DOMAIN: BACTERIA
Bacteria are unicellular organisms that lack membrane- bound nucleus, organelles or other internal membrane- bound structures. They are found almost everywhere on Earth and are vital to the planet's ecosystems.
Division: Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are Gram-negative bacteria and its
members are the only prokaryotes capable of
using sunlight as their energy. They are an ancient
group of photosynthetic bacteria that occur in
most inland waters and that can have major
effects on the water quality and functioning of
aquatic ecosystems. They also have a variety of
cell types, cellular structures, and physiological
strategies that contribute to their ecological
success in the plankton, metaphyton, or
periphyton. Cyanobacteria contains bluish pigment
phycocyanin that is used to capture light for
photosynthesis. Like higher plants, they includes
chlorophyll a as a photosynthetic pigment.
Sexual reproduction is absent. Asexual reproduction is occured by binary division and fragmentation.
Hormogonia are motile filaments of cells formed by some
cyanobacteria that detaches and grows by cell division
into a new filament. Hormogonia occur on abnormal
conditions and when conditions are favorable they
develop to form a filament. There are also structures
called akinets and heterosists which are found in
filamentous species. They resists abnormal conditions and
resembles spores. Akinetes are resting cells with thick cell
wallsand enriched with storage products.
Heterocysts are cells with nitrogen fixation as a special function. Heterocytes only present in some filamentous forms. Some Cyanobacteria members form symbiotic relationships with many fungi species which form lichens.
Cyanobacteria are found in almost all habitats and
biomes present on earth such as oceans, fresh water,
damp soil, temporarily moistened rocks in deserts, bare
rock and soil, and even Antarctic rocks. They can occur
as planktonic cells or form phototrophic biofilms. They
are found in almost every endolithic ecosystem.
Class: Cyanophyceae
This class contains about 160 genus and 150 species. The cell structure resembles bacteria with properties such as lack of real nuclei and cell division.
Order: Chroococcales
Unicells, as individual cells or colonies. Spores
may occur, never akinetes or heterocysts.
Genus: Gloeocapsa
Its cells are in colonies that are more or less distant from one another, each enveloped by their own mucilaginous sheath. They are usually coloured by sheath pigments. The cells divide regularly into three perpendicular planes in subsequent generations and the cells grow in the original, more or less spherical shape and size before the next division.
Genus: Chlorogloeocystis
This is an aquatic genus that occurs in mineral
waters and has colonies impregnated by ferric
precipitates. The spherical cells in colonies are
organized more or less in irregular rows, without
coloured envelopes.
Genus: Chroococcus
Chroococcus is blue-green in color and macroscopic colony mounded. Within the outside sheath,
microscopic colonies are found with indistinct trichomes.
The genus members are usually found in colonies of two, four, or eight cells with a transparent protective covering sheath containing photosynthetic
pigments.
Genus: Microcystis
Microcystis is a harmful genus of cyanobacteria forming dense blooms in lakes all over the world.
Microcystis aeruginosa can form harmful algal
blooms of economic and ecological importance.
Order: Oscillatoriales
Uniseriate trichomes, never akinetes or heterocysts unbranched or false-braching.
Genus: Oscillatoria
Oscillatoria is a genus of unbranched filamentous cyanobacteria with mucilaginous sheaths. The
genus is named for its oscillating movement;
filaments can slide back and forth in order to orient
the colony towards a light source.
Order: Nostocales
Uniseriate trichomes, with akinetes and heterocysts.
Unbranched or false-braching.
Genus: Anabaena
Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exist as plankton. The genus has beadlike or barrel-like cells and interspersed enlarged spores (heterocysts). Its members are known for nitrogen- fixing abilities.
Genus: Nostoc
Nostoc members are found in various environments that forms colonies composed of filaments of
moniliform cells in a gelatinous sheath.
Genus: Aphanizomenon
Aphanizomenon members inhabits freshwater lakes and can cause dense blooms.
Genus: Merismopedia
Merismopedia members are found in fresh and salt water. It is ovoid or spherical in shape and arranged in rows and flats, forming rectangular colonies. Merismopedia colonies are commonly found in the sediments of freshwater sources.
The strains of Merismopedia survive in
freshwater by creating trophic and symbiotic
relationships with other aquatic organisms such
as zooplankton.
DOMAIN: EUKARYOTA
Eukaryota is one of the three domains of life
contianing organisms whose cells contain complex
structures enclosed within complex membranes
call endomembranes. These organisms are called
Eukaryotes and are either singular- or multiple-
celled. The defining membrane-bound structure
that differentiates eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic
cells is the cell nucleus, within which the genetic
material and many other cell bodies are contained.
