Cotinus coggygria bitkisinin antibakteriyel özelliğinin araştırılması

Cotinus coggygria %ø7.ø6ø1ø1$17ø%$.7(5ø<(/

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SUMMARY ... [Õ %g/h0 *ø5øù« ... 1

%g/h0 Cotinus coggygria %ø7.ø6ø ... 6

<DSÕVÕYH<HWLúWL÷L<HUOHU ... 6

.XOODQÕP$ODQODUÕ ... 10

%g/h0 d$/,ù0$'$.8//$1,/$1%$.7(5ø/(5 ... 11

*LULú«««««««««««««««««««««««««« 3.2. Escherichia coli ... 13

3.2.1. E.coli µQLQJ|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL ... 14

3.2.2. E.coli µQLQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL ... 14

3.2.3. E.coli µQLQGLUHQo|]HOOL÷L ... 15

3.2.4. E.coli µQLQKDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|]HOOLNOHUL ... 16

3.3. Staphylococcus aureus ... 17

3.3.1. S. aureus'un J|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL ... 18

3.3.2. 6DXUHXV¶XQ UHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL ... 19

iv

3.4. Staphylacoccus epidermidis ... 22

3.4.1. 6HSLGHUPLGLV¶LQ J|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL ... 22

3.4.2. 6HSLGHUPLGLV¶ LQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL ... 23

3.4.36HSLGHUPLGLV¶ LQGLUHQoPHNDQL]PDVÕ ... 23

3.4.4. 6HSLGHUPLGLV¶ LQKDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|]HOOLNOHUL ... 23

3.5. Enterococcus faecalis ... 24

3.5.1. (IDHFDOLV¶ LQJ|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHri ... 25

3.5.2. (IDHFDOLV¶ LQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL ... 25

3.5.3. (IDHFDOLV¶ LQGLUHQoPHNDQL]PDVÕ ... 25

3.5.4. (IDHFDOLV¶ LQKDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|zellikleri ... 25

3.6. Bacillus subtilis ... 26

3.6.1. Bacillus sXEWLOLV¶ LQJ|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL ... 26

3.6.2%VXEWLOLV¶ LQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL ... 26

3.6.3. %VXEWLOLV¶ LQGLUHQoPHNDQL]PDVÕYHKDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|]HOOLNOHUL .... 27

3.7. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ... 27

3.7.1. 3DHUXJLQRVD¶ QÕQJ|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL ... 28

3.7.2. P. aeruginoVD¶ QÕQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL ... 28

3.7.33DHUXJLQRVD¶ QÕQGLUHQoPHNDQL]PDVÕ ... 28

3.7.4. 3DHUXJLQRVD¶QÕQ KDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|]HOOLNOHUL ... 29

3.8. Salmonella ... 30

3.8.16DOPRQHOOD¶ QÕQJ|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL ... 31

3.8.26DOPRQHOOD¶ QÕQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL ... 31

3.8.36DOPRQHOOD¶ QÕQGLUHQoPHNDQL]PDVÕ ... 31

3.8.46DOPRQHOOD¶ QÕQKDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|]HOOLNOHUL ... 32

%g/h0 MATERYAL VE METOD ... 33

4.1. Ekstrakt Elde Edilmesi ... 33

4.2. Besiyerlerin HazÕUODQPDVÕ ... 33

%DNWHULOHULQ+D]ÕUODQPDVÕ ... 33

'HQH\LQ<DSÕOÕúÕ ... 34

v

%g/h0

DENEYSEL BULGULAR ... 35

5.1. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin S. aureus h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 36

5.2. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin B. subtilis h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 38

5.3. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin S. epidermidis h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 40

5.4. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin S. typhimurium h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 42

5.5. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin E. faecalis h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 44

5.6. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin P. aeruginosa h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 46

5.7. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin E. coli h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 48

%g/h0 7$57,ù0$9(g1(5ø/(5 ... 50

KAYNAKLAR ... 52

g=*(d0øù ... 58

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B. subtilis : Bacillus subtilis

&ƒ : Derece Santigrat C.coggygria : Cotinus coggygria E.coli : Esherichia coli E. faecalis :Enterococcus faecalis EMB :Eosin Methylene Blue

gr : Gram

H₂S +LGURMHQVOIU

—J : Mikrogram

mg : Miligram

ml : Mililitre

—P : Mikrometre

mm : Milimetre

P. aeruginosa : Pseudomonas aeruginosa S. typhimurium : Salmonella typhimurium S. aureus : Staphylococcus aureus S. epidermidis : Staphylococcus epidermidis

