• Sonuç bulunamadı

1. Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 87: 4-14.

2. Jeffcoate WJ, Harding KG. Diabetic foot ulcers. Lancet 2003; 361: 1545-51.

3. Diabetes Mellitus Çalışma ve Eğitim Grubu. Diabetes mellitus ve komplikasyonlarının tanı, tedavi ve izlem klavuzu (5inci baskı). Miki Yayıncılık, Ankara 2011.

4. Frykberg RG, Zgonis T, Armstrong DG, et al. Diabetic foot disorders: a clinical practice guideline. J Foot Ankle Surg 2006; 45: 1-8.

5. Singh SK, Sahay RK, Krishna A. Oxidative stress in diabetic foot ulcer. Diab Met Syndr:

Clin Res Rev 2008; 2: 109-13.

6. Pan H, Zhang L, Guo M, et al. The oxidative stress status in diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. Acta Diabetol 2010; 47 (Suppl 1): 71-6.

7. Rizzo M, Berneis K. Low-density lipoprotein size and cardiovascular risk assessment. QJ Med 2006; 99: 1-14.

8. Chapman MJ. The effects of fibrates on lipid metabolism and inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res 2006; 3 (Suppl 1): 6-9.

9. Nakhjavani M, Khalilzadeh O, Khajeali L, et al. Serum oxidized-LDL is associated with diabetes duration independent of maintaining optimized levels of LDL-Cholesterol.

Lipids 2010; 45: 321-7.

10. Hanai K, Babazono T, Nyumura I, et al. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is closely associated with the development and progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 1884-8.

11. Izumi N, Nagaoka T, Mori F, Sato E, Takahashi A, Yoshida A. Relation between plasma nitric oxide levels and diabetic retinopathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2006; 50: 465-8.

12. Böger RH. The emerging role of asymmetric dimethylarginine as a novel cardiovascular risk factor. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 59: 824-33.

13. Christenson RH, Duh SH, Sanhai WR, et al. Characteristics of an albumin cobalt binding test for assessment of acute coronary syndrome patients: a multicenter study. Clin Chem 2001; 47: 464-70.

75

14. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 62-9.

15. Reiber GE. Epidemiology of foot ulcers and amputations in the diabetic foot. In: Bowker JH, Pfeifer MA (eds), In the diabetic foot (6th ed) Mosby Inc Press, St Louis, Missouri 2001, pp.13-32.

16. Wagner FW Jr. The diabetic foot. Orthopedics 1987; 10: 163-72.

17. American Diabetes Association. Concensus development conference on diabetic foot wound care. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1354-60.

18. Serafini M, Del Rio D. Understanding the association between dietary antioxidants, redox status and disease: is the total antioxidant capacity the right tool? Redox Rep 2004;

9: 145-52.

19. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine (4th ed). Clarendon Press, Oxford 2006.

20. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 160: 1-40.

21. Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB. Diabetes, oxidative stress and antioxidants: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2003; 17: 24-38.

22. Mohora M, Greabu M, Muscurel C, Duta C, Totan A. The sources and the targets of oxidative stress in the etiology of diabetic complications. Romanian J Biophys 2007; 17:

63-84.

23. Giacco F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res 2010; 107:

1058-70.

24. Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications a unifying mechanism.

Diabetes 2005; 54: 1615-25.

25. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 2001; 414: 813-20.

26. Huijberts MSP, Schaper NC, Schalkwijk CG. Advanced glycation end products and diabetic foot disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24 (Suppl 1): 19-24.

27. Gugliucci A. Glycation as the glucose link to diabetic complications. JAOA 2000; 100:

621-34.

28. Goh S, Cooper ME. The role of advanced glycation end products in progression and complications of diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1143-52.

76

29. Inoguchi T, Sonta T, Tsubouchi H, et al. Protein kinase C-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in vascular tissues of diabetes: role of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 227-32.

30. Halliwell B. Antioxidant characterization. Methodology and mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 49: 1341-8.

31. Fattman CL, Schaefer LM, Qury TD. Extracellular superoxide dismutase in biology and medicine. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35: 236-56.

32. Nozik-Grayck E, Suliman HB, Piantadosi CA. Extracellular superoxide dismutase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37: 2466-71.

33. Marklund SL. Human copper-containing superoxide dismutase of high molecular weight.

Proc Natl Acad Sci 1982; 79: 7634-8.

34. Fukai T, Folz RJ, Landmesser U, Harrison DG. Extracellular superoxide dismutase and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 55: 239-49.

35. Li HL, Liu DP, Liang CC. Paraoxonase gene polymorphisms, oxidative stress and diseases. J Mol Med 2003; 81: 766-79.

36. Gan KN, Smolen A, Eckerson HW, La Du BN. Purification of human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase. Evidence for one esterase catalyzing both activities. Drug Metab Dispos 1991; 19: 100-6.

