5. Metal iyonları, hücrelerin biyolojik yapılarına kendilerine ve hücreye özgü bir mekanizma ile etki ettiklerinden dolayı her iyon kendi başına değerlendirilmelidir.
ÖZET
Temel Metal Alaşımı ve Alaşımlardan Salınan Elementlerin Hücre Metabolizması Üzerine Etkisi
Diş hekimliğinde çeşitli restorasyonlarda temel metal alaşımlarının kullanımı, bu metallerin biyolojik olarak değerlendirilmesini gerektirmektedir. Dental alaşımların biyolojik etkilerini inceleyen çalışmalar, alaşımlar ve bu alaşımların yapısına katılan elementler ve canlı doku üzerinde yürütülmektedir. Alaşımlar ve alaşım yapısına katılan elementlerin iyonik çözeltilerinin biyouyumluluk değerlendirmeleri çeşitli ortamlarda, canlı hücre kullanımı ile çeşitli metabolizma kriterleri göz önüne alınarak yapılmaktadır.
Çalışmamızda, parlatılmış ve kumlanmış temel metal alaşımı (Ni-Cr) örneklerinin ve dental alaşımlara katılan Ni, Cr, Co, Ag, Cu, Zn, Mo, Be elementlerinin seyreltik ve derişik konsantrasyonda çözeltilerinin hücre canlılığı üzerine etkileri, L929 fare fibroblast hücreleri ile hücre kültürü ortamında 24 ve 72 saat bekletilmeleri sonrası canlı kalan hücrelerin optik dansitesinin spektrofotometrik değerlendirmelerinin istatistiksel sonuçları ile ortaya konmuştur.
Ni-Cr temel metal alaşımından (Wiron 99) ISO 10993-5 standartlarına göre 32 adet 5 mm çapında ve 2 mm yüksekliğinde disk şeklinde hazırlanmış örneklerin 16 tanesine tesviye ve parlatma işlemleri yapılmış, diğer yarısına ise 250 µm’lik Al2O3 ile kumlama uygulanmıştır. Metal örnekler önce 72 saat DMEM kültür vasatı içerisinde hücre konulmadan bekletildikten sonra L929 fare fibroblast hücreleri üzerindeki kültür ortamı ile değiştirilerek 24. ve 72. saatlerde hücre canlılığı üzerine etkisini incelemek için spektrofotometrik değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.
Metal iyon çözeltilerinin etkisi, derişik ve seyreltik konsantrasyonlarda hazırlanan çözeltilerin L929 fare fibroblast hücreleri ile; 24 ve 72 saat temas ettirilerek spektrofotometrik değerlendirmeleri yapılmıştır. Kontrol grubu olarak, aynı koşullar altında metal örnek ve çözelti içermeyen hücre dizisi kullanılmıştır.
Çalışmamızda parlatılmış ve kumlanmış alaşımlarla temasta kalan hücrelerin canlılıklarında kontrol gruplarına göre azalmış olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Kumlanmış alaşımlarla temasta kalan hücrelerde sitotoksisitenin parlatılmış alaşımlardakinden belirgin derecede fark göstermesi, metalik restorasyonlarda yüzey pürüzlülüğünün önemini vurgulamaktadır
Seyreltik ve derişik konsantrasyonlarda metal iyon çözeltileri ile temasta kalan hücrelerin canlılıklarında, kontrol gruplarına göre azalma olduğunun tespit edilmesi metal iyon konsantrasyonlarının önemini ortaya koymuştur.
Seyreltik ve derişik konsantrasyonlar ve 24. ve 72. saatlerde en yüksek toksisiteye sahip iyonlar Be, Ag, ve Cu iken Ni, Cr, Co ve Zn orta derecede toksisite göstermişler; en düşük toksisiteye sahip iyon Mo olarak tespit edilmiştir.
