Bu ba÷lamda çalúmann kurumsal çerçevesi temelde David Harvey’in “mekânsal farkllaúma kuram” üzerinde kurgulanmú, ancak Lefebvre ve Castells’in teorilerinden de faydalanlmútr



0DNDOH*|QGHULP7DULKL 0DNDOH.DEXO7DULKL





.h5(6(//(ù0(1ø132/ø7ø.0(.Æ1$(7.ø6ø1(2

0$5.6ø67%$.,ù$d,6,h=(5ø1'(1%ø5'(ö(5/(1'ø50(^ øUHP(FH$.3,1$5 

Öz

Mekân kavram geçmiúten günümüze iktidarlarn mücadele alanlarn da ifade eden bir kavram olmuútur. Mekânda meydana gelen sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel yap, siyasi co÷rafya ile yeniden úekillenmektedir. Mekânlar, tarihsel süreçler arasnda ba÷lantlar kuran, geçmiúin izlerini taúyan ve ideolojik düúünceleri içinde barndrarak iktidarn izlerini yanstan simgelerdir. Küreselleúmeyle beraber ideolojilerin yeniden úekillenmesi, mekân içinde iktidarn gücünde de÷iúimlere yol açmaktadr. Küreselleúme, mekân yeniden kurgulayarak ekonomik-politik mekân üzerinde yeni dinamikler oluúturmaktadr. Bu ba÷lamda çalúmann kurumsal çerçevesi temelde David Harvey’in “mekânsal farkllaúma kuram” üzerinde kurgulanmú, ancak Lefebvre ve Castells’in teorilerinden de faydalanlmútr.

Çalúmann amac, küreselleúme sürecinin etki alanlarndan biri olan mekân kavramnn, de÷iúen anlam ve niteli÷ini incelemektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kent, Mekân, Küreselleúme, Kentleúme, Zaman-Mekân øliúkisi, Kent Mekân.

7+(())(&72)*/2%$/,=$7,212132/,7,&$/63$&($1

(9$/8$7,21)5207+(1(20$5;,673(563(&7,9(

Abstract

The concept of space has been a concept expressing the fields of struggle of the governments from past to present. The social, economic and cultural structure that occurs in the space is reshaped by political geography. Spaces are symbols that make connections between historical processes, reflect the traces of the past, and reflect the traces of power by incorporating ideological ideas. The reshaping of



%XPDNDOH7HNLUGD÷1DPÕN.HPDOhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWVQGH'Ug÷Uh\HVL

(PUH%D\VR\GDQÕúPDQOÕ÷ÕQGDøUHP(FH$NSÕQDUWDUDIÕQGDQ\D]ÕODQ³.UHVHOOHúPH3ROLWLN

0HNkQ YH øNWLGDU $OWHUQDWLI %LU -HRSROLWLN 'H÷HUOHQGLUPH´ LVLPOL \NVHN OLVDQV WH]LQGHQ

\DUDUODQÕODUDNKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU

%LOLP8]PDQÕLHFHDNSLQDU#JPDLOFRPRUFLGRUJ



ideologies with globalization leads to changes in the power of government within space. Globalization is creating new dynamics on economic-political space by reconstructing space. In this context, the institutional framework of the study is mainly based on David Harvey's spatial differentiation theory. However, the theories of Lefebvre and Castells were also utilized. The aim of the study is to examine the changing meaning and quality of the concept of space, which is one of the domains of the globalization process.

Keywords: City, Space, Globalization, Urbanization, Time-Space Relationship, City Space.

*LULú

0HNkQÕDQODPDPÕ]LoLQPHNkQÕQGLOLQLWDULKVHOJHoPLúLQLDQODPDPÕ]

YH GH÷HUOHQGLUPHPL] JHUHNPHNWHGLU %X DoÕGDQ PHNkQ NDYUDPÕ DVOÕQGD

JHoPLúWHQ JQP]H LNWLGDUODUÕQ ]HULQGH HJHPHQOLN NXUGXNODUÕ

LGHRORMLOHULQL \DQVÕWWÕNODUÕ YH VWUDWHMLOHU JHOLúWLUGLNOHUL ROJXODUGDQ ELULGLU

g]WUN

.UHVHOOHúPHVUHFL\OHLOHWLúLPYHELOJLWHNQRORMLOHULQLQKÕ]ND]DQPDVÕ

WDULKVHO VUHo LoHULVLQGHNL IDUNOÕ DOJÕODUÕQ \DúDQPDVÕQD QHGHQ ROPXúWXU

.UHVHOOHúPHQLQRUWD\DoÕNDUGÕ÷Õ\HQLDQODPYHNDYUD\ÕúODUODPHNkQ\HQLELU

G|QúPVUHFLQHJLUPLúWLU%XED÷ODPGDNUHVHOOHúPHPHNkQLQVDQNHQWVHO

PHNkQ VL\DVL FR÷UDI\D DUDVÕQGD ED÷ODQWÕVDO ELU LOLúNL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU %X

QHGHQOH LoHULVLQGH NRUNX R\XQ NR]PRORML U\DODU |INH SDUoDFÕN IL]L÷L

VHUPD\H MHRSROLWLN JHUJLQOLN XPXW KDIÕ]D \D GD HNRORMLN HWNLOHúLPOHUL

EDUÕQGÕUPDNWDGÕU

.UHVHOOHúPH VUHFL\OH EHUDEHU ONH VÕQÕUODUÕQÕQ |QHPLQL \LWLUPHVL

PHNkQÕQ \HQLGHQ úHNLOOHQPH\H EDúODPDVÕ ONHOHU DUDVÕQGD EORNODúPDODUÕQ

ROXúXPX WDUWÕúÕOPDNWDGÕU $\QÕ ]DPDQGD VUHFLQ HNRQRPLN RODUDN

EWQOHúPH\H\RODoWÕ÷ÕGúQOPHNWHGLU*|QJHQ'DYLG+DUYH\

LVHVHUPD\HELULNLPVUHFLQGHPHNkQÕ\HQLGHQ|UJWOHQPHPRGHOLROXúWXUPD

DUDFÕRODUDNNDYUDPVDOODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU+DUYH\

0HNkQ NDYUDPÕ VDGHFH ³IL]LNVHO´ ELU UHWLP DUDFÕ ROPDQÕQ GÕúÕQGD

³]LKLQVHO YH ³VRV\DO´ ER\XWODUÕ GD LoLQH DOPDNWDGÕU %|\OHFH PHNkQ

NDYUDPÕQÕQ LNWLGDUÕQ JFQ NXOODQGÕ÷Õ VL\DVL ROD\ODUD QHGHQ RODQ GLQDPLN



ELU\DSÕROGX÷XGúQOHELOPHNWHGLU.UHVHOOHúPH\OHELUOLNWHPHNkQXOXVDO

VÕQÕUODU ]HULQGH \HQLGHQ úHNLOOHQHUHN LNWLGDUODUÕQ LGHRORMLN WXWXPODUÕQÕ

\DQVÕWPDNWDGÕU 0HNkQ UHWLP LOLúNLOHUL LoLQGH LQFHOHQGL÷LQGH PHNkQÕQ

LNWLGDUÕQJQGHOLNKD\DW]HULQGHNXUPD\DoDOÕúWÕ÷ÕKHJHPRQ\DQÕQELUKHGHIL

ROGX÷XGDLOHULVUOHELOLU

(OEHWWHPHNkQYHELUH\DUDVÕQGDNLLOLúNLKHU]DPDQNDUúÕOÕNOÕELUEWQ

ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU 0HNkQÕQ NHQGL GLQDPLNOHUL LOH ELUH\OHULQ VRV\DO \DúDPÕ

ELUELUOHULQGHQ HWNLOHQPHNWHGLU %X \|Q\OH ELUH\OHULQ NHQGL H\OHPOHUL GH

PHNkQÕQ\HQLGHQUHWLOPHVLQLVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU%LUH\OHUGR÷UXGDQYH\DGROD\OÕ

RODUDN KDNODUÕ LoLQ PFDGHOH HWPHNWHGLUOHU .UHVHOOHúHQ GQ\DGD

NDSLWDOL]PLQ PHNkQÕ VHUPD\H ELULNLP VUHFL YDVÕWDVÕ\OD \HQLGHQ

úHNLOOHQGLUPHVL YH WHNQRORMLN JHOLúPHOHUOH ELUOLNWH PH\GDQD JHOHQ UHWLPLQ

\DUDWWÕ÷Õ DUWÕGH÷HULQ GQ\DQÕQ KHU \HULQGH XODúÕODELOLU ROPDVÕ PHNkQ

NDYUDPÕQÕJQGHPHVÕNoDJHWLUPHNWHGLU%XDQODPGDPHNkQHNRQRPLSROLWLN

NDYUDP RODUDN WDQÕPODQPDQÕQ GÕúÕQGD VRV\DO ROJXODUÕ GD LoLQH DODQ LQVDQ

WDUDIÕQGDQUHWLOPLúELUNDYUDPRODUDNNDUúÕPÕ]DoÕNPDNWDGÕU

.UHVHOOHúPH.DYUDPÕ

.UHVHOOHúPH VRQ \LUPL \ÕO LoHULVLQGH KHP XOXVODUDUDVÕ SROLWLND YH

GLSORPDVL DODQÕQGD KHP GH EX DODQD DLW DNDGHPLN oDOÕúPDODUGD HQ oRN

NXOODQÕODQ WHULPOHULQ EDúÕQGD JHOPHNWHGLU .LPLOHULQH J|UH NUHVHOOHúPH

NDYUDPÕ NOWUHO ELU ROJX\NHQ NLPLOHULQH J|UH VRV\RORMLN HNRQRPLN ELU

ER\XWX LIDGH HGHQ HNRQRPLN ELU VUHoWLU 6|QPH]R÷OX YG  

%XJQQ GQ\DVÕQÕ DQODPDN YH WDQÕPODPDN LoLQ HQ |QHPOL GH÷LúNHQOHULQ

EDúÕQGDNUHVHOOHúPHNDYUDPÕJHOPHNWHGLU.UHVHOOHúPHROJXVXQXQ\HQLELU

NDYUDP ROXS ROPDGÕ÷Õ VRUXVXQXQ FHYDEÕ NUHVHOOHúPH ROJXVXQD KDQJL

DoÕODUGDQEDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]ODLOJLOLGLU

øONRODUDNNUHVHOOHúPHWDQÕPODQPDVÕ\ÕOÕQGD0HUULHP:HEVWHU¶V

'LFWLRQDU\ WDUDIÕQGDQ NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU %OEO   DNWDUDQ 8UPHW]HU

  YG ¶WH 5HLVHU YH 'DYLHV ³*H]HJHQ 'HPRNUDVLVL %LOLPVHO

+PDQL]P YH 8\JXODPDOÕ $QODPÕ´ LVLPOL NLWDSWD NUHVHOOHúPH V|]F÷Q

HNRQRPLNRODUDNHOHDOPÕúODUGÕU6FKROWH¶WHQDNWDUDQ*QVR\

   \ÕOÕQGD NUHVHOOHúPH NDYUDPÕ 2[IRUG (QJOLVK 'LFWLRQDU\¶GH



NXOODQÕOPD\D EDúODQPÕúWÕU  \ÕOÕQGD øQJLOL] øNWLVDWoÕ : )RWHU \D]PÕú

ROGX÷X GHUJLGH NUHVHOOHúPH\L GQ\DGDNL UHWLP YH GD÷ÕWÕPÕ RODUDN HOH

DOPÕúWÕU .ÕYÕOFÕP  %|\OHFH NUHVHOOHúPH NDYUDPÕ R \ÕOODUGD

HNRQRPLNRODUDNWDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU

\ÕOÕQGD LON NH] 0DUVKDOO 0F/XKDQ WDUDIÕQGDQ VRV\DO LoHULNOL ELU

WDQÕP \DSÕOPÕúWÕU ³*OREDO .|\´ PHIKXPX LON GHID NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU $\UÕFD

