• Sonuç bulunamadı

5. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ

5.4 Sonuç

Amplifikasyon, sekans analizi, gerçek zamanlı PZR analizi, tek nokta mutasyon analizi ve genetiği değiştirilmiş organizma tayini gibi DNA temelli moleküler çalışmalarda en önemli basamağı saf ve kırılmamış DNA elde edilmesidir. Bu çalışmada, gıda endüstrisinde kullanılan ticari olarak temin edilen pamuk yağı örneklerinden dört farklı yöntem ile DNA izolasyon çalışması gerçekleştirildi. CTAB-hekzan-kloroform, CTAB- merkaptoetanol,CTAB ve kit yöntemiyle elde edilen DNA’ların konsantrasyon ve saflık değerleri spektrofotometri ile belirlendi. Bu yöntemlerle izole edilen DNA’ların PZR’de etkin bir şekilde amplifikasyona maruz kalıp kalmama durumları değerlendirildi. Bunun için pamuğa (Gossypium) özgü acyl taşıyıcı protein 1 kodlayan gen bölgesine (acp 1)

52

göre tasarlanan primerler ve genetiği değiştirilmiş gene ait 35S promotor bölgesine göre tasarlanan primerler ile amplifikasyon reaksiyonu gerçekleştirildi.

Sonuç olarak, CTAB temelli manuel yöntemlerle izolasyon işleminden sonra ortamdan uzaklaştırılamayan polisakkarit ve diğer moleküllerin amplifikasyonu engellediği sonucuna varıldı. Kit yöntemiyle yapılan izolasyonda ise yeterli miktarda DNA elde edilemediği ve bu nedenle amplifikasyonun başarılı şekilde yapılamadı değerlendirildi. DNA’ların etanol ile temizlenmesinden sonra daha saf hale geldiği spektral olarak belirlendi ve CTAB yöntemiyle izole edilen DNA’larda amplifikasyon reaksyionu bazı örnekler için gerçekleştirildi.

53

KAYNAKLAR

AgBios. 2008. GMO Database. http://www. agbios.com/dbase.php (Erişim tarihi 22.06.2019).

Agrimonti, C., Vietina, M., Pafundo, S., & Marmiroli, N. (2011). The use of foodgenomics to ensure the traceability of olive oil. Trends in Food Science &Technology, 22(5), 237–244.

Ahmed, F.E. (2002). Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods. Trends Biotechnol, 20 (5), 215–225.

Ali, Q., Salisu, İ.B., Raza, A., Shahid, A.A., Rao, A.Q., Husnain, T. (2019). A modified protocol for rapid DNA isolation from cotton (Gossypium spp.) MethodsX, 6, 259-264.

Anklam, E., Gadani, F., Heinze, P., Pijenburg, H., Eede, W.G. (2002). Analytical methods for detection and determination of genetically modified organisms in agriculture crops and plant-derived food products. Eur Food Res Technol, 214, 3–26.

Anonim, 1998. On detection of a genetic modification of soybeans by amplification of the modified DNA sequence using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization of the PCR product with a DNA probe. Collection of Official Methods under Article 35 of the German Federal Foodstuffs Act. No L- 23.01.22-1 of 1993.

Anonim a, 2019. https://gdovehayat.wordpress.com/tarihcesi/ (Erişim tarihi: 22.06.2019)

Anonim b, 2019 ,http://www.taris.com.tr/pamukweb/t_pamuk_hak.asp(Erişim tarihi: 22.06.2019)

Aydin, A., Ince, A.G., Gocer, E.U., Karaca, M. (2018). Single Cotton Seed DNA Extraction Without The Use Of Enzymes And Liquid Nitrogen, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27,10, 6722-6726.

Barampuram, S. andZhang, Z.J., 2011. Recentadvances in planttransformation. PlantChromosomeEngineering: MethodsandProtocols, 701:1-35.

Baur, A., Kaufmann, F., Rolli, H., Weise, A., Luethje, R., Berg, B., Braun, M., Baeumer, W., Kietzmann, M., Reski, R. and Gorr, G. (2005). A fast and flexible PEGmediated transient expression system in plants for 388 high level expression of secreted recombinant proteins. Journal of Biotechnology, 119(4), 332-342.

Ben-Ayed, R., Grati-Kamoun, N., Moreau, F., & Rebai, A. (2009). Comparative study of microsatellite profiles of DNA from oil and leaves of two Tunisian olivecultivars. European Food Research and Technology, 229, 757–762.

54

Biyogüvenlik Kanunu. Kanun No: 5977, 2010, Resmi gazete sayı 27533

http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/03/20100326-7.htm

Breton, C., Claux, D., Metton, I., Skorski, G., & Bervillé, A. (2004). Comparative study of methods for DNA preparation from olive oil samples to identify cultivar SSR alleles in commercial oil samples: Possible forensic applications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(3), 531–537.

