Turkey's ornamental poultry
K. Kurşun, M. Baylan
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Çukurova, Adana, Sarıçam, 01330, Turkey
Introduction
There are a variety of ornamental peacock breeds both in the world and in our country. Today, there are more than 200 chicken breeds in the world that differ in terms of color, shape, size, yield direction, and some other characteristics. The first efforts on the breed of chickens and the initial aims of the development of new breeds have been for the purpose of demonstration and appearance, but the subsequent aims have changed in order to increase the yield (Türkoğlu ve Sarıca, 2014). Today, when it comes to chicken breeding or poultry farming, the first thing that comes to mind is undoubtedly egg chicken and broiler breeding. Egg and chicken meat; are animal products obtained from hen breeds and meat breeds. And because they are important protein sources in human nutrition, they are both valuable and economic aspects of productivity. Chickens are grown not only for meat or eggs, but also because of their beautiful and ornate images, beautiful crows, and visual beauty (Anonymous, 2018a). Some of them are distinguished from other races by differences such as crayfish, wing and foot structure, form, patterns, feather and eye color.
Ornamental peach farming is not common in our country but has been common in Europe since the 19th century. In recent years, Turkey has begun to take interest in farming ornamental fowl. Especially in America, Europe and Australia, ornamental peach enthusiasts are working to develop new breeds and different color varieties of these breeds. For this purpose, they have set standards and provided organizations by establishing associations, clubs, federations and confederations. They pointed out the books and catalogs they prepared and the characteristics of a race. How they should have the characteristics of a race, with the books and catalogs they prepared (Anonymous, 2018e).
Ornamental poultry is different from free poultry farming, cage poultry, organic poultry. There are over 2000 chicken breeds, mostly western countries, which are fed under the name of ornamental chicken. Turkey has also evolved in recent years ornamental hobby chicken farming, a federation of 40 associations under the scope of that, it is known that the number of members exceeds 5 thousand of these associations (Anonymous, 2018i).
In our country, Ornamental Poultry legislation is not available yet and it is not defined by law. Since there is no regulation for foreign trade in ornamental poultry, export or import cannot be made (Anonymous, 2018i). Today, in neighboring Middle East countries, especially Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia are all interested in ornamental chicken.
However, Middle Eastern countries are importing millions of ornamental animals from European countries because of they can not provide for ornamental animals from Turkey (Anonymous, 2018b). It is necessary to develop and spread ornamental poultry in order to contribute to the country's economy, to create a new business line and to create employment.
In the past, the term "ornamental chickens" in our country came to mind only in China, Spain or Fizan. Today, there are many breed and race in our countries. The choice of ornamental chickens varies according to the personality and pleasure. The ease of maintenance and reproduction of these chickens, different appearance is attractive to growers. In addition, they have different characteristics to attract animal lovers. (Anonymous, 2018a). Mainly known ornamental chickens are Brahma, Maran, Ligorin, Dev Wyandotte, Dev Cochin, Barbu D’ Anvers, Araucanas (Yeşil yumurtacı), Orpington, Sultan, Sablepoot, Fizan, Friesian, Braekel, Habeş, Japonez, Sussex, Rhinelanders, Zibrit, Yokohama, Rosecomb, Serama, Brahma Bantam, Ayam Cemani.
Some ornamental chicken breeds and their characteristics
Bantam Serama Japonez
Bantam: Bantam chickens were formed by the celestial bodily structures as a result of
mutations (Türkoğlu ve Sarıca, 2014). Chickens carrying dwarf genetics (dW) have shorter legs and body weights 25-30% lower than normal.
This decrease in live weight due to the effect of the dwarf gene significantly reduces feed consumption (Akbay, 1982) (İpek ve ark., 1999). It is known that feed consumption is 1/3 less than normal chickens. Bantam chickens are mostly grown as ornamental chickens because of their appearance, not for production. Many bantam such as Java, French, English, Beijing, Nanjing have been taken to the standards. At the same time, most of the breeds have bantam, which are only small body structures. For example, Rhode Island Red, Ancona, Maran, Light susex are commercially produced tapes. (Türkoğlu ve Sarıca, 2014).
Serama: The Serama genus is of Malaysian origin and is one of the world's smallest
chickens. These races are attracted by their military stance and their close temperament (Anonymous, 2018f). Standing like a penguin upright and breasts puffing. This race, which is very difficult to raise and cultivate, has a small number in our country; It is difficult to supply. The characteristic of the serama is that they have a military posture and a small body. The most sought after feature is the military posture and small body. The average live weight is 250-350 grams for males and 200-300 grams for females. In recent years hybridization studies have been obtained with American and European rivals, but the actual race is Malaysian (Malaysia) breed. The annual average egg yield is 50 eggs (Anonymous, 2018g).
