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Anahtar Kelimeler: Kentsel yenileme, sR\OXODúWÕUPD UDQW IDUNÕ HOHúWLUHO \DNODúÕP
AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO GENTRIFICATION
PROCESSES: RENT GAP
Abstract
In the classical approach, gentrification studies depend on neo-classical place choosing and consumption theories in which displacement and social changes were announced mostly. In terms of social changes the demographic description of the gentrifiers and the importance of their cultural choices were mentioned. In this approach the relationships between gentrification and socio-economic process could not be established. In the critical approach the impact of neo-liberal policies were criticized and gentrification was seen as a part of socio-economic organization. In this approach importance on the relationship with capitalist re-organization gained a priority. Therefore gentrification studies with a critical approach should have a political-economic view, explaining gentrification as an economic process consequent to the fluctuating relationships among capital investments and the production of urban space. Neil Smith’s (1979) “Rent-gap theory” describing the disparity between "the actual capitalized ground rent (land price) of a plot of land given its present use, and the potential ground rent that might be gleaned under a 'higher and better' use" is the first and most important theory with critical approach. In this study gentrification process was evaluated with an economical view in terms of Rent-gap Theory and production. Although when analyzing the urban renewal process both of these approaches should be used hence they are completing each other. Because gentrification process begins with the socio-cultural characteristics and motives of the gentrifiers and ends with the potential profit to be derived from re-investing in inner-city properties and redeveloping them for new tenants.
Key Words: Urban renewal, gentrification, rent gap, critical approach.
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5 Peter Hall, The World Cities, Third Edition, London: Wiedenfeld&Nicholson, 1984; John
Friedman, “The World City Hypothesis”, Development And Change, Vol.17, 1986, s.69-83; Saskia Sassen, On Concentration And Centrality In The Global City, Cambridge: &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV V $\UÕFD EN] -RKQ 8UU\ 0HNDQODUÕ 7NHWPHN, øQJLOL]FH¶GHQdHY 5DKPL*g÷GOøVWDQEXO $\UÕQWÕ<D\ÕQODUÕ V-209; Anthony D. King, “Küresel, Kent ve Dünya”, Kültür-.UHVHOOHúPHYH'Q\D6LVWHPL, Der: Anthony D. .LQJdHY *OFDQ6HoNLQYHhPLW+VUHY<ROVDO$QNDUD %LOLPYH6DQDW<D\ÕQODUÕ s.187-190; Erol Tümertekin ve Nazmiye Özgüç, (NRQRPLN &R÷UDI\D, .UHVHOOHúPH YH .DONÕQPD, øVWDQEXO dDQWD\.LWDEHYL V-52.
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3ROLWLNDQÕQ0HNDQVDOODúPDVÕ”, Toplum ve Bilim6D\Õ -.Õú V-36. 8
Paul L. Knox, Urbanization–An Introduction To Urban Geography, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1994, s. 258-261.
9
Neil Smith, “Gentrification, The Frontier and The Restructing Of Urban Space”,
Gentrification Of The City, (Ed.) N. Smith ve P. Williams, London: Unwin Hyman, 1986, s. 15-34.
10 David Ley, “Alternative Explanations For Inner-city Gentrification: A Canadian Assessment”, Annals of The Association of American Geographers, Vol.76, 1986,
s.521-535.
11
Neil Smith, “Toward Theory of Gentrification: A Back To The City Movement By Capital
Not People”, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol.45, 1979, s.538-548. . Bu
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Ayda Yörükan, ùHKLU6RV\RORMLVLQLQ7HRULN7HPHOOHUL$QNDUD øPDUYHøVNDQ%DNDQOÕ÷Õ Mesken GeQHO0GUO÷6RV\DO$UDúWÕUPDODU'DLUHVL1R V-51; 5DQD$NGLúKent .XUDPODUÕøoLQGHd|NQW%|OJHOHUL$QDOL]L %XUVD5H\KDQgUQH÷L<D\ÕQODQPDPÕú Doktora Tezi, Bursa, U.Ü.S.B.E., 1990, s.8-25.
14 Knox, a.g.e., s.178.
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16 C. Hamnett ve P.R. Williams, “Social Change in London: A Study of Gentrification”,
Urban Affairs Quarterly, Vol.15, 1980, s.469-487.
17 +DWLFH.XUWXOXú³0HNDQODUGD%LOOXUODúDQ.LPOLNOHU”, 'R÷X%DWÕ6D\Õ V-99. 18
Ley, a.g.m., s.525-530.
