1.2.4.3.3.1 ANTİOKSİDANLAR
5. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER
SLE’de geleneksel risk faktörlerinden bağımsız olarak artmış aterokleroz riski bulunmaktadır.
Damar sertliğini değerlendirmede kullanılan en temel metodlarından biri olan tansiyon holter cihazı ile ölçülen nabız dalga analizleri kardiyovasküler hastalığın bağımsız bir belirleyicisidir.
SLE’de kronik inflamasyon; sekonder gelişen endotel hasarı, vasküler inflamasyon ve aterokleroza yol açmaktadır.
SLE'de endotel disfonksiyonu ve damar sertliği subklinik aterosklerozu açığa çıkarır. tansiyon holter vasıtasıyla hesaplanabilir.
SLE'de subklinik ATS’in erken teşhisi yüksek riskli hastalarda majör vasküler komplikasyonları belirlememize yardımcı olabilir.
SLE hastalarında uygun anti-inflamatuvar tedavi hastaların damar sertliğinin gelişmesini geciktirebilir.
Daha fazla sayıda hasta ile yapılacak çalışmalar, SLE hastalarında damar sertliğinin değerlendirilmesinde faydalı olacaktır.
6. KAYNAKLAR
1. Enrico M. Zardi , Antonella Afeltra Endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffness in systemic lupus erythematosus, Are they early markers of subclinical atherosclerosis Autoimmunity Reviews (2010), 684-686.
2. Rhew EY, Ramsey-Goldman R. Premature atherosclerotic disease in systemic lupus erythematosus—role of inflammatory mechanisms.Autoimmun Rev 2006, 5(2):101–105.
3. Westerweel PE, Luyten RK, Koomans HA, et al. Premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2007,56(5):1384–1396.
4. Sherer Y, Zinger H, Shoenfeld Y. Atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2010,43(1):98–102.
5. Lee YH, Witte T, Momot T, Schmidt PE, Kaufman KM, Harley JB at all: The Mannose-Binding Lectin Gene Polymorphisms and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Two case - Control Studies and Meta-Analysis. Arthritis Rheum, 2005, 52 (12), 3966-3974.
6. Edworthy SM. Clinical Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In: Haris Jr ED, Budd RC, Firestein GS, Genovese MC, Sergent JS, Ruddy S, Sledge CB, Eds: Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology 7th Ed, USA: Elsevier Saunders, 2005, 1201-1223.
7. Hahn BH. Systemic lupus erythmatosus. in: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Eds. Harrison's Principles of internal Medicine 16th Ed. London: McGraw-Hill, 2005: 1960-1968.
8. Govoni M, Castellino G, Bosi S, Napoli N, Trotta F. incidince of prevalence of SLE in a district of North Italy. Lupus, 2006, 15 (2): 110-113.
9. Rus V, Hochberg MC. The Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In:Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 65-83.
10. Hahn BH, Karpouzas GA, Tsao BP. Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythamatosus. In: Haris Jr ED, Budd RC, Firestein GS, Genovese MC, Sergent JS, Ruddy S, Sledge CB, Eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology 7th Ed. USA: Elsevier Saunders, 2005, 1174-1200.
11. Hahn BH. An Overview of The Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 87-96.
12. .Nauta AJ, Castellano G, Xu W, Woltman AM, Borrias MC, Daha MR, at al: Opsonization with C1q and Mannose Binding Lectin Targets Apoptotic Cells to Dendritic Cells.The Journal of Immunology,2004: 173: 3044-3050.
13. 13.Elkon KB. Apoptozis. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 145-156. 14. Wallace DJ. The Clinical Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In:
Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 621-628.
15. Mills JA. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 339:1871-1879
16. Sontheimer RD, Mccauliffe DP. Cutaneous Manifestations of Lupus Erythematosus In:Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2002, 685-691.
17. Patel P, Werth V. Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus:a review . Dermatol Clin, 2002, 20(3): 37385.
