PRONOUNS
Pronouns
■ Personal Pronouns (Kişi Zamirleri)
■ Reflexive Pronouns (Kendim)
■ Possessive (Aitlik Bildiren Zamirler)
■ Demonstrative (İşaret Zamirleri)
■ Indefinite (Belgisiz Zamirler)
■ Relative (İlgi Zamirleri)
■ Interrogative (Soru Zamirleri)
Personal pronouns - Şahıs Zamirleri
– Nominative yalın durumda olan (bir iş yapan)
– Objective durumda olan (kendisine bir iş yöneltilen)
– Possessive durumda olan (iyelik bildiren)
Personal pronouns
Nominative Objective Possessive
I ben me beni, bana mine benimki
you sen you seni, sana yours seninki
he o him onu, ona his onunki
she o her onu, ona hers onunki
it o it onu, ona its onunki
we biz us bizi, bize ours bizimki
you siz you sizi, size yours sizinki
they onlar them onları, onlara theirs onlarınki
Reflexive Pronouns
singular: myself yourself himself herself itself
plural: ourselves yourselves themselves
Reflexive Pronouns
non-reflexive
the underlined words are NOT the same person/thing
REFLEXIVE pronouns
the underlined words are the SAME person/thing
John saw me. I saw myself in the mirror.
Why does he blame you? Why do you blame yourself?
David sent him a copy. John sent himself a copy.
David sent her a copy. Mary sent herself a copy.
My dog hurt the cat. My dog hurt itself.
We blame you. We blame ourselves.
Can you help my children? Can you help yourselves?
They cannot look after the babies. They cannot look after themselves.
Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns
Person Pronoun Adjective
1st singular mine my
2nd singular and plural yours your
3rd (female) hers her
3rd (male) his his
3rd (neutral) its its
1st plural ours our
3rd plural theirs their
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used to show possession, but they do not come before nouns. Instead, they stand on their own, and can even be used instead of a
noun. For example:
The night is ours.
The house on the left is mine.
Q: Whose car is that? A: Hers.
We might also show ownership by using the word “of” with a possessive pronoun. For example:
This book is a personal favorite of mine.
Was she a friend of yours?
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are used to show possession in much the same way as possessive nouns. They also come before the noun that they own. For example:
That is her dog.
Those are my books.
Mexico is their homeland.
The dog buried its bone.
This is our house.
Demonstrative Pronouns
(This / That / These / Those)
Near (yakın) Far (uzak)
Singular (tekil) this that
Plural (çoğul) these those
Pronouns (zamirler) Adjectives (sıfatlar) This is my car.
That is your book.
These are my shoes.
Those are his keys.
This car is new.
That mobile is Jason’s.
These shoes are old.
Those pictures are nice.
Indefinite Pronouns
anybody everybody nobody somebody
anyone everyone no one someone
anything everything nothing something
Everybody enjoyed the concert.
I opened the door but there was no one at home.
It was a very clear day. We could see everything.
Indefinite Pronouns
■ We use a singular verb after an indefinite pronoun:
Everybody loves Sally.
Everything was ready for the party.
■ When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun, we normally use a plural pronoun:
Everybody enjoyed the concert. They stood up and clapped.
I will tell somebody that dinner is ready. They have been waiting a long time.
■ We can add 's to an indefinite pronoun to make a possesive:
They were staying in somebody's house.
Is this anybody's coat?
■ We use else after indefinite pronouns to refer to other people or things:
All the family came, but no one else.
If Michael can't come, we'll ask somebody else.
I think this is somebody else's coat.
Indefinite Pronouns
■ Be careful!!
■ In negative clauses, we use pronouns with no-, not pronouns with any-:
■ Nobody came. (NOT Anybody didn't come.)
■ We do not use another negative in a clause with nobody, no one or nothing:
■ Nobody came. (NOT Nobody didn't come.)
Nothing happened. (NOT Nothing didn't happen.)
Relative Clauses (İlgi Zamiri)
■ Which: Cansızlar ve hayvanlar için kullanılır
■ Who: İnsanlar için kullanılır.
■ That: Hem who hem de which yerine “that” kullanılabilir. İkisi de nesnel formda iken “...dığı”; öznel formda iken “...en, ...an” olarak çevrilir.
- The agreement which they signed. (Onların imzaladığı anlaşma) - The workers who I met. (Karşılaştığım işçiler.)
- The man who you are waiting for. (Beklediğiniz kişi.)
- The scientist who devised this method. (Bu metodu bulan bilim adamı.) - The student who won the scholership. (Bursu kazanan öğrenci.)
- A car which runs 100 miles on hour. (Saatte 100 mil giden araba.)
Interrogative Pronouns
■ Who……Kim, Kimi, Kime
■ Whose..Kimin, Kiminki
■ What… Ne
■ Which…Hangi, hangisi
subject object
person who whom
thing what
person/ thing which
person whose
Interrogative Pronouns
Question Answer
Who told you? John told me. subject
Whom did you tell? I told Mary. object
What's happened? An accident's happened. subject
What do you want? I want coffee. object
Which came first? The Porsche 911 came first. subject Which will the doctor see first? The doctor will see the patient in
blue first.
object
There's one car
missing. Whose hasn't arrived?
John's (car) hasn't arrived. subject
We've found everyone's keys. Whose did you find?
I found John's (keys). object
This, That, It
Eğer anlatmak istenilen eşya, dinleyene çok yakınsa cümle this (bu) diye başlatılır.
This is a book.
Biraz daha uzakta ise That (şu) diye başlatılır.
That is a book.
Eğer çok uzakta ise it (o) diye başlatılır.
It is a horse.
Bu durum konuşana göredir, dinleyene göre değil. Dinleyen de cevap verirken kendisine göre uzaklığı ve yakınlığı kararlaştıracaktır.
Plurals of the nouns
1. Genel olarak tekil ismi çoğul yapmak için, tekil ismin sonuna ”s” getirilir.
book kitap books kitaplar
father baba fathers babalar
2. Son harfleri x, sh, o, ch olan isimlerin sonuna es getirilir.
Box kutu boxes kutular
brush fırça brushes fırçalar
potato patates potatoes patatesler
coach otobüs
(şehirlerarası)
coaches otobüsler
Plurals of the nouns
3. Son harfi y olup da, ondan önce sessiz harf varsa, o zaman y harfi i harfine dönüşür ve ondan sonra es getirilir.
lady bayan ladies bayanlar
fly Sinek flies sinekler
4. Ancak son harfi y olup da, ondan önce sesli harf varsa genel kurala göre s getirilerek çoğul yapılır.
boy çocuk boys çocuklar
play oyun plays oyunlar
Plurals of the nouns
5. Bazı isimler istisna olarak bu kurallara uymazlar. Bu isimlerin çoğul şekilleri tekillerinden tamamen ayrı yazılışa ve okunuşa sahiptirler. Bunları tek tek
öğrenmek gerekir.
man adam men adamlar
foot ayak feet ayaklar
goose kaz geese kazlar
woman kadın women kadınlar
mouse fare mice fareler
child çocuk children çocuklar
this bu these bunlar
that şu those şunlar
knife bıçak knives bıçaklar