19 Smith, “Gentrification, The Frontier and The Restructing Of Urban Space”, s.21. 20
David Harvey, 3RVWPRGHUQOL÷LQ'XUXPXøQJLOL]FH¶GHQdHY 6XQJXU6DYUDQøVWDQEXO 0HWLV<D\ÕQODUÕ V-119; David Harvey, 6RV\DO$GDOHWYHùHKLU, Çev: Mehmet 0RUDOÕøVWDQEXO 0HWLV<D\ÕQODUÕV-179.
. Smith ise, bu alanlarda \DUDWÕODQ\RNVXOOX÷XQkentsel yenileme VUHFLLOHQDVÕOWHNUDUELUUDQWVD÷ODPDDUDFÕ KDOLQH G|QúWUOG÷Q YH EXQXQ VRQXFXQGD GD EX NHVLPOHUGH \DúD\DQ DOW JHOLU
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21 Smith, “Toward Theory of Gentrification: A Back To The City Movement By Capital Not People”, s.538-548 ; Neil Smith, Uneven Development, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984,
s.15-24.
22
E. Soja, “Los Angeles 1965-1992: The Six Geographies of Urban Restructing”, Center for Social Theory and Comparative History, Los angeles: University of California Press, 1994, s.1-39; M. Dear ve S. Flusty, “Post Modern Urbanism”, Annals Of The Association of American Geographers, Vol.88, 1998, s.50-72.
23
P. Kivell, Land and City: Patterns and Processes of Urban Change, London: Routledge, 1993, s.25; T. Slater, “The eviction of Critical Perspectives from Gentrification Research”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol.30, No:4, 2006, s.737-757.
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24
Hamnett ve Williams, a.g.m., s.469-487; Rowland Atkinson, “Measuring Gentrification
and Displacement in Greater London”, Urban Studies, Vol.37, 2000, No.1, s.149-165;
%HVLPH ùHQ ³6R\OXODúWÕUPD .HQWVHO 0HNDQGD <HQL %LU $\UÕúPD %LoLPL”, øVWDQEXO¶GD .HQWVHO$\UÕúPD <D\+D] +DWLFH.XUWXOXúøVWDQEXO %D÷ODP<D\ÕQODUÕV-159; Nilgün Ergün, “*HQWULILFDWLRQ .XUDPODUÕQÕQ øVWDQEXO¶GD 8\JXODQDELOLUOL÷L”, østanbul’da 6R\OXODúWÕUPD-Eski Kentin Yeni Sahipleri, Der: David Behar-7ROJD øVODP øVWDQEXO øVWDQEXO %LOJL hQLYHUVLWHVL <D\ÕQODUÕ V- 3HOLQ3ÕQDUg]GHQ Kentsel Yenileme, $QNDUDøPJH.LWDEHYL<D\ÕQODUÕV-180.
25
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David Ley
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30 ile Neil Smith31
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26 Harvey, 3RVWPRGHUQOL÷LQ'XUXPX s.86. 27
Neil Smith, “Gentrification, The Frontier and The Restructing Of Urban Space”, s.20-22.
28 David Ley, “Liberal ideology And The Postindustrial City”, Annals of the Association of
American Geographers, Vol.70, 1980, s.238-258.
29 Sharon Zukin, “Gentrification: Culture and Capital in the Urban Core”, Annual Review
of Sociology, Vol. 13, 1987, s.129-147.
30 Ley, a.g.m,, s.521-535. 31
Neil Smith, “Gentrification and The Rent Gap”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.77, 1987, s.463.
32
Chris Hamnett, “Gentrification and Residential Location Theory: A Review and
Asssesment”, Geography and The Urban Environment: Progress in Research and
Applications, (ed.) D. Herbert and R.J. Johnston, New York: Wiley and Sons, 1984.
33 Steven C. Bourassa, “The Rent Gap Debunked”, Urban Studies, Vol.30, 1993,
s.1731-1744.
