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The Problem of Azal-Abad on Fakhr-al-din al-Razi +VH\LQ0$5$=

'RNX](\OO8QLYHUVLW\ Graduate School of Social Sciences

Department of øVODPLF6FLHQFHV øVODPLF6FLHQFHVProgram

Time is a conception that makes human mind busy since the beginning of mankind. It is always a point of interest if time is existed or not, and its relation and relativeness to place a default/void space, according to theologians, that is filled with extended substances like a thing and unextended substances like atom and motion in al-5k]L¶VV\VWHPWUDQVLWLRQIURPDSODFHWRDQRWKHUDVZHOO as its precedence and origination, and whether it is a real existence or a mental imagination/fiction. By describing time as an essence as being itself independent of motion and unrelated to other entities, Fakhr-al-din al-5k]Lprefers Platonic thought. According to al-5k]LKRZHYHUWLPHWRRLVEHLQJFUHDWHGOLke the rest RIDOOFUHDWXUHVHQWLWLHV$OODK¶V*RG¶VVZHDULQJE\WLPHDQG+LVZRUGVDERXW the inaccuracy of the thoughts that divinizing time have accelerated the effort of investigating the nature of the concept by Muslim philosophers and theologians. The presence of cosmological-biological time and of the concepts that refers to eternity-perpetuality in the Holy Quran, and also time correlation between intrinsic and transcendent constituted the subject of interest for Ulama, primarily for Fakhr-al-din al-5k]L. Thereby, it is crucially important what the FRQFHSWVVXFKDVHWHUQLW\SHUSHWXDOLW\³GHKUKXOGKXNEVHUPHGGkLPPNV OEV NÕGHP EHND HYYHO DKLU PHDQ LQ WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ RI WKRVH ZKR DUH addressed to the divine discourse and what kind of meanings the Holy Quran attributes to these concepts. The concepts of eternity and perpetuality, therefore, occupy an important place among the theologians themselves and in their debates with philosophers.

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7KHUHLVFRQVHQVXVLQøVODPRQWKHIDFWWKDW$OODh by all means is the only eternal and perpetual essence. Yet, the position of a finite created entity in the way of perpetuity has been a contention. This too reveals the significance of essence-time correlation. For al-5k]L ZKLOH WKH SHUSHWXLW\ RI DQ HQWLW\ ZKRVH presence is necessary by itself is certain, the perpetuity of an entity whose presence entails the presence of another relative. At this point, diverse thought about the possibility/chance of relative perpetuity have been put forward by the 8OHPD RI øVODP 7KH +RO\ 4XUDQ DQG +DGLWK SURYLGHV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR WKH SRVVLELOLW\RIKHDYHQKHOODQGRIKXPDQ¶VSHUSHWXDOLW\-XVWEHFDXVHWKHGHVLUH for immortality is an essence that was placed into the nature of man.

Keywords: 7LPH 5k]L, Motion, Matter, Relativity, Origination, Eternity, Perpetuality, Being, Absolute, Relative, Heaven, Hell.

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hareketinin |OoW÷ VUH´ olarak WDQÕPODPÕúODUGÕU27 _{'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD zamDQÕQ \DUDWÕOPÕú}

ROGX÷XQX GúQHQOHUH J|UH R KDUHNHWLQ EHOLUOHGL÷L, F]OHUL GH÷LúNen, EDúOanJÕFÕ YH sonu olan ELUVUHoWLU28

5k]L ]DPDQ NRQXVXQD D\ÕUGÕ÷Õ 0HWkOLEX¶O-$OL\H¶VLQLQ EHúLQFL FLOGLQGH KDUHNHWOH LOLúNLOHQGLULOHQ ]DPDQ DQOD\ÕúÕQÕ ELUoRN GHOLO RUWD\D NR\DUDN oUWPH\H oDOÕúÕU2LON|QFH]DPDQÕQQHROGX÷XLOHLOJLOLILOR]RIYHNHODPFÕODUÕQWDQÕPODUÕQD

GH÷LQHUHN EDúODU %XQD J|UH Aristoteles, )kUkEL  YH øEQL 6vQD¶\D

(428/1037) J|UH ]DPan ³IHOHNL D¶]DPÕQ KDUHNHW PLNWDUÕ´GÕU $\UÕFD Iilozoflar, zaman, ]kWÕ LWLEDUL\OHYDUOÕ÷Õ]RUXQOX, H]HOv ELUFHYKHUGLUGHPLúOHUGLU29 2QODUDJ|UH zamanÕQ LoLQGH KDUHNHW EXOXQXUVD, EX KDUHNHWOHU VHEHEL\OH VUHNOLOL÷LQLQ X]DPÕ |OoOU NL EX GXUXPGD R ³zamDQ´ GL\H LVLPOHQGLULOLU (÷HU ]DPanda haUHNHW V|]

NRQXVXGH÷LOVH ve herhDQJLELUGH÷LúLNOLNGe bulunmazsa dehr, ezel ve sermed diye

isimlendirilir.30

5k]L, ]DPDQÕQ NHQGLVL\OH NDLP EDúNDVÕ\OD YkFLE ]RUXQOX ELU FHYKHU ROGX÷XQXNDEXOHGHU%LULOOHWHED÷OÕRODQELUúH\LQH]HOLRODPD\DFD÷ÕQÕVDYXQXUYH

]DPDQÕQ \DUDWÕOPÕú ROGX÷XQX LGGLD HGHU31 $\UÕFD 5k]L ³]DPan, hareketin

|OoVGU´ úHNOLQGHNL WDQÕPODPD\Õ GD WXWDUVÕ] EXOXU 2 EX J|UúQ GHVWHNOHPHN LoLQGHELUWDNÕPLVWLGODOOHUGHEXOXQXU2QDJ|UHKDUHNHWLQ, zamDQÕQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQGD, KLoELU 24 _{+VH\LQ$WD\)kUkELYHøEQL6vQD¶\D*|UH<DUDWPD.OWU%DNDQOÕ÷Õ<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUD} s. 101. 25 _{Aristoteles, FizikoHY6DIIHW%DEU%DVNÕ<DSÕ.UHGL<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV$\UÕFD} EDNÕQÕ]5k]L0HWkOLE&LOWV&UFkQLV 26 _{5k]L0HWkOLE&LOWV}

