T.C.
A BUGRA YILMAZ
T.C.
Lisans Tezi
E 2020
Akif Bugra YILMAZ
Sentetik Kompozitlerin Durabilite
Anab
: Dr. iversitesi,
ONAY:
.../.../20...
Prof. Dr. Murat BARUT
YILMAZ, Akif Bugra
D
E 2020, 78 sayfa
vollastonit (SV) mineralinin,
leri deneysel olarak .
,
M45 kodlu 20) . Daha
sonra, SV minerali, (1,20) UK yerine %3,
%6 ve %9 oranlar .
ve deneyleri ile donma-
Deneyler sonucunda,
ise azalt .
ECC, sentetik vollastonit, , boyutsal stabilite, durabilite, donma-
SUMMARY
EFFECT ON DURABILITY AND DIMENSIONAL STABILITY PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES OF SYNTHETIC
WOLLASTONITE
YILMAZ, Akif Bugra
Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Civil Engineering
Supervisor : Assistant Professor Dr.
September 2020, 78 pages
In this thesis, the effects on the durability and dimensional stability properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) of synthetic wollastonite (SW) mineral, developed as a result of a special production method, was investigated experimentally.
SW having a maximum 44:1 aspect ratio, has been used in the ECC thanks to its high acicular. Firstly, the standard ECC mixture (fly ash (FA)/cement = 1.20) coded M45 was produced. Then, SW mineral was used at the rates of 3%, 6% and 9% instead of cement+FA so that the FA/C ratio (1.20) remained constant. In order to determine the durability performance of the mixtures, rapid chloride permeability and water sorptivity tests at 7, 28 and 90 days and freeze-thaw tests were performed. For dimensional stability properties, 180-day drying shrinkage and 30-day restrained shrinkage tests were applied. As a result of the experiments, it has been determined that the use of SW up to 6% improved the durability performance of ECC, decreased the drying shrinkage and average crack width.
Keywords: ECC synthetic wollastonite, high aspect ratio, dimensional stability, durability, freeze-thaw
-
-
ve desteklerini hocam
AK) MAG 217M182 nolu proje
D .Dr. Servet
... iv
SUMMARY ... v
... vi
... vii
... ix
... x
... xi
... xiii
... 1
... 1
... 4
... 4
... 4
... 4
... 6
... 10
... 14
2.1.4.1 Donma- ... 14
... 14
... 15
... 15
2.1.4.5 Alkali silika reaksiyonu ... 16
... 16
... 16
... 18
2.2 Vollastonit ... 18
... 18
... 22
... 23
... 24
... 24
... 25
... 25
... 26
... 26
... 27
... 29
MATERYAL VE METHOD ... 29
... 29
... 32
... 35
... 37
Belirlenmesi ... 38
... 38
... 38
... 39
3.4.1.3. Donma- ... 40
... 43
... 43
... 44
... 46
... 46
... 46
... 46
... 46
... 47
4.1.1.3 Donma- ... 48
... 60
... 60
... 62
... 64
... 64
KAYNAKLAR ... 65
... 78
... 8
2.2. Anon., 2001; Kogel vd., 2006). ... 19
CaO ve SiO2 ... 31
... 32
3.3. ... 33
3.4. mekanik ve geometrik ... 34
3.5. 3 ... 36
... 37
... 37
3.8. ... 38
4.1. ... 51
4.2. - ... 57
4.3. ... 59
4.4. ... 63
(Fischer ve Li, 2002). ... 4
- ... 9
2.3. Vollastonit Kristali (ICL, 2012) ... 19
CaO ve SiO2 ... 30
CaO ve SiO2 ... 30
Kaya, 2020) ... 31
3.4. ... 34
4 ... 47
4 ... 48
4 donma- ... 50
4 donma- .. 51
4.5. Donma- ... 56
4 noktadaki ... 58
4 300 donma- tipik ... 58
4.8. ... 61
4 mleri ... 62
4 ... 63
... 10
Lepech 2004). ... 11
(Li vd. , 2005 ). ... 12
malzemenin ... 12
vd., 2005 ). ... 13
2.6 ... 20
CaO (a) ve SiO2 ... 29
Kaya, 2020) ... 32
3.3 ... 35
3.4 ... 36
3.5 ... 37
3.6 klor ... 39
3.7. su ... 40
3.8. Numunelerin -18 (a), numunelerin 4 (b) ... 41
3.9. (a), her 50 (b) ... 41
3.10 testi ... 42
3.11. ... 42
3.12
. 44
3.13.
