Yazar / Author: Dr. Emin Dedebek
1__________________________________________________________
k
Mal ve
Anahtar Kavramlar:
FINANCING GLOBAL PUBLIC GOODS
Abstract
In our century, the concept of public goods is associated with the phenomenon of globalization. The main characteristics of non-competition and non-exclusion in consumption have been used to define public goods in conventional public finance literature; however, rapid globalization entailed new approaches and new concepts in public finance literature. Global public goods became one of the contemporary focus of interest not only for public finance and economics but also for international relations and political science. Goods and services are considered as global public goods and services only when a certain requirement and criterion are satisfied. This requirement is about possessing publicity characteristics. The criterion is the sphere of influence involving countries and generations as a part of the areas benefiting from the offering of such goods.
The method of financing and actors playing a role in financing is a noteworthy headline after definition of such goods as indicated by the relatively extensive coverage given compared to other fields in the global public goods literature. The most important problem encountered in financing these goods and services is the fact that main characteristic of lack of excludability in consumption experienced with public goods also applies to global public goods. There are still de
world lacking a global authority having power to charge taxes at global level as the default financing method at national level is general financing. More often than not, it is observed that these goods are not financed based on the benefit received principle, instead, they are financed based on ability-to-pay principle.
In the present study, the concept of global public goods has been addressed based on the conventional finance theory and further, theoretical and practical aspects of methods used in financing global public goods have been studied as a subject that is still in the focus of debates in
1
ededebek@nku.edu.tr
the literature. As is the case with public goods, the first solution that comes to mind about financing global public goods is the utilization of public but global resources in financing.
Sources and methods of financing global public goods are studied in four main consisting of national and international constituents, non-profit organizations, multi-national nation states, international organizations, non-profit organizations and multi-national companies for the purpose of producing global public goods, are suggested in the literature based on the and incurred as a result of consuming and producing global public goods to those involved in that production and consumption activities. Problems encountered in the present day about financing global public goods, particularly in terms of internalizing externalities show that, perhaps, the most important and effective method of financing is public sources.
e genel
finansman
ilk defa Kindleberger (1986)
"
olarak
(Kindleberger, 1986, s.
7-8) The International Public Goods of
Antarctica: A New Politico-Economic Regime for the Word's Seventh Continent Yeni Ekonomi Politik Rejim)
(Herber, 1990).
The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Club (Cornes &
Sandler, 1999, s. 33)
(1992) Inter
evrensel kamusal mal
al mal
Global Public Goods: International
rine ek olarak (Kaul, Grunberg, & Stern, 1999, s. 2-3)
(Kaul, Grunberg, & Stern, 1999, s. 16).
l Mallar (Overty Reduction and Global Public Goods)
mallar, kaynaklar, hizmetler, kural veya politik sistemler (World Bank Development Committee, 2000, s. 2-3).
cak olur ise :
Gele
(Kaul I. , 2000, s. 298).
an ilki Morrissey, Te Velde ve Hewitt (2002)
Le Goulven (2002)
Morrissey, Te Velde ve Hewitt ARI
MALLAR .
ARIN
Gardiner ve Le Goulven (2002)
ise AR
Morrissey, Te Velde ve Hewitt (2002, s. 37-38)
mallara
Kaul, Grunberg ve Stern AR
, fayda ve maliyetlerde
ol
resel kamusal mallar
(Kaul, Grunberg, & Stern, 1999, s. 453-456).
kamus
(Morrissey, Te Velde, & Hewitt, 2002b, s. 13-14)
finansal istikrar gibi soyut mallar da olabilmektedir. Ara (Kaul, Grunberg, & Stern, 1999, s. 13).
mallar saf kamusal mallar ve saf olmayan kamusal mallar olarak
(Cornes & Sandler, 1999, s. 9)
KAMUSAL MALLAR
AMUSAL MALLAR
Kanbur, Sandler ve Morrison (1999), Sandler (1999) (2003) ARIN
al
kamusal kaynaklar Tablo
1. 2.
3. Vergisi)
4. 5.
6.
7. vergisi)
8. Ulusal ya da yerel vergilerin 9.
10.
11. 12.
13. 14.
15.
16. 17.
18.
19. 20.
21.
22. 23.
Kaynak: (Jha, 2002, s. 195) ve (ODI, 1996, s. 1)
1 i
Kaynak: Sagasti, F., & Bezanson, K. (2000). Financing and Providing Global Public Goods: Expectations and Prospects. Stockholm: Swedish Ministiry for Foreing Affair, s.39.
(Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 40).
Finansmanda
PAZAR
KAMU ULUS
ULUSLARARASI ve AJANSLAR KAR AMAC.
KAR AMACI
yarar (goods) ve (bads) hangi seviyede
?
kamusal
u
hangi ulus.
SINIRLI
ULUSLARAR
2.1.
DURUMLAR
(Binger, 2003, s. 15).
;
bireyler, organizasyonlar) elde ettikleri fayda ve mali
(Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 40-41).
1
2.2.
DURUMLAR
kaynaklar kamusal kaynaklar
1
:
Sigara ve alkol gibi insaniesidir. Bkz: (Lorenzi, 2004), (Hoffer, Shughart, &
Thomas, 2014), (Lorenzi, 2006).
RI
kar bireyler
(Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s.
xiii)
(Jacquet & Marniesse, 2006, s. 63-64).
ha (Jacquet & Marniesse, 2006, s. 64).
Bireysel kaynaklar
(Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 47-48).
KAMU KAYNAKLARI
ncelenmektedir.
ULUSAL KAMU KAYNAKLARI
,
rin emisyon
rlendirilebilir. Bu kaynaklar ulusal mekanizmalar
neden olan (Sagasti
& Bezanson, 2000, s. 48-49).
(Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 47).
(Jacquet & Marniesse, 2006, s. 67). Resmi
(Van Kesteren, 2001, s. 206).
(Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 50-51).
da mevcut
mler
k (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s.
51).
n kamusal kaynaklar
(Kapur, 2002, s. 338-339).
(Sagasti &
Bezanson, 2000, s. 52).
yel
esel (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 54).
hem
vermektedir (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 52-53).
(Toussaint, 2004).
Ekonomik ve
Kurul, Sekreterya,
(About United Nations, 2015).
yin
(What is Nato?, 2015)
(Sandler, 2001, s. 30)
3. So
Nations: http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/overview/index.html adresinden
Treaty Organization: http://www.nato.int/nato-
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