0F/XKDQ oDOÕúPDVÕQGD NLWOH LOHWLúLP DUDoODUÕQGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ KÕ]OÕ

G|QúPOHULQ]DPDQPHNkQVÕQÕUODUÕQÕNDOGÕUGÕ÷ÕQÕVDYXQPDNWDGÕU

.UHVHOOHúPH NDYUDPÕ øQJLOL]FHGH JOREDO NHOLPHVLQLQ NDUúÕOÕ÷Õ ROXS

EWQOHúPH\LLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU$\GHPLUYH.D\D.UHVHOOHúPH

NDYUDPÕQÕQ RUWD\D oÕNÕúÕ\OD LOJLOLWDUWÕúPDODU JQP]GH GHYDP HWPHNWHGLU

g]HOOLNOHVRQ\ÕOODUGDNUHVHOOHúPHNDYUDPÕQD\HQLDQODPODU\NOHQPHNWHYH

VUHFLQXQVXUODUÕQD\|QHOLNWDQÕPODPDODU\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU

.UHVHOOHúPH NHOLPHVLQL LQFHOHUVHN NUHVHO HYUHQVHOOL÷L NUH

\HUNUH\LNUHVHOOHúPHGHHYUHQVHOELUVUHFLNDSVDPDNWDGÕU%D\DU

<HUNUHELUWRSDEHQ]HWLOLUVHNUHOHúPHVUHFLQGHGQ\DQÕQPHUNH]LQLQ

QHUHVL ROGX÷X VRUXVX\OD NDUúÕODúÕODFDNWÕU %X ED÷ODPGD GHYOHWOHU PHUNH]H

VDKLS RODELOPHN LoLQ HNRQRPLN VRV\DO VL\DVDO DODQODUGD ELUELUOHUL\OH Jo

VDYDúODUÕ \DSPDNWDGÕUODU %D\DU  .DQW GD EX VUHFL 'Q\D¶QÕQ

úHNOLQLQ \HU NUH ROPDVÕQGDQ GROD\Õ KHUNHVLQ RUWDN PDOÕ ROGX÷XQXQ NDEXO

HGLOPHVL JHUHNWL÷L úHNOLQGH GH÷HUOHQGLUPHNWHGLU +DUYH\   %X

DQODPGD GQ\DQÕQ PHNkQVDO \DSÕVÕ DVOÕQGD NUHVHOOHúPH NDYUDPÕ\OD

úHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU%D\VR\.UHVHOOHúPHQLQELUEWQOHúPHRODUDN

J|UOPHVLQLQ .DQW¶ÕQ QHVQHO WDQÕPÕQGDQ RUWD\D oÕNWÕ÷ÕQÕ V|\OH\HELOLUL]

+DUYH\

*LGGHQV ]DPDQPHNkQ G|QúPQ NUHVHOOHúPH VUHFL\OH HOH

DOPDNWDGÕU.UHVHOOHúPH\LGQ\DGDEWQOHúPHKDUHNHWOHULQLQNHQGLLoLQGHNL

NDUPDúÕNOÕ÷ÕQÕQWRSOXPODUD\DQVÕPDVÕRODUDNQLWHOHPHNWHGLU*LGGHQV

 'Q\DGD GHYOHWOHUDUDVÕQGDNL UHNDEHW DUWDUNHQ NDSLWDOL]POH EHUDEHU

VHUPD\H YH HPHN JFQQ GH DUWPDVÕ\OD OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODU JoOHQPHNWHGLU

.HOHú   .UHVHO VHUPH\HQLQ DUWPDVÕ\OD EHUDEHU PHUNH]oHYUH

DUDVÕQGD Jo VDYDúODUÕ EDúOD\DUDN HNRQRPLN VRV\DO NOWUHO DODQGDQ



GHYOHWOHULQ GQ\D VLVWHPLQH KkNLP ROPD VDYDúÕ EDúODPÕúWÕU %D\VR\ 

%XED÷ODPGDNUHVHOOHúPHNDYUDPÕELUVUHoGH÷LOXOXVDOIHQRPHQELU

NDYUDP RODUDN RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU *LGGHQV YH &KULVWRSKHU  

*|UOG÷ ]HUH *LGGHQV NUHVHOOHúPH VUHFLQL WRSOXPVDO HWNLOHúLP RODUDN

WDQÕPODUNHQ VUHFLQ SRVWPRGHUQOLN RODUDN WDQÕPODQPDVÕQD GD NDUúÕ

oÕNPDNWDGÕU*LGGHQV

=DPDQ YH PHNkQ VÕNÕúPDVÕ GD YDUOÕN YH \RNOXN ELUOHúPHVL VRQXFX

RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU 'HQHELOLU NL ]DPDQ GLOLPLQGH VDKLS ROGX÷XPX] YH

HWNLOHQGL÷LPL] KHU úH\ NUHVHOOHúPHQLQ ELU VRQXFXGXU *LGGHQV  

+DUYH\ NUHVHOOHúPH G|QJVQGH ]DPDQPHNkQ GHGL÷LPL] NDYUDPODUÕQ

WHPHO RODUDN PHNkQGD ]DPDQ \ROFXOX÷XQD X÷UD\DUDN VHUPD\HQLQ PHNkQD

VDELWOHQPHVL RODUDN \RUXPODPDNWDGÕU +DUYH\   +DUYH\

NUHVHOOHúPHQLQWDULKVHOVUHoWHLoHULVLQGHELUUHMLPHG|QúW÷QYHNOWUHO

WDULKVHO HNRQRPLSROLWLN X\JXODPDODU VÕQÕIVDO PFDGHOHOHU YH Jo

GHQJHOHULQLQ PHNkQÕ úHNLOOHQGLUHUHN \HQL ELU G|QúP VUHFL RUWD\D

oÕNDUGÕ÷ÕQÕVDYXQPDNWDGÕU+DUYH\=DPDQYHPHNkQGDPH\GDQD

JHOHQ DOJÕ GH÷LúLPOHUL ³NÕWDODUDUDVÕ YH\D E|OJHOHUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHULQ JoOHULQ

NXOODQÕPODUÕQÕQ´ DUWPDVÕ RODUDN NDUúÕPÕ]D oÕNPDNWDGÕU  %LU EDúND LIDGH\OH

NUHVHOOHúPH ³WHN WLSOHúPH DOJÕVÕQÕQ RUWD\D oÕNPDVÕ LQVDQ GDYUDQÕúODUÕ YH

|]HOOLNOHULQLQ ELUELULQH EHQ]HPHVL´ RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHELOLU .UHVHOOHúPH

NDYUDPÕoRN\|QOYHoRNER\XWOXROPDVÕQGDQGROD\ÕVRV\DOELOLPOHUDODQÕQGD

ELUoRN IDUNOÕ \DNODúÕPOD NDUúÕPÕ]D oÕNPDNWDGÕU %X QHGHQOH WHRULV\HQOHU YH

X\JXODPDFÕODU DUDVÕQGD NHVLQ ELU WDQÕPÕ \DSÕODPDPDNWDGÕU 7P EX

NDUPDúÕNOÕ÷ÕQ\HQLDGÕQDJQP]GHNUHVHOOHúPHGHQPHNWHGLU

.UHVHOOHúPHYH.UHVHOOHúPH'|QJV

.UHVHOOHúPHNDYUDPÕQÕGDKDL\LDQDOL]HGHELOPHPL]LoLQNUHVHOOHúPH

G|QJVQ DQODPDPÕ] JHUHNPHNWHGLU 0DQIUHG 6WHJHU ³*OREDOL]DWLRQ $

9HU\ 6KRUW ,QWURGXFWLRQ´ DGOÕ NLWDEÕQGD NUHVHOOHúPH\L úX úHNLOGH

WDQÕPODPDNWDGÕU

\ÕOÕQÕQVRQODUÕQGDPRGHUQVL\DVLYHWRSOXPVDOWHRULOLVDQVGHUVLQL

DQODWÕUNHQ G|QHPLQ NDUPDúÕNOÕ÷ÕQÕ |÷UHQFLOHULQ NHQGL DUDODUÕQGD

VRUJXODGÕNODUÕQÕ J|]OHPOHGLP 'Q\D 7LFDUHW 0HUNH]L YH 3HQWDJRQD



\|QHOLN PH\GDQD JHOHQ WHU|U VDOGÕUÕODUÕ DUDVÕQGDNL ED÷ODQWÕODUÕ

|÷UHQFLOHULP WDP RODUDN NDYUD\DPDGÕ 7HNQRORML GQ\D\D KÕ]OÕ ELU

úHNLOGH KkNLP ROXUNHQ WP \DúDQÕODQ VUHFLQ ELU DGÕ ROPDOÕ\GÕ

g÷UHQFLOHULPH NUHVHOOHúPHQLQ WDUWÕúPDOÕ ELU NDYUDP ROGX÷XQX

DQODPDODUÕJHUHNWL÷LQLYHED]HQoHOLúNLOLWRSOXPVDOVUHoOHULQDUNDVÕQGD

PH\GDQDJHOHQROD\ODUÕQDVÕOQHGHQOHULQLQNoPVHQPHPHVLJHUHNWL÷LQL

GLOHJHWLUGLP7PEXROD\ODUPHG\DGDIDUNOÕWDQÕPODPDODUD\RODoÕS

\DúDQÕODQ PRGHUQOLN H\OHPOHUL NÕQDQVD GD NUHVHOOHúPH VUHFLQLQ

NDUPDúÕNOÕ÷ÕQÕJ|]OHPOHQHPHGL0DQIUHG

7DEOR.UHVHOOHúPH'|QJV



Kaynak: Georgantzas vd., 2009: 4.