18. Wallace DJ. The Musculoskelatel System. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 629- 644.
19. Ostendorf B, Scherer A, Specker C, Modder U, Schneider M. Jaccoud's arthropathy in SLE: differantation of deforming and erosive patterns by magnetic resonance imaging.Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48 (1):157-165.
20. Appel GB, Radhakrıshnan J, D'Agati V. Secondary Glomeruler Disease. In: Brenner BM, Rector FC, Eds. Brenner's and Rector's The Kidney 6th Ed. Boston: WB Saunders Company, 2004, 1350-1366.
21. Balow JE. Clinical presentation and monitoring of lupus nephritis.Lupus, 2005, 14: 25-30.
22. Kashgarıan M. Lupus Nephritis: Pathology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Corelations and Prognosis. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002,1061-1076.
23. Font J, Ramos Casals M, Brito Zeron P, Nardi N, Ibanez A, Suarez B, at al: Associationof mannose-binding lectin gen polymorphisms with antiphospholipid syndrome cardiovasculer disease and chronic damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.Rheumatology(Oxford), 2007, 76-80.
24. D'Cruz D, Khamashta M, Hughes G. Cardiovasculer manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 645-661. 25. Ohlenschlaeger T, Garred P, Madsen HO, Jacobsen S. Mannose binding lectin
variant alleles and the risk of arterial thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Eng J.Med, 2004, 14; 351 (3): 260-267.
26. D'Cruz D, Khamashta M, Hughes G. Pulmoner manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 663-691.
27. The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes.Arthritis Rheum, 1999, 42(4):599-608.
28. West SG. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the nervous system. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 693-738.
29. Hallegua DS, Wallace DJ. Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 843-861.
30. Quismorio FP. Hematologic and lymphoid abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 793-819.
31. D'Cruz D. Vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.Lupus, 1998, 7(4): 270-274. 32. Fesler BJ. Infectious Diseases in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Risk Factors, Management and Prophylaxis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol,, 2002: 16 (2): 281- 291.
33. Zondman Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y. Infections and SLE.Autoimmunity, 2005, 38 (7): 473-485.
34. Hochhberg MG.Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum, 1997,40: 1725.
35. Grossman JM, Kalunian KC. Definition, Clasification, Activity and Damage Indices. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2002, 19-31.
36. Giles I, Isenberg D. Antinuclear Antibodies: An Overview. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 415-424.
37. Pisetsky DS. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Epidemiology, Pathology and Pathogenesis. In John H.Klippel, Weyand CM, Wortmann RN Eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseaeses. 11th Ed, Atlanta: Arthritis Foundation Inc, 1997, 246-250. 38. Hahn BH, Tsao BP. Antibodies to DNA. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois'
Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins., 2002, 425- 445.
39. Hahn BH, Karpouzas GA, Tsao BP. Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In: Haris Jr ED, Budd RC, Firestein GS, Genovese MC, Sergent JS, Ruddy S, Sledge CB, Eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology 7th Ed, USA: Elsevier Saunders, 2005, 1174-1200.
40. Spronk PE, Bootsma H, Horst G et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. B J Rheum, 1996, 35: 625-631.
41. Savige J, Davies D, Falk RJ et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantiboies and associated diseases: A review of the clinical and laboratory features. Kidney Int, 2000, 846-862.
42. Zhao MH, Liu N, Zhang YK, Wang HY. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) and their target antigens in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 1998, 3: 2821-2824.
43. Hahn BH. Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In: Haris Jr ED, Budd RC, Firestein GS, Genovese MC, Sergent JS, Ruddy S, Sledge CB. Eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology 7th Ed. USA: Elsevier Saunders, 2005, 1225-1247. 44. Wallace DJ. Principles of Therapy and Local Measures. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH,
Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 1131-1147.
45. Sibilia J. Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.Bone Joint Spine, 2006, 73(6): 591-598.
46. Yousefi K, Weisman M. Salicylate and Nonsteroidal Therapy. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 1141-1147.