37. La Du BN, Aviram M, Billecke S, et al. On the physiological role(s) of the paraoxonases.

Chem Biol Interact 1999; 119-120: 379-88.

38. Deakin SP, James RW. Genetic and environmental factors modulating serum concentrations and activities of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1. Clin Sci 2004;

107: 435-47.

39. Mackness MI, Mackness B, Durrington PN, Connelly PW, Hegele RA. Paraoxonase:

biochemistry, genetics and relationship to plasma lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 1996;

7: 69-76.

40. Durrington PN, Mackness B, Mackness MI. Paraoxonase and atherosclerosis.

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 473-80.

41. Eckerson HW, Romson J, Wyte C, La Du BN. The human serum paraoxonase polymorphism: identification of phenotypes by their response to salts. Am J Hum Genet 1983; 35: 214-27.

42. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Bisgaier CL, Newton RS, Primo-Parmo SL, La Du BN.

Paraoxonase inhibits high-density lipoprotein oxidation and preserves its functions. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1581-90.

77

43. Pasqualini L, Cortese C, Marchesi S, et al. Paraoxonase-1 activity modulates endothelial function in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis 2005; 183: 349-54.

44. Chapman MJ. Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: lipid and physiological consequences. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res 2007; 4 (Suppl 3): 5-8.

45. Van Lenten BJ, Hama SY, Beer FC, et al. Anti-inflammatory HDL becomes pro-inflammatory during the acute phase response. Loss of protective effect of HDL against LDL oxidation in aortic wall cell cocultures. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 2758-67.

46. Gutteridge JMC. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage.

Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1819-28.

47. Halliwell B, Chirico S. Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement, and significance. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 715-25.

48. Sachdev S, Davies KJA. Production, detection and adaptive responses to free radicals in exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44: 215-23.

49. Rumley AG, Paterson JR. Analytical aspects of antioxidants and free radical activity in clinical biochemistry. Ann Clin Biochem 1998; 35: 181-200.

50. Mertens A, Holvoet P. Oxidized LDL and HDL: antagonists in atherothrombosis.

FASEB J 2001; 15: 2073-84.

51. Levitan I, Volkov S, Subbaiah PV. Oxidized LDL: diversity, patterns of recognition and pathophysiology. Antiox Redox Signal 2010; 13: 39-75.

52. Carr AC, McCall MR, Frei B. Oxidation of LDL by myeloperoxidase and reactive nitrogen species. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 1716-23.

53. Krauss RM, Burke DJ. Identification of multiple subclasses of plasma low density lipoproteins in normal humans. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 97-104.

54. Packard CJ. Triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins and the generation of small, dense low-density lipoprotein. Biochem Soc Trans 2003; 31: 1066-9.

55. Hirano T, Ito Y, Saegusa H, Yoshino G. A novel and simple method for quantification of small, dense LDL. J Lipid Res 2003; 44: 2193-201.

56. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143-421.

78

57. Barter PJ. Brewer HB, Chapman MJ, Hennekens CH, Rader DJ, Tall AR. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein a novel target for raising HDL and inhibiting atherosclerosis.

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 160-7.

58. Rizzo M, Berneis K, Corrado E, Novo S. The significance of low-density-lipoproteins size in vascular diseases. Int Angiol 2006; 25: 4-9.

59. O’Neal DN, Lewicki J, Ansari MZ, Martthews PG, Best JD. Lipid levels and peripheral vascular disease in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Atherosclerosis 1998; 136: 1-8.

60. Siekmeier R, Grammer T, Marz W. Roles of oxidants, nitric oxide, and asymmetric dimethylarginine in endothelial function. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2008; 13: 279-97.

61. Ceriello A. New insights on oxidative stress and diabetic complications may lead to a causal antioxidant therapy. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1589-96.

62. Vallance P, Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S. Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet 1992; 339: 572-5.

63. Vallance P, Leiper J. Cardiovascular biology of the asymmetric dimethylarginine:

dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1023-30.

64. Chan NN, Chan JCN. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA): a potential link between endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases in insulin resistance syndrome?

Diabetologia 2002; 45: 1609-16.

65. Jacobi J, Tsao PS. Asymmetrical dimethylarginine in renal disease: limits of variation or variation limits? Am J Nephrol 2008; 28: 224-37.

66. Alderton WK, Cooper CE, Knowles RG. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem J 2001; 357: 593-615.

67. Chan MM, Mattiacci JA. Nitric oxide: actions and roles in arthritis and diabetes. The Foot 2001; 11: 45-51.

68. Cuzzocrea S, Riley DP, Caputi AP, Salvemini D. Antioxidant therapy: a new pharmacological approach in shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Pharmacol Rev 2001; 53: 135-59.