.UHVHOOHúPH G|QJVQGH PDO YH KL]PHWOHUGH PH\GDQD JHOHQ

HWNLOHúLPHVNLPDOYHKL]PHWOHU]HULQGH\HQLUDNLSOHUROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU0DO

YH KL]PHWOHUGH PH\GDQD JHOHQ GH÷LúLP YH G|QúPOHU ELOJL YH LOHWLúLP

WHNQRORMLOHULLOHKÕ]ODJHOLúPHNWHYHVÕQÕUODUÕQJHOLúPHVLQHQHGHQROPDNWDGÕU

%|\OHFH \HQL VÕQÕUODU RUWD\D oÕNDUDN VHUPD\H YH ELOJL KL]PHW SL\DVDVÕQD

\|QHOLN ELU EDVNÕ ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU 6ÕQÕUODUÕQ JHOLúPHVL\OH ELUOLNWH \DúDP

VWDQGDUWODUÕQGDGH÷LúLPOHUPH\GDQDJHOPHNWHGLU.UHVHOOHúPHG|QJVQGH

oRNXOXVOXúLUNHWOHUYHHQWHJUDV\RQODULOHONHOHUDUDVÕQGDUHNDEHWDUWPDNWDGÕU

'Q\DHNRQRPLVLQGHXOXVODUDUDVÕúLUNHWOHULQUHNDEHWJFKÕ]ND]DQPDNWDGÕU



%|\OHFH UHNDEHW JFQ ND\EHGHQ JHOLúPHNWH RODQ ONHOHU HNRQRPLOHULQL

JoOHQGLUPHN LoLQ oRN XOXVOX úLUNHWOHU YH HQWHJUDV\RQODU NDQDOÕ\OD NUHVHO

SL\DVDODUDG|QúPHNWHGLU

'Q\D HNRQRPLVLQGH XOXVODUDUDVÕ úLUNHWOHULQ UHNDEHW JF KÕ]

ND]DQPDNWDGÕUøQFHNDUDYH6DYUXO)ULHGPDQNUHVHOOHúPH\LVHUEHVW

NDSLWDOL]PLQ ELU UQ RODUDN J|UUNHQ NDSLWDOL]PLQ JFQQ KHU ONH\H

\D\ÕODUDN VLVWHPL KRPRMHQOHúWLUGL÷LQL YH WHNQRORMLQLQ NUHVHOOHúPHQLQ ELU

UQROGX÷XQXVDYXQPDNWDGÕU)ULHGPDQ%|\OHFHNUHVHOOHúPH

NHQWVHO PHNkQÕQ LoHULVLQGH \|QHWHQ\|QHWLOHQ V|PUHQV|PUOHQ

oHOLúNLOHULQLEHUDEHULQGHJHWLUHUHNJHOLUHúLWVL]OLNOHULQLDUWWÕUÕUNHQNHQWOHUGHNL

PHNkQVDOD\UÕúPDODUGDJLGHUHNDUWPDNWDGÕU

0HNkQ.DYUDPÕ

0HNkQ .DYUDPÕ 7'.\D J|UH ³\HU EXOXQDQ \HU HY \XUW X]D\´

DQODPODUÕQD JHOPHNWHGLU $UDSoD ELU NHOLPH RODQ PHNkQ NDYUDPÕ ³NHYQ´

N|NQGHQ WUHPLú ROXS 7UNoHGH ³\HU FLVLP oHYUH´ DQODPÕQGD

NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU*|ND%XED÷ODPGDPHNkQÕQLoLQGHEDUÕQGÕUGÕ÷Õ

NDYUDPODUPHNkQÕQVDGHFHFR÷UDILDoÕGDQHOHDOPDNWDGÕUg]WUN

<DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ]GQ\D\ÕDQODPDNLoLQLQVDQÕQPHNkQODRODQLOLúNLVLQLDQODPDPÕ]

JHUHNPHNWHGLU

0HNkQ NDYUDPÕQÕQ WDQÕPODQPDVÕ DQWLNoD÷D NDGDU JLWPHNWHGLU

$QWLNoD÷ GúQUOHULQH EDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD 3DUPHQLGHV $WRPFXODU 3ODWRQ

$ULVWRWHOHV 'HVFDUWHV .DQW YH oHúLWOL ILOR]RIODUÕQ PHNkQD EDNÕú DoÕODUÕQÕQ

IDUNOÕROGX÷XQXJ|UU]3LWDJRUDVFÕODUPHNkQÕIHOVHIHQLQNRQXVXRODUDNHOH

DOPDNWDGÕUODU 3LWDJRUDVFÕODUD J|UH PHNkQ X]D\GD VRQVX] ERúOXNWD VÕQÕUODQDQELUNDYUDPGÕU$UNWDVPHNkQÕDWPRVIHUHEHQ]HWLUNHQYDURODQKHU

úH\LQ PHNkQGD ROGX÷XQX VDYXQPDNWDGÕU +HVLGRV¶D J|UH PXWODN ELU ROJX

ROXúXUNHQ3DUPHGLQHVPHNkQÕPXWODNELU\RNOXNRODUDNWDQÕPODPDNWDGÕUODU

)DUDEL GH $ULVWRWDWHV JLEL PHNkQ NDYUDPÕQ VRQOX ELU HYUHQ DQOD\ÕúÕQÕ

\DQVÕWPDNWDGÕU ³9DUOÕN YDUGÕU \RNOXN YDU GH÷LOGLU´L VDYXQDUDN PHNkQÕ

DVOÕQGD ]LKQLPL]GH FDQODQGÕUGÕ÷ÕPÕ] ROJXODU RODUDN NDEXO HWPHNWHGLU

3DUPHQLGHV \HUNUH\L VDELW NDEXO HGHUHN PHNkQÕ VR\XW RODUDN

WDQÕPODPDNWDGÕU 'HPRNULWRV ERúOXN GHQLOHQ NDYUDPÕ PHNkQ RODUDN



WDQÕPODUNHQ PHNkQÕQ ELU GH÷LúLP JFQQ ROGX÷XQX LoLQGH \DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ]

\HUNUHGH PHNkQ ROPDGDQ DVOÕQGD GH÷LúLP YH G|QúQQ

JHUoHNOHúHPH\HFH÷LQLVDYXQPDNWDGÕU

*HoPLúWHQ JQP]H NDGDU JHoHQ VUHGH WRSOXPGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ

ROD\ODU YH ROJXODU PHNkQ NDYUDPÕQÕQ ROXúPDVÕQD QHGHQ ROPXúWXU 0HNkQ

GHQLOGL÷LQGH DNOD LON JHOHQ FR÷UDIL VÕQÕUODU LoLQGH EXOXQDQ \HUGLU 0HNkQ

NDYUDPÕLQVDQODUWDUDIÕQGDQLQúDHGLOPLúYHVRV\DOLOLúNLOHULLoLQGHEXOXQGXUDQ

ELUNDYUDPRODUDNNDUúÕPÕ]DoÕNDUNHQ³\HU´RODUDNWDQÕPODQDELOPHVLLoLQELU

GXUXPX WHPVLO HWPHVL JHUHNPHNWHGLU g]WUN    <HU YH PHNkQ

DUDVÕQGDNL D\UÕP 3ODWRQ LOH $ULVWRWHOHV¶LQ GúQFHOHULQL RUWD\D oÕNDUPÕúWÕU

3ODWRQPHNkQÕNRNXOXELUPHUKHPHEHQ]HWLUNHQPHNkQÕQúHNLO|]HOOLNOHULQH

WkEL ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ YH LVWHGL÷LPL] úHNOH VRNDELOHFH÷LPL]L VDYXQPDNWDGÕU

3ODWRQ¶XQPHNkQDEDNÕúDoÕVÕQDED]HQGHHGLOJHQOLNKkNLPROPDNWDGÕU3ODWRQ

PHNkQÕHYUHQRODUDNNDEXOHWPHNWHGLU0HNkQGDERúOXNROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕYHPHNkQÕ

DQODPDQÕQNROD\ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕVDYXQPDNWDGÕU0HNkQVR\XWELUNDYUDPROPDNOD

ELUOLNWH HYUHQGHNL WP FLVLPOHUGHQ IDUNOÕ RODUDN ROXú NDYUDPÕQÕQ PHNkQÕQ

LoLQGH JHUoHNOHúWLUGL÷LQL VDYXQPDNWDGÕU :DWHUILHOG   $ULVWRWDOHV

PHNkQÕ kapsayann hareketsiz ilk snr úHNOLQGH WDQÕPODUNHQ PHNkQ

NDYUDPÕQÕQ HYUHQL NDSVDGÕ÷ÕQÕ YH NXúDWDQÕQ KDUHNHWVL] Lo VÕQÕUÕ ROGX÷XQX

VDYXQPDNWDGÕU+DUYH\)DUDELGH$ULVWRWDOHVJLELVRQOXELUHYUHQ

DQOD\ÕúÕQÕ VDYXQPDNWDGÕU øNL ILOR]RI GD ERúOXN PHNkQ \HU NDYUDPODUÕQÕQ

LoLQGH\DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ]\HUNUHGHEXOXQGX÷XQXYHPHNkQNDYUDPÕQÕQGLQDPLNELU

DODQ ROGX÷XQX GLOH JHWLUPHNWHGLUOHU .DQW PHNkQÕ LQVDQ ]LKQLQGH YH

DOJÕODUÕPÕ]ODROXúWXUGX÷XPX]DSULRULELUROJXRODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLUPHNWHGLU

&HYL]FLGHPHNkQÕQÕQo|]HOOL÷LROGX÷XQXV|\OHPHNWHGLU

øONRODUDNPHNkQELUNDSYHKD]QHGLUøNLQFLVLPHNkQÕQDVOÕQGDDOJÕODUÕPÕ]OD

DQOD\DELOGL÷LPL] GÕúVDO ELU ED÷ODQWÕ ROPDVÕ oQFV LVH PHNkQÕQ

J|UQúQGHLQVDQ ]LKLQGHNL DOJÕODPDODUÕQ |QH oÕNPDVÕGÕU &HYL]FL PHNkQÕ

GDKDoRNPLPDUOÕNDODQÕQGDWDQÕPODUNHQPHNkQNDYUDPÕQÕQHNRQRPLNVRV\DO

YH NOWUHO |]HOOLNOHULQLQ WRSOXPVDO GH÷LúLPOHUOH \HQLGHQ

úHNLOOHQHELOHFH÷LQGHQEDKVHWPHPLúWLU



ùHQJOPHNkQÕQWRSOXPVDOVUHoOHUOHúHNLOOHQGL÷LQLYH

PHNkQÕQ VRV\DO ROJXODUÕQ JHUoHNOHPHVLQGH |QHPOL ELU URO R\QDGÕ÷ÕQÕ GLOH

JHWLUPHNWHGLU .HQWLQ PHNkQÕQ HNRQRPLN VL\DVDO YH NOWUHO |]HOOLNOHULQL

\DQVÕWWÕ÷ÕQÕ PHNkQ NDYUDPÕQÕQ WRSOXPVDO \DúDPGDQ ED÷ÕPVÕ]