47. Ioannou Y, Isenberg DA. Current concepts for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults:a therapeutic challenge.Postgr J, 2002, 78 (924): 599-606. 48. Kirou KA, Boumpas DT. Systemic Glucocorticoid Threapy in Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 1173-1195.
49. Mccune WJ, Riskalla M. Immunosupresive Drug Therapy. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 1195-1217.
50. Contreras G, Pardo V, Leclercq B, Lenz O, Tozman E, O'Nan P, Roth D. Sequential Therapies For Proliferative Lupus Nephritis. N Eng J Med, 2004, 350:971-980.
51. Chan TM, Wong WS, Lau CS, Tsang EWK, Ji YL, Mok MY, Tong MKL, Wong AKM, Lai KN. Prolonged follow of patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis treated with prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil. J.Am Soc Nephrol, 2001, 12: 195A.
52. Wallace DJ. Non pharmacologic Therapeutic Modalities. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, Eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002, 1195-1217.
53. Davidson A, Diamond B. Advances in Immunology: Autoimmune Diseases. N Eng J Med, 2001, 345: 340-350.
54. Strand V. Monoclonal antibodies and other biologic therapies. Lupus, 2001, 10:216-221.
55. Bernatsky S, Boivin JF, Joseph L, Manzi S, Ginzler E, Gladman DD, at al: Mortality in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum, 2006, 54 (8): 2550- 2557.
56. Fracisco P, Quismoro Jr. Cardiac abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus. 5th ed. Editors: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH. Maryland USA, Williams & Wilkins Company; 1997, p.653-671.
57. Riboldi P, Gerosa M, Luzzana C, Catelli L, Cardiac involvement in systemic autoimmune diseases. Clinical reviews in Allergy and Immunology 2002,23:247- 261.
58. Karrar A, Sequeira W, Block JA. Coranary artery disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. a review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001,30:436- 443.
59. Rahman P, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Bruce IN, Genest Jr J. Contribution of traditional risk factor to coronary artery disease in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1999,26:2363-2368.
60. Bruce IN, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB. Detection and modification of risk factors for coronary artery disease in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: quality improvement study . Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998,16:435-440.
61. Ong ML, Veerapen K, Chambers JB, Lim MN, Manivasgar M, Wang F. Cardiac abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus:prevalance and relationship to disease activity. Int J Cardiol 1992,34:69-74.
62. Leung WH, Wong KL, Lau CP, Wong CK, Cheng CH. . Cardiac abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective M-mode, cross-sectional and doopler echocardiographic study. Int J Cardiol 1990;27:367-375.
63. Crozier IG, Li E, Milne MJ, Nicholls MG. Cardiac involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus detected by echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1190,65:1145-1148 64. Guinta A, Picillo U, Maione S, Valentini G, Arnese M, Losardo L, at al: Spectrum
of cardiac involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: echocardiografhic, echo- doopler observations and immunological investigation. Acta Cardiol 1993,183- 197.
65. Sturfelt G, Eskilsson J, Nived O, Truedsson L, Valind S. Cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: A study of 75 patients from a defined population. Medicine 1992,71:216-223.
66. Doherty NE, Siegel RJ. Cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am Heart J 1985,110:1257-1265.
67. Doherty NE, Fieldman G,Maver G,Siegel RJ. Echocardiografhic finding of in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Cardiol 1988,61:1144-1145.
68. Badui E, Garcia-Rubi D, Robles E, Jimenez j, Juan L, Deleze M, Diaz A, Mintz G. Cardiovascular manifestations of in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prospective study of 100 patients. Angiology 1985,36:431-440
69. Fairfax MJ, Osborn TG, Williams GA, Tsai CC, Moore TL, Endomyocardial biopsy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1988,15:593- 596
70. Paradiso M, Gabrielli F, Masala C, Copotelli L, Di Franco M, Paoletti V, at al: Evaluation of myocardial involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus by signal- averaged electrocardiography. Acta Cardiol 2001,56(6):381-386
71. Galve E, Candel-riera J, Pigaru C, Permanyer-Miralda G, Gardia-Del-castillo H, at al: Prevalns, morphologic types and evaluation of cardiac valvular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med.1988,319:817-823.