Japonez: Japonez chickens are one of the oldest Japanese breeds, with various color
varieties such as white-black-yellow-black tail. In particular, the long upturned tail of the roosters creates a beautiful appearance, with only a small part of their legs visible as their wings cover their short legs. Roosters have vertical and large combs, chickens have small combs. The Japonez are active chickens. The annual average egg yield is 100-160 eggs and the egg color is cream. The average live weight between 510-610 grams for males and 400-510 grams for females (Anonymous, 2018a).
Sablepoot: It is known as Booted Bantam (Çizmeli Bodur Tavuk) or Sablepoot. The name
comes from the feathers of the feet. Booted Bantam is a genuine bantam (squat, miniature) breed, because there is no chicken similar to itself. The average live weight is 850 grams for males and 750 grams for females. American standards set the ideal size as 740 grams for male and 625 grams for female (Anonymous, 2018ı). Sablepoot chickens are originated in the Netherlands. They are a kind of chicken with very different color varieties such as Millefeur, Buff, Limon. If they are fed in very narrow coop, the feather can be broken with the reason of their large legs. They are pretty docile animals. The annual average egg yield is 90-100 eggs and the egg color is cream (Anonymous, 2018h).
Fizan: Fizan chickens, mostly grown on farms, in large parks and in zoo gardens, were
raised for their eggs in the past. The origin of the Fizan chickens is Europe, Poland. Fizan chickens are especially known for their combs and fluffy feathers. The comb in the head of the Fizan chickens are big enough to cover all of their heads. Fizan chickens color are gold, silver, white, gray, black and white.. The annual average egg yield is 130-180 eggs and the egg color is White. Spawning periods are March, April, May, June, July and August. Fizan chicken can be used as a breeder in the age of 5.5-6 months. Live weight is 1000-2600 gr for males and 900-2200 g for females. There are feathers on the tops of the Fizan chickens and these feathers give a very different appearance to the Fizan (Anonymous, 2018d).
Araucanas: The most important feature of this chicken is the color of the egg shell.
Especially, it is intensively breeding in America. It has recently become one of the most popular races of our country. The color of egg shell is between green and blue. This feature is an important feature that differentiates this chicken. This chick has emerged as a contrast to natural and wild colors when its colors are examined; There are two types, medium and small size. The annual average egg yield is 170 eggs. The average live weight between 2000 grams for males and 1600 grams for females.
The cocks and chickens of this breed are very similar to each other. This type is bearded and fairly hairy. It can have many different colors as color (Anonymous, 2018c).
Ayam Cemani: Orjini is the Java island of Indonesia. Java is widely cultivated in the islands
of Madura and Sumatra. Ayam Cemani, who has an extraordinary structure, is a rare chicken race. In addition to being completely black with all of the hair, eyes, skin, legs, toenails, beak, tongue, butt, beard and even the internal organs are black, even the muscle tissue and bones are black in color. The black color in chickens is a result of excessive pigmentation of the tissues due to a genetic mutation known as fibromelanosis.
In chickens having a tame structure, the body is narrow and tight, the tail is long and smooth, the legs are long, spurs are sharp. Average body weight is 1.2-2 kg in chickens and 1.8-2.5 kg in cocks. The average annual egg yield is 80-90, and the egg weight is about 45 g. The color varies from white to black. The color of the meat is black as it is in all its organs. In chickens having a tame structure, the body is narrow and tight, the tail is long and smooth, the legs are long, spurs are sharp. Average body weight is 1.2-2 kg in chickens and 1.8-2.5 kg in cocks. The average annual egg yield is 80-90, and the egg weight is about 45 g. The color varies from white to black. The color of the meat is black as it is in all its organs. Chicken protein ratio is higher than other chicken breeds. Chicken protein ratio is higher than other chicken breeds (Uruk ve Yenilmez, 2016).
Ayam Cemani Barbu D’ Anvers Yokohama Chicken
Barbu D’ Anvers: Belgian origin is one of the smallest chicken breeds in the world.
