Inoculation to Medium
• The yeast are inoculated with the aid of the inoculum to the surface of the inoculum prepared from the clinical or necropsy material as it is in the same bacteria.
• In fungi isolation, a sterile bisturia is formed at 5 points on the surface of the nutrient plantation. Later, small pieces of lesion tissue, skin scrapings or furrows are lightly soaked in the agar in these positive areas.
• If the samples are immersed directly in the agar, splitting, breakage may occur in the agar during long-term incubations
• Yeast are passively ingested into the new medium as it is in the
same bacteria.
Subculture of Fungi
If the fungi column is sporulating;
Fungus colonies usually start to produce spores from the center to the periphery, and are often sports that give a colonial characteristic color.
A substance is first dipped into the surface of a sterile agar portion to make it slightly damp and sticky, then used to collect spores from a column.
If the fungi species is a fast-breeding fungus, the inoculum is
inoculated immediately below the surface of the agar, at the exact center point on a new plate surface.
If the fungus forms small, slow-breeding colonies, the agar plate is
divided into four portions and each section is separately planted.
If the fungi column is not sporulating;
• In the fungus colon, the aging and death phase begins with the
hypha in the center of the colon. For this reason, the passage of the hyphen around the colon is required.
• A small agar block (5mm2) in the center is cut off on the medium to be used for passage with a sterile blister. Using the same bisturia, a similar sized and shaped agar is cut out from the side of the column to be passaged to include fungal hyphae.
• This agar block is carefully placed on the medium to be passaged in such a way that the mushroom part is above. The interrupted hypha will be regenerated and will grow towards the periphery from the block surface.
Subculture of Fungi
Microscopic Examination of Fungal Colonies
• Investigation with Dissecting microscope
• preparation of lam lamel preparation with LPCB (Lactophenol Cotton Blue ) (wet mount method)
• Adhesive tape method
• Lam Culture Technique
c-) Identification of Fungi
• Direct microscopic image of the fungus in clinical specimen
• Colony morphology and pigmentation type
• Microscopic image of macroconidia (fruiting heads) and spores in fungal colon
• Yeast morphology and budding
• Biochemical tests for yeast and less frequent and frequent fungi
• Effect specific tests such as germ tube test for Candida albicans
• Specific serological tests
• Status of contaminants!!!
Safety Conditions for Mycology
• Most of the fungi that cause disease in animals are also pathogenic to humans.
• Particular care should be taken when considering materials and cultures that are thought to contain pathogenic fungi!!!
• Particular care should be taken against pathogens that are easily aerosolized, such as Coccidioides immitis, which form highly infective arthrospores at 25 and 37 ° C.
• Dimorphic fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Blastomyces dermatitidis cause very serious disease in humans.
• Ideally, all mycologic examinations should be done in the
biosafety cabinet.
Treatment and Prevention
Treatment and Prevention
• Mammalian cells are lack of enzymes that destroyes fungal cell Wall polysaccharides. Because of this, fungi can not be eradicated by the host defence mechanisms.
• Memeli hücreleri, mantarların hücre duvarı polisakkaridlerini parçalayan enzimlere sahip değildir. Bu nedenle mantarlar, hayvanın konakçının defans mekanizmalarıyla eradike edilemezler.
• Since mammalian and fungal cells are eukaryotic, both of them have the same cell structure and also look like each other biochemically.
• Hem memeliler ve hem de mantarlar ökaryotik organizmalar olduklarından, her ikisindeki hücresel yapı, biyokimyasal olarak birbirine benzerdir.
• All eukaryotic cells’ cell membrane have sterols; in fungi these are ergosterol and in mammalian cells these are cholestrol. Thus, the invasive fungi elemination leads to severe side effects in their hosts.
• Bütün ökaryotik hücrelerin, hücre membranları steroller içerir; mantarlarda bu ergosterol iken, memelilerde ise kolesteroldür. Dolayısıyla, invaze olan mantar etkenini bozacak maddeler konakçıda da ciddi yan etkilere neden olabilmektedir.
• Although the first chemotherapeutic agent is an antifungal (oral iodids), the developing of these agents were slow in comparison to antibacterial agents.
• Her ne kadar ilk kemoterapotik ajan 1903 yılında kullanılan bir anti-mikotik (oral iodidler) iken, bu ajanların geliştirilmesi anti-bakteriyel ajanlara göre yavaş olmuştur.
• It was difficult to inhibit the invasive organism while protecting the host. This situation slows down the new drug developments.