, KLSRWH]LQ WHPHO ELU NDYUDPÕ RODQ ³NDSLWDOL]H HGLOPLú WRSUDN UDQWÕQÕQ´ GR÷UXOX÷XQX
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&LGGL HOHúWLULOHU DOPÕú ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ UDQW IDUNÕ NXUDPÕ VR\OXODúWÕUPD VUHoOHULQLQJHUHNOLELUDoÕNODPDVÕRODUDNNDOPDNWD ve NXUDPÕQ üç |]HOOL÷LRQDGH÷HU NDWPDNWDGÕU øON RODUDN NXUDP VR\OXODúWÕUPDQÕQ |QHPOL ELU XQVXUX RODUDN J|UOHQ RUWD VÕQÕID JHoHQ PONQ ROXúXP VUHFLQLQ ELU DoÕNODPDVÕ RODUDN \HULQL NRUXPDNWDGÕU øNLQFL RODUDN kuram VR\OXODúWÕUPD sürecini küresel, ulusal ve yerel düzeyde YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHUHQ NDSLWDOL]Pe ED÷ODPDNWDGÕU %X ED÷ODQWÕQÕQ \DSÕOPDVÕ, VR\OXODúWÕUPD sürecini hem kentsel bir süreç olarak, KHPGHWHPVLOHWWL÷LGDKDE\N ELU VUHo KDNNÕQGDNL NDYUDPVDO DQOD\ÕúÕPÕ]Õ JHQLúOHWPHk için bir yöntem olarak inceleme JHUH÷LQL RUWD\D oÕNDUPDNWDGÕU Üçüncü olarak ise, kuram VR\OXODúWÕUPD sürecini QHW ELU úHNLOGH JHOLúPLú NDSLWDOLVW NHQWOHULQ D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ |]HOOL÷L RODQ “EDQOL\|OHúPH\H´ED÷ODPDNWDGÕU'ROD\ÕVÕLOH VR\OXODúWÕUPDYHUDQWIDUNÕ]HULQGHNL oDOÕúPDODU \DOQÕ]FD RUWD VÕQÕI QIXV DUWÕúÕQÕQ GDKD QHW ELU WDEORVXQX oL]PHNOH NDOPD\ÕS kentsel yenileme VUHoOHULQLGDKDUDKDWNDYUDPDPÕ]ÕVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU
.
36
5DQW IDUNÕ NDYUDPÕ, “belli bir arsada “potansiyel” ve “gerçek” (kapitalize HGLOPLú) WRSUDN UDQWÕ DUDVÕQGDNL IDUNÕ” temsil etmektedir ùHNLO Potansiyel rant, DUVDQÕQ JHOHFHNWHNL ³HQ \NVHN YH HQ L\L´ NXOODQÕPÕ LOH ROXúXUNHQ JHUoHN UDQW DUVDQÕQ\HQLGHQGH÷HUOHQPHVLQHED÷OÕRODUDNRUWD\DoÕNPDNWDGÕU5DQWIDUNÕNurulu oHYUHQLQNDOÕFÕOÕ÷ÕYHNHQWoHSHUOHULQGHNLVUHNOLJHOLúPHQLQQHGHQROGX÷X\DWÕUÕPÕQ oHNLOPHVL \]QGHQ PON NXOODQÕPÕQÕQ DUWÕN LNWLVDGL DQODPGD YHULPOL ROPDGÕ÷Õ zamanlarda ROXúPDNWDGÕU Böylece bir bölge içindeki SRWDQVL\HO WRSUDN UDQWÕ EHOOL bir arsanÕQILLOHQYHUGL÷LWRSUDNUDQWÕQGDQFLGGLDQODPGDGDKD\NVHNRODELOmektedir. 5DQW IDUNÕ DUVD\D \DWÕUÕP \DSÕOPDVÕ LoLQ ELU WHúYLN QLWHOL÷LQL WDúÕmakta YH NkUOÕELU JHOLúLPLoLQSRWDQVL\HOLWHPVLOHtmektedir. ÇQN\HQL\DWÕUÕPSRWDQVL\HOLOHgerçek toprak rantÕ DUDVÕQGDNL IDUNÕ NDSDWÕcÕ YH PON NXOODQÕPÕQÕ ³en yüksek” ve “en iyi” NXOODQÕPÕQDGDKDoRNX\DUOD\ÕcÕELUJHULG|QúPVD÷OD\DELOmektedir.
.
5DQW)DUNÕ .DYUDPÕ ve Ölçüm Yöntemleri
37.
34 Blair Badcock, “On the Nonexistence of the Rent-Gap Hypothesis”, Annals Of The
Association of American Geographers, Vol.80, 1990, s.459-461; Eric Clark, “The Rent Gap
Re-examined”, Urban Studies, Vol.32, No.9, 1995, s.1489-1503; Neil Smith, “Of Rent Gaps And Radical Idealism: A Reply to Steven Bourassa”, Urban Studies, Vol.33, 1996,
s.1199-1203.