27 _{+LVDP$O€VL ez-Zaman fi-)LNUL¶G'LQYH¶O-)HOVHIHWL¶O-.DGvP, Beyrut, 1980, ss. 15-16.} 28 _{Kaya, Felsefe Metinleri, s. 18.}

29 _{5k]L0HWkOLE&LOWs. 51.} 30 _{5k]L0HWkOLE&LOWV} 31 _{5k]L0HWkOLE&LOWV}

14

etkisi yoktur. Yani hareket olsa da olmasa da o, yine YDUGÕUdQNhareket, QLWHOL÷L itibariyle bir durumdan EDúND ELU GXUXPD \HU GH÷LúWLUPHdir (intikal). Hareketin bu

YDVIÕQGan GROD\ÕPDKL\HWLYHKDNLNDWLEHOLUOHQHPH]AnFDN|QFHOLNYHVRQUDOÕNODUÕQ

DUGÕúÕNOÕ÷Õ LOH ELOLQHELOLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD EX DUGÕúÕNOÕN sadece zaman YDVÕWDVÕ\OD JHUoHNOHúHFHNELUGXUXPGXU%X|]HOOL÷LVHEHEL\OHhareket, zamanDPXKWDoWÕU32

$\UÕFD KDUHNHW LoLQ \DYDú YH\D KÕ]OÕ GHQLOHELOLUNHQ ]DPDQ LoLQ EX V|\OHQHPH] gUQH÷LQ \HU NUHQLQ NXWXS QRNWDODUÕQGD KDUHNHW \DYDú LNHQ HNYDWRU E|OJHVLQGH KÕ]OÕGÕU (÷HU ]DPDQ KDUHNHWH YH KÕ]D ED÷OÕ ROVD\GÕ EX GXUXP ELUoRN ]DPDQÕQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ JHUHNWLULUGL $QFDN ELOLQGL÷Lgibi o, tektir. Bu nedenle zaman ile KDUHNHWDUDVÕQGDELULOLúNLQLQYDUOÕ÷ÕQGDQV|]HGLOHPH]33

5k]L NHODPFÕODUÕQ ROXúXQ birbiriyle |OoP ve belirlenmesi úHNOLQGH ifade ettikleri zaman WDQÕPODUÕQÕ da kabul etmez. dQNRQDJ|UH]DPDQÕQFHYKHULQHYH\D mDKL\HWLQH QLVEHW HGLOHQ EX ROXú YH \HQLOHQPH ROPDNVÕ]ÕQ GD ]DPDQ \LQH PHYFXWWXU dQN ROXú YH GH÷LúLP ]DPDQÕQ EL]]DW NHQGLVL GH÷LOGLU =LUD ]DPDQ YDUOÕ÷ÕEXQODUDED÷OÕROPDNVÕ]ÕQEDúOÕEDúÕQD]kWÕ\OD kaim bir cevherdir.34

5k]L¶QLQ ILOR]RI YH NHODPFÕODUGDQ IDUNOÕ GúQPHVLQLQ QHGHQL RODUDN $ULVWR YH RQD WDEL RODQ 0HúúDL ILOR]RIODUÕQÕQ PDGGHQLQ GROD\ÕVÕ\OD ]DPDQÕQ H]HOvOL÷L ILNULQH UHDNVL\RQHO ELU WDYÕU ROGX÷XQX V|\OH\HELOLUL] dQN 2¶QD J|UH ]DPDQ \DUDWÕOPÕú ROXS YDUROXúVDO ELU |QFHOL÷H VDKLS GH÷Lldir.35 2 EX GúQFHVL\OH D\QÕ ]DPDQGD$ULVWR¶QXQKDUHNHWROPDGDQ]DPDQÕQúXXUXQDYDUÕODPD\DFD÷ÕJ|UúQHGH NDWÕOPDPDNWDGÕU %LODNLV RQD J|UH KHUKDQJL ELU GH÷LúLP YH KDUHNHW ROPDNVÕ]ÕQ ELU LQVDQÕQ]DPDQÕQúXXUXQGDROPDVÕ]DUXULELUELOJLGLU36

Hareket-]DPDQLOLúNLVLQLWDPDPHQLQNkUHWPH\HQ5k]L¶\HJ|UH hareket; ancak zamanÕ|OoPH (takdir etme) ve belirlemede YH\LQHJQOHULQYH\ÕOODUÕQROXúPDVÕQGD etkilidir.37 %|\OHFH R ]DPDQÕ KDUHNHWWHQ VR\XWOD\DUDN RQXQ RQWRORMLN YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ

32 _{5k]L0HWkOLE&LOWV}

33 _{%X NRQX LOH LOJLOL D\UÕQWÕOÕ ELOJL ]DPDQ-KDUHNHW LOLúNLVL EDKVLQGH YHULOHFHNWLU $\UÕFD EN] 5k]L}

0HWkOLE&LOWVV-30.

34 _{5k]L0HWkOLE Cilt: 5, s. 82.} 35 _{5k]L0HWkOLE&LOWV}

36 _{5k]L )DKUHGGLQ 0HEkKLVX¶O-0HúULNÕ\\H, thk. Muhammed MX¶WDVÕP %LOODK HO-%D÷GkGL QúU}

'DUX¶O-.WEL¶O-$UDEL%H\UXW0HEkKLV&LOWV5k]LVUHQLQ]DPDQÕQELOJLVLQLQ ]DUXUL ROGX÷XQD GDLU J|UúOHUL RQ PDGGHGH LIDGH HGHU .HQGLVL GH KDUHNHW-]DPDQ ED÷ÕQWÕVÕQÕQ ]RUXQOXROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕRQELUPDGGHGHEHOLUWLU2¶QDJ|UHEXELOJLQLQ]DUXULROGX÷XQXLIDGHHGHQHQ WXWDUOÕJ|UúLQVDQÕQKHUKDQJLELUKDUHNHWHYH\DKDUHNHWLQVÕIDWÕQDPDUX]NDOPDVDGD zaruri olarak, ]DPDQÕQúXXUXQGDROPDVÕGÕU$\UÕQWÕOÕELOJLLoLQEN]5k]L 0HWkOLE&LOW 5, ss. 21-32.