Miniature chicken farm. It has white, black, gray and yellow varieties. With their posture, the front body gives a more severe look and the beard hair under the chin creates a beautiful image. The average annual egg yield is 90-100 pieces. Average body weight is 570-680 grams in females and 600-700 grams in males. There are no feather feathers and no leg hair. The spike shape is a rose (Anonymous, 2018a).
Yokohama Chicken: As the name suggests, it is a chicken race of Japanese origin. It was
brought from Japan to Japan by Hugo du Roi in 1880 and spread to Europe after that date. The most important feature of this race is its long and flashy tails. There are 2 main colors in red and white. It is especially fed for its long and glamorous tails and is widely held all over the world. The average of these breeds is 2-2.5 kilograms and their chickens are about 1.5-2 kilograms. The rim, the eye and the beak are red in color. It is a race of intense kind. Leg areas are glabrous. Annual average egg yield is 80 pieces. The egg shell color is brown. Although it is easy to maintain, it is a bit aggressive and belligerent (Anonymous, 2018e).
Braekel Sultan Denizli Rooster
Braekel: The Brakel chicken breed is a very old race of Belgian origin and is very rare
nowadays. In the past, the Brakel chicken breed was found in many different colors, while it is found only in gray and brownish brown colors. Today, the Brakel chicken breed is raised in many countries of the world, but has not survived as a rare race. It has black, brown, gray and white colors. The area around the ram, the eye and the beak is red. There is rounded whiteness under the eye. It has a strong and big beak structure. The wings are strong, the tail is short but densely pubescent race. The live weight is 2 - 2,9 kg in males and 1,9 - 2,5 kg in females. The annual egg yield is 160-180 and the egg color is white. Meat is a very delicious race. It is a breed that cannot be seized in natural way, therefore artificial insemination is required. Their flying ability is quite good. 5- In a period of 6 months, pups reach sexual maturity (Anonymous, 2018l).
Sultan: Sultan Chicken; It is one of the only accepted chicken breeds. The Ottoman palace
known as ornamental chick is a delicate ornamental chicken. It is a white-colored race that was brought to England 170 years ago and reproduced and exhibited. Black and blue colored and dwarf types were also obtained by crossbreeding (Scrivener, 2006, Kaya and Yıldız, 2014). Sultan chickens were always grown as ornamental chickens. The sultans are plentiful with their fluffy long top and beak hair, long tail and plenty of foot feathers. Feet are 5 fingers, as in the brood (Silkie) chickens. The small V-shaped spine appears hard due to its long hill hairs. The Gaga six worms are also small and disappear between long feathers. The average weight is 2.7 kilos in the cock and 2 kilos in the chickens. It is a relatively small species of other chickens. There is also a genus of dwarf derived in the US. There are black, blue and white varieties. The white ones are the most well-known variety. Not very resistant to cold. Since they have the ability to fly, they can fly higher than two meters.
So there are those who cut their wings with scissors. 70 years on average; they make small white eggs at slightly longer intervals. Natural hatching is very rare (Anonymous, 2018b).
Denizli Rooster: The race, which has become the symbol of the province of Denizli, is a
domestic rooster race that has made a name for the most distant regions in Denizli with its long and beautiful singing in harmony with the color and body structure. The eyes of Denizli Rooster are black and should last. Legs are dark gray or purple, wobbly ax in the form of a hoof, earbuds are red or red with a white speckled general color, black dirty white is in a joint mixture. Sometimes there are brown colors on the wing feathers. In al roosters, black-red is in a mixture. Live weight average 3-3.5 kg. It is around. It is reported that Denizli breed chickens have a layered body shape, their egg yields are not known precisely, their flesh is delicious and strong, and that there are long ears until they count 120 (Karaesmen, 1944, Kaya and Yıldız, 2014). In Denizli chickens, it is stated that the age of genus maturity is about 8 months, Denizli roosters come to the first signal for 6-7 months, and the duration of the cocking of adult cocks takes 15-16 seconds (Şekeroğlu, 1994, Kaya and Yıldız, 2014).
Habeş Chicken Zibrit Chicken Brahma
Habeş Chicken: This race is a race that was produced in China in the 13th century.