TSI :Triple Sugar Iron

vii

ù(.ø//(5/ø67(6ø

ùHNLOCotinus coggygria bitkisi ... 6

ùHNLO%DNWHULKFUHVLQLQJHQHOJ|UQP ... 11

ùHNLO2. E. coli JHQHOJ|UQP ... 14

ùHNLl 3.3. S. aureus JHQHOJ|UQP ... 18

ùHNLO.S. epidermidis JHQHOJ|UQP ... 22

ùHNLO. E. faecalis JHQHOJ|UQP ... 24

ùHNLO. B. subtilis JHQHOJ|UQP ... 26

ùHNLO P. aeruginosa JHQHOJ|UQP ... 27

ùHNLO8. S. typhimurium JHQHOJ|UQP ... 30

ùHNLOCotinus coggygria bitkisinin S.aureus ]HULQGHD$VHWRQHNVWUDNWÕ b. 3HWUROHWHULHNVWUDNWÕF(WDQROHNVWUDNWÕG.ORURIRUPHNVWDNWÕH0HWDQRO HNVWUDNWÕI6XHNVWUDNWÕJ$QWLEL\RWLNOHU ... 37

ùHNLOCotinus coggygria bitkisinin B.subtilis ]HULQGHD$VHWRQHNVWUDNWÕE 3HWUROHWHULHNVWUDNWÕF(WDQROHNVWUDNWÕG.ORURIRUPHNVWDNWÕH0HWDQRO HNVWUDNWÕI6XHNVWUDNWÕJ$QWLEL\RWLNOHU ... 39

ùHNLO Cotinus coggygria bitkisinin S. epidermidis ]HULQGHNLD$VHWRQHNVWUDNWÕ E3HWUROHWHULHNVWUDNWÕF(WDQROHNVWUDNWÕG.ORURIRUPHNVWDNWÕH0HWDQRO HNVWUDNWÕI6XHNVWUDNWÕJ$QWLEL\RWLNOHU ... 41

ùHNLOCotinus coggygria bitkisinin S.typhimurium ]HULQGHNLD$VHWRQHNVWUDNWÕ E3HWUROHWHULHNVWUDNWÕF(WDQROHNVWUDNWÕG.ORURIRUPHNVWDNWÕH0HWDQRO HNVWUDNWÕI6XHNVWUDNWÕJ$QWLEL\RWLNOHU ... 43

ùHNLO Cotinus coggygria bitkisinin E.faecalis ]HULQGHNLD$VHWRQHNVWUDNWÕE 3HWUROHWHULHNVWUDNWÕF(WDQROHNVWUDNWÕG.ORURIRUPHNVWDNWÕH0HWDQRO HNVWUDNWÕI6XHNVWUDNWÕJ$QWLEL\RWLNOHU ... 45

ùHNLO Cotinus coggygria bitkisinin P.aeruginosa ]HULQGHNL]HULQGHNLD$VHWRQ HNVWUDNWÕE3HWUROHWHULHNVWUDNWÕF(WDQROHNVWUDNWÕG.ORURIRUPHNVWDNWÕ H0HWDQROHNVWUDNWÕI6XHNVWUDNWÕJ$QWLEL\RWLNOHU ... 47

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I6XHNVWUDNWÕJ$QWLEL\RWLNOHU ... 49

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Tablo 2.1. Cotinus coggygria bitkisinden elGHHGLOHQ\D÷ODUÕQELOHúLPL ... 8

Tablo 2.2. C. coggygria N|NPHWDQROHNVWUDNWÕQÕQWRSODPIHQROLNOHUIODYDQRLGOer ve QRQIODYDQRLGLoHUL÷L ... 10

Tablo 5.1. Cotinus coggygria bitkisinin S. aureus ]HULQHHWNLVL ... 36

Tablo 5.2. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin B. subtilis h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 38

Tablo 5.3. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin S. epidermidis h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 40

Tablo 5.4. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin S. typhimurium h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 42

Tablo 5.5. Cotinus coggygria bitkisinin E. faecalis ]HULQHHWNLVL ... 44

Tablo 5.6. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin P. aeruginosa h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 46

Tablo 5.7. Cotinus coggygria Bitkisinin E. coli h]HULQH(WNLVL ... 48

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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY INVESTIGATION OF Cotinus

coggygria

SUMMARY

Key words: Cotinus coggygria, antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion

In this study,antibacterial proporties of Cotinus coggygria extracts (acetone, methanol, ethanol, distilled water,chloroform, petroleum ether) obtained from leaves of plants was investigated. It has been known that this plant is used as againist inflammatory, against diarrhea and pimples, inflammation.

It was considered to whether the extract obtained from the leaves of this plant has antibacterial effect on seven bacteria strains in vitro. The bacteria strains used in this study are Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027.

The leaves of the plant were dried and then pestled until they are powderized. The extracts were prepared after vaporization of different solvents using the Rotary evaporator. It was observed whether the extracts were potent or not by using discs that were soaked in extracts for the disc diffusion tests.