GúQOHPH\HFH÷LQLVDYXQPDNWDGÕU7RSOXPGD\DúDQÕODQVUHoOHUPHNkQYH

VRV\DOROJXODUÕQELUELULQGHQD\UÕGúQOPHVLQHQHGHQROXUNHQEXQODUDVOÕQGD

ELUELUOHULQL HWNLOH\HQ NDUPDúÕN ELU VUHoWH NDUúÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ EXOPDNWDGÕU 0HNkQ

NDYUDPÕ VRV\DO ROJXODUOD |]JUOHúHELOHQ YH NHQGLVLQL ROXúWXUDQ QHVQHOHU

]HULQGH ELU EDVNÕ HWNLVL ROXúWXUDQ GHQH\VHO \DSÕODUGÕU ùHQJO  

 NDSLWDOL]PLQ PHNkQÕ VR\XWODúWÕUGÕ÷ÕQÕ VDYXQPDNWDGÕU .UHVHOOHúPH

VUHFL\OHEHUDEHUNDSLWDOL]PLQEHQLPVHQPHVLPHNkQÕQNRORQLOHúPHVLQHQHGHQ

ROPDNWÕU %X DoÕGDQ PHNkQÕQ VWUDWHMLN NRQXPX GDKD GD DUWPDNWD YH PHNkQ

\HQLGHQúHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU

0HNkQYH\HUNDYUDPODUÕELUELUOHULQLQ\HULQHVÕNoDNXOODQÕOVDGDPHNkQ

NDYUDPÕLQVDQODUODRODQLOHWLúLPVRQXFXQGD\HUNDYUDPÕQÕGDNDSVDPDNWDGÕU

ù|\OH NL ELU ³\HU´ DVOÕQGDQ J|oOH VDYDúODUOD \D GD LQVDQODUÕQ WHPHO

LKWL\DoODUÕQÕ NDUúÕODPDN LoLQ NHúLI HGLOGL÷LQGH NXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD LúJDO

HGLOGL÷LQGH LOHWLúLP PHNkQÕ ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU ³<HU´ NDYUDPÕ GXUD÷DQ

|]HOOLNOHUWDúÕPDNWDGÕUDQFDNPHNkQLQVDQODUWDUDIÕQGDQLOHWLúLPJFQHVDKLS

ROXQPDVÕ\ODVUHNOLOLN|]HOOL÷LWDúÕPDNWDGÕUg]WUN

.UHVHOOHúPH VUHFL\OH EHUDEHU ³\HUNUH´GH GLQDPLNOHULQ KÕ]OÕ ELU

úHNLOGHGH÷LúPHVLYH\HQLELUG|QúPVUHFLQHJLULOPHVLDVOÕQGDWRSOXPVDO

KD\DWWD \HQL ELU PHNkQ G]HQOHPHVLQH QHGHQ ROPXúWXU %X VUHoOH EHUDEHU

FR÷UDIL VÕQÕUODUÕQ HVNL |QHPLQL \LWLUPHVL YH PHNkQÕQ \HQL ELU G|QúP

VUHFLQH JLUPHVL PHNkQ NDYUDPÕQÕQ \HQLGHQ WDUWÕúÕOPDVÕQD YH JQGHPH

JHOPHVLQH QHGHQ ROPXúWXU %X ED÷ODPGD PHNkQÕQ IDUNOÕ WDQÕPODUÕ ROPDNOD

ELUOLNWH KHQ] WDP ELU WDQÕPÕ NUHVHOOHúPH NDYUDPÕ JLEL \DSÕODPDPDNWDGÕU

dQNPHNkQNDYUDPÕGDGH÷LúLPYHG|QúPOHUOHELUOLNWHúHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU

$\QÕ ]DPDQGD WRSOXPODUÕQ VRV\RSROLWLN YH VRV\RNOWUHO VUHoOHULQL

\DQVÕWPDNWDGÕU <ÕOGÕ]  $ODHGGLQR÷OX  0HNkQ VDGHFH WRSOXPVDO

LOLúNLOHULQNR]PRSROLWLNROXúVUHFLQLWHPVLOHWPHPHNWHGLU0HNkQLQVDQODUÕQ

ROXúWXUGX÷XIDNDWNR]PLNEDNÕPGDQ\HWHUVL]NDODUDNLGHRORMLOHUOHúHNLOOHQHQ

UHHO SROLWLN ELU NDYUDPGÕU %X ED÷ODPGD  VRQUDVÕ HOHúWLUHO VRV\DO



WHRULGH SDUDGLJPDWLN GH÷LúLPOHULQ \DúDQGÕ÷Õ G|QHPGH µPHNkQVDO G|Qú¶

RODUDN WDQÕPODQDQ PHNkQD G|QN YH PHNkQÕ HOH DODQ |QHPOL NXUDPVDO

oDOÕúPDODU ' +DUYH\ 0 &DVWHOOV YH + /HIHEYUH¶QLQ NXUDPVDOODúPDODUÕQD

GD\DQPDNWDGÕU

.UHVHOOHúPHYH0HNkQøOLúNLVL

.UHVHOOHúPH VUHFL\OH EHUDEHU NUHVHO WRSOXP NUHVHO NOWU

NUHVHOOHúPHQLQ HNRQRPLVL \|QHWLúLP JLEL ELUoRN \HQL NDYUDP RUWD\D

oÕNPÕúWÕU.UHVHOOHúPHNDUPDúÕNELUVUHoRODUDNJ|UOVHGHDVOÕQGDGHYOHWOHU

YHLQVDQODUDUDVÕQGDNLLOLúNLQLQDQODPND]DQGÕ÷ÕELUVUHoWLU$PLQ

7RSOXPVDOROD\ODUÕLoLQHDODQVUHoWH:HEHU³LQVDQLoLQGQ\DQHDQODP

WDúÕPDNWDGÕU"´VRUXVX\ODDVOÕQGDWRSOXPGD\DúD\DQELUH\OHULQ|QHPLQHGLNNDW

oHNPHNWHGLU7RSOXPVDOROD\ODUYHPHNkQODUJoOELUHU|UJWVLVWHPLQLLoLQGH

EDUÕQGÕUÕUNHQ D\QÕ ]DPDQGD NOWU \DSÕVÕ NHQW YH NÕU ]HULQGH EDVNÕODU

ROXúWXUPDNWD ]RUXQOX ELU EHQ]HúPH\H QHGHQ ROPDNWDGÕU .UHVHOOHúPHQLQ

VRV\R NOWUHO ER\XWXQGD PHNkQODU NHQGL LoOHULQGH ROXúWXUPXú ROGXNODUÕ

JHWLULPVLVWHPL\OHWRSOXPXHWNLOHPHNWHYHELoLPOHQGLUPHNWHGLU

ùHQJOPHNkQÕQWRSOXPVDOVUHoOHUOHúHNLOOHQGL÷LQLYH

PHNkQÕQ VRV\DO ROJXODUÕQ JHUoHNOHPHVLQGH |QHPOL ELU URO R\QDGÕ÷ÕQÕ GLOH

JHWLUPHNWHGLU .HQWVHO PHNkQÕQ HNRQRPLN VL\DVDO YH NOWUHO |]HOOLNOHULQL

\DQVÕWWÕ÷ÕQÕ PHNkQ NDYUDPÕQÕQ WRSOXPVDO \DúDPGDQ ED÷ÕPVÕ]

GúQOHPH\HFH÷LQL VDYXQPDNWDGÕU 0HNkQ NDYUDPÕ VRV\DO ROJXODUOD

|]JUOHúHELOHQ YH NHQGLVLQL ROXúWXUDQ QHVQHOHU ]HULQGH ELU EDVNÕ HWNLVL

ROXúWXUDQGHQH\VHO\DSÕODUÕLIDGHHGHUùHQJONDSLWDOL]PLQ

PHNkQÕVR\XWODúWÕUGÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWPHNWHGLU.DSLWDOL]PLQEHQLPVHQPHVLPHNkQÕQ

NRORQLOHúPHVLQHQHGHQROPDNWDGÕU%XDoÕGDQPHNkQÕQVWUDWHMLNNRQXPXGDKD

ID]ODDUWPDNWDYHPHNkQ\HQLGHQúHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU%HúHUvYHVRV\DOELOLPOHUH

JHOGL÷LPL]GHLVHPHNkQNDYUDPÕVR\XWDQODPODUDGR÷UXND\PDNWDGÕU

+DUYH\ PHNkQODUÕQ WRSOXPVDO VUHo LoHULVLQGH |QHPOL ELU XQVXU

ROGX÷XQX YH WRSOXP YH PHNkQ DUDVÕQGDNL LOLúNLQLQ NDUPDúÕN ELU VUHoWHQ

PH\GDQDJHOGL÷LQLEHOLUWPLúWLU



5RODQG 5REHUWVRQ LVH NUHVHOOHúPH\OH PH\GDQD JHOHQ NOWUHO

GH÷LúPH\L \HUHOOHúPH RODUDN WDQÕPODPDNWDGÕU 5REHUWVRQ  <HUHOLQ

GH÷LúLPLYHEXQXQVRQXFXQGDPH\GDQDJHOHQ\HQLVUHFLQDGÕQDNUHVHOOHúPH

GHQPHNWHGLU <DúDQÕODQ GH÷LúLPOHU PHNkQÕ \HQLGHQ NXUJXODPDN \HULQH

PHNkQ]HULQGHQLNWLGDUODUÕQKHJHPRQ\DNXUPDVÕQDQHGHQROPDNWDGÕU7P

EXQODUÕQVRQXFXQGDNUHVHOOHúPH\LWHNWLSOHúPHRODUDNWDQÕPOD\DQ5REHUWVRQ

NUHVHOOHúPH YH NOWUQ ELUELULQLQ NDoÕQÕOPD] ELU SDUoDVÕ ROGX÷XQX GLOH

JHWLUPHNWHGLU5REHUWVRQ±5REHUWVRQ¶DJ|UHNUHVHONOWU

PHNkQGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ GH÷LúLPOHU VRQXFXQGD ROXúPXú RODQ ELU UQGU

5REHUWVRQ    gUQH÷LQ $%'¶QLQ ,UDN¶D PGDKDOHVLQLQ WHPHO

QHGHQL,UDN¶ÕQSHWUROUH]HUYOHULQLNRQWUROHWPHNLVWHPHVLGLU1XUODGÕQ

 %|OJHGH \DúDQÕODQ VUHo ONHQLQ WDULKLQH NOWUQH HNRORMLN \DSÕVÕQD

]DUDU YHUPHNWHGLU %|\OHFH PHNkQ NDYUDPÕ VL\DVL FR÷UDI\DQÕQ HNRQRPLN

VRV\DO NOWUHO DODQODUGD GH÷LúLPH X÷UDPDVÕQD QHGHQ ROPDNWDGÕU 0HNkQÕQ

VÕQÕU|WHVL|QHPND]DQPDVÕGHYOHWOHULELUELULQHED÷ÕPOÕKDOHJHWLULUNHQD\QÕ

]DPDQGD NDUPDúÕNOÕ÷Õ GD EHUDEHULQGH JHWLUPHNWHGLU .DSODQ  

$UMXQ $SSDGXUDL NUHVHO NOWU EHú EDúOÕNWD VÕQÕIODQGÕUPDNWDGÕU 6DUÕED\

±

 (WQR 0HNkQ 0HNkQGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ J|o ROD\ODUÕ HWQR PHNkQÕ

ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU

 7HNQR 0HNkQ 8\GX DOÕFÕODUÕ YH VHUYLVOHUL LOH WHNQRORMLQLQ KÕ]

ND]DQPDVÕ\ODROXúDQPHNkQODUGÕU

 )LQDQV 0HNkQ .DU RGDNOÕ ROXúPXú RODQ PHNkQODGÕU 8OXVODUDUDVÕ

ERUVDYHVSHNODV\RQLúOHPOHUL|UQHNYHULOHELOLU

 0HG\D0HNkQ6HVNDVHWOHULJD]HWHYHGHUJLOHU

 )LNUL0HNkQøGHRORMLQLQ\D\ÕOGÕ÷ÕPHNkQODUGÕU

%XUDGDQ \ROD oÕNDUDN NUHVHOOHúPH VUHFLQLQ PHNkQ ]HULQGHNL

NDUPDúÕNOÕ÷ÕQÕYHNOWUOHRODQLOLúNLVLQLLNLIDUNOÕ|UQHNOHDoÕNOD\DELOLUL]

.UHVHOOHúPHQLQ PHNkQ ]HULQGH ROXPVX] HWNLVLQGHQ NRUXQPDN LoLQ

\DSÕODQ H\OHPOHUGHQ ELUL &DUOR 3HWULQL WDUDIÕQGDQ  \ÕOÕQGD 6SDJQD¶GD

DoÕODQ0F'RQDOGVUHVWRUDQÕQDNDUúÕoÕNDUDNROXúWXUDQ³6DNLQ<HPHN´6ORZ

)RRG +DUHNHWL¶GLU %X KDUHNHW NUHVHOOHúPHQLQ RUWD\D oÕNDUGÕ÷Õ WHN WLS



PHNkQODUDNDUúÕoÕNÕODUDN\HUHO|]HOOLNOHULQRUWDGDQNDOGÕUÕOPDVÕQÕHQJHOOHPHN

LoLQ6ORZ)RRGKDUHNHWL\OHEHUDEHURUWD\DoÕNPÕúWÕU$NSÕQDU$\QÕ

]DPDQGDJQP]GHVÕNoDGX\XODQNDUGHúNHQWOHUgNWHPYGGH

NUHVHOOHúPHQLQPHNkQ]HULQGHROXPOX|]HOOL÷LQLWDúÕUNHQLNLNHQW\DGDLNL

\HUHO \|QHWLP DUDVÕQGD IDUNOÕ ONHOHUGHNL NOWUOHUL YH LQVDQODUÕ ELU DUD\D

JHWLUPLúWLU(÷LWLPVD÷OÕNVSRUYHWDULKLGH÷HUOHULYHNOWUOHULELUOHúWLUHQYH

EX XQVXUODU DUDVÕQGDNL HWNLOHúLP VRQXFX ELUELUOHUL DUDVÕQGD SROLWLND

WUDQVIHUOHULQH GDKL YHVLOH RODQ \|QHWLP RUWDNOÕNODUÕ J|]H oDUSPDNWDGÕU

%|\OHFH NUHVHOOHúPH VUHFL\OH PHNkQ NDYUDPÕ \HUHOH \DNÕQODúPDNWD D\QÕ

]DPDQGD GD \HUHOLQ ROXPVX] |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ GH NHQGLQL NRUXPD\D

oDOÕúPDNWDGÕU

0HNkQVDO<DNODúÕPODU

0HNkQ LQVDQODU WDUDIÕQGDQ NHúLI HGLOGL÷LQGH YH EHOOL DPDoODU

GR÷UXOWXVXQGD NXOODQGÕ÷ÕQGD ELU SRWDQVL\HOH VDKLS ROPDNWDGÕU /HIHEYUH

0HNkQYHLQVDQDUDVÕQGDNLLOLúNLVL\DVDOSVLNRORMLNHNRQRPLN

ER\XWODUÕQÕ LoLQH DODQ YH LQVDQODUÕQ \DúDGÕNODUÕ WRSOXPXQ GRNXVXQX

NHúIHWPHVLQLVD÷OD\DQELULOLúNLGLU

/HIHEYUH0HNkQÕQhUHWLPL3URGXFWLRQRI6SDFHLVLPOLoDOÕúPDVÕ\OD

PHNkQÕ NODVLN WDQÕPODPDQÕQ GÕúÕQGD WRSOXPVDO ELU UQ RODUDN

WDQÕPODPDNWDGÕU /HIHEYUH /HIHEYUH¶\H J|UH PHNkQ WRSOXP

WDUDIÕQGDQ UHWLOLUNHQ D\QÕ ]DPDQGD WRSOXPGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ GH÷LúLP YH

G|QúPOHU VRQXFXQGD \HQLGHQ úHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU /HIHEYUH

<HQLGHQúHNLOOHQHQPHNkQNDYUDPÕWRSOXPGDPFDGHOHDODQÕQÕROXúWXUPDNWD

YH \DúDP GHQH\LPLPL] LoLQ |QHPOL ROPDNWDGÕU 0HNkQ WHPVLOOHUL

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI VSDFH PHNkQVDO SUDWLNOHU VSDWLDO SUDFWLFHV YH WHPVLOL

PHNkQODU VSDFHV RI UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV ROPDN ]HUH o GXUXPGD

úHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU









7DEOR0DUNVLVW7HRULGHNLhUHWLP7DU]ODUÕYH/HIHEYUH¶QLQ0HNkQ

'|QHPVHOOHúWLUPHVL

hUHWLP7DU]Õ 0HNkQ

øONoD÷ODUGDGR÷DQÕQNXOODQÕOPDVÕNRGODUUHVLPOHULúDUHWOHUN|NHQL

7DUÕPDJHoLú 0XWODNPHNkQPHNkQÕQE|OQPHVL

øONúHKLUGHYOHWOHULQLQNXUXOPDVÕ .XWVDO0HNkQ

.XWVDOYH\DPXWODNPHNkQÕQSDUoDODQPDVÕ 7DULKVHOPHNkQ

3ROLVYH\DROLJDUúLN|OHOLNWRSOXPX .XWVDOPHNkQ

'HYOHWNDYUDPÕQRUWD\DoÕNÕúÕNDSLWDOL]P

NDYUDP

6R\XWPHNkQ

*HoNDSLWDOL]P dHOLúNLOLPHNkQ

.RPQL]P 'LIHUDQVL\HOPHNkQ

Kaynak: Boer, 2015: 123.

+DUYH\¶H J|UH PHNkQ   NHQGL EDúÕQD ELU DQODP LIDGH

HWPHPHNWLU 6HUPD\HQLQ NHQWVHO PHNkQGD \Õ÷ÕOPD\D EDúODPDVÕ\OD EHUDEHU

\DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ]PHNkQLQVDQODUWDUDIÕQGDQELoLPOHQGLULOPH\HEDúODPÕúWÕU)DNDW

\DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] PHNkQGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ WRSOXPVDO GH÷LúLPOHULQ IDUNÕQD

YDUPDPDNWD\Õ] gUQH÷LQ \DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] PHNkQGD LúoLOHU GDKD oRN PDDúOD YH

GDKD L\L oDOÕúPD NRúXOODUÕQGD oDOÕúDELOLUOHU )DNDW LúoLOHU EXQXQ IDUNÕQGD

ROPDPDNWD GDKD \NVHN HY NLUDODUÕ |GHPHNWH ND]DQGÕNODUÕ PDDúODUOD GDKD

ID]OD NUHGL NDUWÕ ERUFXQD JLUPHNWHGLU $\QÕ ]DPDQGD EXUMXYD]L\H JHUL

|GHPHNWHGLUOHU %X ED÷ODPGD +DUYH\ PHNkQGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ VÕQÕIVDO

PFDGHOH\L JQGHOLN \DúDP ]HULQGH VUHQ PFDGHOH RODUDN

GH÷HUOHQGLUPHNWHGLU +DUYH\   ù|\OH NL \DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] WRSOXPGD

DVOÕQGDIDUNÕQGDROPDGDQNHQGLPL]H\HQLKDSLVDODQODUÕROXúWXUPDNWD\Õ]%X

PHNkQODUDDGDSWHROPDNWD\Õ]

hUHWLP DODQÕQGD LQVDQODU WDUDIÕQGDQ ELoLPOHQHELOHQ PHNkQODU \DúDP

DODQÕPÕ]GDDQLGHQ\RNRODELOPHNWHGLU+DUYH\EXGXUXPXQNHQWVHOPHNkQYH

JQGHOLN \DúDP DODQÕPÕ]GD PH\GDQD JHOHQ ELU PFDGHOH ROGX÷XQX

VDYXQPDNWDGÕU %X \]GHQ PHNkQ NDYUDPÕQÕ DQOD\DELOPHPL] LoLQ ]DPDQ



NDYUDPÕQÕ DQODPDPÕ] JHUHNPHNWHGLU +DUYH\ PHNkQ oDOÕúPDODUÕQÕ

SRVWPRGHUQLWH LOH LOLúNLOHQGLUPLúWLU 7RSOXPGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ GH÷LúLPOHU

PHNkQ YH ]DPDQ DQOD\ÕúODUÕ LOH LGHRORMLN RODUDN úHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU +DUYH\

 *HUoHNWHQ GH =DPDQ0HNkQ 6ÕNÕúPDVÕ PHNkQÕQ ]DPDQ

NDUúÕVÕQGDNLYDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQEWQD÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ\ODKLVVHGLOPHVLGLU

³0HNkQVDO ELoLPOHU LoLQGH WRSOXPVDO VUHoOHULQ ROXúWXUGX÷X FDQVÕ]

QHVQHOHURODUDNGH÷LOWRSOXPVDOVUHoOHULEXVUHoOHULQPHNkQVDOROPDVÕ\OD

D\QÕWDU]GDLoHUHQúH\OHURODUDNJ|UOPHOLGLU´+DUYH\%|\OHFH

LoLQGH \DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] WRSOXPGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ ROD\ EWQ DVOÕQGD PHNkQÕ