15

NR]PRORMLN |OoHNOHUOH RODQ ED÷ÕQWÕVÕQÕ WDPDPHQ UHGGHWPH\HUHN GH HSLVWHPRORMLN YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ NDEXO HWPHNWHGLU dQN RQD J|UH ]DPDQÕ ROXúWXUDQ |OoHNOHU KDUHNHWL ROXúWXUDQVHEHSOHUROPDVDGDR\LQHYDUGÕU38

=DPDQÕ KDUHNHW YH\D VN€QD ED÷OÕ ROPDNVÕ]ÕQ ³YDUOÕ÷ÕQ X]DPÕQÕQ |OoV´39 RODUDNWDQÕPOD\DQ%D÷Gkdi (547/1152), .LWDEX¶O-0X¶WHEHU¶LQGHPHYFXGRODQ]DPDQ

WDQÕPODUÕQÕEHOLUWLU%XQDJ|UH]DPDQDQODPÕROPD\DQELULVLPGLUOnun, hareketten

ibaret olan DOJÕODQDELOLU ELU DQODPÕ YDUGÕU O, GX\X YDVÕWDVÕ\OD DOJÕOanamaz; ancak harekeWLQ|OoV\OHNDYUDQÕODELOLU. OFHYKHUGLUYH\DDUD]GÕU\DGDne cevher ne de DUD]GÕU 2 PHYFXWWXU YH\D GH÷LOGLU VDELW ELU YDUOÕ÷Õ YDUGÕU YH\D \RNWXU ùXQX V|\OH\HELOLUL] NL EXQODUÕQ KHSVL, GúQPH (nazar) YH DNÕO \UWPH\H ED÷OÕ RODUDN \DSÕOan tanÕPODUGÕU40

Zaman D\UÕFD PHNkQ gibi |]QHO ve nesnel DoÕGDQ GH÷HUOHQGLULOPLúWLU. Nesnel zaman, cisimlerin hareketi ile |OoOHELOHQ ]DPDQGÕU gznel zaman ise, JHOHFH÷H GR÷UX \|QHOPLú bir VUHFH LOLúNLQ aktif \DúanWÕ\OD belirlenip, GR÷UXGan ve DUDFÕVÕ] olarak hissedilen, GROD\VÕ] olarak \DúanÕS nesnel olarak |OoOPH\HQ niceliksel olarak belirlenmeyip, NÕVD veya uzun olabilen, zaman ya da VUHGLU41

*|UOG÷ JLEL ]DPDQÕQ QH ROGX÷X LOH LOJLOL JHQHO-JHoHU ELU WDQÕP

\DSÕODPDPÕúWÕU 0XWODN PDQDGD WDQÕPODQDPD\DQ ELU úH\LQ GH PDKL\HWLQL DQODPDN

HOEHWWHNROD\ROPD\DFDNWÕU42 %XQHGHQOH.XU¶DQVR\XWRODQEXNDYUDPÕNR]PRORMLN

EL\RORMLNYHVUHNOLOLN]DPDQDQODPÕLIDGHHGHQWHULPOHUOHVRPXWODúWÕUPÕúWÕU$\UÕFD ]DPDQ NHOLPHVL $UDSoD GÕúÕQGD GL÷HU 6DPL GLOOHULQGH YH .XU¶DQ¶Õ .HULP¶GH \HU

DOPDPDNWDGÕU43 $QFDN$UDSoD¶GD, EXNDYUDPÕ QLWHOHPHNLoLQkuOODQÕODQED]ÕWHULPOHU

mevcuttur: ³'HKUYDNWKLQPGGHWan, ezel, ebed, sermed, an, hin, yevm, ED÷WHWHQ ELUGHQELUHYHGHI¶DWHQ ELU oÕUSÕGD´ YEELUoRNODIÕ] YDUGÕU%WQEXnlar, zamanÕ

38 _{5k]L0HWkOLE&LOWVV-61.} 39 _{%D÷GkGL&LOWV}

40 _{%D÷GkGL&LOWV$O€VLVV-60.} 41 _{Cevizci, s. 1031.}

42 _{gUQH÷LQ ]DPDQÕQ ne ROGX÷X konusunda paradoksal bir durum sergileyen son G|QHP}

PIHVVLUOHULQGHQ (OPDOÕOÕ zamana DNOÕQ yok veya var KNPQ YHUHPH\HFH÷LQL ifade eder. O, zaman KDNNÕQGD ³ROPD\DQD benzer bir YDUOÕN YDUOÕ÷D benzer bir yokluk JLELGLU´ der. dQN JQlerin, D\ODUÕQ \ÕOODUÕQ JHoPLú ve JHOHFH÷LQ ROXúWXUGX÷X bir úH\ LoLQ yok GHQLOHPH\HFH÷L gibi, úX DQ¶ÕQ E|OQHPH] ROXúX ve JHoPLú ve JHOHFH÷LQ mevcud ROPDPDVÕ nedeniyle ona, var da denilemez. O halde var olana yok, yok olana var GHQLOHPH\HFH÷LQL V|\OHU A\UÕQWÕ LoLQ EDNÕQÕ] (OPDOÕOÕ0XKDPPHG+DPGL<D]ÕU+DN'LQL.XU¶DQ'LOL(VHU.LWDEHYLøVWDQEXO&LOW s. 6070.