Acetone, methanol, ethanol and distilled water indicated good inhibation effect, whereas chloroform and petroleum extracts of C.coggygria had bad activity against test bacteries.

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%LWNLOHUGHQHOGHHGLOHQ|]OHULQEDNWHULOHUHNDUúÕJ|VWHUGLNOHULetkiler ]HULQGH\ÕOODUGÕU

oDOÕúPDODUYDUGÕU$QFDNVRQ\ÕOLoLQGHEXoDOÕúPDODUGDKDGD\R÷XQODúPÕúWÕU%X

VUH LoLQGH dLQ $IULND YH $V\D¶ GD NXOODQÕODQ ELWNLOHUGHQ HOGH HGLOHQ LODoODUÕQ

NXOODQÕPÕ LOH ED÷ODQWÕOÕ oRN VD\ÕGD DQWLPLNUREL\DO J|]OHPOHPH GH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL

\DSÕOPÕúWÕU>@

%DVLOH YH DUNDGDúODUÕ  Castanea sativa \DSUDNODUÕQÕQ DQWLPLNUREL\DO HWNLVLQL

LQFHOHPLúOHUGLUdDOÕúPDGDStaphylococcus aureus (ATCC 18709), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 2454), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 10031), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 10699), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Esherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 10699), Enterobacter aerogens (ATCC 13048), EDNWHULOHULQL NXOODQPÕúODUGÕU <DSUDNODUGDQ HOGH HGLOHQ VXOX |]Q HWLO DVHWDWWD

o|]QHQ IRQNVL\RQXQGD E. aerogens ve S. aureus en fazla etkilenen bakteriler ROPXúODUGÕU>@

-RQDWKDQ YH DUNDGDúODUÕ DQWLEDNWHUL\HO |]HOOL÷L ROGX÷X WDKPLQ HGLOHQ ED]Õ =XOX

bitkileri ]HULQGH oDOÕúPD \DSPÕúODUGÕU %LWNLOHU Basillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis ]HULQGH GHQHQPLúWLU Crinum bulbispermum, Equisetum ramosissimum, Heteropogan contortus, Lonotis leonurus, Leonotis ocymifolia, Snecio serratuloides, Sida dregei, Zanthoxylum davyi bitkilerinden elde edilen ekstraktlarda herhangi bir antibakteriyel aktivite ND\GHGLOPHPLúWLU $QWLEDNWHriyel aktiviteye &KHLODQWKHV YLULGLV 'LRVFRUHD GUHJHD¶

QÕQPHWDQROHNVWUDNWÕQGDDioscorea sylvatica ve 9HUQRQLDFRORUDWD¶QÕQPHWDQROYH

4

HWLODVHWDWHNVWUDNWODUÕQGDUDVWODQPÕúWÕU*HQHORODUDNHQID]ODJUDPSR]LWLIEDNWHULOHUH

NDUúÕ DNWLYLWH J|VWHULOLUNHn, D. s\OYDWLFD¶ dan elde edilen ekstrakt E. cROL¶ ye de GX\DUOÕGÕU>@

%LUGL÷HUoDOÕúPDGD1LMHU\D¶GDNXOODQÕODQoL÷QHPHoXEXNODUՁ]HULQGH\DSÕOPÕúWÕU

 IDUNOÕ EDNWHUL NXOODQÕODUDN \DSÕOPÕúWÕU Garcinia kola, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Terminalia glaucescens, Sorindeia warneckei, Vitex doniana¶ GDQ HOGH HGLOHQ

HNVWUDNWODU EDúWD Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginasa ROPDN ]HUH ELUoRN EDNWHUL\H NDUúÕ JoO DNWLYLWH J|VWHUPLúWLU dL÷QHPH oXEX÷X

NXOODQDQNLúLOHUGHoUNOHULQJ|UOPHRUDQÕQÕQGúNROGX÷XEHOLUWLOPLúWLU>@

Cassia alata ELWNLVLQLQ HWRQRO YH VX HNVWUDNWODUÕQÕQ DQWLEDNWHUL\HO YH DQWLIXQJDO

HWNLVLQLQ DUDúWÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ ELU oDOÕúPDGD VX HNVWUDNWÕQÕQ HWDQRO HNVWUDNWÕQD J|UH GDKD L\L

DQWLEDNWHUL\HOHWNLJ|VWHUGL÷LEXOXQPXúWXU>18].