Elementlerin iyon halinin, alaşım hallerine oranla hücre canlılığı üzerinde daha etkin olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Sitotoksisite, dental alaşım, metalik iyon çözeltileri, hücre kültürü
SUMMARY
The Effect of Base Metal Alloy and Elements Released from Alloys on Cell Metabolism
In dentistry, the use of several base metal casting alloys necessitates to evaluate them biologically. Studies that evaluate the biological effects of alloys are being performed between living tisue and these alloys or the elements that are participated in these alloys. Evaluations of biocompatibility of the alloys and ionic solutions of the elements that are participated in these alloys are being performed by using living tissue and by considering different metabolic criterias.
In our study, the effect of sandblasted and polished base metal casting alloy (Ni-Cr) and concentrated and diluted solutions of the elements Ni, Cr, Co, Ag, Cu, Zn, Mo, Be that are participated in these alloys on cell viability was assessed using spectrophotometric evaluation of optical density of survival L929 fibroblasts after 24 and 72 h exposures. Results were evaluated statistically.
Thirty-two (Ni-Cr) alloy samples in 5 mm diameter and 2 mm in thickness were prepared according to ISO 10993-5. Sixteen of them were polished and the rests were sandblasted with 250 µm Al2O3. All of the samples were exposed to DMEM for 72 h. After extraction, alloy samples were removed. L929 cell strains were maintained in cell culture medium and plated into 96-well dishes.
After 24 h incubation, the cell culture medium was removed and the alloy extracts were added. The cells were incubated then for 24 and 72 h and spectrophotometric evaluation was performed.
The effect of ionic solutions of Ni, Cr, Co, Ag, Cu, Zn, Mo, Be on cell viability was assessed by spectrophotometric evaluation of optical density of survival
line that was exposed to neither ionic solution nor alloy samples under same conditions was used as control group.
In our study, viability of cells that were in contact with sandblasted and polished alloys demonstrated a significant decrease as they were compared to control group. Cytotoxicity, exhibited by cells that were in contact with sandblasted alloys, seemed greater than that were with polished shows elemental release is affected significantly by surface roughness.
Decrease in viability of cells that were in contact with concentrated and diluted metal ion solutions emphasizes the importance of the concentration.
The most toxic ions are Be, Ag and Cu, whereas the less toxic one is Mo in each concentration and time period.
Elements are more toxic when they are in ionic form rather than alloy form.
Key Words: Cytotoxicity, dental alloys, metallic ion solutions, cell culture
KAYNAKLAR
AL-HIYASAT, A.S., BASHABSHEH, O.M., DARMANI, H. (2002). Elements released from dental casting alloys and their cytotoxic effects. Int. J . Prosthodont., 15: 473-478.
AL-HIYASAT, A.S., BASHABSHEH, O.M., DARMANI, H. (2003a). An investigation of the cytotoxic effects of dental casting alloys. Int. J . Prosthodont.,16: 8-12.
AL-HIYASAT, DARMANI, H., BASHABSHEH, O.M. (2003b). Cytotoxicity of dental casting alloys after conditioning in distilled water. Int. J . Prosthodont., 16: 597-601.
AL-HIYASAT, A.S., DARMANI, H. (2005). The effects of recasting on the cytotoxicity of base metal alloys. J. Prosthet. Dent., 93: 158-163.
AKPINAR,G. (2001). Dental Döküm Alaşımlarından Element Salınımı ve Sitotoksik Etkilerinin Hücre Kültüründe Değerlendirilmesi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniv. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
ARENHOLT-BINDSLEV, D., BLEEG, H. (1990). Characterization of two types of human oral fibroblasts with a potential application to cellular toxicity studies; tooth pulp fibroblasts and buccal mucosa fibroblasts. Int. Endod. J., 23: 84-91.
ARIKAN, A. (1992). Effects of nickel-chrome dental alloys used in dentistry on saliva and serum nickel levels, peripheral T-lymphocytes and some other blood parameters. J. Oral Rehabil., 19: 343-352.