Kingdom: Protista
Protist members are typically unicelluar and less complex in structure than other eukaryotes.
They dont share many similarities but are grouped together because they do not fit into any of the other kingdoms.
While some protists are capable of photosynthesis, others can have mutualistic relationships with other organisms.
Members of the kingdom can be grouped according to similarities in a number of different categories including nutrition acquisition, mobility, and reproduction.
Protists are primarily classified into three groups (Plant
like protists, Fungi like protist and Animal-like Protists)
according to how they obtain nutrition.
Plant Like Protists
Plant-like protists, commonly called algae, have ability to do
photosynthesis. Their cells includes chloroplasts that
collects and converts light into energy. Algae can be
multicellular or unicellular. Unicellular algae occur most
frequently in water, especially in plankton. Phytoplankton is
the population of free‐floating microorganisms composed
primarily of unicellular algae. In addition, algae may occur
in moist soil or on the surface of moist rocks and wood.
Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms. Asexual reproduction occurs through the fragmentation of colonial and filamentous algae or by spore formation. Spore formation occurs by mitosis. Binary fission also takes place.
During sexual reproduction, algae form
differentiated sex cells that fuse to produce a
diploid zygote with two sets of chromosomes. The
zygote develops into a sexual spore, which
germinates when conditions are favorable to
reproduce and reform the haploid organism having
a single set of chromosomes. This pattern of
reproduction is called alternation of generations.
Division: Chlorophyta
Chlorophyta are commonly known as green algae.
This is one of the most crowded division of algae, with approximately 7000 species.
Most of them are unicelluar, but there are some multicelluar members. There are also free-living, colonial, and coenocytic members.
Glucosamine is the main component of cells walls in Chlorophyta. Filamentous sporophytes have singluar lenticular nuclei, which are embedded in a thick
cytoplasm.
Chlorophyta usually have biflagellated gametes.
Like other green plants, Chlorophyta contain
chlorophylls a and b, although the major pigment is chlorophyll b.
In addition, some tropical species are pigmented by siphonoxanthin and siphonein. They store
starches made from photosynthesis in double- membrane bounded chloroplasts. Cell walls are made of cellulose.
Chlorophyta are photosynthetic organisms,
obtaining starch from photosynthesis. They are autotrophic.
Chlorophyta reproduce both sexually and asexually, but usually sexually. Asexual
reproduction can occurs by fission, fragmentation,
or zoospores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamy,
anisogamy, or oogamy.
Class: Chlorophyceae
Chlorophyceae is a large and important class of freshwater green algae. Its members include some of the most common species, as well as many members that are important both
ecologically and scientifically. The class contains about 350 genrera 2650 species.
Order: Sphaeropleales
Sphaeropleales members are unicellular, colonial or unbranched filamentous. The cell wall is
cellulosic, and usually covered by outermost trilaminar layer composed of sporopollenin-like material.
Asexual reproduction is caused by formation of zoospores, autospores or daughtercolonies.
Sexual reproductions by isogamy or oogamy are
known.
Order: Chlamydomonadales
Chlamydomonadales members are flagellated or pseudociliated green algae.
Genus: Volvox
The genus includes 20 widely distributed species that are found in ponds, puddles, and bodies of freshwater. Its members form spherical or oval hollow colonies that contain up to 60,000 cells.
Most Volvox members reproduce both asexually
and sexually.
Order: Oedogoniales
Oedogoniales are remarkable filamentous green algae. Their method of cell elongation is unique, utilizing a donut-shaped ring of soft wall material which is stretched to form the new daughter cell.
Genus: Oedogonium
Oedogonium members are unbranched
filamentous green algae. They are typically
epiphytic and attached to substratum by a basal
holdfast cell. are unbranched filamentous green
algae.
Class: Ulvophyceae
Ulvophyceae includes many macroscopic
seaweeds such as Ulva, Cladophora and Codium, but many unicellular or microscopic filamentous species are also known. Many species live in
marine, but there are many freshwater and terrestrial species.
Order: Bryopsidales
Bryopsidales members are found in oceans across the world and they include several genera that
thrive in the aquarium environment. Bryopsidales species possess adaptations that promote survival in captivity. Many occur naturally in shallow,
coastal waters where they have developed tolerance to elevated nutrient levels and
fluctuations in temperature, salinity, and light.
Genus: Codium
The genus includes approximately 50 species of marine green algae (family Codiaceae) usually found in deep pools along rocky coasts.
Order: Dasycladales
The order includes macroalgae which grow in the shallow waters of tropical and subtropical shores as far north as the Mediterranean Sea.
Genus: Acetabularia
Acetabularia members are umbrella-like in
appearance and are anchored to their substrate
with rootlike rhizoids.
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Url1. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu.