8oXFX \D÷ODU YH ELWNL HNVWUDNWODUÕQÕQ DQWLPLNUREL\DO DNWLYLWHVLQLQ DUDúWÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ ELU

oDOÕúPDGD  ELWNL HVDQVL\HO \D÷ YH HNVWUDNWÕQÕQ Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans ]HULQGHNL HWNLVL LQFHOHQPLúWLU (Q ID]OD HWNL J|VWHUHQLQ NHNLN

ROGX÷X GúN NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUGD E. coli ve C. albicans¶ ÕQ JHOLúLPLQL HQJHOOHGL÷L

J|UOPúWU>@

*UH\IXUW NDEX÷X |]OHULQLQ Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus EDNWHULOHULQH NDUúÕ DQWLEDNWHUL\HO

DNWLYLWHVL LQFHOHQPLúWLU (WDQROGH KD]ÕUODQDQ HNVWUDNW HQ HWNLOL RODQÕGÕU +HN]DQGD

KD]ÕUODQDQ GDEDNWHULOHUHNDUúÕHWNLJ|VWHUPLúWLU$VHWRQYHPHWDQROGHKD]ÕUODQDQODU

ise etkisizdir [20].

<DSUDNVÕ ELU OLNHQ RODQ 8PELOLFDULD FUXVWXORVD¶ QÕQ IDUNOÕ o|]JHQ PDGGHOHU

\DUGÕPÕ\OD HOGH HGLOHQ HNVWUDNWODUÕQ oHúLWOL WHVW RUJDQL]PDODUÕQD NDUúÕ HWNLVL

DUDúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU $VHWRQ HWLO DVHWDW NORURIRUP YH PHWDQRO HNVWUDNWODUÕ C. utilis, C.

albicans, A. flavus, B. cineriae, F. oxysporium, A. alternata, A. fumigatus, T. rubrum, E. mentagrophytes WUIXQJXVODU ]HULQGHKLoELUHWNLJ|VWHUPHPLúWLUS. aureus, B.

subtilis WUOHUL]HULQGHNDUúÕODúWÕUPDPDWHU\DOLLOHNDUúÕODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDEHOLUJLQELUHWki

J|UOPHPLúWLU S. epidermidis ]HULQGH HWLO DVHWDW HNVWUDNWÕQÕQ DQWLEL\RWLN LOH

NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDDQWLPLNUREL\DOHWNLVLROGX÷XJ|UOPúWU>@

Morchella conica, Suillus luteus PDNURIXQJXVODUÕQÕQoHúLWOLHNVWUDNWODUÕQÕQIDUNOÕWHVW

RUJDQL]PDODUÕQD NDUúÕ DQWLPLNUREL\DO HWNLOHUL DUDúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU 0RUFKHOOD FRQLFD¶ QÕQ

NORURIRUP HNVWUDNWÕQÕQ Sarcina lutea $7&& ¶ \D HWDQRO HNVWUDNWÕQÕQ

Streptecoccus salivarius 56+( ¶ D Suillus luteus¶ XQ HWDQRO HNVWUDWÕQÕQ

Streptococcus mutants (NCTC 10449) µD NDUúÕ GúN ELU DQWLPLNUREL\DO DNWLYLWH

J|VWHUGL÷LEHOLUOHQPLúWLU>@

<DSÕODQ EDúND ELU oDOÕúPDGD Ceratonia sLOLTXD¶ QÕQ Q-hegzan, etanol, metanol, HWLODVHWDWYHVXHNVWUDNWODUÕQÕQDQWLPLNUREL\DODNWLYLWHOHULGH÷HUOHQGLULOPLúWLU$NWLYLWH

WD\LQL VÕUDVÕQGD Escherichia coli (ATCC 29998), Esherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11230), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC (29213), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 1228), Salmonella typhimurium (CCM 5445), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 13047), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Candida albicans $7&&NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU &VLOLTXD¶ QÕQHWDQROHNVWUDNWÕRQ

PLNURRUJDQL]PDQÕQJHOLúLPLQLLQKLEHHWPLúWLUIDNDWEsherichia coli (ATCC 29998), Esherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Enterococcus faecalis ATCC (29212) ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa $7&&¶QJHOLúLPOHUL

]HULQGHHWNLVL]NDOPÕúWÕU(WLODVHWDWYHQ-KHJ]DQHNVWUDNWODUÕ Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212 ]HULQGH FHIWD]LGLPH¶ GHQ GDKD \NVHN HWNL J|VWHUPLúWLU %XQD

NDUúÕOÕNHWDQROPHWDQROYHVXHNVWUDNWODUÕQÕQE. faecalis $7&&¶LQJHOLúLPL

]HULQGHKLoELUHWNLVL\RNWXU>@

%XoDOÕúPDGDGDCotinus coggygria bitkisinin antibakteriyel etkisi incelenecektir.