69. Fagan KA, McMurtry IF, Rodman DM. Role of endothelin-1 in lung disease. Respir Res 2001; 2: 90-101.

70. Bar-Or D, Curtis G, Rao N, Bampos, Lau E. Characterization of the Co+2 and Ni+2 binding amino-acid residues of the N-terminus of human albumin. Eur J Biochem 2001;

268: 42-7.

79

71. Bar-Or D, Lau E, Winkler JV. A novel assay for cobalt-albumin binding and its potential as a marker for myocardial ischemia-a preliminary report. J Emerg Med 2000; 19: 311-5.

72. Gaze DC. Ischemia modified albumin: a novel biomarker for the detection of cardiac ischemia. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009; 24: 333-41.

73. Sbarouni E, Georgiadou P, Kremastinos DT, Voudris V. Ischemia modified albumin: is this marker of ischemia ready for prime time use? Hellenic J Cardiol 2008; 49: 260-6.

74. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T, Levey AS. Assessing kidney function-measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2473-83.

75. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1978; 95: 351-8.

76. Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR.

Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 1982; 126:

131-8.

77. Lippi G, Montagnana M, Salvagno GL, Guidi GC. Standardization of ischemia-modified albumin testing: adjustment for serum albumin [letter]. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45:

261-2.

78. Özkan Y, Çolak R, Demirdağ K, Yıldırım MA, Özalp G, Koca SS. Diyabetik ayak sendromlu 142 olgunun retrospektif değerlendirilmesi. Turkiye Klinikleri J Endocrin 2004; 2: 191-5.

79. Fındıkçıoğlu K, Demirtaş Y, Kandal S, Ayhan S, Latifoğlu O, Çelebi C. Diyabetik ayak yaralarına multidisipliner yaklaşım: Diyabetik ayak konseyi. Türk Plast Rekonstr Est Cer Derg 2005; 13: 119-22.

80. Demir T, Akıncı B, Yeşil S. Diyabetik ayak ülserlerinin tanı ve tedavisi. DEÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2007; 21: 63-70.

81. Aksoy DY, Gürlek A, Çetinkaya Y, et al. Change in the amputation profile in diabetic foot in a tertiary reference center: efficacy of team working. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004; 112: 526-30.

82. Koca C, Altan N, Dincel AS, Kosova F, Şahin D, Arslan M. Tip 1 ve tip 2 diyabetik hasta serumlarında oksidatif stres ve leptin düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Derg 2008; 6: 99-107.

83. Flekac M, Skrha J, Hilgertova J, Lacinova Z, Jarolimkova M. Gene polymorphisms of superoxide dismutases and catalase in diabetes mellitus. BMC Medical Genetics 2008; 9:

1-9.

80

84. Ciechanowski K, Kedzierska K, Golembiewska E, et al. Impaired synthesis is not the reason for decreased activity of extracellular superoxide dismutase in patients with diabetes. Arch Med Res 2005; 36: 148-53.

85. Stefanovic A, Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Spasic S, et al. HDL 2 particles are associated with hyperglycaemia, lower PON1 activity and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Clin Biochem 2010; 43: 1230-5.

86. Turk HM, Sevinc A, Camci C, et al. Plasma lipid peroxidation products and antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2002; 39: 117-22.

87. Kimura F, Hasegawa G, Obayashi H, et al. Serum extracellular superoxide dismutase in patients with type 2 diabetes: relationship to the development of micro and macrovascular complications. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1246-50.

88. Bolajoko EB, Mossanda KS, Adeniyi F, Akinosun O, Fasanmade A, Moropane M.

Antioxidant and oxidative stress status in type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot ulcer. S Afr Med J 2008; 98: 614-7.

89. Martinez-Sanchez G, Al-Dalain SM, Menendez S, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of ozone in patients with diabetic foot. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 523: 151-61.

90. Vairamon, SJ, Babu M, Viswanathan V. Oxidative stress markers regulating the healing of foot ulcers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Wounds 2009; 21: 273-9.

91. Marnett LJ. Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Toxicology 2002; 181-182: 219-22.

92. El Boghdady NA, Badr GA. Evaluation of oxidative stress markers and vascular risk factors in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:

328-34.

93. Pan HZ, Zhang H, Chang D, Li H, Sui H. The change of oxidative stress products in diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92: 548-51.

94. Singhania N, Puri D, Madhu SV, Sharma SB. Assessment of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without macroangiopathy. QJ Med 2008; 101: 449-55.

95. Rattan R, Nayak D. High levels of plasma malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and fibrinogen have prognostic potential to predict poor outcomes in patients with diabetic foot wounds: a preliminary communication. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2008; 7: 198-203.

