New suggestions on the emergence of Hittite cultural entity based on pottery evidence from Küllüoba Mound situated in Phrygia

New Suggest ons on the Emergence of H tt te Cultural Ent ty

based on Pottery Ev dence from Küllüoba Mound

S tuated n Phryg a

E M

A

C

Ass. Prof. Fatma ŞAHİN

K ü l l ü o b a a m o u n d t h a t r i s e s 1 0 m . a b o v e t h e p l a i n l e v e l a n d m e a s u r e s 3 0 0 x 1 5 0 m . i s s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e Ye n i k e n t v i l l a g e , ( S e y i t g a z i , E s k i ş e h i r ) , j u s t e a s t o f t h e Ye n i k e n t - S e y i t g a z i r o a d a n d 1 3 0 0 m t o t h e s o u t h o f t h e v i l l a g e . T h e s i t e h a s b e e n u n d e r e x c a v a t i o n u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n o f T u r a n E f e u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y s i n c e 1 9 9 6 . K ü l l ü o b a y e l d e d a n a l m o s t u n n t e r r u p t e d s e q u e n c e s t a r t n g a t l e a s t a s e a r l y a s t h e m d d l e p h a s e s o f t h e L a t e C h a l c o l t h c p e r o d ( c a . 3 5 0 0 B C ) c o n t n u n g t o t h e e n d o f t h e E B A ( c a . 1 9 0 0 B C ) . F r o m t h e e n d s o f t h e E B I I p e r o d n We s t e r n a n d C e n t r a l A n a t o l a , p a r a l l e l t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f u r b a n s m a n d e m e r g e n c e o f l o c a l a t h o r t e s g a n n g m o r e a n d m o r e p o l t c a l p o w e r, d e m a n d s w e r e v a r e d ; c u l t u r a l a n d t r a d e r e l a t o n s w e r e m o r e n t e n s fi e d . T h e M e s o p o t a m a n n fl u e n c e s w e r e fi r s t f e l t n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e K ı z ı l ı r m a k b e n d a n d n t h e a r e a s t r e t c h n g f r o m C l c a a s f a r a s t h e E s k ş e h r p l a n s . T h e s e n fl u e n c e s fi n a l l y r e a c h e d a s f a r w e s t a s t h e Tr o a d n t h e b e g n n n g s o f t h e E B I I I p e r o d . To w a r d t h e e n d o f t h s p e r o d , n o t h e r w o r d s , n t h e b e g n n n g s o f t h e Tr a n s t o n a l P e r o d n t o t h e M B A w e c a n s p e a k o f a b r e a k w h c h c a n b e d e fi n e d “ b r e a k n g p o n t ” n t e r m s o f c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t : W h l e n l a n d w e s t e r n A n a t o l a w a s e a r l e r a n n t e g r a l p a r t o f w e s t e r n A n a t o l a , t h e a r e a a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n c u l t u r a l l y a n d – m o s t p r o b a b l y p o l t c a l l y - a l g n e d w t h C e n t r a l A n a t o l a . T h s n e w p e r o d c a l l e d “ Ü b e r g a n g s p e r o d e ” b y W. O r t h m a n n s c h a r a c t e r z e d p a r t c u l a r l y b y a n e w t y p e o f p o t t e r y a n d c o v e r s t h e t m e s p a n o f 3 0 0 y e a r s f r o m t h e m d d l e o f t h e E B I I I ( c a . 2 2 0 0 B C ) u p u n t l t h e b e g n n g o f t h e A s s y r a n C o l o n y P e r o d . KÜLLÜOBA 36.00 35.00 34.00 32.00 37.00

Z 19 North Profile _{AA 19 North Profile AB 19 North Profile}

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9.5 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 m 5 6 Stone Mudbrick Base Destruction-Hole Pottery II A II B II C II D II E İTÇ 3

Küllüoba Transitional Period into the MBA Stratification (Z-AA-AB 19 Trenchs North Profiles)

İTÇ 2 Eastern Sector Western Trenches Classical Periods

The Per ods

Late EB III Early EB III EB II EB I II A II B II C II D II E III A III B III C IV A IV B IV C IV D IV E IV F IV G 1 2

Transitional Period into the EBA 3 4 5 6 7 8 Late Chalcolithic I Chronology of Küllüoba