ARVIDSON, K., COTTLER-FOX, M., HAMMARLUND, E., FRIBERG, U. (1986). Cytotoxic effects of cobalt-chromium alloys on fibroblasts derived from human gingiva. Scand. J.
Dent. Res., 95: 356-363.
BERGMAN, M. (1986). Corrosion in the oral cavity-potential local and systemic effects. Int. Dent.
J., 36: 41-44.
BROWNE, R.M. (1988). The in vitro assesment of the cytotoxicity of dental materials- does it have a role? Int. Endod. J., 21:50-58.
BRUNE,D. (1986). Metal release from dental materials. Biomaterials., 7:163-175.
BUMGARDNER, J.D., LUCAS, L.C (1993). Surface analysis of nickel-chromium dental alloys.
Dent Mater., 9: 252-259.
BUMGARDNER, J.D., LUCAS, L.C (1995). Cellular response to metallic ions released from nickel-chromium dental alloys . J. Dent. Res., 74: 1521-1527.
BUMGARDNER, J.D., LUCAS, L.C., TILDEN, A.B. (1989). Toxicity of copper-based dental alloys in cell culture. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23: 1103-1114.
CAN, G., AKPINAR, G., CAN, A. (2004). Effects of base metal casting alloys on cytoskeletal filaments in cultured fibroblasts. Int. J . Prosthodont., 17: 45-51.
CENNI, E., CIAPETTI, G., GRANCHI, D., ARCIOLA, C.R., SAVARINO, L., STEA, S.,MONTANARO, L., PIZZOFERRATO, A. (1999). Established cell lines and primary cultures
COVINGTON, J.S., Mc BRIDE, M.A., SLAGLE, W.F., DISNEY, A.L. (1985). Quantiziation of nickel and beryllium leakage from base metal casting alloys. J. Prosthet. Dent., 54: 127-136.
CRAIG, R.G., POWERS, M.J. (2002). Restorative Dental Materials. 11th Ed. The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, Missouri, p.: 450-456.
CRAIG, R.G., HANKS, C.T. (1988). Reaction of fibroblasts to various dental casting alloys. J.
Oral Pathol., 17: 341-347.
CRAIG, R.G., HANKS, C.T. (1990). Cytotoxicity of experimental casting alloys evaluated by cell culture tests. J. Dent. Res., 69: 1539-1542.
ÇETİN, G. (1977). Ağız içerisinde kullanılan çeşitli metaller nedeni ile oluşan galvanik akım ve sorunları. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniv. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
DARNELL, J., LODISH, H., BALTIMORE, D. (1990). Molecular Cell Biology. 2nd Ed. New York: Scientific American Books, Inc.
EDGERTON, M., LEVINE, M.J. (1993). Biocompatibility: its future in prosthodontic research J.Prosthet. Dent., 69: 406-415
EDWARDS, D.L., WATAHA, J.C, HANKS, C.T. (1998). Uptake and reversibility uptake of nickel by human macrophages. J. Oral Rehabil., 25: 2-7
EL AZZOUZI, B., TSANGARIS, G.T., PELLEGRINI, O., MANUEL, Y., BENVENISTE , J., THOMAS, Y. (1994). Cadmium induces apoptosis in a human T cell line. Toxicology., 88:
127-139
ERKOÇAK, A.(1983). Genel Histoloji. 4. Baskı. İstanbul: Okan Dağıtımcılık ve Yayıncılık Ltd.
Şti., s.: 1-43.
EXBRAYAT, P., COUBLE, M.L., MAGLOIRE, H., HARTMAN D.J. (1987). Evaluation of the biocompatibility of a Ni-Cr-Mo dental alloy with human gingival explant culture in vitro:
morphological study, immunodetection of fibronectin, and collagen production.
Biomaterials, 8: 385-392.