72. Wranicz KK, Cygankiewicz I, Zielinska M, Wozniacka A, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A. Noninvasive cardiac evaluation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus . Journal of Medicine 2001,32:195-206.
73. Kamashtra MA, Cervera R, Asherson RA, Font J, Hughes GR. Association of antibodies against phospholipids with heart valve dsease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1990,335:1541-1544.
74. Leung WH, Wong KL, Lau CP, Wong CK, Liu HW. Association between anthiphospholipids antibodies and cardiac abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1990,89:411-419.
75. Nihoyannopoulos P, Gomez PM, Joshi J, Loizou S, Walport MJ, Oakley CM. Cardiac abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. association with raised anticardiolipin antibodies. Circulation 1990,82:369-375.
76. Ward M. Premature morbidity from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1999,42(2):338-346. 77. Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, Grodzicky T, Li Y, Panaritis C, du Berger R, at al:
Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated athesklerosis systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2001,44(10):2331- 2337
78. Petri M, Spence D, Bone LR, Hochberg MC, Coronary artery disease risk factor in the John Hopkins Lupus cohort: prevalance, regognicition by patient, and preventive practices. Medicine 1992,71;291-302.
79. Haider YS, Roberts WC. Coronary arterial disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: Quantification of degrees of narrowing in 22 necropsy patient ( 21 women ) aged 16-37 years. Am J Med 1981,70:775-781.
80. Manzi S, Selzer F, Sutton-Tyrrell F, Fitzgerald SG, Rairie JE, Tracy RP, Kuller LH, Prevalance and risk factors of carotid plaque in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1999,42(1):51-60.
81. George J, Haratz D, Shoenfeld Y. Accelerated atheroma, antiphospholipid antibodies, and the antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2001,27(3):603-610.
82. Falaschi F, Ravelli A, Martignoni A, Migliavacca D, Sartori M, Pistorio A, Perani G, Martini A. Nephrotic-range proteinuria, the majör risk factor for early atherosclerosis in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(6):1405-1409
83. Caro CG, Pedley TJ, Schroter RC, Seed WA:The Mechanics of the Circulation.New York, Oxford University Press,1978,pp243-349.
84. Nichols WW, O’Rourke M:Mc Donald’s Blood Flow in Arteries:Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles,ed 4. London, Arnold, 1998,pp54-401. 85. Safar ME,Levy BI, Struijker-Boudier H: Current perspectives on arteriel stiffness
and pulse pressure in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 2003,107:2864-2869.
86. Chae CU, Pfeffer MA, Glynn RJ, Mitchell GF, Taylor JO, and Hennekens CH.Increased pulse pressure and risk of heart failure in the elderly. JAMA 1999, 281634–639.
87. Franklin SS, Larson MG, Khan SA, Wong ND, Kannel WB, and Levy D. Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2001,103:1245–1249.
88. Mitchell GF, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Rouleau J-L, Bernstein V, Geltman EM at al: Sphygmomanometrically determined pulse pressure is a powerful independent predictor of recurrent events after myocardial infarction in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Circulation 1997,96: 4254-4260.
89. Vaccarino V, Berger A, Abramson J, Black H, Setaro J, Davey J, Krumholz H.Pulse pressure and risk of cardiovascular events in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Am J Cardiol 2001,88: 980–986.
90. Kostis J, Lawrence-Nelson J, Ranjan R, Wilson A, Kostis W, Lacy C. Association of increased pulse pressure with the development of heart failure in SHEP.Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly (SHEP) Cooperative Research Group. Am J Hypertens 2001,14: 798–803.
91. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 1999,99: 2434 – 2439.
92. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, Thijs L, Birkenhager WH, Babarskiene MR at al: Webster J. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo- controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet 1998, 352:1347–1351.
93. Benetos A, Safar M, Rudnichi A, Smulyan H, Richard, J-L., Ducimetie`re P, and Guize L. Pulse pressure: a predictor of long-term cardiovascular mortality in a french male population. Hypertension 1997, 30: 1410 –1415.
94. Galis ZS, Khatri JJ. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: Circ Res 2002,47;90: 251–262.
95. Benetos A, Laurent S, Hoeks AP, Boutouyrie PH, Safar ME. Arterial alterations with aging and high blood pressure. A noninvasive study of carotid and femoral arteries. Arterioscler Thromb 1993,13: 90 –97.
96. Levy BI Ambrosio G, Pries AR, Struijker-Boudier HAJ:Microcirculation in Hypertension. A new target for treatment? Circulation 2001,104:735-740.
97. Cohn JN, Finkelstein S, McVeigh H: Non-invasive pulse wave analysis for the early detection of vascular disease. Hypertension 1995,26:503-508.
98. Langille BL: Remodelling of developing and mature arteries:endothelium, smooth muscles and matrix. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993,21:11-17.
99. Darne B, Girerd X, Safar M: Pulsatile versus steady component of blood pressure:a cross sectional analysis and a prospective analysis on CV mortality: Hypertension 1989,13:392-400.
100. Benetos A, Safar M,et al: Pulse pressure: a predictor of long term cardiovascular mortality in a French male population: Hypertension 1997,30:1410-1415.
101. Domanski MJ, Mitchell GF, et al: Independent prognostic information provided by sphyigmomanometrically determined pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure in patients with LV dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999,33:951-958.
102. Boutouyrie P, et al: Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2002,39:10-15.
103. Triposkiadis F, et al: A comparative study of the effect of coronary artery disease on ascending and abdominal aorta distensibility and PWV. Acta Cardiol 1993,48:221-233.
104. Barenbrock M, Spieker C, Kerber S, Vielhauer C, et al: Different effects of hypertension, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia on arterial distensibility. J Hypertens 1995,13:1712-1717.
105. Cameron JD, Jennings GL, Dart AM: Systemic arterial compliance is decreased in newly-diagnosed patients with coronary heart disease:implications for prediction of risk. J Cardivasc Risk 1996,3:495-500.
106. Waddell TK, Dart AM, Medley TL, Cameron JD Kingwell BA: Carotid pressure is a better predictor of coronary artery disease severity than brachial pressure. Hypertension 2001,38:927-931.
107. Lim HE, Park CG, Shin SH, Ahn JC, Seo HS, Oh DJ: Aortic pulse wave velocity as an independent marker of coronary artery disease. Blood Press 2004,13:369- 375.
108. Vihert AM: Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries in coronary heart disease. Bull World Health Organ 1976,53:585-596.
109. Mitchell GF, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, et al: Heritability and a genome-wide linkage scan for arterial stiffness, wave reflection, and mean arterial pressure:The Framingham Heart Study. Ciculation 2005,112:194-199.
110. Medley TL, Cole TJ, Gatzka CD, et al:Fibrillin-1 genotype is associated with aortic stiffness and disease severity in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2002,19:810-815.
111. Medley TL, Kingwell BA, Gatzka CD, et al: Matrix metalloproteinase3genotype contributes to age-related aortic stiffening through modulation of gene and protein expression. Circ Res 2003,92:1254-1261.
112. Medley TL, Kingwell BA, Gatzka CD: Matrix metalloproteinase-9genotype influences large artery stiffness through effects on aortic gene and protein expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004,24:1479-1484.
113. Durier S, Fassot C, Laurent S: Physiological genomix of human arteries:Quantitative relationship between gene expression and arteriel st İffness. Circulation 2003,108:1845-1851.
114. Benetos A, Gautier S: Influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polimorphisms on aortic stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Circulation 1996,94:698-703.