16

bir úHNLOGH nitelemekte ve ona LúDUHW etmektedir. Biz de buQODUÕQ .XU¶an ve

KkGLVlerde ifade etPLúROGX÷X anODPODUÕ, EXE|OPGHRUWD\DNR\DFD÷Õ]

II. KURAN VE +$'ø6/(5'(=$0AN ø)$'(('(1.$95$0/$5

.XU¶DQ¶GD NR]PRORMLN VUH YH VUHNOLOLN-VUHVL]OLNLIDGHHGHQNDYUDPODULOH zaman-YDUOÕN LOLúNLVLQLQ VRPXWODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ V|\OH\HELOLUL] =DPDQ NDYUDPÕQÕQ .XU¶DQ¶GD \HU DOPDPDVÕQÕQ QHGHQL LVH RQXQ LOJLVLQLQ VR\XWODPDODU GH÷LO VRPXW JHUoHNOLNOHU ROGX÷XGXU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD .XU¶DQ¶ÕQ NXOODQGÕ÷Õ ]DPDQ LIDGHOHUL HYUHQL NDSVD\ÕS YDUOÕ÷ÕQ ND\QD÷ÕQD LQHQ RUDGDQ SUDWLN LúOHYLQL JHUoHNOHúWLULS HEHGL\HWOH ED÷ODQWÕNXUDQELU \DSÕGDGÕU44 %XVHEHSOHLQVDQYDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQEDúODQJÕFÕYHEHNDVÕQGD |QHPOLELU\HULRODQ³asr, dehr, karn, saat, an, hin, ebed, huld, sermed, leyl, QHKkU´ vs. ELUoRNNDYUDPÕGLQDPLN\DSÕVÕ\ODRQGDEXODELOLUL]

)DNDW .XU¶DQ ]DPDQ \HULQH GDKD oRN ³vakit´ kelimesini kullDQÕU.45 _³%LULú

LoLQ EHOLUOHQHQ ]DPDQÕQ QLKD\HWL GHPHN RODQ YDNiW´N|NQGHQRQoD\UÕNHOLPH\H

yer vermektedir.46 _{'ROD\ÕVÕ\ODEXNDYUDPGDKDoRNSUDWL÷HG|QNH\OHPOHULoLQELU}

VUHYH\DVUHFLLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU

$\UÕFD.XU¶DQ¶GD mutlak manDGDYH\DPXWODND\DNÕQ, PSKHPEHOLUVL] bir

PGGHWi LIDGHHGHQNHOLPHOHULQD]OÕ÷ÕQDNDUúÕQ\ÕOD\JQJHFHJQG]JLELoHúLWOL X]XQOXNWD DPD VÕQÕUOÕ E|OPO EDúOanJÕo YH KXGXWODUÕ EHOOL, insan KD\DWÕQÕQ oHúLWOL dilimlerini ifade eden tabirler de oRNoD NXOOanÕOPÕúWÕU47 gUQH÷LQ ³Putlak manaya

\DNÕQ, EHOLUVL]PGGHWWH]DPanÕLIDGHHGHQNHOLPHOHU³asr´ kelimesi 1 defa; ³dehr´

kelimesi 2 defa; ³KXNEDKNkE´ 2 defa; ³NDUQkurun´ NHOLPHOHUL  GHID JHoHU´48

³(EHG NDYUDPÕQÕQ49 GHIDJHoPHVL LVHWDELvYH]DUXULGLU=LUD.XU¶DQ¶Õ.HULP¶in

ana eVDVODUÕQGDQELULDKLUHWYHHEHGv KD\DWWÕU<ani ebedin oRNNXOOanÕOPDVÕ, |OPH GR÷UX JLGHQ LQVDQÕQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ DQODPDVÕ YH RODQDNODUÕQÕ JHUoHNOHúWLUPHVL

44 _{)DL] .DOÕQ )HOVHIH YH %LOLP ,úÕ÷ÕQGD .XU¶DQGD =DPDQ .DYUDPÕ, 5D÷EHW <D\ÕQODUÕ øVWDQEXO}

2005, (Zaman), s. 126.

45 _{&HYKHU ùXOXO øVODP 'úQFHVLQGH =DPDQ 7DVDYYXUX, HDUUDQ hQLYHUVLWHVL øODKL\DW )DNOWHVL}

'HUJLVL&LOW\RN6D\Õ8UIDVV-88.

46 _{øEUDKLP&DQDQøVODP¶GD=DPDQ7DQ]LPL%DVNÕ&LKDQ<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV} 47 _{Canan, s. 18.}

48 _{Canan, s. 19.}

49 _{(EHG NDYUDPÕ HEHG N|NQGHQ  GHID KXOG N|NQGHQ  GHID YH VHUPHG N|NQGHQ }

17

GR÷UXOWXVXQGD50 SUDWLNID\GDLoLQGLU51 $\QÕúHNLOGH .XU¶DQ¶GD yevm,52 QHKkU53 asr,54 gibi kozmolojik zamanÕ XPXU55 ecel56 gibi biyolojik zamanÕ HEHG57 JLEL VUHVL]

zamanÕ LIDGH HGHQ SHN oRN NDYUDP EXOXQPDNWDGÕU58 Elbette tezimizin konusu ve

NDSVDPÕ DoÕVÕQGDQ EX NDYUDPODUÕQ KHSVLQH GH÷LQPHPL] PPNQ ROPD\DFDNWÕU %X VHEHSOH NRQXPX] LoLQ |QHPOL J|UGNOHULPL]L OJDYv ELU WDKOLOOH .XU¶DQ YH KkGLVOHUGHNLNXOODQÕPODUÕQÕGDGLNNDWHDODUDN LQFHOH\HFH÷L]

1. Kozmolojik Zaman øIDGH(GHQ.DYUDPODU

a. Vakit-Saat-Yevm-Asr

Vakit

5k]L¶\H J|UH YDNLW ³úHYYDO KLODOLQLQ GR÷XP YDNWL VanD JHOLULP´ |UQH÷LQGH ROGX÷X JLEL YXNXX ELOLQHQ ELU EHOLUOHPH YH VRQUDGDQ PH\GDQD JHOHFHN ELU ROXú sebebiyle, kendisiniQ EDúNDVÕQGan D\UÕúPDVÕ LOH ELOLQHQ, PIUHG ELU F]GU <ani, YDNLW KDUHNHW LOH |OoOHQ ]DPanÕQ, EHOOL ELU ROD\D WHNDEO HGHQ SDUoDVÕQGan ibarettir.59 %X DQODPGD ³YDNLWOHQGLUPH´ GH WHYNLW 5k]L¶\H J|UH PD¶OXP ELU \HQLOHQHQ LOH PHoKXO ELU \HQLOHQHQLQ ELU DUD\D JHOPHVL LOH NDSDOÕOÕ÷ÕQ L]DOH edilmesidir.60 'ROD\ÕVÕ\ODNHODPFÕODUÕQ]DPDQWDQÕPODUÕYDNWLQLIDGHHWWL÷LDQODPLOH EHOLUWLOPLúWLU $\UÕFD YDNLW ELU Lú LoLQ IDU] NÕOÕQan (belirlenen) zamanÕQ VRQX61 zamandDQ ELU SDUoD YH\D zamana ayUÕODQ KHU úH\ DQODPÕQGD EHOLUOHQPLú VUH