... 45
4.1. (b), 150 (c), 200 (d), 250 (e) ve 300 (f)
donma- ... 52 4.2. - 50 (a), 100 (b), 150 (c), 200 (d), 250 (e) ve 300 (f) donma- ... 53
4.3. - 50 (a), 100 (b), 150 (c), 200 (d), 250 (e) ve 300 (f) donma- ... 54
raf 4.4. - (b), 150 (c), 200 (d), 250 (e) ve
300 (f) donma- ... 55
4.5.
- - -UK (d) ... 59
4.6. 300 donma-
SV%0 (a) - -UK (c) ve -UK (d) .... 60
Simgeler
mm Milimetre
CO2 Karbondioksit
Mikrometre
m Metre
cm Santimetre
Santigrat derece
CaSiO3 Kalsiyum meta silikat (Vollastonit)
CaO Kalsiyum oksit
SiO2 Silisyum dioksit
CaCO3
Ca(NO3)2 Kalsiyum nitrat
Na2SiO3 Sodyum silikat
H2O Su
ZnO
MgO Magnezyum oksit
Al2o3
NaOH Sodyum hidroksit
NaCl Sodyum k
ASTM
RPM A.B.D SA UK SEM ECC
PE Polietilen
HTPP Poliproetilen
I
Beton; nin
dir. Beton, 19.
, kol
. Ancak,
da
rinin
hem performans nin
vadeden
Betonun gevrek ,
. Lifler;
kleri ile betonun
ECC nin t
uzamaya ve 1600-
M
. Vollastonit mineralini
tin belirli
nedenle, ye hem performans hem de maliyet
de ana etkenler suyun
an, 2008). Durabilite, malzemelerinin (Baradan, 2010).
. durabilite deneyleri;
-
ile v deneyleri ile
, sentetik vollastonit (SV) minerali sentetik olarak laboratuvar
, daha sonra ,
imento+UK yerine %0, .
2.1.
2.1.1
Patentli ismi ile Engineered (ECC)
mikro-mekanik , ,
k (Li, 1998; Li, 2003; Li vd., 2001).
sergileyen e benzeyen
nda dahi (Demirhan, 2012).
(Fischer ve Li, 2002).
0 i betonlarda 300-400
ni
de
mikro-
(Li, 1998; Lin vd., 1999 Li vd.
zitlerin
beton ,
(Lepech ve Li, 2007) metotl
- en uygun ve pratik
(
vd., 2014). PVA liflerinin hidrofilik
-
. liflerin matristen
0- a, 8-
ve 800- poliproetilen lifler
, ECC
ola ni (Yang, 2008; Ikai vd.,
2006).
b (Huang vd., 2013).
Ancak iri
normal b .
2
ne (Altwair vd., 2012; Bang vd., 2015).
, puzolanik sahip
-
i , 2001).
2.1.2
-
Daha sonra , Li ve Leung (1992) ve Lin
vd. (1999) .
, Griff
-
dola oklu mikro-
. Bu
meydana getirmek verilen ir.
Jb= 0 0-• • • •• •• •• • tip 2
m / Em (1)
b 0 0
tip m
m Ek olarak
Denk
gerekmektedir.
0 fc (2)
fc 0 dir.
fc ama
gerekmektedir.
ilmelidir bulunabilir
0
0 0
0
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •
• •• •• •• •• •• • • •• •• •• •• •• •• • • • • •• •• •• •• •• •• •• • • •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •
• •• •• • • •
• •• •• •
• •• •• • • • (3)
Vf liflerin hacmini, df f
a gelmektedir
bu temel mikro-
-mekanik uyarlamalar yoluyla elde edilmektedir (Li,1998; Lin vd., 1999; Li vd., 200
-
)
Su Kum SA Lif(%)
1.00 0.58 0.80 1.20 0.013 2.00
hac
beton kamyonu ku r (Stang ve Li, 1999; Kong vd.,
2003; Kim vd., 2003; Lepech ve Li, 2007).
gerilmesi
(Lepech ve Li, 2007).
-
2.1.
asbestin kanserojen
r, ,
borular ve
ndan biri olan AB deki
uygulama Li ve Lepech (200 ,
u tadilat ile ECC yi Bu
olarak dokuzdan fazla donma-
- ni
Lepech 2004)
AB
ek olarak yine Michigan
verilebilir.
k
m3
(Li vd., 2005 ).
(Li vd., 2005 )
, Hiroshima-
(Sakata vd.
, 2
.
uy Sakata vd., 2004)
arak , 2005). ECC
raf 2.5).
2005 )
reak
Rokuga vd., 2005). Alt tabakadaki betondan -
iken
, 50 ve 120 (Kunieda ve Rokugo, 2006).
2.1.4 durabilite
- -
2.1.4.1 Donma-
-
leri de
-
-
-
-
2.1.4.2 Uzun
hidratasy
Matris ve lif i
olarak %3
-
2.1.4.3 T
-
, 2004). Hem
s
kapasitesi erke
n kabul edilebilirdir ( Proctor vd., 1982).
2.1.4.4 Klor
seviyelerinde tek eksenli gerilm
ar
2.1.4.5 Alkali silika reaksiyonu
1260
(2014) C
ortam
H
- fiber
2.1.5 boyutsal stabilite
2.1.5.1 Kuruma r
Zhou vd., (2010)
P
ile 1060
S
2.1.5.2
(2014) munelerinin
leri ineral
.
lerdir.
2.2 Vollastonit
vollastonit
triklinik kristalli bir 3) (
Vollastonit minerali teorik olarak %48.3 CaO ve %51.7 SiO2
sahip olan bu mineral, li de olabilirler (Can, 1991 ).
2.2. (Anon., 2001; Kogel vd., 2006) 2,87-3,09 gr/cm3
4,5-5.0 Renk
Pseudo- 1200 C
1540
(gr/100 mi) 0,0095
6,5*10-6 )
C) % 0,5-2
Kristal Sistemi Monakilinik
k 3O9)-6
sel
plastiklerde, boyalarda, seramiklerde dolgu m ve
rta 2001). Vollastonit mineralinin kristalik hali ekil 2.3
2.3. Vollastonit Kristali (ICL, 2012)
kristali
-450
gel
CaCO3 + SiO2ΠCaSiO3 + CO2
Πvollastonit + karbondioksit
2.6.
bilinen
William Hyde Wollaston on Vollastonit olarak
Volla ,
Kaliforniya eyaletinde
Daha sonra,
ticari
2004; Kogel vd., 2006; Maxim vd., 2008).
Vollastonit minerali genel olarak manganez, magnezyum stronsiyum ve demir diopsit, feldspat, edidot, granat, kuvars ve piroksit ile birlikte 6). Vollastonit
sinterleme .
edilebilir ve kolayca preslenebilir
ile (
, 1985; Kotsis ve Bal
-4A veya alfa vollastonit-
edini belirtmektedir (Henmi vd.
vollastonit (paravol
, 1979).
zellikleri vollastonitin ticari
dendir (Ciallo, 1996; Kogel vd., 2006).
2.2.2 Sentetik vollastonit retimi
ollastonit minerali gibi sebeplerle
ile
,
metot
bir kr metot
C metodu
reaksiyona girmesidir (Tian vd., 2013).
3)2.4H20 ve Na2SiO3.9H2O
metotta (Tian vd., 2013). Ca(NO3)2
2 2
180
, 2013). SiO2
,
-1100
metotlara nazaran daha zordur. Bu metotta SiO2
le tepkimeye girebilir ve bu nedenle korozyon ve
kirlilik gibi bir ta r
ttur (Tian vd., 2013).
%50 SiO2 + %30 CaO + %20 ZnO ya da %55 SiO2 + %26 CaO + %13 ZnO + %2 MgO + %13 Al2O3
metodunun da avan
2.2.3
Vollastonit mineralinin
lastonit
bazen de boya
plastikl n
.
seramik ve
2.2.3.1 Seramik
duvar , karolara;
vd., 2006). 150 bin ton vollastonit
tiril
dir (IARC, 1997).
n
olur
2.2.3.2 Metalurjik uygulama a
vollastonit mineralinin
da mevcuttur
) b , 2006). Vollastonit
B
2.2.3.3 Plastik uygulama a vollastonit
da
(IARC
Elektrik
ile de naylon sanayisinde kullan
2.2.3.4 Kaplama ve boya a
n
H
,
2.2.3.5 alanlarda
Vollastonit minerali,
. Vollastonit, az miktarlarda da olsa fiberglas ve cam sanayisinde, enerji tasarrufu
2.2.4 ollastonit rezervleri
,
(SiO2) ve kalsit (CaCO3
vars (SiO2) tanecikleridir
Zonguldak, Sinop ve
2.2.5 itlerde k
bir lif gibi davranarak
malzemelerin
ni ve
Beaudoin, 1993; Lawyer vd., Mathur vd., (2007a), v
- Kalla vd. (2013), betonun b
morfojisiyle vollastonit mikro-
e Nehdi (2012) ve Kumar ve Ramujee (2017),
e, betonun su emme,
III
MATERYAL VE METHOD
2 -
etik vollastonitin (SV) SiO2
2 3
vollastonit, 1:1 mol CaO (56,08 gr) ve SiO2
o
1000 o
(a) (b)
CaO (a) ve SiO2
CaO ve SiO2
CaO ve SiO2
tir.
-
2005
kompozitlerde kul
CaO ve SiO2
Kimyasal Analiz (%) CaO SiO2
CaO 91,26 0,20
SiO2 0,31 98,89
Al2O3 0,70 0,69
Fe2O3 0,11 0,06
MgO 1,73 0,04
SO3 0,44 0,02
K2O 0,01 0,03
Na2O 0,01 0,03
TiO2 - -
Mn3O4 - -
P2O5 - -
CaO SiO2
5,50 -
ve Kaya, 2020)
SiO2
(a) (b)
Kaya, 2020)
Kimyasal
Finlandiya ABD Hindistan Kenya Meksika SV
CaO 45 47 48 42 47 43-50 45,74
SiO2 52 51 49 55 52 46-53 50,71
Al2O3 0,4 0,3 0,7 0,1 0,5 0,3-0,4 0,24
Fe2O3 0,2 0,6 0,4 0,07 0,2 0,1-0,2 0,10
MgO 0,6 0,1 0,06 0,8 0,08 0,2 0,87
K2O 0,01 - 0,1 0,04 0,04 - 0,01
Na2O 0,1 - 0,02 0,04 0,02 - -
TiO2 0,05 0,05 - 0,01 0,06 - 0,03
MnO 0,01 0,1 0,1 0,01 0,4 - -
3.2
I I 42,5R normal portland su
3.10 olarak tir
UK V
3.3
-400
5 olup su emme kapasitesi
07
3.3. UK ve
Kimyasal Analiz (%) UK SV
CaO 60.15 1.47 45.74
SiO2 20.46 61.25 50.71
Al2O3 7.78 22.19 0.24
Fe2O3 3.09 7.02 0.10
MgO 2.66 1.70 0.87
SO3 2.33 0.06 0.34
K2O 0.82 2.34 0.01
Na2O 0.22 0.27 0.00
TiO2 0.30 0.90 0.03
UK SV 16
2.55 2.60 2.00
3.10 2.31 2.80
in -mekanik
-
vinil-
bir malzemedir.
-
olup life ait geometrik ve mekanik 3.4
3.4. PVA liflerinin
Lif Nominal
(MPa) (MPa)
Uzunluk (mm)
Elastik (GPa)
Uzama (%)
PVA 1620 1092 39 8 42,8 6,0 1,3
3.4.
3.3.
3.3
Daha sonra
SV UK
olarak maksimum tane boyutu 4
3.5 3.5
SV mineralinin hangi -UK +UK , SV%0 olarak 3.5) (Wang ve Li, 2007).
mikseri ( 3.4 ) ve
agrega g
300 RPM'd
3.5. 3)
UK/C (UK+SV)/C SV/C SV/UK UK SV Su PVA Silis Kumu SA
SV%0 1.20 1.20 - - 564.5 677.8 0.0 329.9 26.0 451.2 4.95
-UK 1.20 1.27 0.068 0.057 548.2 657.9 37.3 330.3 26.0 451.6 6.89 -UK 1.20 1.34 0.140 0.117 531.8 638.2 74.7 330.6 26.0 452.1 9.27 -UK 1.20 1.42 0.218 0.181 515.3 618.4 112.1 330.9 26.0 452.5 12.33
3.4.
3.5.
. ECC
SV%0 40,26 67,96
-UK 45,03 71,07
SV%6 -UK 47,90 76,43
SV%9 -UK 44,42 72,21
. ECC
SV%0 8,65 12,60
-UK 9,22 13,07
SV%6 -UK 9,69 13,63
SV%9 -UK 9,64 12,97
Belirlenmesi
3.4 elirlenmesi
3.4
3.6 100 mm
3.6
3.6 (a)).
3.6 (b)).
-
3.8.
(Coulombs)
Klor
>4000
2000-4000 Orta
1000-2000 100-1000
<100
Edilebilir
3.6.
3.4
3.7
e
, birim
- - -
(a) (b) (c)
(d)
3.7. cal su
(d)
3.4.1.3. Donma-
Standart ECC k -
deneyleri ASTM C666
mm3 numuneler donma-
-4 donma- -
-18 e -18 tekrar 4
-
-
-
-deformasyon -
(a) (b)
3.8. Numunelerin -18 ve numunelerin
4 (b)
(a) (b)
3.9. (a), her 50
3.10.
3.11.
300 donma-
(4)
Pc: donma-
donma- 1: c donma-
(2015)
Ohtsu, 2005; Molero vd., 2012).
(5)
Pc: c donma- 0: 0
donma- c: c donma-
6
0 fc (6)
(7)
- donma-
-
2015).
3.4.2 elirlenmesi
3.4.2.1 Kuruma r
180
- -
-
3.12 e .
(a) (b) 3.12.
(b)
3.4
. 3.13
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
3.13.
IV
BULGULAR
4.1 Durabilite ve Boyutsal
4.1.1 Durabilite
4
4 4.1
038 C olarak 457 ve -
r
spit
p
E
.
4.1.
4
4 e
- - -UK
0,5 ile 0,1639
mm/min0,5 - - -UK
-
mel sebebinin, vollastonitin
-
4.2.
4.1.1.3 Donma-
4 4
- - -UK
erin 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 ve 300 donma-
3.4 e
ye benze
daha incedir. n reaksiyona girmemesi ve ECC
n
-
verilen
-
4.3 ve 4.4 -
Donma- UTH
- -
- -
%0.96, %0.75 ve %1.08 o donma-
-
malzeme olan vollastonitin,
ir. Ay
r. Vollastonit veya vollastonit-
donma-
4 -
4.5 -
- -UK
(Kaya, 2020)
-
4.4. donma-
4.1.