%g/h0Cotinus coggygria %ø7.ø6ø

<DSÕVÕYH<HWLúWL÷L<HUOHU

Anacardiaceae IDPLO\DVÕQÕQ ELU \HVLGLU )DPLO\D \HOHUL VDOJÕ FHSOHULQLQ

EXOXQPD\ÕúÕ DQFDN NDUDNWHULVWLN RODUDN VDOJÕ NDQDOODUÕQÕQ EXOXQPDVÕ\OD |Q SODQD

oÕNDU $÷DoÕN úHNLQGHNL ELWNLOHUGLU <DSUDNODUÕ ELUOHúLN YH\D EDVLW DOWHUQDWWÕUODU

dLoHNOHU KHUPRIUDGLW YH\D WHN HúH\OL PRnoik, dioik ya da poligaPGÕUODU >@

)DPLO\DQÕQHNRQRPLN|QHPLROGXNoDID]ODGÕU3HNoRNWUQPH\YHOHUL\HQLOHELOLU

gUQH÷LQPistacia vera, aQWHSIÕVWÕ÷ÕYH\DúDPIÕVWÕ÷ÕDGÕ\ODELOLQHQOH]]HWOLELUIÕVWÕNWÕU

[25]. Cotinus coggygria ELWNLVLQLQ \DSUDNODUÕ YH NDEX÷X L\L ELU WDQHQ ND\QD÷ÕGÕU

[26,27].

ùHNLOCotinus coggygria bitkisi [28]

+DON DUDVÕQGD ER\DFÕ VXPD÷Õ SDPXNOX VXPDN VDUÕ ER\D VDUÕ FDQ VDUÕ \DSUDN

SHUXNH oDOÕVÕ RODUDN ELOLQLU 2GXQX YH N|NOHUL VDUÕ UHQJL QHGHQL\OH NXOODQÕOÕU 6V

D÷DFÕ RODUDNWD \HWLúWLULOLU 0DNLOLN DODQODUGD YH NÕ]ÕOoDP RUPDQ LoOHULQGH \D\JÕQGÕU

[29,30].

P¶\HNDGDUoÕNDELOHQELUoDOÕYH\DNoNILGDQúHNOLQGHGLU*HQHORODUDN*QH\YH

2UWD $YUXSD¶ GD *QH\ 5XV\D¶ GD .ÕUÕP¶ GD .DINDV\D¶ GD 7UNL\H¶ GH \HWLúLU

.LUHoOL WRSUDNODUGD VÕN J|UOU <DSUDNODUÕQ VW \]H\L NR\X \HúLOGLU -7 cm X]XQOXNWDGÕUNHQGLQHKDVELUNRNXVXYDUGÕU>@

.|NOHULLSOL÷LVDUÕUHQJHER\DPDNLoLQNXOODQÕOÕU(VNL]DPDQODUGDGHUL\LVDUÕUHQJH

ER\DPDN LoLQ NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU %LULQFL GQ\D VDYDúÕ VÕUDVÕQGD 7UN 2UGXVXQGD

oDGÕUODUÕQ YH QLIRUPDODUÕQ ER\DQPDVÕQGD NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ ELOLQPHNWHGLU $ONDOL

ilavesiyle renk portakal rHQJLQH G|QúU (÷HU \DSUDNODU YH VDSODU NXOODQÕOÕUVD

kahverengiden siyaha varan renkler elde edilebilir [32,33].

<DSÕODQELUoDOÕúPDGD'HPLUFLYHDUNDGDúODUÕ7UNL\H¶GH\HWLúHQCotinus coggyria ELWNLVLQGHQHOGHHGLOHQ\D÷ÕQLoHUL÷LQLLQFHOHPLúOHUGLU7DEORDúD÷ÕGDNLJLELGLU

8

Tablo 2.1. Cotinus coggygria ELWNLVLQGHQHOGHHGLOHQ\D÷ODUÕQELOHúLPL>@

No RRI %LOHúLNOHU (%)