81

96. Holvoet P, Mertens A, Verhamme P. Circulating oxidized LDL is a useful marker for identifying patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;

21: 844-8.

97. Akalın A, Temiz G, Akcar N, Sensoy B. Short term effects of atorvastatin on endothelial functions and oxidized LDL levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2008; 55:

861-6.

98. An WS, Kim SE, Kim KH, Bae HR, Rha SH. Associations between oxidized LDL to LDL ratio, HDL and vascular calcification in the feet of hemodialysis patients. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24 (Suppl 2): 115-20.

99. Unluhizarci K, Muhtaroglu S, Kabak S, Bayram F, Kelestimur F. Serum lipoprotein (a) levels in patients with diabetic foot lesions. Diab Res Clin Pract 2006; 71: 119-23.

100. Holvoet P, Vanhaecke J, Janssens S, Van de Werf F, Collen D. Oxidized LDL and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in patients with acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 1998; 98: 1487-94.

101. Nakhjavani M, Esteghamati A, Khalilzadeh O, Asgarani F, Mansournia N, Abbasi M.

Association of macroalbuminuria with oxidized LDL and TGF-β in type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. Int Urol Nephrol 2010; 42: 487-92.

102. Kasprzak M, Iskra M, Majewski W, Tomasz Wielkoszynski. Arylesterase and paraoxonase activity of paraoxonase (PON1) affected by ischemia in the plasma of patients with arterial occlusion of the lower limbs. Clin Biochem 2009; 42: 50-6.

103. Lixandru D, Mohora M, Coman A, et al. Diet and paraoxonase 1 enzymatic activity in diabetic foot patients from Romania and Belgium: favorable association of high flavonoid dietary intake with arylesterase activity. Ann Nutr Metab 2010; 56: 294-301.

104. Suvarna R, Rao SS, Joshi C, et al. Paraoxonase activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without complications. J Clin and Diag Res 2011; 5: 63-5.

105. Flekac M, Skrha J, Zıdkova K, Lacınova Z, Hilgertova J. Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms and enzyme activities in diabetes mellitus. Physiol Res 2008; 57: 717-26.

106. Li C, Gu Q. Protective effect of paraoxonase 1 of high-density lipoprotein in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Nephrology 2009; 14: 514-20.

107. Altuner D, Ates I, Suzen SH, Koc GV, Aral Y, Karakaya A. The relationship of PON1 QR 192 and LM 55 polymorphisms with serum paraoxonase activities of Turkish diabetic patients. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 27: 873-8.

82

108. Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Marchionni C, Caldarelli L, Curatola G. Effect of glycation of high density lipoproteins on their physicochemical properties and on paraoxonase activity. Acta Diabetol 2001; 38: 163-9.

109. Rizzo M, Pernice V, Frasheri A, Berneis K. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and LDL size and subclasses in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Aterosclerosis 2008; 197:

237-41.

110. Hayashi T, Hirano T, Yamamoto T, Ito Y, Adachi M. Intensive insulin therapy reduces small dense low-density lipoprotein particles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:

relationship to triglyceride-rich lipoprotein subspecies. Metabolism Clin Exper 2006; 55:

879-84.

111. Ohira M, Miyashita Y, Ebisuno M. Effect of metformin on serum lipoprotein lipase mass levels and LDL particle size in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diab Res Clin Pract 2007; 78: 34-41.

112. Younis NN, Charlton-Menys V, Sharma R, Soran H, Durrington PN. Glycation of LDL in non-diabetic people: small dense LDL is preferentially glycated both in vivo and in vitro. Aterosclerosis 2009; 202: 162-8.

113. Younis NN, Soran H, Sharma R, et al. Small-dense LDL and LDL glycation in metabolic syndrome and in statin-treated and non-statin-treated type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2010; 7: 289-95.

114. Hirano T, Ito Y, Koba S, et al. Clinical significance of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels determined by the simple precipitation method. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 558-63.

115. Sydow K, Münzel T. ADMA and oxidative stress. Ateroscler Supple 2003; 4: 41-51.

116. Malecki MT, Undas A, Cyganek K, et al. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is associated with retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2899-901.

117. Abhary S, Kasmeridis N, Burdon KP. Diabetic retinopathy is associated with elevated serum asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 2084-6.

118. Blardi P, Lalla A, Pieragalli D, et al. Effect of iloprost on plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine and plasma and platelet serotonin in patients with peripheral arteria occlusive disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 80: 175-82.

119. Gurdol F, Cimsit M, Iyidoğan YO, Kocak H, Sengün S, Demirsöz SY. Collagen synthesis, nitric oxide and asymmetric dimethylarginine in diabetic subjects undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Physiol Res 2010; 59: 423-9.