According to another view, it was found in the Himalayas by the Mongols 4000 years ago and brought to the north of China. It is also known as shrivel. It was accepted by American standards in 1874 as a separate chicken breed. There are sub-types such as black shrug, white shrinkage, yellow shrug and blue shrug. The fact that they are long and bearded, and that their hills are large and showy, make them quite interesting and make them one of the most sought-after chickens. Poultry roosters have an average of 1300 grams and their chickens are about 900 grams. It has an average of 120 to 180 eggs per year. This race is also divided into beard and beardless. This race also has a walnut and a small beak (Anonymous, 2018e). There are two main types: the beak under the beak, namely the Bearded Hogweed and the non-feather under the beak, ie the Beardless Habeş Tavuğudur
Zibrit Chicken: This species was first discovered by Sir Jhon Seabright in 1810. By
American standards; In 1874 it was adopted as a separate breed. This species is among the species of miniature chickens, and is a very popular type of ornamental chicken. According to the general characteristics; The tails are slightly raised upwards and the breasts are raised forwards. The ends of the bumps are like a pointed arrow and are dark red. Their body is covered with lace-like feathers and has a very active structure. The main colors are gold, silver and yellow. The average weight of the roosters is 675 grams and the hens are 575 grams. Age of onset is 4 months. Annual egg production is a low race. The average annual egg yield is 70 eggs. This species is a species that has already been produced completely for ornament. When appropriate heat and light are provided, they can grow all year round. The incubation period is 19-20 days (Anonymous, 2018e).
Brahma: Brahma; It is an Asian race which was obtained by crossing the Malay and Cochin
races. It is a type of chicken belonging to India's '' Brahmaputra '' (Anonymous, 2018g). Light and dark varieties were obtained by the breeders in the USA on these breeds and in 1874 these varieties were added to the standards. The yellow variety was introduced to American standards in 1923. The average live weight is 5.4 kg in the open rooster and 4.3 kg in the chicken. The other two varieties are slightly lighter. The leather colors are yellow, the eggshell is brown. The Brahmas are beautiful and flamboyant animals. It has a typical Asian breed with its small beak and beard, very hairy legs and long legs, large and calm appearance. These properties are an important factor to withstand hot and cold climatic conditions. Although they are a heavy breed, their growth rates are slow and their age of maturity is long and long, and this is an obstacle for the Brahmans to enter into commercial herds as carnivores. Annual egg yield is 100-120 pcs (Anonymous, 2018b).
Conclusion
In our country, there are farms and breeders who produce pure raisins in indoor poultry, although they are not particularly controlled for hobbies. However, most of this production is in the form of village poultry. The biggest problem with this kind of production is the disappearance of race characteristics of pure breed because of uncontrolled breeding. The ornamental chickens that lost their race attribute are both economic loss and race, gene loss. These ornamental races must be preserved and the necessary breeding activities and properties should be further improved.
Thus, poultry gene diversity will increase in our country. In Turkey, ornamental poultry production should be expanded and controlled. Competitions and fairs should be held for the promotion of ornamental animals. Breeders should participate in fairs held abroad, should be supported with project. In addition, literature is lacking in the field of ornamental poultry and it is necessary to prepare written and visual publications in order to make this shortcoming. In order to contribute to the economy of the country as well as to create a new line of work and to create employment, ornamental poultry farming needs to be developed and expanded.
References
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Anonymous, 2018a. Süs Tavukçuluğu http://www.parkhayvancilik.com/(Erişim tarihi: 25.6.2018)
Anonymous, 2018b. En Bakımlı süs tavukları yarışıyor https://www.haberler.com/en-bakimli-sus-tavuklari-sampiyonluk-icin-10425078-haberi/ (Erişim tarihi: 26.6.2018)
Anonymous, 2018c. En çok beslenen süs tavuğu ırkları ve cinsleri
http://www.vetbilgi.com/en-cok-beslenen-sus-tavugu-cinsleri-ve-ozellikleri/ (Erişim
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Anonymous, 2018d. Fizan tavuğu ve özellikleri http://www.tavuk.web.tr/fizan-tavugu.html (Erişim tarihi: 29.6.2018).
Anonymous, 2018e. Avrupa’ da süs tavukçuluğu
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Anonymous, 2018f. Serama tavuk ırkı
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Anonymous, 2018g. Serama tavuk özellikleri
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Anonymous, 2018h. Süs tavukları http://www.durukanatlialemi.com/sus-tavuklari/sabelpoot (Erişim tarihi: 29.6.2018)
Anonymous, 2018ı. Süs tavukları http://www.gokovasustavuklari.com/sablepoot-cizmeli-bodur-tavuk/ (Erişim tarihi: 29.6.2018).
Anonymous, 2018l. Braekel tavuk ırkı http://hayvanuretimi.com/tavuk/brakel-tavuk-irkinin-ozellikleri-nedir/ (Erişim tarihi: 29.6.2018)
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