GEIS-GERSTORFER, J., PÄSSLER, K. (1993). Studies on the influence of Be content on the corrosion behaviour and mechanical properties of Ni-25Cr-10Mo alloys. Dent. Mater., 9:
177-181
GEIS-GERSTORFER, J., SAUER, K.H., PÄSSLER, K. (1991). Ion release from Ni-Cr-Mo and Co-Cr-Mo casting alloys. Int. J . Prosthodont., 4: 152-158.
GRILL, V., SANDRUCCI, M.A., LENARDA, R.,BASA, M., NARDUCCI, P., MARTELLI, A.M., BAREGGI, R. (2000). In vitro evaluation of the biocompatibility of dental alloys:
fibronectin expression patterns and relationships to cellular response rates. Quintessence Int., 31: 741-747.
GÜVEN, O. (1995). Ağız Hastalıkları ve Cerrahisinde İmmünoloji. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, s.: 5-10.
HANKS, C.T, WATAHA, J.C, SUN, Z. (1996). In vitro models of biocompatibility: A review.
Dent Mater., 12: 186-193.
HEIL, T.L., VOLKMANN, K.R., WATAHA, J.C, LOCKWOOD, P.E. (2002). Human peripheral blood monocytes versus THP-1 monocytes for in vitro biocompatibility testing of dental material components. J. Oral Rehabil., 29: 401-407.
HENSTEN-PETTERSEN, A. (1988). Comparison of the methods available for assessing cytotoxicity. Int. Endod. J., 21: 89-99.
HORNEZ, J.C., LEFÈVRE, A., JOLY, D., HILDEBRAND, H.F. (2002). Multiple parameter cytotoxicity index on dental alloys and pure metals. Biomol. Eng., 19: 103-117.
HUANG, F.M., TAI, K.W., HU, C.C., CHANG, Y.C. (2001). Cytotoxic effects of denture base materials on a permanent human oral epithelial cell line and on primary human oral fibroblasts in vitro. Int. J. Prosthodont., 14: 439-443.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION for STANDARDIZATION (1999). ISO 10993-5. tests for cytotoxicity: In vitro methods.
KANSU, G. (1991). Ağızda Kullanılan Metal Alaşımların Biyolojik Uyumluluklarının Toksik ve Allerjenik Potansiyeller Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi, Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniv. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
KAWAHARA, H, YAMAGAMI, A, NAKAMURA, M (1968). Biological testing of dental materials by means of tissue culture. Int. Dent. J., 18: 443-467.
KILIÇTURGAY, K. (1994). İmmünolojiye Giriş. Bursa: Güneş Kitabevi, s.:35-66.
LAPPALAINEN, R., YLI-URPO, A. (1987). Release of elements from some gold alloys and amalgams in corrosion. Scand. J. Dent. Res., 95: 364-368.
LEINFELDER, K.F. (1997). An evaluation of casting alloys used for restorative procedures. J. Am.
Dent. Assoc., 128: 37-45.
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Biological Sciences (2007).
Spectrophotometer. Erişim:[http://biology.Isu.edu/introbio/tutorial/Spec/spectrophotometry.
Html.]Erişim Tarihi:10.07.2007
Mc LEAN, J.W. (1979). Nature of Dental Ceramics and Their Clinical Use. The Science and Art of Dental Ceramics. Vol I. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co., p.: 63.
MESSER, R.L.W., LUCAS, L. (1999). Evaluations of metabolic activities as biocompatibility tools: a study of individual ions effects on fibroblasts. Dent. Mater., 15: 1-6.
MESSER, R.L.W., LUCAS, L. (2000). Cytotoxicity of nickel-chromium alloys: bulk alloys compared to multiple ion salt solutions. Dent. Mater., 16: 207-212.
MJØR, I.A., HENSTEN-PETTERSEN, A. (1983). The biological compatibility of alternative alloys. Int. Dent. J., 33: 35-40.
NAJI, A, HARMAND, M.F. (1990). Study of the effect of the surface state on the cytocompatibility of a Co-Cr alloy using human osteoblasts and fibroblasts. J. Biomed.