Busconi, M., Foroni, C., Corradi, M., Bongiorni, C., Cattapan, F., Fogher, C. (2003). DNA extraction from olive oil and its use in the identification of the production cultivar. Food Chemistry, 83, 127–134.

Consolandi, C., Palmieri, L., Severgnini, M., Maestri, E., Marmiroli, N., Agrimonti, C., et al. (2008). A procedure for olive oil traceability and authenticity: DNA extraction, multiplex PCR and LDR-universal array analysis. European Food Research and Technology, 227, 1429–1438.

Costa, J., Mafra, I., Amaral, J. S., & Oliveira, M. B. P. P. (2010). Monitoring genetically modified soybean along the industrial soybean oil extraction and refining processes by polymerase chain reaction techniques. Food Research International, 43, 301–306.

Crossway, A., Oakes, J.W., Irvine, J.M., Ward, B., Knauf, V.C. and Shewmaker, C.K., (1986). Integration of foreign DNA following microinjection of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. Molecular and General Genetics MGG, 202(2), 179–185. Cresti, M., Linskens, H.F., Mulcahy, D.L., Bush, S., Di Stilio, V., Xu, M.Y., Vignani, R., Cimato, A. (1996). Preliminary communication about the identification of DNA in leaves and in olive oil of Olea europaea. Adv Hort Sci 10:105–7.

De la Torre, F., Bautista, R., Cánovas, F. M., & Claros, G. (2004). Isolation of DNA from olive oil and oil sediments: Application in oil fingerprinting. Food Agriculture and Environment, 2(1), 84–89.

Demir, O., 2017. Bitkilerde Transgenik Teknolojisi, Agroscitech Tarım, Bilim ve Teknoloji, https://agroscitech.wordpress.com/2017/01/07/bitkilerde-transgenik- teknolojisi/ (Erişim tarihi: 22.06.2019)

Dinon, A.Z., Bosco, K.T., Arisi, A.C.M. (2010). Monitoring of Bt11 and Bt176 genetically modified maize in food sold commercially in Brazil from 2005 to 2007. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90, 9, 1566-1569.

Doyle, J. J., Doyle, J. L. (1987). A rapid isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissues. Phytochemical Bulletin, 19, 11–15.

Doyle, J.J., Doyle J.L. (1990). Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12, 13- 15.

EURL, 2016. Validation report. Event-specific Method for the Quantification of Cotton MON 88701 Using Real-time PCR. EURL-VL-01/13VR

55

Feriotto, G., Borgatti, M., Mischiati, C., Bianchi, N., Gambari, R. (2002). Biosensor technology and surface plasmon resonance for real-time detection of genetically modified Roundup Ready soybean gene sequences. J Agric Food Chem, 20, 955–962.

Fidan, S.M., Bölek, Y., Oğlakçı, M., Bardak, A. (2009). Pamukta Gossypol, KSÜ Doğa Bil. Derg., 12, 93-101.

Fromm, M.E, Taylor, L.P., Walbot, V., (1985). Expression of genes transfer redinto monocotanddicot plant cells by electroporation. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences,82(17): 5824–5828.

Garcia-Canas, V., Simo, C., Leon, C., Ibanez, E., Cifuentes, A. (2011). MS-based analytical methodologies to characterize genetically modified crops. Mass Spectrom Rev, 30, 396– 416.

Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı Yönetmelik, 2014 Genetik Yapısı Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Ve Ürünlerine Dair Yönetmelikte Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair

Yönetmelik, Resmi Gazete 29014,

http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/05/20140529-2.htm

Giménez, M. J., Pistón, F., Martín, A., Atienza, S. G. (2010). Application of real-time PCR on the development of molecular markers and to evaluate critical aspects for olive oil authentication. Food Chemistry, 118, 482–487.

Hardegger, M., Brodmann, P., Herrmann, A. (1999). Quantitative detection of the 35S promoter and the NOS terminatorusing quantitative competitive PCR, Eur Food Res Technol., 209 : 83–87

Hassan, M., Akram, Z., Ali, S., Ali, G.M., Zafar, Y., Shah, Z.H. and Alghabari, F. (2016). Whisker-mediatedtransformation of peanut with chitinase gene enhances resistance to leaf spot disease. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 16(2), 108-114.

Holst-Jensen, A., Ronning, S.B., Lovseth, A., Berdal, G.K. (2003). PCR Technology for screening and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Anal Bioanal Chem, 375, 985–993.

Holst-Jensen, A. (2009). Testing for genetically modified organisms (GMOs): past, present and future perspectives. Biotechnology Advances,27(6), 1071- 1082. Huang, L., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Pan, J., Tong, Y. (2010). Isolation of DNA from

genetically modified oils by fast protein liquid chromatography, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 45, 1495–1498

Hwang, H.H., Gelvin, S.B. and Lai, E.M. (2015). Agrobacterium biology and its application to transgenic plant production. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1-3. ISAAA , Detailed information is provided in ISAAA Brief 43 “Global Status of

56

ISAAA, ISAAA Briefs 53 Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2017: Biotech Crop Adoption Surges as Economic Benefits Accumulate in 22 Years, 2017

ISAAA. (2014). Global Status of CommercializedBiotech/GM Crops: 2014

ISAAA.(2009). Brief 41 “Global Status of CommercializedBiotech/GM Crops: 2009” James, C. (2013). Brief 46: Global Status of CommercializedBiotech/GM Crops: 2013.

New York

Joersbo, M., Brunstedt, J. (1992). Sonication: a new method for gene transfer to plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 85(2), 230-234.

Kaeppler, H.F., Gu, W., Somers, D.A., Rines, H.W. and Cockburn, A.F. (1990). Silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery into plant cells. Plant Cell Reports, 9(8), 415-418.

Kalogianni, D.P., Koraki, T., Christopoulos, T.K., Ioannou, P.C. (2006). Nanoparticle- based DNA biosensor for visual detection of genetically modified organisms. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21 (7), 1069–1076.

La Paz, J.L., Esteve, T., Pla, M. (2007). Comparison of Real Time PCR detection chemistries and cycling modes using Mon810 event specific assays as models. J Agric Food Chem, 55, 4312–4318. 48.

La Paz, J.L., Esteve, T., Pla, M. (2007). Comparison of Real Time PCR detection chemistries and cycling modes using Mon810 event specific assays as models. J Agric Food Chem, 55, 4312–4318.

Leimanis, S., Hernández, M., Fernández, S., Boyer, F., Burns, M., Bruderer, S., Glouden, T., Harris, N., Kaeppeli, O., Philipp, P., Pla, M., Puigdomènech, P., Vaitilingom, M., Bertheau, Y., Remacle, J. (2006). A microarray-based detection system for genetically modified (GM) food ingredients. Plant Mol Biol., 61(1-2):123-39.

Lipp, M., Bluth, A., Eyquem, F., Kruse, L., Schimmel, H., Van den Eede, G., Anklam, E. (2001). Validation of a method based on polymerase chain reaction for the detection of genetically modified organisms in various processed foodstuffs, Eur Food Res Technol 212:497–504.

Liu, Y., Yang, H., Sakanishi, A. (2006). Ultrasound: mechanical gene transfer into plant cells by sonoporation. Biotechnology Advances, 24(1), 1-16.

Macar, T.K., Macar, O., Yalçın, E., Çavuşoğlu, K. (2017). Gen Teknolojisi ve Bitkilerde Genetik Transformasyon Yöntemleri, AKU J. Sci. Eng., 377-392.

Meyers, B., Zaltsman, A., Lacroix, B., Kozlovsky, S.V., Krichevsky, A. (2010). Nuclear and plastid genetic engineering of plants: comparison of opportunities and challenges. Biotechnology Advanges, 28(6),747– 56.

57

Michelini, E., Simoni, P., Cevenini, L., Mezzanotte, L., Roda, A. (2008). New trends in bianaltical tools for the detection of genetically modified organism: an update. Anal Bioanal Chem, 8, 2193–2197.

Miller, D.L., Pislaru, S.V., Greenleaf, J.F. (2002). Sonoporation: mechanical DNA delivery by ultrasonic cavitation. Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics, 27(1-6), 115-134.

Muzzalupo, I., Perri, E. (2002). Recovery and characterization of DNA from virgin olive oil. European Food Research and Technology, 214, 528–531.

Pafundo, S., Busconi, M., Agrimonti, C., Fogher, C., & Marmiroli, N. (2010). Storage- time effects on olive oil DNA assessed by amplified fragments length polymorphisms. Food Chemistry, 123, 787–793.

Patnaik, D., Khurana, P. (2001). Wheat biotechnology - A mini review. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 4(2), 74–102.

Querci, M., Van den Bulcke, M., Zel, J., Van den Eede, G., Broll, H. (2010). New approaches in GMO detection. Anal Bioanal Chem, 396, 1991–2002.

Rabiei, Z., Enferandi, S. T., Saidi, A., Patui, S., & Vannozzi, G. P. (2010). Simple sequence repeats amplification: A tool to survey the genetic background of olive oils. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 24–31.

Raieta, K., Muccillo, L., Colantuoni, V. (2015). A novel reliable method of DNA extraction from olive oil suitable for molecular traceability. Food Chemistry, 172, 596-602.

Rakoczy-Trojanowska M., 2002. Alternative methods of plant transformation – a short review. Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters, 7(3), 849–58.

Rao, A. Q., Bakhsh, A., Kiani, S., Shahzad, K., Shahid, A. A., Husnain, T. , Riazuddin, S. (2009). The myth of plant transformation. Biotechnology Advances, 27(6), 753-763.

Rivera, A.L., Gómez-Lim, M., Fernández, F., Loske, A.M. (2012). Physical methods for genetic plant transformation. Physics of Life Reviews, 9(3), 308- 345.

Rivera, A.L., Magaña-Ortíz, D., Gómez-Lim, M., Fernández, F., Loske, A.M. (2014). Physical methods for genetic transformation of fungi and yeast. Physics of Life Reviews, 11(2):184-203.

Rodríguez-Lázaro D., Lombard, B., Smith, H., Rzezutka, A. D., Agostino, M., Helmuth, R., Schroeter, A., Malorny, B., Miko, A., Guerra, B., Davison, J., Kobilinsky, A., Hernández, M., Bertheau, Y., Cook, N. (2007). Trends in analytical methodology in food safety and quality:monitoring microorganisms and genetically modified organisms. Trends Food Sci Tech, 18,306–319.

58

Sancak, C., 2019 Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Ankara- 2019

Saulis, G., Venslauskas, M.S., Naktinis, J. (1991). Kinetics of pore resealing in cell membranes after electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 321, 1, 1-13.

Shrestha H.K., Hwu K.K., Chang, M.C. (2010). Advances in detection of genetically engineeredcrops by multiplex polymerase- chain reaction methods. Trends Food Sci Tech, 21, 442–4.

Spaniolas, S., Bazakos, C., Ntourou, T., Bihmidine, S., Georgousakis, A., & Kalaitzis, P. (2008). Use of lambda DNA as a marker to assess DNA stability in olive oilduring storage. European Food Research and Technology, 227, 175–179. Spaniolas, S., Bazakos, C., Spano, T., Zoghby, M., & Kalaitzis, P. (2010). The potential

of plastid trnL (UAA) intron polymorphisms for the identification of the botanical origin of plant oils. Food Chemistry, 122, 850–856.

Tan, B., Xu, M., Chen, Y. and Huang, M. (2013). Transient expression for functional gene analysis using Populus protoplasts. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 114 (1), 11-18.

Testolin, R., Lain, O. (2005). DNA extraction from olive oil and PCR amplification of microsatellite markers. Journal of Food Science, 70, 108–112.

Trick, H.N., Finer, J.J. (1997). SAAT: sonicationassisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic Research, 6(5), 329-336.

Türkiye Biyogüvenlik Bilgi Değişim Mekanizması, http://tbbdm.gov.tr/Home.aspx Wang, H.,Wang, W., Zhan, J., Huang, W., Xu, H. (2015). An efficient PEG mediated

transient gene expression system in grape protoplasts and its application in subcellular localization studies of flavonoids biosynthesis enzymes. Scientia Horticulturae, 191, 82-89.

Yoshimura T, Kuribara H, Kodama T, Yamata S, Futo S, Watanabe S, Aoki N, Izuka T, Ak›yama H, Maitani T, Naito S, Hino A. (2005). Comparative studies of the quantification of genetically modified organisms in foods processed from maize and soy using trial producing. J Agric Food Chem, 53, 2060–2069.

Zhang, Y., Su, J., Duan, S., Ao, Y., Dai, J., Liu, J., Wang, P., Li, Y., Liu, B., Feng, D., Wang, J., Wang, H. (2011). A highly efficient rice gren tissue protoplast system for transient gene expression and studying light/chloroplast-related processes. PlantMethods, 7(1):30

Zupan, J., Zambryski, P., Citovsky, V. (1997).The Agrobacterium DNA transfer complex. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 16:3, 279-295.

59

ÖZGEÇMİŞ

Kimlik Bilgileri:

Adı Soyadı: Sibel KAYGUSUZ E-posta: kaygusuzs@gmail.com

Adresi: Ziyagökalp Mah.865 Sok. Mimoza Apartman No:35 Kat 1 merkez /KARAMAN

Eğitim:

Lise: Pendik Rauf Denktaş Lisesi

Lisans: Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi /Biyoloji Bölümü

Yüksek Lisans: Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi/ Biyomühendislik Ana Bilim Dalı

Yabancı Dil ve Düzeyi:İngilizce, orta İş Deneyimi:Vekil Öğretmenlik Proses Kontrol Elemanı

Kalite Elemanı

GDO Analiz Sorumlusu Arge Mühendisliği

Benzer Belgeler