1 1014 Trisiklen tr

2 1032 D- Pinen 1.6

3 1076 Kamfen 0.4

4 1093 Heksenal tr

5 1118 E- Pinen 0.5

6 1174 Mirsen 1.3

7 1176 D- Filandren tr

8 1188 D- Terpinen tr

9 1203 Limonen 48.5

10 1218 E- Filandren 0.5

11 1232 (E) ± 2 ± Heksenal 0.9

12 1246 (Z) - E - Ocimene 27.9

13 1255 J - Terpinen 0.1

14 1266 (E) - E - Ocimene 9.7

15 1290 Terpinolen 0.1

16 1296 Oktanal 0.1

17 1382 Cis ± allo ± Ocimene 0.7

18 1390 (E) ± 2 ± Heksenil izobutirat tr

19 1400 Nonanal 0.1

20 1463 (E) ± 2 ± Heksenil butirat 0.1

21 1482 (Z) ± 3 ± Heksenil 2-metilbutirat 0.3

22 1553 Linalol 0.1

23 1597 Bornilasetat 0.1

24 1611 Terpinen ± 4 ± ol tr

25 1612 E - Karyofilen 4.6

26 1661 Allo ± aromadendren 0.1

27 1662 (Z) ± 3 ± Heksenil heksanoat 0.1

28 1681 (Z) ± 3 ± Heksenil tiglat 0.1

29 1687 D - Humulen 0.3

30 1706 D - Terpinol 0.2

31 1708 Ledene 0.1

32 1709 D - Terpinilasetat tr

33 1726 Germakren D 0.1

34 1773 G - Kadinen tr

35 1957 %HQ]HQDVHWRQLWULO %HQ]LOVL\DQU 0.1

36 2008 Karyofilen oksit 0.1

37 2148 (Z) ± 3 ± Heksen ± 1 ± yl benzoat 0.4

38 2170 (E) ± 2 ± Heksenil benzoat tr

39 2179 3,4 ± Dimetil ± 5 ± pentiliden ± 2 (5H) ±

furanon tr

40 2186 gMHQRO 0.1

41 2239 Karvakrol 0.4

42 2622 Fitol tr

Toplam 99.7

55,1LVEL$OÕNRQPD]DPDQÕQ-DONDQODUÕQDNDUúÕKHVDSODQPÕúWÕU

7,&YHULVLQGHQKHVDSODQPÕúWÕU tr: iz/belirti (<%0.1).

Analiz sonucunda limonen (% 48,5), (Z) ± B-Ocimene (% 27,9) ve (E) ± B-Ocimene EDúOÕFDELOHúHQOHURODUDNRUWD\DoÕNPÕúWÕU>@

<DEDQLRODUDN\HWLúWLULOHQ)UDQVÕ]VXPDN\D÷ÕQGDQHOGHHGLOHQDQDELOHúHQOHURODUDN

myrcene (% 50), spinene (% 10), comphene (% 8), linalool ve terpineol rapor HGLOPLúWLU%XOJDULVWDQ¶GDWLFDULRODUDNVDWÕODQWHPHO\D÷ODUGDDQDELOHúHQOHUDUDVÕQGD

pinene (% 4), limanen (% 20), B-SLQHQHEHOLUOHQPLúWLU>@

%LU oDOÕúPDGD 89 ÕúÕQODUÕQÕQ  - 400 nm) C. coggygria \DSUDNODUÕQÕQ

SLJPHQWDV\RQXQGD PH\GDQD JHWLUGL÷L HWNLOHU LQFHOHQPLúWLU - QP DUDVÕQGDNL

89 ÕúÕNODUÕQÕQ Cotinus \DSUDNODUÕQÕQ UHQN GH÷LúWLUPHVLQGH SLJPHQWOHULQ \Õ÷ÕOPDVÕ

LoLQ úDUW ROGX÷X DQODúÕOPÕúWÕU <NVHN ÕúÕN úLGGHWOHUL YH GúN VÕFDNOÕNODUD ED÷OÕ

RODUDN \HúLO UHQNWHQ PRUXPVX ELU UHQN DOGÕ÷Õ J|UOPúWU >@ <DSUDNODU WHPPX]

D\ÕQDNDGDUE\PH\HGHYDPHGHUD÷XVWRVD\ÕQGD\DúODQPDEDúODU>@

Cotinus coggygria ELWNLVLQLQPHWDQRO|]QQILWRNLP\DVDODUDúWÕUPDVÕoHúLWOLIHQROLN

ELOHúHQOHULQ L]RODV\RQXQD QHGHQ ROPXúWXU 6WDQLF YH DUNDGDúODUÕ ELWNLQLQ PHWDQRO

HNVWUDNWÕQ  JUDPÕQGD  PJ SLURNDWHNRO HúGH÷HULQGH IHQROOHU  JUDPOÕN |]Q

NXUX D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQGD  PJ IODYDQRLGOHU YH  PJ QRQIODvanoidler tespit HWPLúOHUGLU>].

10

Tablo 2.2. C. coggygria N|N PHWDQRO HNVWUDNWÕQÕQ WRSODP IHQROLNOHU IODYDQRLdler ve nonflavanoid LoHUL÷L>]

Ekstrakt (MEOH)

Toplam fenolikler mg/g

Flavonoidler

mg/g Nonflavonoidler 62.50r 2,55 mg 46.75r 3.05 mg 15.75r 1.50 mg

)HQROOHUKLGURNVLOJUXSODUÕQGDQGROD\ÕWHPL]OHPH\HWHQHNOHULVHEHEL\OH |QHPOLELWNL

ELOHúLNOHULGLU>]. Fenolik ELOHúLNOHUDQWLRNVLGDWLIHWNL\DSDELOLUOHUøQVDQODUGDPH\YH

YHVHE]HOHUOH]HQJLQOHúWLULOPLúELUGL\HWLoHULVLQGHJQONJU¶DNDGDUSROLIHQROLN

ELOHúLNWNHWLOPHVLKDOLQGHEXELOHúLNOHULQPXWDMHQH]YHNDQVHU|QOH\LFL HWNLVLROGX÷X

bilinmektedir [37,38].

C. coggygria¶QÕQDONROHNVWUDNWÕQGDQJDOLNDVLWYHWUHYOHULL]ROHHGLOPLúWLU>]. Pek oRNELWNLYHRWSRWDQVL\HORODUDNDQWLRNVLGDQHWNL\HVDKLSWLU*DOLNDVLWJoO GR÷DO

ELUDQWLRNVLGDQGÕU>]. Anti-NDQVHUHWNLVLRODQELUoRNELWNLWUNHúIHGLOPLúWLU%LU

tanesi de &RWLQXVFRJJ\JULD¶ GÕU%XELWNLGHQDOÕQDQJDOLNDVLWLQWP|UKFUHOHULQH

NDUúÕ VHoLFL VLWRWRNVLVLWH VHUJLOHGL÷L YH WP|U KFUHOHULQGH DSRSWR]D VHEHS ROGX÷X

NDQÕWODQPÕúWÕU>].

.XOODQÕP$ODQODUÕ

%LWNLQLQ \DSUDNODUÕ YH JHQo GDOODUÕ SDUIPHUL DODQÕQGD NXOODQÕOPDN ]HUH WHUSHQLN

NRNXOX XoXFX ELWNL \D÷Õ UHWLPLQGH NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU >@ *HOHQHNVHO WÕSWD ELWNL

antiseptik, antiinflamatuar, antihemorojik olarak ve iVKDOH NDUúÕ NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU

[27,39@ dLQ¶ GH NXUXWXOPXú ELWNL \DSUDNODUÕ YH LQFH GDOODUÕ QHPL YH ÕVÕ\Õ RUWDGDQ

NDOGÕUPDNLoLQDQWLSLUHWLNRODUDNNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU>].

%XOJDULVWDQ¶ GD NXOODQÕPÕ ROGXNoD \D\JÕQGÕU %XOJDU KDONÕ DUDVÕQGD PLGH

HNúLPHVLQGH PLGH OVHULQGH E|EUHN UDKDWVÕ]OÕNODUÕQGD QHIHV GDUOÕ÷ÕQGD NXOODQÕOÕU

*DUJDUD\DSÕODUDNGLúHWOHULQLQJoOHQPHVLQGH\ÕNDPDLOHDNÕQWÕODUÕQJLGHULOPHVLQGH

NRPSUHV \DSÕODUDN HUJHQOLN VLYLOFHOHULQLQ JLGHULOPHVLQGH KHPRURLG YH D\DN

úLúPHOHULQGHLULQOL\DUDODUGDoÕEDQODUÕQ ND\EROPDVÕQGDGDNXOODQÕOÕU>].

%g/h0d$/,ù0$'$.8//$1,/$1%$.7(5ø/(5

*LULú

%DNWHULOHUSURNDU\DW<XQDQFDLONHOQNOHXVDQODPÕQGDPLNURRUJDQL]PDODUGÕU>].

%HOLUJLQELUQNOHXVDVDKLSRODQKFUHOHU|NDU\RWE|\OHELUQNOHXVDVDKLSROPD\DQ

KFUHOHULVHSURNDU\DWRODUDNDGODQGÕUÕOÕU>47@dHNLUGHN]DUODUÕROPDGÕ÷ÕLoLQJHQHWLN

PDWHU\DO QNOHRLG \DSÕVÕQGD YH VWRSOD]PD LoLQGHGLU >@ %DNWHUL KFUHVLQGH LoWHQ

GÕúD GR÷UX oHNLUGHN VWRSOD]PD VWRSOD]PLN PHPEUDQ KFUH GXYDUÕ ED]HQ NDSVO

SLOXVYHILPEULDODU\HUDOÕU>].

ùHNLO%DNWHULKFUHVLQLQJHQHOJ|UQP>]

%DNWHULOHU oHúLWOL |]HOOLNOHULQH J|UH VÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOÕUODU *UDP ER\DPD X\JXODPDVÕQGD

mavi renk verenler gram (+), pembe renk verenler gram (-) olarak isimlendirilir.

ùHNLOOHULQHJ|UH \XYDUODN\DSÕOÕRODQODUNRNODUDGÕQÕDOÕUøNLOLRODQODUÕQDGLSORNRN

G]HQVL]NPHOHUKDOLQGH]PVDONÕPÕJLELRODQODUÕQDVWDILODNRNELUoL]JLER\XQFD

Ribozomlar .DSVO

+FUH

GXYDUÕ

DNA

Plazma ]DUÕ sitoplazma

NDPoÕ

12

]LQFLUELoLPLQGHRODQODUÕQDLVHVWUHSWHNRNDGÕYHULOLUdRPDNúHNOLQGHRODQODUEDVLOOHU

DGÕQÕDOÕU6DUPDOúHNOLQGHRODQODUGDYDUGÕU

2NVLMHQJHUHNVLQLPLQHJ|UHUHPHOHULYHJHOLúPHOHULLoLQRNVLMHQHLKWL\DoGX\DQODU

aerop bakteriler, oksijen bulunmayan ortamlarda UH\HELOHQOHU LVe anaerop EDNWHULOHUGLU )DNOWDtif bakteriler ise hem oksijenli hem oksijensiz ortamlarda

UH\HELOLUOHU>].