83

120. El-Mesallamy HO, Hamdy NM, Ezzat OA, Reda AM. Levels of soluble advanced glycation end product-receptors and other soluble serum markers as indicators of diabetic neuropathy in the foot. J Investig Med 2011; 59: 1233-8.

121. Asagami T, Abbasi F, Stuelinger M et al. Metformin treatment lowers asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2002;

51:843-6.

122. Barbato JE, Tzeng E. Nitric oxide and arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2004; 40: 187-93.

123. Veves A, Akbari CM, Primavera J, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthetase in diabetic neuropathy, vascular disease, and foot ulceration. Diabetes 1998; 47: 457-63.

124. Higashino H, Tabuchi M, Yamagata S. Serum nitric oxide metabolite levels in groups of patients with various diseases in comparison of healthy control subjects. J Med Sci 2010; 10: 1-11.

125. Jude EB, Tentolouris N, Appleton I, Anderson S, Boulton AJM. Role of neuropathy and neuroischemic diabetic foot ulcers. Wound Rep Reg 2001; 9: 353-9.

126. Miralles JH, Martı´nez-Aguilar E, Florez A, Varela C, Bleda S, Acin F. Nitric oxide: link between endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in patients with peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009; 9: 107-12.

127. Singh U, Singh RG, Singh S, Singh S. Plasma endothelin level in hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Med Case Stud 2011; 2: 50-3.

128. Abdelwhab S, Amin E, Lotfy E, Helal E, Aloquel A, Mohammad L. Value of plasma level of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney 2009; 18: 14-20.

129. Apakkan S, Ozmen B, Ozmen D, Senol B. Serum and urinary nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes with or without microalbuminuria: relation to glomerular hyperfitration. J Diabetes Complications 2003; 17: 343-8.

130. Piwowar A, Knapik-Kordecka M, Warwas M. Ischemia-modified albumin level in type 2 diabetes mellitus-preliminary report. Dis Markers 2008; 24: 311-7.

131. Ukinc K, Eminagaoglu S, Ersoz HO. A novel indicator of widespread endothelial damage and ischemia in diabetic patients: ischemia-modified albumin. Endocrine 2009;

36: 425-32.

132. Turk A, Nuhoğlu I, Mentese A, Karahan SC, Erdol H, Erem C. The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and serum levels of ischemia-modified albumin and malondialdehyde. Retina 2011; 31: 602-8.

84

133. Sbarouni E, Georgiadou P, Voudris V. Ischemia modified albumin changes-review and clinical implications. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49: 177-84.

134. Gunduz A, Mentese A, Turedi S, et al. Serum ischemia-modified albumin in critical lower limb ischaemia. Emerg Med J 2008; 25: 351-3.

135. Ma SG, Wei CL, Hong B, Yu WN. Ischemia-modified albumin in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral arterial disease. Clinics 2011; 66: 1677-80.

136. Gaze DC, Crompton L, Paul Collinson. Ischemia-modified albumin concentrations should be interpreted with caution in patients with low serum albumin concentrations.

Med Princ Pract 2006; 15: 322-4.