50 _{$.DGLUdoHQ+HLGHJJHU¶GH9DUOÕNYH=DPDQ%DVNÕ$VD.LWDEHYL%XUVDV} 51 _{Canan, s. 19.} 52 _{11, Hud, 84, 98, 99, 103, <XVXIøEUDKLPYHGL÷HUOHUL} 53 _{2, Bakara, 164, 274; 3, Al-LøPUDQ(Q¶kPYHGL÷HUOHUL} 54 _{103, Asr,1.} 55 _{(QEL\D.DVDV<XQXVYHGL÷HUOHUL} 56 _{$¶UkI<XQXV+€G} 57 _{%DNDUD1LVD0DLGHYHGL÷HUOHUL}

58 _{0XKDPPHG )XDG $EGOEkNL el-0X¶FHP¶l-0IHKUHV OL-(OID]L¶O-.XU¶DQL¶O-Kerim øVWDQEXO}

1982, ss. 1, 14-15, 482-483, 720-721, 777- %X NDYUDPODUÕQ D\UÕQWÕOÕ DoÕNODPDVÕ LoLQ EN] .DOÕQ=DPDQVV-272.

59 _{5k]L0HWkOLE Cilt: 5, ss. 104-105.} 60 _{5k]L0HWkOLE&LOWV}

61 _{+VH\LQE0XKDPPHGE5k÷ÕEøVIDKkQL0IUHGDW¶IL-*DULEL¶O-Kuran, thk. Muhammed Halil}

18

(muvakkatGLU %|\OHFH R KHP JHoPLú, KHP úLPGLNL KHP GH JHOHFHN ]DPan LoLQ kullanÕODQELUNDYUDPROPDNWDGÕU.62

9DNLWNDYUDPÕQÕQWUHYOHULQGHQRODQ³Pvkat´ ve ³tevkit´ YDNLWOHULVÕQÕUODPD

³mevkut´ LVH VÕQÕUODQDQ vakitler demektir. Yani ³Pvkat´, herhanJL ELU úH\ LoLQ

EHOLUOHQPLú ]DPanGÕU %LU úH\LQ \DSÕOGÕ÷Õ \HU LoLQ GH \LQH EX kelime kullanÕOÕU63 Vakitlendirmek ve vakit belirlemek (tevkit) ise VUHQLQ |OoVQDoÕNOD\ÕS ELUúH\ LoLQ NHQGLQH DLW ELU ]DPDQ EHOLUOHPektir. gUQH÷LQ ³ùSKHVL]NL namaz, PPLQOHU

]HULQH EHOLUOHQPLú YDNLWOHUGH \D]ÕOPÕúWÕU´ (4, Nisa, 103) ayetinde yer alan ³mevkuta´LIDGHVL, ELUVÕQÕU|OoYHWD\LQEHOLUOHPH) belirtir.64 *|UOG÷JLELYakit

NHOLPHVLQLQEWQWUHYOHrinde, zamanÕVÕQÕUODPDPanDVÕYDUGÕU

³.XU¶an¶GDWUHYOHULLOHELUOLNWHRQo\HUGHJHoHQ³YDNLW´, kullanÕOGÕ÷ÕDOan itibariyle, kozmik ve mHWDIL]LN ELU VHPDQWLN \DSÕ\D VDhiptir. gUQH÷LQ ³PvNDt´65_,

³PHYkNvW´66, ³PHYNWk´67 úHNOLQGH GQ\HYL \NPOONOHUL VÕQÕUOD\an zamanÕ

belirlemek gayesiyle kullanÕOPÕúWÕU AnFDN EWQ EXQODUÕQ \DUDWÕFÕ YH WD\LQ HGLFLVL $OODK¶WÕU 8KUHYL VDKQHGH LVH, fiil olarak ³ukkitet´68_{, ³PvNDW´}69 _{úHNOLQGHNL LIDGHOHU} \LQH YDNWLQ EHOLUOH\LFLVLQLQ $OODK ROGX÷XQX YXUJXODPDNWDGÕU %X QHGHQOH XKUHYv sahnede de vakitlendirme ve zaman, devam etmektedir. AnFDN³YDNLW´NDYUDPÕQÕQ KHU LNL GQ\D LoLQGH NXOODQÕPÕQGDQ DQODúÕOGÕ÷Õ JLEL NDSVDPÕ ROGXNoD JHQLúWLU Bu ED÷ODPGD EX NDYUDPÕQ PvNDt70 úHNOLQGH $OODK¶D LVQDG HGLOLúL $OODK¶ÕQ YDUOÕN YH zaman cihetindHQKHUúH\LNDSVDPÕúROGX÷XQXQDoÕNELUGHOLOLGLU´71

5k]L PvNDW LOH YDNLW DUDVÕQGD IDUN ROGX÷XQX LIDGH HGHU ³0vNDW LoLQGH herhanJLELULúLQ\DSÕOPDVÕQÕQEHOLUOHQPLúROGX÷XPXD\\HQYDNLWWLU´ ³Vakit ise, bir NLPVHQLQELUúH\LoLQzaman tayin etmesidir.´72 gUQH÷LQùXkUD¶GH PvNDWbelirli ELU JQQ VDDWOHULQGHQ WD\LQ HGLOHQzamanGÕU.73 9DNÕD, 49-50. ayetlerinde ise bir