Mater. Res., 24: 861-871
NELSON, S.K, WATAHA, J.C, NEME, A.L, CIBIRKA, R.M, LOCKWOOD, P.E. (1999a).
Cytotoxicity of dental casting alloys pretreated with biological solutions. J. Prosthet. Dent., 81: 591-596.
NELSON, S.K, WATAHA, J.C, LOCKWOOD, P.E. (1999b). Accelerated toxicity testing of casting alloys and reduction of intraoral release of elements. J. Prosthet. Dent., 81: 715-720.
NELSON, S.K, WATAHA, J.C, CIBIRKA, R.M, LOCKWOOD, P.E. (2001). In vitro TNF-α release from THP-1 monocytes in response to dental casting alloys exposed to lipopolysaccharide. J. Prosthet. Dent., 85: 466-471.
NIEMI, L, HENSTEN-PETTERSEN, A. (1985). In vitro cytotoxicity of Ag-Pd-Cu based casting alloys. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 19: 549-561.
NIEMI, L, SYRJÄNEN, S., HENSTEN-PETTERSEN, A. (1985). The biocompatibility of a dental Ag-Pd-Cu-Au based casting alloy and its structural components. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 19:
535-548.
O’BRIEN, W.J. (2002). Dental Materials and Their Selection. 3rd Ed. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co., p.:225-239.
ÖZEN, J. (2001). Sabit Protetik Restorasyon Materyallerinin Periodontal Dokular Üzerine Olan Etkilerinin İmmünolojik Yönden İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Merkezi.
PHILLIPS, R.W. (1991). Skinner’s Science of Dental Materials. 9th Ed. Philadelphia: W. B.
Saunders, p.:291-302.
ÖZTÜRK, F. (2002). Apopitoz, İnönü Üniv. Tıp Fak. Derg., 9: 143-148.
SCHEDLE, A., SAMORAPOOMPICHIT, P., RAUSCH-FAN, X.H., FRANZ, A., FÜREDER, W., SPERR, W.R., SPERR, W., ELLINGER, A., SLAVICEK, R., BOLTZ-NITULESCU, G., VALENT, P.(1995). Response of L 929 fibroblasts, human gingival fibroblasts, and human tissue mast cells to various metal cations. J Dent Res., 74: 1513-1520.
SCHMALZ, G. (1988). Agar overlay method. Int. Endod. J., 21: 59-66.
SCHMALZ, G. (1994). Use of cell cultures for toxicity testing of dental materials- avantages and limitations. J Dent Suppl., 22: 6-11.
SCHMALZ, G., GARHAMMER, P. (2002). Biological interactions of dental cast alloys with oral tissues. Dent. Mater., 18: 396-406.
SCHMALZ, G., GARHAMMER, P., SCHWEIKL, H. (1996). A commercially available cell culture device modified for dentin barrier tests. J. Endo., 22: 249-252.
SCHMALZ, G., LANGER. H., SCHWEIKL, H.(1998). Cytotoxicity of dental alloy extracts and corresponding metal salt solutions. J. Dent. Res., 77: 1772-1778.
SJÖGREN, G., SLETTEN. G., DAHL, J.E. (2000). Cytotoxicity of dental alloys, metals and ceramics assessed by millipore filter, agar overlay, and MTT tests. J. Prosthet. Dent., 84:
229-236.
SMITH, D.C. (1982). Biocompatibility of Dental Materials. Vol IV. Florida: Boca Raton Crc..
SOYDAN, N.(1992). Genel Histoloji. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Basımevi. s.:21-40.
SUZUKI, N. (1995). Metal allergy in dentistry: Detection of allergen metal with X-ray fluorescence spectroscope and its application toward allergen elimination. Int. J.
Prosthodont., 8: 351-369.
SYRJÄNEN, S., HENSTEN-PETTERSEN, A., KANGASNIEMI, K., YLI-URPO, A. (1985). In vitro and in vivo biological responses to some dental alloys tested separately and in combinations. Biomaterials., 6: 169-176.