• Konakçıya minimal zarar vererek invaze olan organizmayı inhibe etmek için, gerekli selektif toksisitenin ökaryotik hücreler için oluşturulması güç bir hedef olmuştur. Bu da yeni ilaç geliştirme çalışmalarını yavaşlatmıştır.
• Flucanozole is used for the AIDS patients to treat the cryptococcosis.
• Flukanazol bugün cryptococcosis’li AIDS hastalarının tedavisinde tercih edilen ilaçtır. Spinal sıvıyı (BOS) penetre ettiği için idealdir.
• Azolles leads to the inhibition of ergesterol synthesis.
• Azollerin genel etki mekanizması hücre duvarı sentezini etkileyen ergesterol sentezinin inhibisyonudur. Oral uygulama, düşük toksisite önemli dezavantajlarıdır.
• Ketoconazole, Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Posaconazole
• Griseofulvin, is used in severe skin and nail infections. It has a very slow effect. Orally routed. And the mechanism of its effect is due to the accumalation on stratum corneum layer and to penetrate the tissue in order to prevent the fungal invasian.
• Şiddetli deri ve tırnak infeksiyonlarında kullanılan, oldukça yavaş etkili bir ilaçtır. Oral yolla uygulanır. Etkisi, stratum corneum tabakasında birikmesi ve buradan da dokuya geçerek daha ileri fungal penetrasyonu ve üremeyiş engelleyecek şekilde bariyer oluşturması prensibine dayanır.
• 5-fluorosytosine, inhibits the RNA synthesis, mostly used in criptococcosis treatment.
Orally routed.
• Alilamines, Terbinafine (lamisil). Used in dermathophyte infections.
• Echinocandins (caspofungin): New antifungal agent approved by FDA.
General Characteristics of Fungal Infections
General Characteristics of
Fungal Infections
• Although the dermatophytes are known to be obligate parasites, most of the pathogenic fungi are living in the environment as saprophyte or have a close relation with both humans and animals commensally
• Dermatofitlerin birkaçının obligat (zorunlu) parazitler olduğu düşünülse de patojenik mantarların çoğu çevrede saprofit olarak yaygındır ya da hayvan ve insanlarla ilişkili komensaller olarak bulunmaktadır.
• Most of the fungi are opportunist pathogens and the factors that lead to developing of infections are:
– Antibiotic usage in a long period. Thus the change in normal microbiata of host – Immunsupression
– Simultaneıus infections
• Mantarların çoğu fırsatçı patojenler olup mantar infeksiyonlarının şekillenmesinde rol oynayan predispoze edici faktörler:
– Uzun süreli antibiyotik kullanımı sonucu konakçının normal mikrobiyotasının değişmesi – İmmunosupresyon
– Eş zamanlı infeksiyonlar
• Skin and mucous membrane injuries or the loss of skin integrity
• Deri ve muköz membranlarda yaralanmalar veya deri bütünlüğünün bozulması
• Continous moist areas on skin
• Deride sürekli nemli bölgelerin bulunması
• Exposure to high infective dose of spores like «brooder pneumonia» observed in chicks caused by Aspegillus fumigatus
• Ya da civcivlerde görülen “brooder pneumonia” da Aspergillus fumigatus sporlarında olduğu şekilde yüksek dozda infektif doza maruz kalmak
• No epidemies are observed in fungal infections except «ringworm» that appear suddenly
• Mantar hastalıkları «ringworm» enfeksiyonları dışında genellikle epidemiler şeklinde görülmez
• In fungal infections there are no exo or endotoxins but in food of animals sometimes toxix metabolites can be developed by the fungi while developing on these food
• Mantar infeksiyonlarında ekzotoksin ve endotoksin sentezlenmemektedir, ancak hayvan yemlerinde mantar üremesi sırasında daha önceden oluşan toksik metabolik ürünlere bağlı mikotoksikozisler şekillenebilmektedir.
1. Dermathophytes (Cutan Mycosis) 2. Systemic Miycosis
3. Other Fungi
1. Dermathophytes (Cutan Mycosis) 2. Systemic Miycosis
3. Other Fungi
Dermathophytes
Dermathophytes
1. Cutan Mycosis
• Trichophyton Genus
• Microsporium Genus
• Epidermophyton Genus
2. Dermatophilosis
• Dermathophytes are close related fungi that uses keratin to reproduce
• Dermatofitler üremek için keratini kullanan yakın ilişkili mantarlar bütünüdür.