ROXúWXUPDNWD YH úHNLOOHQGLUPHNWHGLU =DPDQ YH PHNkQ NDYUDPODUÕ ELUELULQL

HWNLOHPHNWHGLU +DUYH\¶LQ GH EDKVHWWL÷L JLEL XODúÕP DUDoODUÕQÕQ KÕ]OD

JHOLúPHVL WHNQRORMLN JHOLúPHOHULQ WRSOXPGD \D\JÕQODúPDVÕ WRSOXPGD

PH\GDQDJHOHQROD\ODUÕ\HUHO|OoHNWHQoÕNPDVÕQÕVD÷ODPÕúWÕU+DUYH\

+DUYH\*QP]GHLOHWLúLPWHNQRORMLVLQLQLYPHND]DQPDVÕ

WRSOXPODU DUDVÕQGDNL HWNLOHúLPLQ DUWPDVÕQD QHGHQ ROPXúWXU dQN PHNkQ

NDYUDPÕ VDGHFH ELU DUND SODQ GH÷LO D\QÕ ]DPDQGD ELUH\OHULQ GDYUDQÕúODUÕQÕ

GX\JXODUÕQÕ GXUXPODUÕQÕ HWNLOH\HQ YH WRSOXPVDO LOLúNLOHULQ úHNLOOHQPHVLQH

QHGHQ RODQ DNWLI ELU \DSÕGÕU &DVWHOOV   =DPDQ YH PHNkQ DQOÕN

]DPDQD VÕNÕúPD\DQ PHNkQVÕ]ODúPD LoLQGH ND\EROPD\DQ ELU VUHoWLU

7RSOXPVDO GH÷LúPHOHUH ED÷OÕ RODUDN \HQLGHQ úHNLOOHQHUHN ³JHUoHN |]QHQLQ

KDNLNDWLQL´LúDUHWHGHQDNWLIELU\DSÕGÕU

+DUYH\   PHNkQÕQ DVOÕQGD ELUH\OHULQ NROHNWLI

GHQH\LPOHUL\OH UHWWL÷L ELU NDYUDP ROGX÷XQX YH VHUPD\HQLQ PHNkQ LoLQGH

VÕNÕúÕS NDOGÕ÷ÕQÕ GLOH JHWLUPHNWHGLU 0HNkQODU VRV\DO HNRQRPLN NOWUHO

G|QúPOHULQ \DúDQGÕ÷Õ KHWHURMHQ WRSOXP \DSÕVÕQÕQ NDUPDúÕNOÕ÷ÕQÕ LoLQGH

EDUÕQGÕUDQGLQDPLN\DSÕODUGÕU/HIHEYUH%|\OHFHPHNkQNDYUDPÕ

NHQW LoLQGH NDUúÕOÕNOÕ YH NDUPDúÕN G|QJOHUL EDUÕQGÕUDQ DODQODUÕ

ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU <DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] PHNkQGD NHQWL ELUH\OHU NROHNWLI RODUDN

UHWLUNHQLNWLGDUÕQYHGHYOHWLQHNRQRPLNVRV\RNOWUHOYHLGHRORMLNJF\OH

úHNLOOHQGL÷L G|QJQQ WDPDPOD\ÕFÕVÕQGD LQVDQ RODQDNODUÕQD J|UH \HQL

PHNkQVDO DODQODUÕQ ROXúWX÷X V|\OHQHELOPHNWHGLU +DUYH\   %X

WDQÕPODUGDQ \ROD oÕNDUDN DVOÕQGD NHQW GHGL÷LPL] NDYUDPÕQ EXJQ

NUHVHOOHúPH VUHFLQGH \HQL ELU PHNkQ WDVDUÕPÕ\OD YH LQVDQ RODQDNODUÕ\OD



úHNLOOHQHQ³\HQLELUPHNkQVUHFLQLQ´ED÷ODoQRNWDVÕROGX÷XJ|UOPHNWHGLU

0HNkQ WRSOXPVDO H\OHP YH LOLúNLOHU D÷ÕQGDQ ROXúXUNHQ WRSOXPVDO VUHoWHNL

GH÷LúLPYHG|QúPOHU\HQLGHQLQúDHGLOPHNWHGLU

%|\OHFH PHNkQ NDYUDPÕ NHQWL ROXúWXUPD VUHFLQGH \HUHO VRV\DO

VL\DVDOYHNOWUHOHWPHQOHULLoLQGHEDUÕQGÕUPDNWDGÕU0HNkQ³PXWODNJ|UHOL

\DGDLOLúNLVHOGH÷LO´DPDGXUXPDJ|UHúHNLOOHQHELOHQYH]DPDQDJ|UHGH÷LúLP

J|VWHUHQLQVDQLOLúNLOHULQGHQROXúPDNWDGÕU/HIHEYUH%XED÷ODPGD

PHNkQÕ DQODPDPÕ] LoLQ QDVÕO GR÷GX÷XQX PHNkQÕQ GR÷DVÕQÕ YH WRSOXPVDO

VUHoPHNkQVDOELoLPNRQXODUÕQÕDQDOL]HWPHPL]JHUHNPHNWHGLU

0HNkQÕ GH÷HUOHQGLUGL÷LPL]GH LNL IDUNOÕ VRQXo RUWD\D oÕNPDNWDGÕU %X

WDQÕPODPDODUÕQELULQFLVLQGHPHNkQÕQERúKRPRMHQYHWDPDPHQQ|WUROGX÷X

GL÷HULQGHGL\DOHNWLN\|QWHPGHQ\RODoÕNDUDNPHNkQÕQVRV\DORODUDNUHWLOGL÷L

NDEXO HGLOPHNWHGLU hUHWLP DODQÕQGD LQVDQODU WDUDIÕQGDQ ELoLPOHQHELOHQ

PHNkQODU\DúDPDODQÕPÕ]GDDQLGHQ\RNRODELOPHNWHGLU+DUYH\EXGXUXPXQ

NHQWVHO PHNkQ YH JQGHOLN \DúDP DODQÕPÕ]GD PH\GDQD JHOHQ PFDGHOH

ROGX÷XQX LGGLD HWPHNWHGLU 6HUPD\H UHWLP YH JHUoHNOHúWLUPH DUDVÕQGDNL

oHOLúNLOHU GH÷HU DUWÕ GH÷HULQ UHWLPL YH \HQLGHQ UHWLP DUDVÕQGD NXUXODQ

LOLúNLOHUOH PHNkQÕ úHNLOOHQGLUPHNWHGLU %|\OHFH NUHVHOOHúPH VUHFL\OH

PH\GDQD JHOHQ GH÷LúLPOHU WHN WLS ELU PHNkQ WHN WLS ELU NHQW PH\GDQD

JHWLUPHNWHYHPHNkQÕQGRNXVXGH÷LúHUHNPHNkQVDORUJDQL]DV\RQODUÕQ\HQLGHQ

\DSÕODQGÕ÷ÕKL\HUDUúLNELUNDWHJRULOHúPHQLQROXúPDVÕQDQHGHQROPDNWDGÕU

0HNkQVDOhoOHPH

/HIHEYUH PHNkQÕ G|QHPVHOOHúWLUPHNWHGLU /HIHEYUH  

%XQODU³0XWODNPHNkQNXWVDOPHNkQWDULKVHOPHNkQVR\XWPHNkQoHOLúNLOL

PHNkQ YH GLIHUDQVL\HO PHNkQGÕU´ *KXO\DQ   %X PHNkQODUÕQ ELU

NRGXQXQROGX÷XQXLIDGHHGHUHNPHNkQÕQ\HUOHúPHVLo|NúYHSDUoDODQPDVÕ

JLEL|]HOGXUXPODUÕG|QHPOHUHD\ÕUDUDNLoLQGHDQODWPDNWDGÕU

+DUYH\ PHNkQÕQ  NHQGLEDúÕQD ELU DQODP LIDGH HWPHGL÷LQL

LQVDQODU WDUDIÕQGDQ úHNLOOHQGL÷LQL YXUJXODPDNWDGÕU +DUYH\ PHNkQODUÕQ KHU

]DPDQ WHKGLW DOWÕQGD RODFD÷ÕQÕ VDYXQDUDN VHUPD\H LOH HPHN DUDVÕQGDNL

LOLúNLQLQ WHPHOGH LNWLGDU LOLúNLVLQH GD\DQGÕ÷ÕQÕ LGGLD HWPHNWHGLU øNWLGDU



LOLúNLVLQLQWHPHOLQGHNDSLWDOL]PLQNDUPDúÕNLOLúNLOHULEXOXQPDNWDGÕU+DUYH\

  +DUYH\ PHNkQVDO IDUNOÕODúPDQÕQ QHGHQLQL LNWLGDU LOLúNLVLQGH

PH\GDQD JHOHQ GH÷LúLPOHUOH LOLúNLOHQGLUPHNWHGLU +DUYH\  

7RSOXPVDO \DúDPGD ELUH\OHU QDVÕO |UJWOHQHFH÷LQL GúQPH\H EDúOD\DUDN

PHNkQVDO WRSOXPVDO KDUHNHWOHUOH LNWLGDU LOLúNLOHULQH HWNL HWPHNWHGLUOHU

+DUYH\ <DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] GQ\DGD VW G]H\\|QHWLP \|QOHQGLUPH

YH \|QHWLP LúOHYOHUL LNWLGDUODUÕ VHPEROLN RODUDN \DQVÕWPDNWDGÕU %DKoHFL

  %X ED÷ODPGD NDSLWDOL]PGH PHNkQ UHWLP PHUNH]L ROPDNWDQ

oÕNPDNWDGÕU%DKoHFL+DUYH\PHNkQVDOED]ÕNDWHJRULOHULQPHNkQÕQ

DQODúÕOPDVÕQDNDWWÕ÷ÕNDUPDúÕNOÕ÷ÕDUDúWÕUPDNLoLQ/HIHEYUH¶LQRULMLQDOoQH

NDUúÕDúD÷ÕGDNLJLELELUPDWULVOHDoÕNODPDNWDGÕU

7DEOR$QDKWDU.HOLPH2ODUDN0HNkQ

 0DWHU\DO$ODQ

'HQH\LPOHULPL]

0HNkQÕQ7HPVLOL <DúDP$ODQÕPÕ]

0XWODN

0HNkQ

'XYDUODUNDSÕODU

WDYDQODUFDGGHOHU

NÕWDODUE|OJHVHO

DODQODUIL]LNVHO

GXUXPODUFDGGHOHU

NROD\\|QHWLPYH

NRQWUROOHU

6HVGDOJDODUÕ

*HRPHWULDUD]L\L

G]HQOHPHNNROD\

\|QHWLPYHNRQWURO

DODQODUÕQROXúPDVÕ

.DOELQHWUDIÕQGDNL

UDKDWODPDKLVOHUL

JYHQOLNKLVVL

\DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ]DODQGD

NXWXGDKDSLVROPD

KLVVL]HPLQ]HULQGH

EDVNÕ\|QHWLPKLVVL

1LVSL

0HNkQ 7RSROLMLNDODQODU

7HUPDWLNYH

WRSRORMLNKDULWDODU

|UQH÷LQ

/RQGDUD¶QÕQWP

VLVWHPOHULoL]LPOHU

\HUOHúPLúELOJLOHU

\HUGH÷LúLPOHUL

%LOLQPH\HQLNHúLI

HWPHKLVVLHNRORMLN

YHoHYUHVRUXQODUÕLOH

EDúHWPHKLVVL

KDUHNHWKÕ]OÕ÷ÕQÕQ

øOLúNLVHO

0HNkQ

(OHNWLULNPDQ\DWLN

6RV\DOLOLúNLOHU

(NRQRPLNøOLúNLOHU

NRNXODUGX\XODU

6UUHDOL]P

YDUROXúoXOXN

PHWRUODUÕQJoOHUL

\DQVÕPDVÕ



øQDQoODUDU]XODU

U\DODUNORVWURIREL

Kaynak: David Harvey, 2006- Mekânn Anlam.