Donma- RDME (%)
SV%0 -UK -UK -UK
0 100 100 100 100
50 103 103 103 102
100 95 99 99 98
150 89 92 94 92
200 77 81 84 80
250 71 77 80 77
300 67 73 77 73
DF 67 73 77 73
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
4.1. (b), 150 (c), 200 (d), 250 (e) ve 300 (f)
donma-
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
4.2. - ve 300
(f) donma-
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
4.3. - (b), 150 (c), 200 (d), 250 (e) ve 300
(f) donma-
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
4.4. - (b), 150 (c), 200 (d), 250 (e) ve 300
(f) donma-
4.5. Donma-
Donma- donma-
4.2 4 4.7
- -UK ve
-
300 donma-
- donma-
ka - - -
donma-
Donma-
minerali 300 donma-
-
d., 2007a).
4.2. -
Orta Noktadaki Sehim (mm)
Orta Noktadaki Sehim (mm)
SV%0 4.95 10.90 4.14 9.49
-UK 6.05 11.46 5.44 10.07
-UK 6.85 11.81 6.25 10.38
-UK 6.32 11.27 5.96 9.95
- 4.3 4.5 ve 4
- 4.5 ve 4.
hem de 300. donma- -
- 4.5 (c 4.6
-
4.5 (c) ve 6
4.6. ve orta noktadaki
4.7. 300 donma-
4.3.
0 300
SV%0 64 75
-UK 74 85
-UK 85 94
-UK 82 90
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
4. 5. ),
- -UK (c) ve -UK (d)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
4. 6. 300 donma-
SV%0 (a - -UK (c) ve -UK (d)
4 zellikleri
4.1.2.1 Kuruma r
4 4
- 4 eki genel
4.9
-UK
llastonit mikro-
artan vollastonit mikro-
vd., 2017).
-
4.8.
4.9. 180
4
4
4.4
-UK -
-
4.4 verilen listede -fiberler, genellikle mikro-
Soliman ve Nehdi, 2014). Bu bilgiye paralel olarak, vollastonit mikro-
-
- -
4.10.
4.4.
Ortalama
SV%0 79 45 95 9
-UK 75 42 90 7
-UK 63 37 83 6
-UK 65 40 85 7
V
SV -
- sayesin
-
KAYNAKLAR
ACI, ACI 209.1R-05: Re port on factors affe cting s hrinkage and cre e p of harde ne d concre te, Farmington Hills, USA, 12p. 2005.
Alm Effect of specimen size and shape on drying
shrinkage of concrete , ACI Mate rials Journal, 84, 130-135, 1987
Altwair, N.M, Johari, M.M., and Hashim, S.S., Flexural performance of green engineered cementitious composites containing high volume of palm oil fuel ash , Cons truction and Building Mate rials, Cilt.37, s.518-525, 2012.
Andrews, R. W., Wollastonite London: Ins titute of Ge ological S cie nce s . He r , London, 1970.
Anon, http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/search.html , 30
Temmuz 2020.
ASTM C157, test method for length change of hardened hydraulic-cement Ame rican S ocie ty for Te s ting and Mate rials , AS TM Inte rnational, West Conshohocken, United States, 2014.
test method for resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and Ame rican S ocie ty for Te s ting and Mate rials , AS TM Inte rnational, West Conshohocken, United States, 2015.
ASTM C1202,
Ame rican S ocie ty for Te s ting and Mate rials , AS TM Inte rnational, West Conshohocken, United States, 2012.
ASTM C1260-14 , Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar-Bar Method), AS TM Inte rnational, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014.
Balkevich, V. L., Peres, F. S., Kogos, A. Y., Kliger, A. B. and Fishman, M. A.
"Synthesizing wollastonite from natural siliceous carbonate compositions", Ple num Publis hing Corporation, 1985.
Bang, J.W, Prabhu, G.G, Jang, Y.I. and Kim,
engineered cementitious composites using supplementary cementitious materials as a binder and bottom ash aggregate as fine aggregate , Inte rnational Journal of Polyme r S cie nce, 2015.
Beaudoin, J. J. and
cement-based binders reinforced with wollastonite micro- Ce me nt and Concre te Re s e arch, 24(2), 250-258, 1994.
nik incelenmesi
Brueckner, R., Accelerating the thaumasite form of sulfate attack and an investigation of its effects on skin friction, PhD Thesis, Birmingham Unive rs ity, 2007.
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