Proto-Trans t onal Per od Trans t onal Per od

Y Z 18 17 16 19 AA AB 36.71 36.59 36.82 37.11 35.65 36.57 36.52 36.69 Çöp Çukuru Çöp Çukuru 36.03 35.97 35.86 35.85 35.90 35.89 35.25 35.38 35.37 35.75 35.82 35.80 35.45 35.87 35.66 35.7535.84 36.07 35.94 36.04 36.02 35.46 35.99 36.08 36.00 35.97 35.45 35.95 35.76 35.74 35.86 35.87 35.43 35.93 36.23 35.79 35.96 35.84 35.81 35.82 35.40 35.85 35.80 35.83 36.22 36.34 Taban 35.43 35.43 35.40 35.46 35.85 35.90 35.54 35.73 35.79 35.66 35.59 35.52 35.33 35.34 35.59 35.58 35.58 35.56 35.58 Ocak Taban Taban 36.03 36.13 36.20 35.99 35.64 35.73 35.77 36.0936.00 36.03 35.84 35.76 35.77 35.54 35.47 35.51 35.47 Çukur Çukur 35.6436.16 35.58 35.66 35.56 35.46 35.52 35.55 36.40 35.62 35.53 35.50 36.03 35.33 35.61 35.61 35.92 36.16 35.66 35.79 36.19 36.28 36.39 36.44 36.20 36.44 35.69 35.61 35.58 35.58 35.58 35.58 35.63 Taban 36.05 35.68 35.62 36.21 36.02 36.10 35.58 35.56 35.62 Taban 36.88 36.70 36.69 Ocak 36.73 36.50 36.71 36.72 36.79 36.58 36.62 36.77 37.0136.61 36.77 37.09 37.03 37.08 37.09 36.82 36.55 36.38 36.45 36.42 35.94 35.84 35.85 35.90 35.90 0 1 m. 36.48 36.24 36.18 36.42 36.48 36.11 36.44 35.32 35.27 35.35 35.47 35.50 35.37 35.45 35.45 35.81 35.86 35.60 35.97 35.67 36.01 35.66 35.36 Ezgi Taşı 35.43 35.44 35.41 35.74 35.60 35.59 35.41 35.44 35.466 35.61 35.55 35.30 35.61 35.57 35.28 35.59 35.66 35.54 35.71 35.46 35.32 35.31 35.24 35.81 35.54 35.77 35.77 35.92 35.76 35.50 35.68 35.85 35.85 35.71 35.48 35.98 35.69 35.79 35.18 36.17 35.97 36.05 36.08 35.24 35.34 36.04 36.01 35.56 36.10 35.93 35.94 35.89 35.89 35.71 35.77 35.96 36.04 35.35 36.04 35.98 35.75 35.92 35.99 35.91 35.39 35.74 35.78 35.67 35.57 35.60 35.67 35.80 35.84 35.58 35.74 Silo Silo Giriş Giriş Giriş Giriş 36.74 36.22 36.75 36.75 36.73 36.28 36.26 36.32 938.04 34.54 34.85 34.54 34.85 34.94 34.93 34.33 34.89 34.82 34.95 34.83 34.86 34.84 34.80 34.88 34.86 34.80 34.88 34.76 34.82 34.82 34.55 Silo 34.36 33.97 33.95 Çöp Çukuru 34.09 Çöp Çukuru 34.19 Çöp Çukuru 34.83 34.97 34.76 34.75 34.75 34.65 34.93 34.83 34.28 34.23 35.08 34.97 34.87 34.67 34.53 33.95 34.4634.59 34.92 35.01 35.01 35.05 34.32 34.24 34.17 34.15 35.18 35.03 35.12 34.93 35.07 35.03 35.04 35.00 34.95 34.95 34.77 34.50 34.44 34.55 34.51 34.54 34.59 34.52 34.65 34.30 34.30 34.30 34.35 34.64 34.39 34.36 34.30 34.05 34.05 34.05 34.07 34.11 33.82 34.85 Z 19AA 19 Z 20AA 20 35.24 35.18 35.2235.20 35.19 35.16 35.25 35.15 35.11 35.09 35.10 34.94 35.06 35.93 35.03 35.15 35.10 35.04 35.12 35.03 35.13 35.00 35.1835.15 35.19 35.23 35.17 35.53 35.50 35.44 35.35 36.05 35.53 35.50 35.44 35.35 36.05 35.52 35.52 35.47 35.59 35.75 35.35 34.83 35.77 35.77 35.81 35.92 35.14 36.10 36.01 36.04 36.08 35.69 34.84 36.10 36.05 36.05 35.82 35.9035.87 35.66 35.90 35.55 35.54 35.63 Çöp Çukuru 34.69 34.76 34.63 34.71 34.80 35.64 35.52 35.61 35.30 35.3835.71 35.58 35.54 35.58 35.64 35.59 35.23 34.63 35.29 Silo 35.25 35.57 35.61 35.57 35.59 35.0034.90 34.90 35.00 34.95 35.07 35.30 35.12 35.10 35.16 35.00 35.35 35.52 35.52 35.53 35.35 35.47 35.72 35.04 34.92 35.10 35.08 35.20 35.10 Silo 35.73 35.35 35.27 35.35 35.47 35.37 35.45 Çöp Çukuru 34.96 35.92 35.55 35.99 35.58 35.20 35.08 34.70 34.78 34.86 35.00 35.10 Ocak 35.10 35.23 35.08 35.49 35.67 35.46 35.52 35.4535.6035.52 35.50 35.52 35.42 35.23 35.5035.40 II E Phase II D Phase II C Phase II B Phase _KÜLLÜOBA

