : 15/6/2003.
[85] URL-6. What’s usability?http://www.usabilityprofessionals.org/usability resource /about_usability/definations.- Dated Access: 6/1/2004.
[86] URL-7. Marketing through usability. http://www.infomotions.com/musings/ usability.- Dated Access : 12/6/2003.
[87] URL-8. https://www.usability.gov/how-to-and-tools/methods/heuristic-evaluat ion.html
[88] Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation: Revised and expanded from qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Franscisco: Jossey-Bass.
[89] Zikmund, W. G. (2000). Business Research Methods, Fort Worth: The Dryden Press.
[90] Yin, R.K. (1994). Case Study Research – Design and Methods, Applied Social Research Methods Series Vol. 5, 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA
[91] Cooper, D.R. & Schindler, P.S. (1998). Business Research Methods, 6th Edition, Irwin .
[92] Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage . [93] Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand
Oaks ,CA: Sage .
[94] Baxter, P. & Jack, S., (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The qualitative report, 13(4), 544-559.
[95] Gall, M. D., Borg, W. R. & Gall, J. P. (1996). Educational research: An introduction (6th ed.), White Plains, NY: Longman.Howe, K.R.(1988) ‘Against the quantitative –qualitative incompatibility thesis or dogmas die hard’, Educational Researcher, 17(8), 10-16 .
[96] Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
ÖZGEÇMİŞ
Adı ve Soyadı : Osama SAAD SAID ALSHARIF Doğum Tarihi : 12.08.1977
Medeni Hali : Evli
Dil : Arapça, İngilizce
E-posta : osama.s.alsharif@gmail.com
Öğrenim Geçmişi
Lise : Shohadaa Yanayer, (1998).
Lisans : Bilgisayar Mühendisliği, Mühendislik Meslekleri Yüksek Enstitüsü, (2008).
Mesleki Deneyim