Ek Tablo 1. Kontrol Grubunun Cinsiyet, Yaş, VKĐ ve Rutin Analiz Bulguları

Ad Cin Yaş

(yıl) VKĐ Glukoz HbA1C TG TC HDL-C LDL-C Kreatinin GFR T.pro Alb AST ALT CRP

1 A.B K 46 20.96 81 4.4 54 188 53 124.2 0.70 96 6.80 4.60 15 9 3.27

2 B.A E 46 28.39 76 5.1 106 179 43 114.8 1.00 86 7.00 4.40 28 27 3.27

3 M.U E 52 26.44 93 4.9 51 163 35 117.8 0 .80 108 6.60 4.50 22 25 3.27

4 S.M E 53 23.29 95 4.7 79 138 36 86.2 1.00 83 7.10 4.70 26 39 3.27

5 U.Y E 45 24.83 81 4.3 80 181 47 118.0 0.80 111 7.20 4.00 18 30 3.50

6 E.T K 40 19.38 84 6.0 64 189 72 104.2 0.80 84 7.20 4.30 14 9 3.41

7 M.Đ E 59 23.18 90 5.2 72 161 40 106.6 0.98 83 7.20 4.70 16 11 3.27

8 Ü.S K 57 25.14 88 6.3 105 195 84 90.0 0.80 79 6.90 4.20 20 20 3.41

9 H.A K 54 28.12 93 6.3 62 180 66 101.6 0.80 79 7.30 4.50 13 10 3.41

10 H.Ş K 49 29.73 99 4.4 118 198 56 118.4 0.70 95 6.70 3.80 17 24 3.27

11 M.Ş E 53 22.98 87 5.2 79 166 40 110.2 0.90 94 7.00 4.00 22 27 3.41

12 G.C K 61 27.82 99 3.5 125 197 43 129.0 0.70 90 7.10 4.30 20 26 3.34

13 A.T E 46 22.85 79 5.4 106 195 52 121.8 0.70 129 7.20 4.20 17 33 3.41

14 C.D K 50 28.76 100 5.3 74 183 47 121.2 0.70 94 6.80 4.00 18 20 3.41

15 G.D K 53 22.31 78 4.4 73 176 54 107.4 0.70 93 6.90 4.00 15 11 3.41

16 M.Ş E 67 26.98 105 4.8 112 143 41 79.6 1.00 79 6.80 3.90 16 15 3.41

17 A.Ş K 58 28.68 88 4.7 92 167 46 102.6 0.70 91 6.80 3.70 15 18 3.41

18 H.K E 67 24.61 106 6.0 96 196 45 131.8 0.90 89 7.00 4.10 24 31 3.41

19 M.Ç K 56 25.95 104 5.6 98 198 59 119.4 0.70 92 7.40 4.30 25 24 3.34

20 A.A E 64 25.95 82 4.2 82 196 65 114.6 0.80 103 7.30 4.40 22 17 3.41

21 B.G E 45 27.99 81 3.3 117 192 48 120.6 0.90 97 7.40 4.00 17 22 3.40

22 N.A K 61 26.77 85 5.8 144 192 51 112.2 0.70 122 7.00 4.10 15 19 3.41

23 A.M K 52 21.79 98 5.8 109 189 48 119.2 0.70 93 6.90 4.00 24 45 3.34

24 N.K E 40 27.99 94 4.6 79 187 42 129.2 0.90 99 7.10 4.20 18 24 3.08

25 F.K K 39 24.60 100 4.7 107 179 36 121.6 0.70 99 6.80 4.20 16 16 3.34

26 O.B K 38 27.34 86 5.0 61 175 36 126.8 0.70 100 6.60 3.60 13 16 3.41

27 H.Ö E 48 20.95 94 5.9 83 184 46 121.4 1.10 76 7.10 4.00 21 21 3.41

28 A.Ç E 65 27.16 89 5.8 88 179 40 121.4 1.00 80 7.10 3.90 18 15 3.41

29 A.Ç E 68 25.00 91 5.5 46 173 57 107.0 1.03 76 6.40 4.20 27 22 3.41

30 K.D E 46 26.60 94 5.3 83 190 42 131.4 0.80 111 7.00 4.10 19 19 3.27

85

Ek Tablo 2. Kontrol Grubunun Biyokimyasal Çalışma Bulguları

SOD PON1 MDA oxLDL sdLDL-C % sdLDL-C ADMA NO ET-1 ĐMA

1 0.148 80.64 1.76 157.96 31.8 25.60 0.488 16.01 0.126 0.336

2 0.185 112.9 1.93 141.30 26.2 22.82 0.450 15.42 0.108 0.411

3 0.161 118.94 2.10 157.96 22.4 19.02 0.489 12.36 0.153 0.401

4 0.187 159.26 2.10 117.22 18.6 21.58 0.379 12.88 0.162 0.388

5 0.167 46.37 1.76 148.70 19.6 16.61 0.416 16.31 0.167 0.379

6 0.200 70.56 1.42 104.26 23.8 22.84 0.375 9.08 0.150 0.332

7 0.192 80.64 1.42 150.56 29.6 27.77 0.357 14.97 0.198 0.438

8 0.187 44.35 1.59 130.19 19.8 22.00 0.405 10.42 0.170 0.374

9 0.240 199.58 1.25 93.15 20.6 20.28 0.514 12.36 0.157 0.490

10 0.222 161.28 2.27 104.26 20.8 17.57 0.311 8.33 0.100 0.416

11 0.182 141.12 2.44 119.07 20.8 18.87 0.489 14.52 0.166 0.492

12 0.271 149.18 1.77 98.70 23.2 17.98 0.385 11.61 0.172 0.351

13 0.338 48.38 1.08 148.70 24.6 20.20 0.313 8.25 0.100 0.325

14 0.193 42.34 2.27 106.11 27.4 22.60 0.437 24.45 0.218 0.465

15 0.126 137.09 1.76 130.19 27.0 25.14 0.391 8.55 0.157 0.385