+DUYH\PHNkQÕQSROLWLNELUGúQFHUQROGX÷XQXYXUJXODPDNWDGÕU

+DUYH\   +DUYH\¶H J|UH PHNkQ HNRQRPL SROLWLN ELU VUHFLQ

UQGU%|\OHFHWPPHNkQODUÕQD\QÕDQGDD\QÕNDWHJRULOHUVÕ÷DPD\DFD÷ÕQÕ

V|\OH\HELOLUL].DSLWDOL]PPHNkQÕGH÷HUOHQGLULUNHQHPH÷LELUGH÷HURODUDNHOH

DOPDNWDGÕU %XQXQ VRQXFXQGD VRV\DO KL\HUDUúLOHU RUWD\D oÕNDUPDNWDGÕU

%|\OHFH ELUH\OHU IDUNÕ PHNkQODUGD D\QÕ DQGD ]LKLQVHO RODUDN

EXOXQDELOPHNWHGLUOHU 'L÷HU \DQGDQ +DUYH\ PHNkQÕ LOLúNLVHO RODUDN HOH

DOPDNWDGÕU 0HNkQ \DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] ]DPDQGD GL\DOHNWLN JHUJLQOL÷H X\XP

VD÷OD\DELOPHNWHGLU%XGXUXPXQJHUoHNOHúPHVLPHNkQÕNDSLWDOL]PLQGÕúÕQGD

PXWODN J|UHFHOL YH LOLúNLVHO G]H\OHUGH NHúIHGLOHELOLU NÕODELOPHNWHGLU

+DUYH\

.DSLWDOLVW UHWLP LOLúNLOHULQLQ RUWD\D oÕNDUGÕ÷Õ oHOLúNLOHU GH÷HU DUWÕ

GH÷HULQ UHWLPL YH \HQLGHQ UHWLP DUDVÕQGD NXUXODQ LOLúNLOHUOH PHNkQÕ

úHNLOOHQGLUPHNWHGLU +DUYH\   7RSOXPGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ

GH÷LúLPOHUOH PHNkQ YH ]DPDQ DQOD\ÕúODUÕ LGHRORMLN RODUDN ROXúPDNWDGÕU

%DKoHFL   =DPDQ YH PHNkQ NDYUDPÕ DUDVÕQGDNL LOLúNL GH \HUHO

VRV\DO VL\DVDO YH NOWUHO LOLúNLOHULQ YH HNRQRPLN GHYOHWOHULQ VWUDWHMLOHULQL

\HQLGHQJ|]GHQJHoLUPHOHULQHVHEHSROPXúWXU

&DVWHOOV PHNkQ NDYUDPÕQÕ WDQÕPODUNHQ NROHNWLI WNHWLP YH RQXQ

oHYUHVLQGHNL WRSOXPVDO PFDGHOHOHU LOH PHNkQÕ LOLúNLOHQGLUPLúWLU &DVWHOOV

&DVWHOOVGH+DUYH\YH/HIHEYUHJLELPHNkQÕQLGHRORMLNELUNDYUDP

ROGX÷XQX LOHUL VUPHNWHGLU &DVWHOOV¶H J|UH LNWLGDUODU NHQGL LGHORMLOHULQL

PHNkQD \DQVÕWPDNWDGÕUODU &DVWHOOV PHNkQVDO oHOLúNLOHULQ ROXúWXUGX÷X VÕQÕI

oDWÕúPDODUÕQÕQ PHNkQGD NHQWVHO KDUHNHWOHULQ ROXúPDVÕQD HOYHULúOL ELU RUWDPÕ

ROGX÷XQXVDYXQPDNWDGÕU%XED÷ODPGDPHNkQODUÕQWHPHOLQGH|UJWOHQPHYH

VL\DVDOODúPDQÕQ ROGX÷X V|\OHQHELOLU .HOHú   &DVWHOOV¶H J|UH

KD\DWÕPÕ]GDNL WHPHO LKWL\DoODUÕPÕ]ÕQ GÕúÕQGD NDODQ IDDOL\HW DODQODUÕ HYOHU

RNXOODU SDUNODU FDGGHOHU ELUH\OHULQ NROHNWLI WNHWLP DODQODUÕQÕ

ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU &DVWHOOV   øNWLGDUODU GD PHNkQGD EX DODQODUÕ

SODQOD\DUDN PHNkQD KkNLP ROPDNWDGÕUODU %X QHGHQOH PHNkQODUÕQ IL]LNVHO

ELoLPLLNWLGDUÕQJFLOHúHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU

$QFDNPHNkQVDORODUDN\DUDWÕOPÕúDODQODUVDGHFHLNWLGDUÕQHWNLOHUL\OH

úHNLOOHQPHPHNWHGLU%XJLULúLPOHUHGLUHQHQPHNkQVDOJUXSODUÕQH\OHPOHUL\OH



GH \HQL \DQNÕ DODQODUÕ ROXúPDNWDGÕU øNWLGDUODU PHNkQÕ úHNLOOHQGLUHUHN

KDUHNHWOHULQ ROXúPDVÕQGD VWUDWHMLN URO R\QDPDNWDGÕU &DVWHOOV  

%|\OHFH&DVWHOOVPHNkQGDPH\GDQDJHOHQGLUHQLúLQDVOÕQGDELUH\OHULQ\DúDP

NRúXOODUÕQÕGH÷LúWLUPHNLoLQ\DSWÕNODUÕPFDGHOHROGX÷XQXYXUJXODPDNWDGÕU

7P EXQODUGDQ \ROD oÕNDUDN PHNkQÕQ PXWODN VDELW ELU NDYUDP

ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕLIDGHHWPHNJHUHNLU0HNkQNDYUDPÕGL\DOHNWLNLOLúNLOHUGHQ\ROD

oÕNDUDN VRV\DO RODUDN UHWLOHQ ELU NDYUDPGÕU 0HNkQ \DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] WRSOXPD

J|UHúHNLOOHQHQ]DPDQDGLUHQoJ|VWHUHQLQVDQLOLúNLOHULQGHQROXúPDNWDGÕU%X

ED÷ODPGD HJHPHQ SUDWLNOHU GH÷LúPHGLNoH PHNkQ KHU ]DPDQ WHKGLW DOWÕQGD

RODFDNWÕU 0HNkQ NDYUDPÕ NHQWOHUGH LNWLGDUÕQ LGHRORMLVL\OH \HQLGHQ

úHNLOOHQHUHN \DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] DODQODUGD ]DPDQ LoLQGH WDULKLQGHQ NRSPDNWDGÕU

<DúDQÕODQKÕ]OÕG|QúPOHEHUDEHUPHNkQLNWLGDUODUÕQLGHRORMLNWXWXPODUÕLOH

úHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU

6RQXo

.UHVHOOHúPH VUHFL\OH \DúDQÕODQ HNRQRPLN GH÷LúLPOHU \HUNUHGH

FR÷UDILVÕQÕUODUÕQELUEWQRODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVLQHYHPHNkQÕQ\HQLQGHQ

úHNLOOHQPHVLQH QHGHQ ROPXúWXU <DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ] PHNkQODU NUHVHOOHúPHQLQ

HWNLVL\OHHNRQRPLSROLWLNRODUDNG|QúPHNWHGLU

.UHVHOOHúPH VUHFL\OH PHNkQODUGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ GH÷LúLPOHU QIXV

DUWÕúÕYHWNHWLPDOÕúNDQOÕNODUÕQGDNLGH÷LúLPPHNkQVDONLPOLNNDYUDPÕQÕ|QH

oÕNDUPÕúWÕUøNWLGDUYH\|QHWLPDODQÕQGDPH\GDQDJHOHQGH÷LúLPOHUVRQXFXQGD

J|UVHO YH IL]LNVHO RODUDN NHQW PHNkQODUÕ VRUJXODQPÕúWÕU .UHVHOOHúPH

VUHFL\OHKÕ]OÕQIXVDUWÕúÕPHNkQODUÕQGDUDOPDVÕQDQHGHQROPDNWDGÕUøoLQGH

EXOXQDQ VUHo GQ\DGD KHU \HUL J|UOHELOLU YH NHúIHGLOHELOLU ELU KDOH

JHWLULUNHQLoLQGH\DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ]PHNkQÕQGD\HQLGHQúHNLOOHQPHVLQHED]HQGH

WDULKLQGHQ NRSXúXQD YH PHNkQÕQ ÕVVÕ]ODúPDVÕQD QHGHQ ROPXúWXU

.UHVHOOHúPHNHQWOHUGHJHUoHNOHúWLULOPHNWHYHPHNkQ]HULQGHGDKDVR\XWELU

ER\XW ND]DQPDNWDGÕU .HQWOHULQ NR]PRSROLWOHúPHVL\OH PHNkQODUGD LNWLGDU

PFDGHOHOHUL \DúDQPDNWDGÕU %X DoÕGDQ PHNkQ NDYUDPÕ DVOÕQGD JHoPLúWHQ

JQP]H LNWLGDUODUÕQ ]HULQGH HJHPHQOLN NXUGXNODUÕ LGHRORMLOHULQL

\DQVÕWWÕNODUÕYHVWUDWHMLOHUJHOLúWLUGLNOHULQHVQHOHUGHQELULGLU



6HUPD\HQLQ NHQWVHO PHNkQGD DúÕUÕ \R÷XQODúPDVÕ\OD EHUDEHU

PHNkQODUGD|]JQONVRUXQXRUWD\DoÕNPÕúWÕU%XNDSVDPGDVHUPD\HHVQHN

UHWLP YH ELULNLPH ED÷OÕ RODUDN PHNkQGDQ NRSPDNWDGÕU .UHVHOOHúPH

VUHFL\OHEHUDEHUNHQWOHULQELUELUOHUL\OH\DUÕúKDOLQGHROPDVÕPHNkQ]HULQGH

EHQ]HúPHOHUH\RODoDUNHQNXUXFXDNW|UOHULQSROLWLNPHNkQÕQGDGDELU\DUÕúD

QHGHQ ROPDNWDGÕU g\NV DQODWÕOPD\DQ PHNkQODU D\QÕ ]DPDQGD \ÕNÕOPD\D

PDUX]NDOPDNWDGÕU

'DYLG +DUYH\ NUHVHOOHúPH\L NHQGL DoÕVÕQGDQ NUHVHO NDSLWDOL]P

EXJQN GXUXPX RODUDN J|UPHNWH YH HNRQRPLN VL\DVL DVNHUL LGHRORMLOHUH

GD\DQDQHPSHU\DOL]PLQPHNkQLoHULVLQGHVL\DVLHNRQRPLNYHNR]PRSROLWLN

RODUDN\D\ÕOPDVÕRODUDNWDQÕPODPDNWDGÕU+DUYH\VHUPD\HQLQHQL\LUHNDEHW

DODQÕQÕQPHNkQODUROGX÷XQXVDYXQPDNWDGÕU&R÷UDILDODQLOHVHUPD\HLOLúNLVLQL

ROXúWXUDQ HQ WHPHO \DSÕ NHQWVHO PHNkQODUGÕU 'DYLG +DUYH\ VHUPD\HQLQ

\HQLGHQUHWLOPHVL\OHEHUDEHUUHWLPLOHVHUPD\HDUDVÕQGDNLoHOLúNLQLQDUWDUDN

WHNQRORMLN JHOLúPHOHULQ KÕ] ND]DQGÕ÷ÕQÕ EHOLUWPLúWLU $\UÕFD \DúDGÕ÷ÕPÕ]