62 _{øEQL0DQ]XU Cilt: 2, s. 107.} 63 _{øVIDKkQLVøEQL0DQ]XU&LOWV} 64 _{øEQL0DQ]XU&LOWV} 65 _{$¶UkI} 66 _{2, Bakara, 189.} 67 _{4, Nisa, 10.} 68 _{0UVHOkW} 69 _{9DNÕD1HEH.} 70 _{$¶UkI'XKkQ} 71 _{.DOÕQ=DPDQV}

72 _{5k]L7HIVLUX¶O-.HELU0HIkWLKX¶O-GaybQúU'DUX¶O-Fikr, Beyrut, 1981, (Tefsir), Cilt: 14, s. 236.} 73 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWV}

19

úH\LQ YDNWLQL YH PHNkQÕQÕ WD\LQ HGHQ |Oo RODUDN NÕ\DPHW JQ DQODPÕQGDGÕU.74 *|UOG÷ ]HUH YDNLW NHOLPHVL ELU VÕQÕUODPD EHOLUWWL÷L LoLQ H]HOLOLN YH HEHGLOLN LOH LOLúNLOL NDYUDPODUÕ PXWODN PDQDGD NDSVDPD] %X GXUXPGD EX NDYUDPÕQ LIDGH HWWL÷L

mananÕQYDUOÕ÷ÕQ|QFHVLQHNRQXODPD\DFD÷ÕDoÕNWÕU.´75 6RQXoRODUDN ³YDNiW´]DPan

ifade HGHQNDYUDPODULoLQGHanODPEDNÕPÕQGan en belirgin olanÕGÕU

Saat

³6D¶Y´ N|NQGHQ oR÷XOX ³VD¶XQ YH VD¶DWQ´ úHNOLQGH JHOHQ VDDW NDYUDPÕ JHFHYHJQG]QELUSDUoDVÕ veya ondan daha az bir vakit, zamanÕQE|OPOHULQden ED]ÕVÕúXDQGDNLYDNLW,76 _{NXOXQGúSED\ÕODFD÷ÕGLULOLúLQJHUoHNOHúHFH÷LNÕ\DPHWYE}

DQODPGDNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU77 ³6-v-D´ N|N D\UÕFD ³ELUúH\LQGHYDPHWPHVLQLYHJHoLS

JLWPHVLQL´anODWPDN LoLQ de kullanÕOPDNWDGÕU +Lo GXUPDNVÕ]ÕQ oDOÕúPD\D GHYDP

HWWL÷L YH JHoLS JLGHQ YDNWL J|VWHUGL÷L LoLn, saate de, EX LVLP YHULOPLúWLU <LQH ³Eir

úH\LQELU\HUHXODúPDVÕQÕ´ ifade eWPHNLoLQ EXN|NQ³LIµkO´ NDOÕEÕQDVRNXOPDVÕ\OD

elde edilen, ³HVYHµDWUHYLNXOOanÕOÕU78

7UNoH¶de ise saat: ³*QQ \LUPL G|UWWH ELUL |OoVQGHNL ]DPDQ SDUoDVÕ

vakit, zaman, belirli, muayyen zaman, an, tD\LQHGLOPLúYDNLWNÕ\DPHWJQHFHO, bir saatte gidilebilen yol, bir saatlik yol, zaman |OoPH DOHWL YDNLW J|VWHUHQ DOHW´ anODPODUÕQGDNXOOanÕOPDNWDGÕU79

.XU¶an¶GD NÕrk sekiz \HUGH JHoHQ VDDW NHOLPHVL NÕUNÕQGD NÕ\DPHW Vaati; VHNL]LQGH PGGHW VÕQÕUOÕ ELU ]DPDQ DQODPÕQGD kullanÕOPÕúWÕU80 =HFFDF ³saat

NDYUDPÕ, Kur¶DQ¶ÕQ WDPDPÕQGD NÕ\DPHWLQ NRSDFD÷Õ ]DPan anODPÕQGDGÕU´81 der.

Nitekim anVÕ]ÕQROPDVÕYHahirHWHJHoLúin bir baúlanJÕFÕROPDVÕKDVHEL\OH|OPGH NÕ\DPHW FLQVLQGHQ VD\ÕOÕS, o isimle anÕOPÕúWÕU $\UÕFD VDDW NÕ\DPHW JQQQ LVPL RODELOHFH÷L JLEL DQVÕ]ÕQ YXNX EXODFDN RODQ NÕ\DPHW DQÕQÕQ LVPL GH RODELOLU82 Saat 74 _{<D]ÕU&LOWV} 75 _{.DOÕQ=DPDQV166.} 76 _{øEQL0DQ]XU&LOWV} 77 _{øEQL0DQ]XU&LOWV} 78 _{(EX¶O-+XVH\Q$KPHGE)kULV 0X¶FHP¶X0HND\LVL¶O-/JDWKN$EGVVHODP0XKDPPHG+DUXQ} Beyrut, 1979, Cilt: 3, s. 116. 79 _{'0HKPHW'R÷DQ%\N7UNoH6|]ON5HKEHU<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUa, 1992, s. 946.} 80 _{$EGOEkNLVV-$\UÕFDEN]&DQDQV} 81 _{øEQL0DQ]XU&LOWV} 82 _{<D]ÕU&LOWV}

20

NHOLPHVLQLQ PD¶ULIH RODUDN NÕ\DPHW anODPÕQGD NXOOanÕOGÕ÷Õ GL÷er ayetlerde de,

zamanÕQÕQ ELOLQPH]OL÷i, vukuunun ani ve kesin oluúX ]HULQH GLNNDWOHU oHNLOPHNWHGLU83 $\UÕFD +] 3H\JDPEHU¶H NÕ\DPHW DODPHWOHULQLQ QH ROGX÷X  \LQH ³VDDW´ODI]Õ\ODVRUXOPXúWXU84

Kur¶DQ¶GDNL VDDW NDYUDPÕ D\QÕ ]DPDQGD ³kQ´ DQODPÕQGD85, kozmolojik,

sosyolojik, biyRORMLN]DPDQÕQ ELUDQGDKLWH¶KLUHGLOHPH\HFH÷LQLLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU86

øúWH EX PDQDGD NÕ\DPHW LOH VDDW |]GHúWLU YH .XU¶DQ EWQO÷ LoHULVLQGH kQ¶ÕQ PUDGLILGLU87

5k]L HFHOLQWDNGLPYHWHKLULLOHLOJLOLE|OPDoÕNODUNHQ $¶UDI saat kelimesini, zamanÕQLVLPOHULQLQVUHDoÕVÕQGan en az olanÕELUan veya ondan daha da D]Õ ROGX÷XQX LIDGH HWPLúWLU88 %XQGDQ EDúND |UQH÷LQ ³$OODK¶ÕQ RQODUÕ KDúredip

toplayaca÷Õ JQGH VanNL RQODU GQyada JQG]Q ELU saati NDGDU NDOPÕúlar da, DUDODUÕQGD WanÕúPÕúlar gibi olacak...(10, Yunus, 45) bu ve benzer ayetlerde saat,

³JQG]QELUVDDWLni´ ³JQQ\LUPLG|UWWH ELULQL´\DQLELOGLNOHULU|ODWLIELU]DPDQÕ

ifade etmektedir.89 _{'Qyada JHoHQELU|PUQJQG]QELUVDDWLJLELDOJÕODQÕúÕda}

EXQXQELULVSDWÕGÕU

6RQXo RODUDN NÕ\DPHWLQ VDDW ODI]Õ\OD LIDGH HGLOPHVL, ya anVÕ]ÕQJHOHFH÷L\D da EWQPDKO€NDWÕQPXKDVHEHVLnin, WHNELUVDDWWH\DSÕODFD÷ÕLoLQGLU$\UÕFDX]XQELU

]DPDQROPDVÕQDUD÷men, canOÕODUQH]GLQGHWHNELUVDDWJLELDOJÕOanaca÷ÕQGDQEXDGOD

DGODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU $\QÕ úHNLOGH VD¶at keOLPHVLNÕ\DPHWPDQDVÕQGDNLNXOlanÕPODUÕQGD

gelecek zaman ifade etmektedir.90 Ancak o, NÕ\DPHWL anODWPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ NR]PLN

VLVWHPGHNL ]DPDQ NDYUDPÕ\OD ED÷lanWÕOÕGÕU91 dQN JHOHFHNWH JHUoHNOHúPHVL

PXKDNNDNRODQNÕ\DPHWILLOHQJHUoHNOHúPLúGH÷LOGLU)DNDWGQ\HYLVDDW|OoOHULQLQ IDUNÕ D\QÕ ]DPDQGD JHoPLúL GH LIDGH HWPHVLGLU gUQH÷LQ GQ VDEDK GHQGL÷LQGH

83 _{(Q¶DP+LFU7DKD+DF$K]DE0¶PLQ} ùXUD&kVL\H.DPHU1D]LDWYHGL÷HUOHUL 84 _{Buhari, .LWDEX¶O-øOP0VOLPøPDQ, 9, 10, 248.} 85 _{$¶UDI6HEH} 86 _{.DOÕQ=DPDQV} 87 _{.DOÕQ=DPDQV} 88 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWV}

89 _{0XKDPPHG E &HULU 7DEHUv &DPLX¶O %H\DQ IL-7HIVLUL¶O-.XU¶DQ QúU 'DUX¶O-0D¶ULIH %H\UXW}

1980, Cilt: 7, s. 84.

90 _{.DOÕQ=DPDQV} 91 _{.DOÕQ=DPDQV}

21

GQHGDLUELUROD\LOHúLPGLDUDVÕQGDELUED÷ODQWÕNXUXOPXúWXU6RQXoRODUDNNÕ\DPHW VDDWLLOHGQ\HYLVDDWDUDVÕQGDNR]PRORMLNELUED÷ROGX÷XV|\OHQHELOLU92

Yevm

dR÷XOX ³H\\DP´ úHNOLQGH JHOHQ ³\HYP´ kelimesi OJDWOHUGH ³JQHúLQ

GR÷XúXLOHEDWÕúÕDUDVÕQGDJHoHQVUHYH\DIHFULVDGÕNWan JQHúLQEDWÕúÕQDNDGDUROan zaman RODUDN WDULI HGLOPLúWir.93 ³*Q´ V|]\OH ED]Hn, gHFHVL\OH ELUOLNWH RODQ JQ bazen de, VDGHFHJQG]NDVWHGLOPLúROPDVÕQDUD÷PHQJHQHORODUDN\HYP, gecesiyle EHUDEHU JQG]de LoLQH DODQ ELU NDYUDPGÕU94 Kur¶DQ Ad .DYPL¶QLQ KHODNLQGHQ bahsederken,95 _{³OH\DO´ NHOLPHVLQL JHFH LoLQ ³H\\DP´ NHOLPHVLQL de JQG] LoLQ}

kullDQPÕúWÕU )DNDW $UDSODU yevm NHOLPHVLQLQ oR÷XOXQX ³$UDE¶ÕQ KkGLVeleri´ (\\DPX¶O-Arab) diye ³olaylar´ manaVÕQD kullanÕUNHQ JHFHOHUL ]LNUHWPH]ler. ³Eyyam´ ODI]ÕQÕROD\ODUDWDKVLVHWPeleri ise, naibOHULQJQG]ROPDVÕVHEHEL\OHGLU96

$\QÕ úHNLOGH ELUoRN D\HWWH ³\HYP´ NHOLPHVLQLQ úHU¶L JQ anODPÕQGD KDF RUXo NHIDUHW97 vb. ibadetlerin zamanODUÕ\OD DODNDOÕ LIDGHOHUGH, JQG]Q NDUúÕOÕ÷Õ anODPÕQGD NXOOanÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|UPHNWH\L]98 <LQH 8KXG 6DYDúÕ¶QÕQ NRQX HGLOGL÷L99 D\HWOHUGH ³LNL RUGXQXQ NDUúÕODúWÕ÷Õ JQ´ LIDGHVLQGHNL JQ NHOLPHVL GH JQG] anODPÕQGDGÕU 5k]L Yunus sureVLQLQ oQF D\HWLQGH \HU DODQ ³VLWWHWL H\\DPLQ´