16 0.168 60.48 1.08 135.74 16.6 20.85 0.240 9.22 0.203 0.432

17 0.185 56.45 1.25 124.63 25.4 24.76 0.440 10.34 0.232 0.499

18 0.228 42.34 2.27 95.00 24.0 18.21 0.359 11.91 0.203 0.359

19 0.216 44.35 1.42 126.48 25.8 21.60 0.369 13.10 0.276 0.376

20 0.166 110.88 1.25 98.70 24.4 21.29 0.320 10.04 0.208 0.426

21 0.174 157.25 1.42 157.96 22.4 18.57 0.350 9.22 0.138 0.411

22 0.135 114.91 1.59 95.00 20.8 18.54 0.511 8.78 0.169 0.475

23 0.190 149.18 1.25 135.74 32.6 27.35 0.406 14.97 0.167 0.393

24 0.141 114.91 2.61 106.11 32.8 25.39 0.355 8.40 0.200 0.308

25 0.322 159.26 2.44 100.56 16.8 13.82 0.313 9.97 0.177 0.307

26 0.174 58.46 1.59 128.33 22.0 17.35 0.347 15.27 0.200 0.376

27 0.205 48.38 2.27 98.70 28.6 23.56 0.363 9.52 0.107 0.332

28 0.188 76.61 1.59 93.15 32.8 27.02 0.316 7.96 0.183 0.417

29 0.127 84.67 2.59 135.74 13.4 12.52 0.345 22.88 0.134 0.341

30 0.216 177.41 2.61 122.78 29.6 22.53 0.380 8.63 0.126 0.407

86

Ek Tablo 3. Diyabet Grubunun Cinsiyet, Yaş, Hastalık Süresi, VKĐ ve Rutin Analiz Bulguları

Ek Tablo 4. Diyabet Grubunun Biyokimyasal Çalışma Bulguları

SOD PON1 MDA oxLDL sdLDL-C % sdLDL-C ADMA NO ET-1 ĐMA ĐMA

1 0.124 183.46 4.31 93.15 26.2 14.22 0.479 12.43 0.220 0.407 0.407

2 0.177 209.66 3.29 145.00 18.8 10.71 0.364 13.78 0.232 0.469 0.469

3 0.177 137.09 2.78 117.22 20.8 22.51 0.208 12.13 0.286 0.487 0.487

4 0.122 58.46 1.93 96.85 26.2 25.10 0.397 19.75 0.162 0.381 0.381

5 0.124 74.59 5.83 117.22 19.0 25.07 0.379 10.42 0.180 0.462 0.462

6 0.177 40.34 4.31 115.37 14.8 11.86 0.274 20.79 0.253 0.373 0.373

7 0.188 189.50 2.27 91.30 20.6 21.50 0.368 15.12 0.395 0.530 0.530

8 0.185 98.78 2.95 109.81 12.6 10.43 0.433 14.67 0.218 0.607 0.607

9 0.144 80.64 2.95 102.41 26.0 18.60 0.540 13.55 0.268 0.434 0.434

10 0.119 50.40 2.78 135.74 10.6 8.10 0.376 15.04 0.179 0.488 0.488

11 0.188 181.44 3.12 91.30 20.2 19.31 0.332 9.82 0.216 0.659 0.659

12 0.122 187.49 1.93 109.81 18.6 16.64 0.408 11.46 0.148 0.345 0.345

13 0.167 64.51 2.27 93.15 31.8 23.42 0.533 16.61 0.139 0.443 0.443

14 0.108 54.43 3.12 95.00 25.8 11.49 0.533 24.46 0.374 0.440 0.440

15 0.148 44.35 3.29 169.07 42.2 25.70 0.341 15.87 0.312 0.530 0.530

16 0.131 46.37 2.95 120.93 31.2 19.95 0.337 13.40 0.203 0.456 0.456

17 0.185 80.00 3.29 237.59 32.4 16.02 0.406 14.67 0.352 0.584 0.516

18 0.180 44.35 2.10 152.00 39.0 21.60 0.406 12.81 0.196 0.349 0.349

19 0.149 75.00 2.27 237.59 29.6 18.16 0.438 24.60 0.154 0.486 0.486

20 0.153 46.37 3.12 215.37 41.0 24.97 0.384 17.81 0.298 0.600 0.600

21 0.146 39.31 2.61 126.48 31.2 21.58 0.476 17.88 0.108 0.464 0.464

22 0.155 247.97 2.61 185.74 18.0 15.90 0.420 12.43 0.186 0.567 0.567

23 0.166 135.07 2.10 170.93 33.2 22.49 0.378 19.60 0.209 0.521 0.521

24 0.119 60.48 1.76 235.74 35.6 27.90 0.297 12.21 0.193 0.672 0.672

25 0.132 40.32 2.44 174.63 26.6 22.54 0.268 9.67 0.174 0.417 0.417

26 0.164 45.00 1.93 193.15 44.4 28.98 0.390 10.94 0.121 0.376 0.376

27 0.179 102.82 2.27 156.11 22.2 17.34 0.434 13.40 0.190 0.440 0.440

28 0.176 42.34 2.95 154.26 27.6 25.00 0.387 11.69 0.184 0.397 0.397

29 0.179 147.17 1.76 163.52 16.0 12.80 0.273 10.42 0.210 0.323 0.323

30 0.120 171.36 2.44 128.33 37.6 32.58 0.362 11.39 0.205 0.618 0.618

88

Ek Tablo 5. Diyabetik Ayak Grubunun Cinsiyet, Yaş, Hastalık Süresi, VKĐ ve Rutin Analiz Bulguları