• They make infections on superficial regions like, stratum corneum, nails, hairs of both animals and humans
• Derinin dış stratum corneum tabakası, tırnaklar, pençe ve insan ve hayvanların saç ve kılları gibi yüzeysel alanlarda infeksiyon oluştururlar.
• Classical lesions are circular lesions called «Ringworm»
• Klasik lezyonlar “Ringworm” olarak adlandırılan dairesel lezyonlardır.
• Conventionally dermathophytes are classified as «Fungi Imperfecti», nevertheless some of them are classified as Ascomycetes because of their known sexual reproduction
• Geleneksel olarak dermatofitler “Fungi Imperfecti” sınıfında gösterilirken bazıları için seksüel aşama tespit edilmiş olup Ascomycetes grubunda sınıflandırılmıştır.
• There are more than 38 dermathophyte species
• 38’den fazla dermatofit türü bulunmaktadır.
• The ones that effect animals are classified in the genus Microsporum and Trichophyton
• Hayvanları etkileyenler Microsporum ya da Trichophyton genusunda yer almaktadır.
Frequent Dermathophyte Infections
1. Tinea capitis 2. Tinea pedis
3. Tinea corporis 4. Tinea cruris
5. Tinea barbea
6. Tinea ungium
Trichophyton Genus
Trichophyton Genus
• In animals, trichophytones lead to dermathomycoses particularly observed on skin, hair and nails
• Trikofiton İnfeksiyonları (Trikofitozis), hayvanlarda, Trikofiton cinsine ait mantarlar tarafından özellikle deri, kıl ve tırnakların keratinize kısımlarında oluşan bir dermatomikozistir.
• Some of them are zoonotic
• Trikofiton cinsi çok geniş türe sahiptir ve bazıları zoonoz karakterlidir.
• On solid agars the coloies can be cotton, granular, puffy, mucoid shaped and in different colour
• Katı besiyerinde üreyen kolonileri kadife, pamuk, granüler, kabarık, mukoid görünümde ve çeşitli renklerde olabilmektedir.
• The macroconidiums are oval, lemon, cigar or cylindirical and contains 2-12 cells. They are rarely observed as a group
• Makrokonidiumlar, oval, limon, puro ya da silindirik biçimlidir ve 2-12 hücrelidir. Tek tek bulunurlar, nadiren gruplar halindedir.
• The microconidiums are one cell, spherical or oval shaped. They can be found on hyphae one by one or as clusters
• Mikrokonidiumlar, tek hücreli, yuvarlak, oval ya da armut biçimlidir. Hifa boyunca ya tek tek bulunurlar ya da kümeler halinde yer alırlar.
• They do not give flourescence under the wood lamb light!!!!
• Trikofitonlar, Wood Lambası altında fluoresans vermezler !
Trichophytones can be classied in two types according to the hair invasion
1) Ectothrix: The fungal arthropores can be found out of the hairs not inside
• T. mentagrophytes
• T. equinum
• T. verrucosum
• T. rubrum
2) Endothrix: The fungal arthropores can be found inside of the hair in parallel or irregularly
• T. tonsurans
• T. violaceum
Epidemiology
• These kind of infections can be found all over the earth
• Trikofiton’lardan ileri gelen dermatofitozislere dünyanın her yerinde sıkça rastlanmaktadır.
• Trichophytosis can be spread directly by contact or indirectly between animals
• Trikofitozis, direkt temas veya indirekt yollarla bir hayvandan diğer hayvana kolaylıkla bulaşır.
• The infection is more contogious in especially in winter and in the the crowded, dirty and moist barns
• Özellikle kış aylarında kalabalık, pis ve rutubetli ahırlarda bulaşma daha çabuk şekillenir.
• Mostly the young animals are effected
• Genellikle genç hayvanlarda daha çok görülmektedir.
Important Pathogenic Species
• Trichophyton equinum ( Horse, Dog )
• Trichophyton rubrum ( Cow, Dog )
• Trichophyton gallinae ( Chicken, Turkey, Dog )
• Trichophyton soudanese ( Dog, Cat, Monkey )
• Trichophyton megninii ( Horse, Cow, Dog )
• Trichophyton violaceum ( Cow )
• Trichophyton verrucosum ( Cow, Sheep, Horse, Dog )
• Trichophyton concentricum ( Cow, Dog )
• Trichophyton mentagrophytes ( Dog, Cat, Cow, Horse )
Identificaiton
1) Clinical Identification: Absolute diagnosis of Trichophytosis must be done by laboratory inspection because it can be clinically misdiagnosed with other skin diseases, insect bites, bacterial infections.
2) Laboratory Inspection:
Microscopy: Skin scrapings and hair samples must be taken from
the outside of the lesion. Samples must be put on a clear slide and
inspected with %10 KOH on microscope. Arthrospores, hyphae
with branches and septums are seeked.
Culture: SDA is optimal. Samples are sticked into the different
parts of the agar. Petri dishes are incubated for 2 weeks at 25C. The
macroscopic and microscopic morphology of colonies can be
inspected.
Hair Perforation Test
• To discriminate the T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum
• T. Mentagrophytes can invade to hair tissue and make conical perforation – Hair sample is taken from a child
– This hair autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min to sterilized it
– These steril hair samples are left on the 3-5 day subculture of the tested dermathophyte and incubated at 25°C
– On the 7th day the hair samples are stained with LCB for the
inspection of perforation
Treatment:
Topical antifungals,
Thiabendazole, Miconazole, Ecoconazole, Ketoconazole, İtraconazole, Lime-sulphur solution, 5 % sodium hypochlorite solution can be used topically.
Systemic antifugals can be used if topical treatment doen not work. For example; ketoconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, terbinafine. Mostly terbinafine is the most efficient.
Nowadays, Griseofulvin isn’t used because of its acute toxicity Prevention – Control
• T. verrucosum (LTF-130 strain)
• Live vaccine. Contains conidia and hyphal elements. Used for both
prophylaxis and curation.
Microsporum Genus
Microsporum Genus
• It is a dermathomycoses caused by Microsporum species in both animal and humans’ hair and skin
• Mikrosporum İnfeksiyonları (Mikrosporozis), insan ve hayvanlarda, Mikrosporum cinsine ait mantarlar tarafından kıl ve deride oluşan bir dermatomikozistir.
• The arthrospores are smaller than the Trichophytone’s. They can surround the hair like a package
• Mikrosporum cinsine ait mantarların artrosporları, Trikofiton cinsine ait mantarların artrosporlarından daha küçüktür ve kılların etrafında mozaik görünümlü paketler oluştururlar.
• The morphology of colonies are thin, granullar or cotton shaped and with different colours
• Katı besiyerinde üreyen kolonileri ince, granüllü, kadife veya pamuk görünümlü ve çeşitli renklerde olabilmektedir.
• In microscopy big, thin and thick walled, multi compatment (3-15 cells) and shuttle shaped macroconidiums can be inspected
• Mikroskop altında incelemelerde büyük, ince veya kalın duvarlı, çok bölmeli ( 3-15 hücreli) ve mekik şeklinde makrokonidiumlara rastlanmaktadır.
• Microconidiums can be observed as spherical, oval and unicellular on the hyphae one by one
• Mikrokonidiumlar, tek hücreli, yuvarlak, oval ya da armut biçimlidir. Hifalar üzerinde saplı ve tek tek hücreler tarzında yer alırlar.
• Microsporum species give yellow-green fluoresence under the wood lamp!!!
• Mikrosporum’lar, Wood Lambası altında parlak sarı-yeşil renkli fluoresans verirler !
Epidemiology
• Can be seen all over the World
• Mikrosporum’dan ileri gelen dermatofitozislere dünyanın her yerinde sıkça rastlanmaktadır.
• Spread by direct contact or indirectly
• Mikrosporozis, direkt temas veya indirekt yollarla bir hayvandan diğer hayvana kolaylıkla bulaşır.
• The infection is more contogious in especially in winter and in the the crowded, dirty and moist barns
• Özellikle kış aylarında kalabalık, pis ve rutubetli ahırlarda bulaşma daha çabuk şekillenir.
• Mostly the young animals are effected
• Genellikle genç hayvanlarda daha çok görülmektedir.
Important Pathogenic Species
• Microsporum canis ( Dog, Cat, Horse, Rabbit, Rodents )
• Microsporum nanum ( Dog, Pig )
• Microsporum cookei ( Dog, Cat, Guinea pig )
• Microsporum gypseum ( Dog, Cat, Horse, Rodent )
• Microsporum audouinii ( Dog, Monkey, Rodent )
• Microsporum distordum ( Dog, Monkey )
• Microsporum persicolor ( Human, Dog, Rat )
• Microsporum ferrugineum ( Human, Animal )
• Microsporum vanbreuseghemii ( Human, Animal )
Identification
1) Clinical Identification: Absolute diagnosis of Microsporiosis
must be done by laboratory inspection because it can be
clinically misdiagnosed with other skin diseases, insect bites,
bacterial infections.
Wood’s Lamb inspection:
• While growing, M. canis, M. distortum, M. audouini (human) and M.
ferrugineum (human) can produce some metabolites which also give green fluorescence by Wood’s Lamb UV light (366 nm)
• Suspected M. canis infections can be diagnosed
• The infected sites are generally face, front paws and abdominal areas
• However half of the M. canis infections doesn’t give fluorescence, because of this future laboratory inspection must be performed
• Topical ointments lead to false positive results
Laboratory Inspection
Skin scrapings and hair samples must be taken from the outside of the lesion.
1) Microscopy: Arthrospores, hyphae with branches and septums can be onserved.
2) Culture: SDA is optimal. Samples are sticked into the different parts of the agar. Petri dishes are incubated for 2 weeks at 25C. The macroscopic and microscopic morphology of colonies can be inspected.
Treatment:
Topical and systemic treatment is performed for 10 days with antifungal agents.
Itraconazole ( Anorexia risk is low in cats ) Terbinafine
Ketoconazole Thiabendazole Miconazole
Griseofulvin (Isn’t used because of its acute toxicity) (In Siamese, Himalayan, Abyssinian
cats myelosupression can be observed)
Epidermophyton Genus
Epidermophyton Genus
• First article of Epidermophyton was published in 1870 by Harz, about a Tinea cruris case
• Epidermophyton cinsine ait ilk bilimsel bildiri Harz tarafından 1870 yılında Tinea cruris
vakasından izole edilerek yapılmıştır.
• In the beginning it was called Acrothecium floccosum; then in 1923 Ota and Langeron named it as Epidermophyton floccosum
• Acrothecium floccosum olarak bildirilen etken, 1923 yılında Ota ve Langeron tarafından Epidermophyton floccosum olarak yeniden isimlendirilmiştir
• In Epidermophyton genus there are 2 species described
– Epidermophyton floccosum (Mostly in gogs)
– Epidermophyton stockdaleae (Non pathogen)
• Usually isolated from the cases of tinea corporis, tinea pedis, tinea cruris and tinea ungium
• There is no need for spesific medium for the isolation of agent.
SDA and 25C is optimal.
• In solid media they develop expanded hyphae like other dermathophytes. Macroconidias are long and thin shaped with 1-9 septums. They do not include microcodias
• The most important virulence factor is its proteinase enzyme
that it produces at 37C
Treatment:
Topical and systemic antifungals,
Thiabendazole, Miconazole, Ecoconazole, Ketoconazole, İtraconazole, Clotrimazole, Terbinafine
• The most effective one is Terbinafine which can be used both
topically and systematically
Dermatophilosis Genus
Dermatophilosis Genus
• Dermatophilosis (Mycotic Dermatitis), is characterised by exudative dermatitis which is observed in leg, head and neck skin of animals Etken Dermatophilus congolensis.
– Aerobic, Motile spores (They have flagella to move independently. When it finds suitable environmental conditions spores will develop branched filaments) – Mostly seen in hot and moistured climate
– They can not be found in the environment. Only observed on the skin and
hair
• The lesions are mostly observed on the back, head, neck and the both sides of the bodies of horses, cows, sheeps and goats
• There are papules, vesicles, oedema and suppuration which can also be misdiagnosed as skin infections
• Between knee joint and nail coroner of sheeps there can be found 2-4 cm
lesions called “Strawberry Foot Rot”
Treatment – Protection
• The treatment of new infection is easy and sometimes animal can recover spontaneously. However treatment of the chronic infections are very difficult
• Pomat iodure, iodophorm ointment, %5 salicylic acid and topical antifungal agents can be used
• If necessary Penisilin-Streptomisin can be used
• For the foot lesions zinc sulphate or copper sulphate can be used
• Maintaining the skin of animals dry is the most important prevention
strategy. Insect and arthropode control must be performed
Dermatofitlerin genel yaşam dönemleri
Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis
• Aspergillus species lead to respiratory system infections and sometimes they can also rarely cause systemic infections
• Aspergillozis, Aspergillus türleri tarafından oluşturulan, genellikle solunum sistemine yerleşen ve bazen de generalize (sistemik) durum gösteren bir mantar hastalığıdır.
• Main species that causes infections in animals are:
Aspergillus fumigatus the major agent. Beside this;
– Aspergillus niger, – Aspergillus flavus, – Aspergillus terreus, – Aspergillus nidulans
A. fumigatus and A. flavus have endotoxin. A. flavus also synthesised a
very potent toxin called aflatoxin.
Epidemiology
• The intake of Aspergillus spores by inhalation leads to the frequent observation of respiratory system infections
• Spores can be observed in soil, decayed food and plants. Inhalation of these spores by the animals that are fed in these environments lead to Aspergillosis
• Sporlara toprakta, çürümüş veya çürümekte olan gıdalarda, bitkilerde oldukça sık rastlanmaktadır. Böyle yerlerde yaşayan ya da beslenen hayvanlarda solunum yolu ile sporların alınması sonucunda Aspergillozis meydana gelir.
• In the tissue and pathologic materials the conidiums, coniophores and micelial elements can be seen
• Dokularda veya patolojik maddelerde genellikle konidiumlara, konidiofor ve miselyal elementlere rastlanır.
• All animals are susceptible. In-appropriate caring and nutrition rules are the predisposition factors for the disease
• Hastalığa hemen her hayvanda rastlanmaktadır. Kötü bakım-besleme koşulları ve hijyenik olmayan ortamlar predispose edici faktörlerdendir.
• Transmission from animal to animal is very rare in comparison to the other fungal infections
• Hayvandan hayvana bulaşma, diğer mantar infeksiyonlarına göre daha nadir rastlanmaktadır.
Diagnosis
1) Clinical Diagnosis: Clinical findings are mostly observed in the respiratory and digestion systems. In some animals abortions dur to the fungi can also be observed.
Aspergillus infections are frequently seen in the poultry. Acute Aspergillosis are observed in young animals, Chronic Aspergillosis is seen in adults.
- Culture: Tissue with lesions and other materials can be cultured on SDA with antibiotic and incubated at 25C. The colonies can be evaluated for the both macro and micro morphological characteristics.
- In order to diagnose Aspergillus species the conidiophore, vesicle, sterigma
and conidial chain must be evaluated. The head of the conidia must be
investigated for its shape and colour; the structure of ascospores; the
sequence number of sterigma; the length of conidiophofore and the size of
the conidium is important.
- Microscopy: The materials are stained and investigated for the presence of conidophores, conidiums, vesicle, sterigma and hyphae
Treatment
Topical antifungal agents,
Amphotericin-B , Enilconazole, Miconazole , Terbinafine Systemic antifungal agents,
• Amphotericin-B ( 1.5 mg/kg, 5 days)
• Fluconazole ( 5 mg/kg, 7 days )
• İtraconazole ( 5-15 mg/kg, 21 days )
• Ketoconazole ( 10-30mg/kg, 21 days)
• Voriconazole ( 5-10 mg/kg,7 days)
Dimorphic Fungi
Dimorphic Fungi
• Dimorphic fungi have two different reproduction types:
– Fungus: In nature as a saprophyte or at 25-30C on agar cultures while incubation
– Yeast or yeast like: In animal tissues or at 37C on specific enrichment agar cultures
• Fungal or micelial form is the stabil form in comparison to these forms
• Mantar ya da miselyal form bu iki form arasındaki daha stabil formdur.
• These fungi can cause deep or systemic mycoses in human and animals
• Bu mantarlar insan ve hayvanlarda derin ya da sistemik mikozislere neden olurlar.
Diseases that are caused by dimorphic fungi
Dimorphic
Fungus Hosts Disease Lesion Site Geographical
distribution
Sporothrix
schenckii
Horse, Dog,Cat, Human
Sporotriciosis
Subcutaneous nodulles,Rarely systemic All over the world
Blastomyces
dermatitidis
Dog, humanNorth American Blastomycoses
Primarly dog Lung, skin and other
organ metastases
USA, Africa, Asia and Europe
Histoplasma capsulatum
Dog, Cat,
Human
Histoplasmosis
Primarly lungsSecondarly intestines Sporadic in the world
Histoplasma
farciminosum
EquideEpizootic Lenfangitis
Lymphatic system, lymph
nodulles and systemic
Africa, Asia, France, Italy, Rusia, Egypt
Coccidioides
immitis
Dog, HumanCoccidiomycosis
Primarly lungs sekondarly bones and
other organs
USA, Mexica, South America