35
Daniel J. Hammel, “Gentrification And Land Rent: A Historical View of The rent Gap In
Minneapolis”, Urban Geography, Vol.20, No.2, 1999, s.116-145. 36
Hammell, a.g.m., s.119.
37 Smith, “Toward Theory of Gentrification: A Back To The City Movement By Capital Not People”, s.542.
Rant
Zaman ùHNLO5DQW)DUNÕ
3RWDQVL\HOWRSUDNUDQWÕ \DSÕQÕQ ³HQ \NVHN YHHQL\L NXOODQÕPÕ” ile tespit HGLOLUNHQ JHUoHN WRSUDN UDQWÕ \DSÕQÕQ ³JHoHUOL \R÷XQOX÷X” ve “PON NXOODQÕP tipinin´ IRQNVL\RQXGXU <DSÕGDNL JHOLúPH \DSÕQÕQHQ \NVHN YHHQL\L NXOODQÕPÕQÕ VD÷ODPD\D \|QHOLN VDELW VHUPD\H \DWÕUÕPÕ \R÷XQOX÷XQX LoLQH DODFDN \DQL ]DPDQÕQ LOJLOL QRNWDVÕQGD SRWDQVL\HO WRSUDN UDQWÕQÕQ HOGH HGLOPHVL LoLQ X\JXQ NRúXOODUÕ ROXúWXUDFDNWÕU %|\OHFH \DSÕQÕQ WP SRWDQVL\HO ND\QDNODUÕ JHOLúWLULOPLú YD]L\HWWH LNHQJHUoHNWRSUDNUDQWÕSRWDQVL\HOWRSUDNUDQWÕQDHúLWRODFDNWÕU38
=DPDQ LoHULVLQGH oHYUH NRúXOODUÕ GH÷LúHELOLU YH \DSÕQÕQ GDKD \NVHN YH GDKDL\LPXKWHPHONXOODQÕPÕQD\RODoDELOLU%XDUDGD\DSÕQÕQEXOXQGXUGX÷XPHYFXW ELQD LVH GDKD \NVHN YH GDKD L\L NXOODQÕPD DGDSWDV\RQGD GH÷LúLPH NDUúÕ NR\DQ unsur GXUXPXQGD RODFDNWÕU %X úHNLOGH VR\OXODúWÕUPD \DSÕQÕQ SRWDQVL\HO WRSUDN UDQWÕQÕGDKD\R÷XQELUVHUPD\H\DWÕUÕPÕYHGDKD\NVHNELUNXOODQÕPWLSLQHNDUúÕOÕN gelen bir seviyeye yükseltirken, ELQD GH÷LúPLú NRúXOODUD DUWÕN FHYDS YHUHPHPH durumuna gelebilir
.
39
.XUXOX RUWDPGDNL \DWÕUÕPODUÕQ ³mekansal sabitleme” olgusunu içermesi, UDQWIDUNÕDQOD\ÕúÕQGD\DWDQELUWHPHOLROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU
. Burada “UDQWIDUNÕ´RUWD\DoÕNPDNWDYHUDQWIDUNÕQÕQE\PHVL PONVDKLELQLQ\DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕoHNPHVLQH\RODoDFDNWHPHOXQVXUROPDNWDGÕU
5DQW IDUNÕ EDúODQJÕoWD VDELW VHUPD\H \DWÕUÕPÕQÕQ \DSÕGDQ oHNLOPHVL LoLQ LNWLVDGL ELU EDVNÕ ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU %X LVH, \DSÕQÕQ ³en yüksek ve en iyi´ NXOODQÕPÕ LoLQ JLWWLNoH X\JXQOX÷XQX ND\EHWPHVLQH QHGHQ ROPDNWDGÕU 6RQXoWD UDQW IDUNÕ \DSÕ\Õ \HQLGHQ JHOLúWLUPH \ROX LOH GDKD \NVHN \R÷XQOXN YH NXOODQÕP WLSLQH ]RUOD\DFDN LNWLVDGL EDVNÕ\Õ ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU 0ON JHOLúLPL YH UDQW IDUNODUÕ NXUXOX ELU RUWDPGD GH÷HUOHULQ ROXúWXUXOPDVÕ YH NDUDUODUÕQ DOÕQPDVÕ PHUNH]LQGHNL VRV\DO LOLúNLOHU YH Jo PFDGHOHOHUL WDUDIÕQGDQ EHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU %|\OHFH UDQW IDUNÕ NDSLWDOLVWDODQHNRQRPLVLQLQELUXQVXUXQX\DQVÕWPDNWDGÕU
40
38 Clark, a.g.m., s.1490-1491. 39
Smith, “Toward Theory of Gentrification: A Back To The City Movement By Capital Not
People”, s.543-548. 40
Harvey, 3RVWPRGHUQOL÷LQ'XUXPX s.105.
.HQWLoLQGHPONH\DSÕODQ VHUPD\H \DWÕUÕPODUÕ JHQHOOLNOH PON GH÷HULQLQ ELUkaç NDWÕGÕU øODYH ELQD \DWÕUÕPÕ |UQH÷LQ NDW \D GD \DQGDQ LODYH NDSDOÕ DODQ HNOHPH \ROX LOH YHYH\D \HQL WLS
Potansiyel 7RSUDN5DQWÕ
Gerçek Toprak 5DQWÕ
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Alan ekonoPLVLQGH GHQJH\L ER]DFDN KHU KDUHNHWH NDUúÕOÕN DQL FHYDSODUOD VUHNOL GHQJHQLQ NXUXODFD÷ÕQD LOLúNLQ PRGHOH UD÷PHQ +DUYH\¶LQ ³D]ÕOÕ ELU P]LNOL sandalye kapmaca oyunu´RODUDNWDQÕPODGÕ÷ÕROJX\DEHQ]H\HQ\DSÕOÕ çevredeki kaos JHUoH÷L de mevcuttur41. <DSÕOÕ oevrede müzikli sandalye kapmaca oyunu, çok NDSVDPOÕ \HUHO GH÷LúLP SDWODPDODUÕ úHNOLQGH oRN GDKD \DYDú YH NDUPDúÕN úHNLOGH JHUoHNOHúPHNWHGLU +LSRWH]OHUGH JHoHQ DQL X\XP QRNWDVÕQD \DNODúÕOPDVÕ DQFDN oRN KÕ]OÕ úHKLUOHúPH VUHoOHULQGH J|UOPHNWHGLU gUQH÷LQ Chicago’da Hoyt, “\]\ÕO \D GD GDKD ID]OD \DSÕVDO |PUH VDKLS RODQ RQo NDWOÕ \NVHN ELQDODUÕQ \LUPLLNL \D GD NÕUNG|UW NDWOÕ \NVHN ELQDODUD \HU YHUPHN LoLQ \ÕNÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ´ J|UHELOPLúWLU42
Bourassa, rant IDUNÕ NRQXVXQGD HVDV RODUDN LNL JHQLú UDQW NDWHJRULVL EXOXQGX÷XQX ifade etmektedir. Bunlardan biri, “NLUDFÕGDQ PON VDKLELQH JLGHQ JHUoHN QDNLW DNÕúÕQD NDUúÕOÕN JHOHQ hesap DUWÕ÷Õ” LNHQ GL÷HUL ³\DSÕQÕQ IL]LELOLWH\H J|UH HQ \R÷XQ DOWHUQDWLI NXOODQÕPÕQGDQ HOGH HGLOHELOHFHN RODQ UDQWODUÕQ IÕUVDW maliyetini ifade eden iktisadi DUWÕN” WÕU
. Bu tür GXUXPODUGD X\XPX NHVLN NHVLN GH÷LO GH VUHNOL RODUDN J|VWHUHQ Iaktör, büyümenin \NVHN KÕ]ÕGÕU %LQD \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ JHUL G|QúPQ VD÷ODPD LKWL\DFÕ GH÷LúLPH GLUHQLúH\RODoPDNWDYHEXDODQVDOVDELWOHPHSRWDQVL\HOGHQIDUNOÕRODQJHUoHNWRSUDN UDQWÕQÕQWDQÕPODQPDVÕLoLQJHUHNOLWHPHOLROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU
43
41
Blair Badcock, Unfairly Structured Cities, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984, s.188.
42 Eric Clark, “On Gaps in Gentrification Theory”, Housing Studies, Vol.7, 1992, s.16-18. 43
Bourassa, a.g.m., s.1733.
. Bu noktadan hareketle Bourassa, Smith’in JHQHOOLNOH KHVDSODQDQ QDNLW DNÕúÕQÕ NDVWHGHUHN JHUoHN UDQW YH LNWLVDGL IÕUVDW maliyetini kastederek potansiyel rant terimlerini kulODQPDNWD ROGX÷X LGGLDVÕQGD EXOXQPDNWD YH GH QDNLW DNÕúÕ NDUúÕOÕ÷ÕQGD ³V|]OHúPH NLUDVÕ´ YH IÕUVDW PDOL\HWL NDUúÕOÕ÷ÕQGD“WRSUDNUDQWÕ” úHNOLQGHGDKDVWDQGDUWELUNXOODQÕPÕ|QHUPHNWHGLU
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7DEOR=DPDQøOH.XOODQÕP<R÷XQOX÷XYH7LSLQH*|UH5DQW)DUNÕ Kategorileri
Zaman
.XOODQÕP<R÷XQOX÷XYH7LSL Periyodik Sonsuz
kullanim
Geçerli
kavramlar
Soyut
“En yüksek ve en iyi” NXOODQÕP *HUoHNWRSUDNUDQWÕ 3RWDQVL\HOWRSUDNUDQWÕ (p) Kapitalize HGLOPLúWRSUDN UDQWÕ 3RWDQVL\HOWRSUDNUDQWÕ L
gözlem
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kavramlar
Somut
6|]OHúPHNLUDVÕ 7RSUDNIL\DWÕKaynak: Eric Clark, “The Rent Gap Re-Examined”, Urban studies, Vol.32, No.9, 1995, s.1492.
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%X úHNLOGH LNL QRNWDGDQ G|UW NDWHJRUL HOGH HGLOPLú ROPDNWDGÕU Gerçek WRSUDNUDQWÕJHoHUOL\R÷XQOXNYHNXOODQÕPWLSLYHULOPLúLNHQWRSUD÷ÕQ\ÕOOÕNNXOODQÕP GH÷HULQH NDUúÕOÕN JHOPHNWHGLU Potansiyel toprak ranWÕ S , en yüksek ve en iyi NXOODQÕP úDUWODUÕQGD WRSUD÷ÕQ \ÕOOÕN UDQWÕQÕ LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU .DSLWDOL]H HGLOPLú WRSUDN UDQWÕ \R÷XQOXN VÕQÕUODUÕ YH ELQD NXOODQÕP WLSOHUL EHOOL LNHQ \R÷XQOXN YH NXOODQÕP WLSL GH÷LúPHOHULQL LoHUHQ \HQLGHQ JHOLúWLUPH \DWÕUÕPODUÕQD GD \HU YHUHUHN JHOHFHNWHNL\ÕOOÕNWRSUDNNLUDODUÕQÕQWPQQúLPGLNLGH÷HULQHNDUúÕOÕNJHOPHNWHGLU 3RWDQVL\HO WRSUDN UDQWÕ L LVH WRSUD÷ÕQ en yüksek ve en iyi NXOODQÕPÕ GXUXPXQGD JHOHFHNWHNL\ÕOOÕNWRSUDNNLUDODUÕQÕQWDPDPÕQÕQúLPGLNLGH÷HULQLLIDGH etmektedir.
44
Eric Clark, “Long Swings, Rent Gaps And Structures of Building Provision-The Postwar
Transformation of Stockholm’s Inner City”, International Journal of Urban and Regional
GHWD\OÕ oDOÕúPD RODUDN \HULQL NRUXPDNWDGÕU45
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9 <|QWHP NDSLWDOL]H HGLOPLú YH SRWDQVL\HO WRSUDN UDQWODUÕQÕ PPNQ ROGX÷XNDGDUGLUHNW\ROGDQ|OoPHNWHGLU
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9 3L\DVDQÕQ JHOLúPHPLú YH NoN ROPDVÕ VDWÕú IL\DWÕQÕQ SL\DVD GH÷HULQL KDVVDVELUúHNLOGH\DQVÕWPDPDVÕVRQXFXQXRUWD\DoÕNDUDELOLU
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9 9HUJL GH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHUL KLoELU úHNLOGH SL\DVD GH÷HULQL WHPVLO HWPHPHNWHGLUdQNYHUJLGH÷HULSL\DVDGH÷HULQH NÕ\DVOD ROGXNoDGúN VHYL\HGHROXúPDNWDGÕU
:
45
Hammell, a.g.m., s.125.
46 Adam Millard-Ball, “Moving Beyond The Gentrification Gap: Social Change, Tenure Change And Gap Theories In Stockholm”, Urban Studies, Vol.37, No.9, 2000, s.1674. 47 Ball, a.g.m.V$\UÕFDEN]1HVOLKDQ6DP.HQW7RSUDNODUÕYH.RQXW
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