LIDGHVLQGHNL³H\\DP¶ÕQ´JHFHYHJQG]NDSVDGÕ÷ÕQÕLIDGHHWPLúWLU100 .XU¶an, D\QÕ

úHNLOGH ³yevm´ kelimesini101 hakiki manada ve seri/art arda gelen JQ gUQH÷LQ

5DPD]DQD\ÕQÕQEWQ DQODPÕQGD ³JQG]QNDUúÕOÕ÷Õ´ olarak zikretmektedir.102

³<HYP´ ³%XJQ VL]LQ LoLQ GLQ WDPDP ROGX´103 ayetinde ³PXWODN ]DPan´

ifade etmektedir.104 <LQH ³EXJQ úX LúL \DSDFD÷ÕP´ derken, úLPGLNL zaman

92 _{.DOÕQ=DPDQV}

93 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWVøVIDKkQLVøEQL0DQ]XU&LOWVV-=HEvGL&LOWV}

143;

94 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWV}

95 _{Ayetin meali; ³$OODKRIÕUWÕQD\Ձ]HUOHULQH\HGLJHFHVHNL]JQG]PXVDOODWHWPLúti.´+DNND} 96 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWVøEQL0DQ]XU&LOWV} 97 _{2, Bakara, 184-0DLGH0¶PLQXQ} 98 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWV} 99 _{ÆO-LøPUDQ-156.} 100 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWVV-14.} 101 _{2, Bakara, 184, 185, 2030DLGH0¶PLQXQ} 102 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWV} 103 _{5, Maide, 3.} 104 _{øEQL0DQ]XU&LOWV=HEvGL&LOWVV-144.}

22

DQODPÕQGD ³PXWODN ]DPDQ´ belirtir. KÕ\DPHWOH LOJLOL D\HWOHUGH GH D\QÕ DQODPD

sahiptir.105

.Õ\DPHW ]DPDQÕQÕ LIDGH HGHQ \HYP NHOLPHVL QH JQG]ne de gece-JQG]

DQODPÕQD JHOLU dQN NÕ\DPHWOHbirlikte bildi÷imiz anlamda ³\HYP¶i´ meydana

JHWLUHFHN NR]PLN G]HQ ER]XOPXú RODFDNWÕU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD EX LIDGHOHUGH de, mutlak RODUDN ]DPDQ DQODPÕQGDGÕU.106 $\QÕ úHNLOGH .XU¶DQ¶ÕQ ³NÕ\DPHW JQ107´ ³GLQ JQ´108 ³D\ÕUPD JQ´109 ³J|o JQ´, ³NRQDNODPD JQ´110 ³IHWLK JQ´111, ³oHWLQJQ´112³RJQ´113³KHUJQ´114 vb. terkiplerle EHOLUWWL÷L JQPXWODN]DPan

anODPÕQGDGÕU %XQODUÕQ GÕúÕQGD ³.LWDEÕQÕ RNX %XJQ sana hesap sorucu olarak

NHQGLQHIVLQ\HWHU´ øVUD14) ve ³D÷Õ]ODUDPKUYXUXODFD÷ÕJQ´ ( 36, Yasin,

65) vb. ayetlerde ³\HYP´ kelimesi, NÕ\DPHWWHQ VRQUD, mahúer ve hesap vaktini belirtir.

.XU¶an¶GD \HYP NHOLPHVL ]DPanÕQ HQ NoN SDUoDVÕ ROan ³kQ´ DQODPÕQGD kullanÕOGÕ÷ÕJLEL, NR]PRORMLN|OoHNWHELQ\ÕODKDWWDHOOLELQ\ÕODGHQNRODFDNVUHOeri LIDGHHWPHNLoLQGHNXOOanÕOPÕúWÕU³6L]LQVD\GÕ÷ÕQÕ]\ÕOODUGan ELQ\ÕONDGDUVUHQELU

JQGH´6HFGH5) ayeti ile ³EL]LPVD\GÕ÷ÕPÕ]JQOHUOHPLNWDUÕHOOLELQ\ÕOVUHQ ELUJQGH´0HDULFD\HWLQGH³\HYP´HOOLELQVHQHPLNWDUÕLOHDoÕNOanmÕúWÕUNL

bunlar, ³ahirHWJQOHUL115 olarak bilinir.

.XU¶DQ¶ÕQD\UÕFDHYUHQLQDOWÕJQGH\HYP\DUDWÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕLIDGHHWPHVL116, yevm NHOLPHVLQLQVDGHFHJQDQODPÕQGDNXOODQÕOPDGÕ÷ÕQÕJ|VWHULU%XQDJ|UH³DOWÕJQGH´ GHPHN PLNWDUÕ ELQOHUFH VHQH\H YDUan ve GHYLU VD\ÕODELOHQ ³DOWÕ YDNLWWH G|QHP demektir.117 %XUDGDQHYUHQLQIDUNOÕDúDPDODUGDQJHoHUHN\DUDWÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕV|\OH\HELOLUL]

6RQXoRODUDN.XU¶DQHQoRN³JQ´ NHOLPHVLGHID]HULQGHGXUPDNWDGÕU,

Her ne kadar PDKL\HWL YH VUHVL IDUNOÕ ROVD GD Allah nH]GLQGH ELU LODKL JQQ

105 _{14, øEUDKLP}

106 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWVV-150.} 107 _{2, Bakara, 174.}

108 _{1, Fatiha, 4; 37, Saffat, 0UVHODW} 109 _{37, Saffat, 21.} 110 _{16, Nahl, 80.} 111 _{32, Secde, 28-29.} 112 _{11, Hud, 77.} 113 _{1LVD(Q¶DP+DF} 114 _{55, Rahman, 29.} 115 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWV$\UÕFDEN]³0LNWDUÕELQOHUFHVHQH\HYDUDQDOWÕ]DPDQ´%N]<D]ÕU} Cilt: 3, ss. 2172-2173.

116 _{7, Araf, 54; 11, Hud, 7; 10, Yunus, 3; 25, Furkan, 59; 32, Secde, 4; 57, Hadid, 4.} 117 _{5k]L7HIVLU&LOWV}