Küllüoba Mound Transitional Period Architecture Phases

K ü l l ü o b a s t h e o n l y e x c a v a t o n s t e a t w h c h t h e Tr a n s t o n a l P e r o d n t o t h e M B A h a s b e e n t h e m o s t n t e n s v e l y n v e s t g a t e d n n l a n d w e s t e r n A n a t o l a . T h e P e r o d c o m p r s n g o f 5 p h a s e s ( I I E -I -I A ) a t K ü l l ü o b a h a s b e e n t r e a t e d n t w o s t a g e s : P r o t o - Tr a n s t o n a l P e r o d a n d Tr a n s t o n a l P e r o d . T h e r e a s o n u n d e r l y n g t h s p e r o d z a t o n s t h a t t h e p o t t e r y o f t h e P r o t o - Tr a n s t o n a l P e r o d d s p l a y c h a r a c t e r s t c s f o r e s h a d o w n g t h e C e n t r a l A n a t o l a n Tr a n s t o n a l P o t t e r y n t o t h e M B A . T h u s , t h a s b e c o m e e v d e n t t h a t a l l t h e c h a h a r c t e r s t c t r a t s o f t h e Tr a n s t o n a l P e r o d n t o t h e M B A d d n o t a p p e a r s u d d e n l y. D u r n g t h e P r o t o - Tr a n s t o n a l P e r o d t h e p o t t e r y o f t h e E a r l y E B I I I a p p e a r s s d e b y s d e w t h c e r t a n n e w w a r e s a n d f o r m s , c h a r a c t e r s t c o f t h e s u c c e d n g Tr a n s t o n a l P e r o d .

The most d agnost c mater al group of the Trans t onal Per od s the pottery. Among the character st c forms we can c te bowls, plates, cups w th two loop-handles, beakers w th str ng-cut bases, tea-pots, jugs w th trefo l mouth and elongated beak-spouted jugs (Schnabelkanne). Bead-r m bowl s the most character st c form for th s per od. The development of th s form n the Küllüoba sequence has been clearly establ shed. These bowls appear first n phases II E-D. Th s form must have developed from the hem spher cal bowls w th outturn ng l p of the same phase. These bowls can be cons dered as the wheelmade forms of the 'S' profile handmade bowls. Therefore, the contours are more fluent. In phases II E and II D the bowls w th 'S' profile and bulbous r m evolve nto the bead-r m bowl from the Phase II C on. In the succed ng Phase II B appear first flattaned bead-ream bowls and then n the last Phase II A car nated types of them. Nearly all of these bowl types are represented by the so-called Proto-H tt te and H tt te Wares wh ch form the bas s of the Küllüoba Trans t onal Pottery.

B o r d e a u x - 2 0 1 7

0 5 cm

“S” prof le bowl Bulbous-r m bowl

0 5 cm Bead-r m bowl

The sequence of these character st c trans t onal bowl types com ng from strat fied contexts from Küllüoba s unfortunately not well known n Central Anatol a, although the per od s represented at qu te many s tes. Th s pottery s best known from Boğazköy s tuated n the northern part of the Kızılırmak bend. It seems rather to be d splay ng a developed stage of the Trans t onal Per od. In other words, the proto-Trans t onal pottery group of Küllüoba (Phases II E-D) s not represented n the mater al. Th s early group has been so far recovered strat graph cally at Gord on. The bowls w th bulbous r m (poss ble predecessor of the bead-r m bowls) recovered n level PN-3 7 at Gord on show good parallels w th those of Küllüoba. All these g ve the mpress on that the Trans t onal Pottery revealed first n the Proto-Trans t onal Per od n the Phyr g an Cultural Reg on and from here spread nto the Kızılırmak bend and eventually as far as Central Black Sea Reg on n the North and Konya Reg on n the South. The d str but on area of the pottery of th s per od roughly co nc des w th the nucleus area of the H tt te K ngdom dur ng the Old H tt te Per od. Thus, the requ rements wh ch would eventually lead to the emergence of H tt te cultural and pol t cal ent ty m ght have been first furn shed dur ng the Trans t onal Per od.

Küllüoba

Unsettlement

Transitional Period into the MBA (Late EB III) Assyrian Colony Period

Early EB III II A II B II C II D II E Proto-Transitional Period Transitional Period Beycesultan

INLAND WESTERN ANATOLIA

PERIODS _{POLATLI REGION} KIZILIRMAK BEND

VII VIII XI-IX XII H H i i a a t t u u s s Vla Vlb III A III B III C Boğazköy (NW-Hang) 8b 8a 8c 8d 9 Polatlı Gordion PN-3 7 10 11? 12? 6 PN-3 8 NCT VI (Early) 18 (?) (?) Kültepe II 8 10 11a 11b 11c 12 13 9 Ib 7 III IV Karum Mound Hittite Ware Proto-Hittite Ware 0 5 cm

Flattaned bead-ream bowl

Car nated types

Th s research has been supported by Research Fund of Çukurova Un vers ty Adana/Turkey under grant contract no:9303

The poss ble core area of the Ubergansper ode Pottery

The area that the Ubergansper ode Pottery represented dens ly by the H tt te Ware

The area that the Ubergansper ode Pottery jo ned w th the local pottery features