ŞAHİN, S., ÖKTEMER, M., TEMİZER, A., ÖZALTIN, N. (1991). Krom-Kobalt bölümlü protezlerden çözünen krom ve nikelin in vivo analizi. H. Ü. Diş Hek. Fak. Derg., 15: 132-135.
TEKELİOĞLU, M.(1989). Genel Tıp Histolojisi. Ankara: Beta Basın Yayın Dağıtım, s.:1-53.
WANG, R.R., Li, Y. (1998). In vitro evaluation of biocompatibility of experimental titanium alloys for dental restorations. J Prosthet Dent., 80: 495-500.
WATAHA, J.C. (1996). Cytotoxicity tests to screen the biological performance of dental casting alloys. Biocompatibility, allergies and resistance to corrosion: 8 years of research.
Switzerland: Metalor, p.: 27-31.
WATAHA, J.C. (2000). Biocompatibility of dental casting alloys: a review. J. Prosthet. Dent., 83: 223-234.
WATAHA, J.C. (2001). Principles of biocompatibility for dental practitioners. J. Prosthet. Dent., 86: 203-209.
WATAHA, J.C, HANKS, C.T. (1996). Biological effects of palladium and risk of using palladium in dental casting alloys. J. Oral Rehabil., 23: 309-320.
WATAHA, J.C, MALCOLM, C.T. (1996). Effect of alloy surface composition on release of elements from dental casting alloys. J. Oral Rehabil., 23: 583-589.
WATAHA, J.C, LOCKWOOD, P.E. (1998). Release of elements from dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium over 10 months. Dent. Mater., 14: 158-163.
WATAHA, J.C, HANKS, C.T, CRAIG, R.G. (1991a). The in vitro effects of metal cations on eucariotic cell metabolism. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 25: 1113-1149.
WATAHA, J.C, CRAIG, R.G., HANKS, C.T. (1991b). The release of elements of dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium. J. Dent. Res.,70: 1014-1018.
WATAHA, J.C, CRAIG, R.G., HANKS, C.T. (1992a). Precision of and new methods for testing in vitro alloy cytotoxicity. Dent. Mater., 8: 65-71.
WATAHA, J.C, CRAIG, R.G., HANKS, C.T. (1992b). The effects of cleaning on the kinetics of in vitro metal release from dental casting alloys. J. Dent. Res., 71: 1417-1422.
WATAHA, J.C, HANKS, C.T, CRAIG, R.G. (1992c). In vitro synergistic, antagonistic and duration of exposure effects of metal cations on eucariotic cells. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26:
1297-1309.
WATAHA, J.C, HANKS, C.T, CRAIG, R.G. (1993a). The effect of cell monolayer density on the cytotoxicity of metal ions which are released from dental alloys. Dent. Mater., 9: 172-196.
WATAHA, J.C, HANKS, C.T, CRAIG, R.G. (1993b). Uptake of metal cations by fibroblasts in vitro. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27: 227-232.
WATAHA, J.C, HANKS, C.T, SUN, Z. (1994a). Effect of cell line on in vitro metal ion cytotoxicity. Dent Mater., 10: 156-161.
WATAHA, J.C, NAKAJIMA, H., HANKS, C.T, OKABE, T. (1994b). Correlation of cytotoxicity with elemental release from mercury- and gallium-based dental alloy in vitro. Dent Mater., 10: 298-303.
WATAHA, J.C, MALCOLM, C.T, HANKS, C.T. (1995a). Correlation between cytotoxicity and the elements released by dental casting alloys. Int. J. Prosthodont., 8: 9-14.
WATAHA, J.C, CRAIG, R.G., HANKS, C.T. (1995b). Element release and cytotoxicity of Pd-Cu binary alloys. Int. J. Prosthodont., 8: 228-232.
WATAHA, J.C, HANKS, C.T, SUN, Z. (1995c). In vitro reaction of macrophages to metal ions from dental biomaterials. Dent. Mater., 11: 239-245.
WATAHA, J.C, LOCKWOOD, P.E., KHAJOTIA, S.S., TURNER, R. (1998). Effect of pH on element release from dental casting alloys. J. Prosthet. Dent., 80: 691-698.
WATAHA, J.C, LOCKWOOD, P.E., NELSON, S.K, RAKICH, D. (1999a). In vitro cytotoxicity of dental casting alloys over 8 months. J. Oral Rehabil., 26: 379-387.
WATAHA, J.C, LOCKWOOD, P.E., NELSON, S.K (1999b). Initial versus subsequent release of elements from dental casting alloys. J. Oral Rehabil., 26: 798-803.
WATAHA, J.C, LOCKWOOD, P.E., NELSON, S.K, BOUILLAGUET, S. (1999c). Long term cytotoxicity of dental casting alloys. Int. J. Prosthodont., 12: 242-248.
WATAHA, J.C, LOCKWOOD, P.E., SCHEDLE, A. (2000). Effect of silver, copper, mercury and nickel ions on cellular proliferation during extended, low- dose exposures. J. Biomed.
Mater. Res., 52: 360-364.
WATAHA, J.C, LOCKWOOD, P.E., NODA, M., NELSON, S.K., METTENBURG, D.J. (2002a).
Effect of toothbrushing on the toxicity of casting alloys. J. Prosthet. Dent., 87: 94-98.
WATAHA, J.C, LOCKWOOD, P.E., SCHEDLE,A., NODA, M., BOUILLAGUET, S. (2002b).
Ag, Cu, Hg and Ni ions alter the metabolism of human monocytes during extended low-dose exposures. J. Oral Rehabil., 29: 133-139.
WENNBERG, A. (1988). In vitro assessment of the biocompatibility of dental materials- the millipore filter method. Int. Endod. J., 21: 67-71.
WENNBERG, A., HASSELGREN, G., TRONSTAD, L. (1979). A method for toxicity screening of biomaterials using cells cultured on millipore filters. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 13: 109-120.
WIKIPEDIA (2007). Optical Density. Erişim: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_density]
ErişimTarihi:10.07.2007
WOODY, R.D., HUGET, E.F., HORTON, J.E. (1977). Apparent cytotoxicity of base metal casting alloys. J. Dent. Res., 56: 739-743.
ZAİMOĞLU, A., CAN, G., ERSOY, A.E., AKSU, L. (1993). Diş Hekimliğinde Maddeler Bilgisi.
Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, s.: 437-465.
ÖZGEÇMİŞ I - Bireysel Bilgiler :
Adı : İrem
Soyadı : GÖKTEPE ATEŞ Doğum yeri ve tarihi : Frankfurt- 21.06.1977 Uyruğu : T.C.
Medeni durumu : Evli
İletişim adresi ve telefonu : 5. Cadde 15 / 5 Bahçelievler / ANKARA Ev telefonu : 0 312 213 91 97
Cep telefonu: 0 532 541 07 04
II - Eğitimi :
2001- : Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Protetik Diş Tedavisi Anabilim Dalı / Doktora
1995-2000 : Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Yüksek Lisans
1988-1995 : Ankara Gazi Anadolu Lisesi 1983-1988 : Salih Alptekin İlkokulu Yabancı Dili : İngilizce, İtalyanca III - Ünvanları :
2001-2007 : Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Protetik Diş Tedavisi Anabilim Dalı / Doktora Öğrencisi
IV - Mesleki Deneyimi :
2001-2007 : : Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Protetik
V - Üye Olduğu Bilimsel Kuruluşlar : Türk Prosthodonti ve İmplantoloji Derneği
VI - Doktora Tezi : Dental Alaşımların Hücresel Metabolizma Üzerine Etkisi
VII - Bilimsel İlgi Alanları :
A) Uluslararası Bilimsel Toplantılarda Sunulan ve Bildiri Kitabında