Ek Tablo 6. Diyabetik Ayak Grubunun Biyokimyasal Çalışma Bulguları

SOD PON1 MDA oxLDL sdLDL-C % sdLDL-C ADMA NO ET-1 ĐMA ĐMA

1 0.070 70.56 8.20 361.67 31.2 24.45 0.479 31.31 0.295 0.702 0.702

2 0.156 52.42 3.97 152.41 15.4 13.21 0.439 43.63 0.094 0.528 0.528

3 0.082 72.58 4.81 148.70 23.4 43.49 0.398 12.96 0.087 0.535 0.535

4 0.157 76.61 3.97 154.26 19.6 26.85 0.484 25.87 0.090 0 .695 0.695

5 0.120 26.21 7.53 215.00 30.0 30.30 0.365 29.75 0.145 0.599 0.599

6 0.118 116.93 7.02 174.63 20.2 15.98 0.233 20.87 0.100 0.740 0.597

7 0.084 90.72 8.03 150.56 17.8 22.14 0.397 23.03 0.132 0.899 0.678

8 0.130 42.34 3.63 141.30 23.4 19.86 0.457 19.37 0.250 0.767 0.767

9 0.102 30.24 8.88 141.30 33.6 28.82 0.723 34.15 0.244 1.028 1.028

10 0.174 34.27 6.51 169.00 31.2 31.84 0.503 19.37 0.132 0.721 0.721

11 0.123 88.70 6.85 163.52 35.4 30.73 0.577 16.54 0.123 0.865 0.652

12 0.115 90.72 8.54 237.59 24.4 21.33 0.505 22.06 0.200 0.753 0.666

13 0.156 22.18 8.54 182.04 28.4 36.13 0.743 35.42 0.242 0.746 0.524

14 0.148 40.32 2.77 196.00 37.6 38.37 0.470 10.72 0.196 0.730 0.730

15 0.161 92.74 3.12 210.00 33.2 23.06 0.362 40.04 0.199 0.666 0.666

16 0.218 100.80 5.32 200.56 35.0 23.30 0.535 24.52 0.106 0.780 0.780

17 0.147 135.07 2.61 170.93 24.0 22.56 0.407 14.67 0.179 0.659 0.659

18 0.279 22.18 5.83 143.15 20.2 14.03 0.299 17.88 0.137 0.597 0.597

19 0.144 116.93 2.61 220.00 16.6 13.13 0.534 18.78 0.126 0.658 0.565

20 0.297 70.56 2.95 119.07 35.4 34.77 0.435 19.15 0.221 0.860 0.860

21 0.119 24.19 7.69 280.19 29.2 22.02 0.588 27.06 0.281 0.877 0.639

22 0.123 36.29 8.37 182.04 18.2 16.46 0.654 13.78 0.177 0.751 0.508

23 0.144 85.00 2.27 205.00 26.8 22.87 0.667 24.45 0.220 0.469 0.469

24 0.163 36.29 3.63 157.96 16.4 17.12 0.498 22.96 0.284 0.712 0.630

25 0.128 60.00 2.44 133.89 26.4 25.68 0.452 32.21 0.242 0.689 0.689

26 0.166 26.21 2.78 302.41 29.4 30.69 0.467 17.88 0.307 0.650 0.650

27 0.160 125.00 3.80 120.93 24.0 16.06 0.429 12.21 0.210 0.884 0.884

28 0.127 110.88 2.61 332.04 32.6 24.36 0.482 13.03 0.117 0.577 0.577

29 0.146 80.00 2.44 365.37 33.8 31.24 0.306 11.69 0.146 0.693 0.693

30 0.155 78.62 2.44 176.48 33.0 25.90 0.618 9.22 0.220 0.805 0.502

90

Ek Tablo 7: Amputasyon Uygulanan Hastaların AÖ ve AS ĐMA ve Albümin Değerleri

ĐMA Albümin

AS AS

1 0.702 0.726 3.90 3.70

3 0.535 0.455 3.70 4.10

7 0.899 0.742 2.90 3.60

9 1.028 0.618 3.80 3.90

12 0.753 0.679 3.40 3.40

13 0.746 0.673 2.70 2.60

15 0.666 0.599 3.60 3.60

21 0.877 0.841 2.80 2.90

22 0.751 0.716 2.60 2.90

91

92

Benzer Belgeler