PHNkQODU \HQLGHQ úHNLOOHQHUHN GQ\DGD UHNDEHWoL HNRQRPLN SROLWLNDODUÕ

GR÷XUPDNWDGÕU %X DQODPGD 2Q <HGL dHOLúNL YH .DSLWDOL]PLQ 6RQX DGOÕ

NLWDEÕQGD 'DYLG +DUYH\¶LQ EHOLUWWL÷L JLEL +DUYH\   ³0RGHUQ

NDSLWDOL]P VUHNOL RODUDN \HQL RUJDQL]DV\RQHO IRUPODU WHNQRORMLOHU \HQL

\DúDPELoLPOHUL\HQLUHWLPYHV|PUELoLPOHULYHE|\OHFH]DPDQÕQREMHNWLI

WRSOXPVDOWDQÕPODUÕQÕDUD\DQGHYULPFLELUUHWLPWDU]ÕGÕU=DPDQÕ|OoPHYH

SDUoDODUD D\ÕUPD |QFHOLNOH UHWLP YH DUWDQ ELU ELoLPGH WDQÕPODQPÕú ]DPDQ

DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD YH GDKD VRQUD UHWLPLQ KÕ] YH NRRUGLQDV\RQ PHNDQL]PDODUÕQD

RWRPDV\RQ URERWODúPD GDKD \R÷XQ GLNNDW HGHUHN YH PDOODUÕQ LQVDQODUÕQ

HQIRUPDV\RQXQ PHVDMODU YH EHQ]HUOHULQLQ KÕ]Õ DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD NDOÕFÕ RODUDN

G|QúWUOPúWU´ %X ED÷ODPGD HJHPHQ SUDWLNOHU GH÷LúPHGLNoH PHNkQODU

KHU]DPDQWHKGLWDOWÕQGDRODFDNWÕU0HNkQODUÕQ|]JUOHúHELOPHVLLoLQPHNkQÕQ

]HULQGH \DúD\DQ LQVDQODUÕQ LKWL\DoODUÕQÕQ NDUúÕODQPDVÕ JHUHNPHNWHGLU

0HNkQÕQ EL]H QH DQODWPDN LVWHGL÷LQL DQODPD\D YH PHNkQÕQ GLOLQL

o|]POHPH\HLKWL\DoYDUGÕU





.D\QDNoD

$PLQ$3RVW)RUGLVP0RGHOV)DQWDVLHVDQG3KDQWRPVRI7UDQVLWLRQ $

$PLQ(GPost Fordism A Reader.%ODFNZHOO2[IRUG8.

$\GHPLU & YH .D\D 0  .UHVHOOHúPH .DYUDPÕ YH (NRQRPLN <|Q

Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

%DKoHFL+,). Marksizm’de Kent Sorunsal: David Harvey ve Manuel Castells Örnekleri <D\ÕQODQPDPÕú <NVHN /LVDQV 7H]L *D]L hQLYHUVLWHVL 6RV\DO

%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV$QNDUD

%D\DU )  .UHVHOOHúPH 6UHFLQGH *YHQOLN .DYUDPÕ gQHUL YH 7HNOLIOHU

Stratejik Araútrmalar Dergisi1R

%D\VR\ (  -HRSROLWLN .D\PD 'HQJH .XúDNODUÕQGDQ *HoLW %|OJHOHULQH

Elektronik Siyaset Bilimi Araútrmalar Dergisi

%U]H]LQVNL=Büyük Satranç TahtasøVWDQEXOøQNÕODS.LWDEHYL

%OEO.7UNL\H.UHVHOOHúPH/LWHUDWUh]HULQH$QDOLWLN%LUøUGHOHPH

%\N $QODWÕODUGDQ .RUNXODUD Gazi Üniversitesi øktisadi ve ødari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi

&DVWHOOV 0  &LWL]HQ 0RYHPHQWV ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG $QDO\VLV $Q ,QWHUYLHZ

ZLWK0DQXHO&DVWHOOVCity

&DVWHOOV0Enformasyon Ça÷: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür A÷ Toplumunun Yükseliúi(.ÕOÕodHYøVWDQEXOøVWDQEXO%LOJLhQLYHUVLWHVL<D\ÕQODUÕøNLQFL

%DVNÕ

&HEHFL ø  .UHVHOOHúPH <DNODúÕPODUÕ .DSVDPÕQGD .UHVHOOHúPH 6UHFLQLQ

7DULKVHO'H÷HUOHQGLUPHVLSosyoloji Konferanslar Dergisi

)ULHGPDQ -  Cultural Identity and Global Process /RQGRQ 6DJH

3XEOLFDWLRQV

*HRUJDQW]DV1&.DWVDPDNDV(6RORZLHM')RUG$)RUG'1 $QGHUVRQ

* (  Giddens’ Globalization: Exploring Dynamic Implications

3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK6\VWHP'\QDPLFV6RFLHW\,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH

-XO\±$OEXTXHUTXH1HZ0H[LFR86$

*LGGHQV $ YH 3LHUVRQ &  &RQYHUVDWLRQV ZLWK $QWKRQ\ *LGGHQV 0DNLQJ

6HQVHRI0RGHUQLW\6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

*LGGHQV$7KH*OREDOL]LQJRI0RGHUQLW\'+HOGYH$0F*UHZ(GThe Global Transformations Reader3ROLW\3UHVV0DOGHQ

*LGGHQV$Sosyoloji&*]HO(G$QNDUD



*LGGHQV$Siyaset, Sosyoloji, Toplumsal TeoriøVWDQEXO0HWLV<D\ÕQODUÕ

*|NDùønsan ve MekânøVWDQEXO3ÕQDU<D\ÕQODUÕ

+DUYH\'Consciousness and the Urban Experience6WXGLHVLQWKH+LVWRU\

DQG7KHRU\RI&DSLWDOLVW8UEDQL]DWLRQ,8QLWHG.LQJGRP%DVLO%ODFNZHOO

+DUYH\'The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change.&DPEULGJH0$%ODFNZHOO

+DUYH\'7KH,QYLVLEOH3ROLWLFDO(FRQRP\RI$UFKLWHFWXUDO3URGXFWLRQ2

%RXPDQ YH 5 YDQ 7RRUQ (G The Invisible in Architecture. /RQGRQ

$FDGHP\(GLWLRQV

+DUYH\'Spaces of Hope6FRWODQG(GLQEXUJ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

+DUYH\'The New Imperialism.1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

+DUYH\'Space As A Keyword. David Harvey: A Critical Reader1&DVWUHH

YH'*UHJRU\(G:LOH\%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKHUV

+DUYH\'A Brief History of Neoliberalism1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\

3UHVVV

.HOHú5Kentleúme Politikas$QNDUDøPJH.LWDEHYL%DVNÕ

.HVNLQRN d  0HNkQD 6HUPD\H 0DQWÕNOÕ YH 7HNQRORMLN %HOLUOHQLPFL

<DNODúÕPÕQ 3ODQODPD %DNÕú $oÕPÕ]GD <DUDWWÕ÷Õ <ÕNÕP ø 'LQoHU (G 3.

Binylda ùehirler: Küreselleúme, Mekân-Planlama 'Q\D ùHKLUFLOLN *Q

.RORN\XPX.DVÕP<7høVWDQEXO

.ÕYÕOFÕP).UHVHOOHúPH.DYUDPÕYH.UHVHOOHúPH6UHFLQLQ*HOLúPHNWH

2ODQ hONH 7UNL\H $oÕVÕQGDQ 'H÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL Sosyal ve Beúerî Bilimler Dergisi6D\Õ

/HIHEYUH +  6SDFH 6RFLDO 3URGXFW DQG 8VH 9DOXH - ) *URVVPDQ (G Critical Sociology: European Perspective1HZ<RUN

/HIHEYUH+Modern Dünyada Gündelik HayatøVWDQEXO0HWLV<D\ÕQODUÕ

/HIHEYUH+Work and Leisure in Everyday Life. The Everyday Life Reader

1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH

/HIHEYUH+HQUL7KH3URGXFWLRQRI6SDFH%ODFNZHOO86$

gNWHP0.*|oR÷OX9YH7XQoù.DUGHúùHKLU8\JXODPDODUÕQÕQ<HUHO

3ROLWLND 7UDQVIHULQH (WNLVL $ODQ\D*ODGEHFN $UDúWÕUPDVÕ TODAøE Ça÷daú Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi

g]WUN0.DPXVDOOÕN7NHWLP.OWUYH$90¶OHU.$OYHU(GKent Sosyolojisi, V$QNDUD+HFH<D\ÕQODUÕ



6FKROWH-$7KH*OREDOL]DWLRQRIWKH:RUOG3ROLWLFV-%D\OLVDQG66PLWK

(G The Globalization of the World Politics: An Introduction to International RelationsV1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

6HUW ( .DUSX] + YH $NJQ *  .UHVHOOHúPH 6UHFLQGH 'H÷LúHQ .HQW

.DYUDPÕ 0HNkQ YH 3ROLWLNOHúPH h]HULQH %LU 2NXPD dDOÕúPDVÕ Planlama Dergisi6

ùHQJO76ÕQÕI0FDGHOHVLYH.HQW0HNkQÕPraksis Dergisi.6

ùHQJO 7  Kentsel Çeliúki ve Siyaset: Kapitalist Kentleúme Süreçlerinin Eleútirisi.$QNDUD6LPJH.LWDEHYL

:DWHUILHOG 5  3ODWRQ 7LPDHXV 7LPDHXV DQG &ULWLDV 1HZ <RUN 2[IRUG

8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV