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Çift Taraflı Pazarlarda Rekabet Hukuku Uygulamaları

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Bu kitapta öne sürülen fikirler eserin yazarına aittir; Rekabet Kurumunun görüúlerini yansıtmaz.

06/07/2009 tarihinde Rekabet Kurumu Baúkan Yardımcısı Fevzi ÖZKAN Baúkanlı÷ında, 4 No’lu Daire Baúkanı Serdar YARAR, Tarkan ERDOöAN, Haluk ARI, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gamze ÖZ’den oluúan Tez De÷erlendirme Heyeti önünde savunulan bu tez, Heyetçe yeterli bulunmuú ve

Rekabet Kurulu’nun 19/08/2009 tarih ve 09-36/908 sayılı toplantısında “Rekabet Kurumu Uzmanlık Tezi” olarak kabul edilmiútir.

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iii

raporlarında bu durum ifade edilmekte ve Kurumun ulaşmış olduğu idari kapasite ve meslekî düzey takdirle karşılanmaktadır.

Rekabet Kurumunun ulaşmış olduğu bu idari kapasite ve mesleki düzeyin en önemli göstergelerinden biri de uzmanlık tezleridir. Rekabet uzman yardımcıları, üç yılı aşan meslekî çalışmalarından elde ettikleri tecrübelerini, bilimsel metodoloji ve araştırma anlayışı ışığında uzmanlık tezine dönüştürmektedirler. Rekabet hukuku, politikası ve sanayi iktisadı alanlarında hazırlanan ve gerek Rekabet Kurumu mensuplarına gerekse diğer ilgililere yönelik önemli bir kaynak niteliğini haiz olan bu tezlerden bazılarında, rekabet hukuku ve politikasının temel konu başlıklarını içeren teorik hususlar analizlerle irdelenmekte, diğerlerinde ise rekabet hukuku uygulamaları bakımından önem arz eden sektörlere ilişkin çalışmalara yer verilmektedir. Bu sayede, daha önce ele alınmamış pek çok konuda değerli eserler ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Doktrine katkı sağlanmasının yanı sıra toplumun rekabet konusunda bilgilendirilmesi amacıyla bu eserlerin yayımlanması, rekabet otoritelerinin en önemli görevleri arasındadır. Bu görev, rekabet savunuculuğunun önemli bir parçasını da teşkil etmektedir. Böylece, Rekabet Kurumu, toplumu bilgilendirme hedefine yönelik rekabet savunuculuğu çerçevesinde, tek başına veya birlikte yürütmekte olduğu, konferanslar, sempozyumlar, eğitim ve staj programları düzenlemek gibi faaliyetlerine ilave bir etkinlikte de bulunmaktadır.

Bu bağlamda, kaynak olarak kullanılabilecek yerli eserlerin son derece az olması nedeniyle değerleri bir kat daha artan tezlerini tamamlayan ve Rekabet Uzmanı unvanını alan bütün arkadaşlarımı gönülden kutluyor, tebrik ediyor ve başarılar diliyorum.

Rekabet bilgi ve kültürünün gelişmesine, rekabetçi duyarlılığın artmasına önemli katkıları ve ayrıca bilimsel çalışmalar bakımından bir başvuru kaynağı olacağı inancıyla ilgili uzmanlık tezlerini kamuoyunun bilgisine sunuyoruz…

Prof. Dr. Nurettin KALDIRIMCI Rekabet Kurumu Başkanı

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