115. Antikainen R, Jousilahti P, Tuomilehto J: Systolic blood pressure,isolated systolic hypertension and risk of coronary heart disease, strokes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the middle-aged population. J Hypertens 1998,16:577- 583.
116. Rajkumar C, Cameron JD, Christophidis N, et al: Reduced systemic arterial compliance is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997,45:803-808.
117. Nitta K, Akiba T, Uchida K, et al: Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with arterial stiffness and vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients. Hypertens Res 2004,27:47-52.
118. Lekakis JP, et al:Arterial Stiffness assessed by pulse wave analysis in essential hypertension:relation to 24-hour blood pressure profile. Int J Cardiol 2005,102:391-395.
119. Xu C, Zarins CK, Pannaraj PS, Bassiouny HS, Glagov S. Hypercholesterolemia superimposed by experimental hypertension induces differential distribution of collagen and elastin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000,20: 2566 –2572. 120. Lakatta EG. Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular
disease enterprises: Part III: cellular and molecular clues to heart and arterial aging. Circulation 2003,107:490–497.
121. Li Z, Froehlich J, and Galis ZS. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase– 2 in the thickened intima of aged rats. Hypertension 1999,33: 116-116.
122. Avolio A, Jones D, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M. Quantification of alterations in structure and function of elastin in the arterial media.Hypertension 1998,32: 170 – 175.
123. Verzijl N, DeGroot J, Thorpe SR, Bank RA, Shaw JN, Lyons TJ at al: Effect of collagen turnover on the accumulation of advanced glycation end products. J Biol Chem 2000,275:39027–39031.
124. Rojas A, Romay S, Gonzalez D, Herrera B, Delgado R, Otero K. Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression by albuminderived advanced glycosylation end products. Circ Res 2000,86: E50–E54.
125. Kuzuya M, Asai T, Kanda S, Maeda K, Cheng XW. Glycation cross-links inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation in vascular smooth muscle cells cultured on collagen l attice. Diabetologia 2001,44: 433– 436.
126. Wendt T, Bucciarelli L, Qu W, Lu Y, Yan SF, Stern DM at al: Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) and Vascular Inflammation:Insight into the Pathogenesis of Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes. Curr Atheroscler 2002,Rep 4:228 –237.
127. Schmidt AM, Stern D. Atherosclerosis and diabetes: the RAGE connection. Curr Atheroscler 2000,48;Rep 2: 430–436.
128. Giannattasio C, Mangoni AA, Failla M, Carugo S, Stella ML, Stefanoni P, at al: Impaired radial artery compliance in normotensive subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1996,124:249 –260.
129. Lyons D, Roy S, Patel M, Benjamin N, Swift CG. Impaired nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation and total body nitric oxide production in healthy old age. Clin Sci (Lond) 1997,93: 519 –525.
130. Miyazaki H, Matsuoka H, Cooke JP, Usui M, Ueda S, Okuda S, Imaizumi T. Endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a novel marker of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1999,99: 1141–1146.
131. Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Salvetti G, Bernini G, Magagna A, at al: Age- related reduction of NO availability and oxidative stres in humans. Hypertension 2001,38: 274 –279.
132. Griendling KK, Ushio-Fukai M. Reactive oxygen species as mediators of angiotensin II signaling. Regul Pept 2000,91: 21–27.
133. Lacolley P, Labat C, Pujol A, Delcayre C, Benetos A, Safar M. Increased carotid wall elastic modulus and fibronectin in aldosteronesalt-treated rats: effects of eplerenone. Circulation 2002,106: 2848–2853.
134. Blacher J, Amah G, Girerd X, Kheder A, Ben Mais H, London GM, at al: Association between increased plasma levels of aldosterone and decreased systemic arterial compliance in subjects with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1997;10: 1326 –1334.
135. Bagrov AY, Lakatta EG. The dietary sodium-blood pressure plot “stiffenss”.