%DNWHULOHU &DUO YDQ /LQQH¶ QLQ LNL LVLPOL ELQRPLDO VLVWHPLQH J|UH DGODQGÕUÕOÕUODU

$GODUJHQHOOLNOHODWLQFHYH\D\XQDQFDGÕU'L÷HUGLOOHUNXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDVRQODUÕ/DWLQFH

HNOHUOHVRQODQGÕUÕOÕUgUQH÷LQMicrococcus luteus: NoNVDUÕWDQH0LFURV\XQDQFD

NoNFRFFXVWDQHOXWHXV\XQDQFDVDUÕ

%LU NÕVÕP WU R PLNUREX LON EXODQ YH\D R DODQGD oRN |QHPOL oDOÕúPDODUÕ RODQ

miNUREL\ROR÷XQ RQXUXQD YH\D DQÕVÕQD RQXQ DGÕ YHULOHUHN DGODQGÕUÕOÕU gUQH÷LQ

Escherichia coli: 7KHRGRU (VFKHULFK EX EDNWHUL\L LON NH] EXOPXú YH DGÕ EDNWHUL\H

YHULOPLúWLU>].

øQVDQ YH KD\YDQ YFXGXQGD ELQOHUFH IDUNOÕ EDNWHUL WU EXOXQXU $\QÕ úHNLOGH

oHYUHPL]GHELWNLOHU]HULQGHKDYDVXYHWRSUDNWDoHúLWOLEDNWHULOHUYDUGÕU%XQODUGDQ

ELUNÕVPÕLQIHNVL\RQROXúWXUPD\DQEDNWHULOHUGLUELUNÕVPÕLVH\DúDPÕWHKGLWHGHU>].

øQVDQ YFXGXQGD \DúDPDNWD RODQ IDUNOÕ WUGHQ oRN VD\ÕGD PLNURRUJDQL]PDQÕQ

oR÷XQOX÷XQX EDNWHULOHU ROXúWXUXU 6D÷OÕNOÕ ELU ELUH\GH QRUPDO NRúXOODUGD

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WDQÕPODQÕU%XWHULPELUOLNWH \DúD\DQRUJDQL]PDODUÕLIDGHHGHU>].

*HoLFL ELU VUH LoLQ NLPL NRúXOODUGD PLNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕQ \HUOHúHELOGL÷L NDUDFL÷HU

GDODN SDQNUHDV PHVDQH NDQ JLEL Lo RUJDQODU YH GRNXODU VWHULOGLU 6D÷OÕNOÕ ELU

\HQLGR÷DQ VWHULO NRúXOODUGD GR÷DU IDNDW GR÷XPGDQ hemen sonra besinler, insanlar JLELIDNW|UOHUOHPLNURRUJDQL]PD\ÕNDSVD\DQEir normal floraya sahip olur [53].

1RUPDOIORUDGD\HUDODQPLNURRUJDQL]PDWUOHULKHUELUH\GHD\QÕGH÷LOGLU'L\HW\Dú

YHFR÷UDILoHYUHNRúXOODUÕJLELIL]\RORLMNIDUNOÕOÕNODUQHGHQL\OHNLúLGHQNLúL\HGH÷LúLU

.DOÕFÕ IORUDUDQÕQ NDSVDGÕ÷Õ PLNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕ GD÷ÕOÕPODUÕQÕ ELOPHN |QHPOLGLU

9FXGXQ EHOLUOL ELU E|OJHVLQGH WDKULEDWÕQ QHGHQL RODQ RODVÕ LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ

DQODúÕOPDVÕQÕQYHRODVÕND\QD÷ÕQEHOLUOHQPHVLQGHDQODPWDúÕU

Normal IORUDPLNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕHQoRNGÕúRUWDPODHWNLOHúLPYHWHPDVKDOLQGHRODQ

GHUL J|]OHU VW VROXQXP \ROODUÕ VLQGLULP VLVWHPL URJHQLWDO VLVWHP JLEL YFXW

E|OJHOHULQH \HUOHúLU >@ 'HULQLQ QRUPDO IORUDVÕQGD EDVNÕQ RUJDQL]PD

6WDSK\ORFRFFXVHSLGHUPLGLV¶GLU'HULGHSDWRMHQROPD\ÕSNDWHWHUOHUHYHGHUL\HJLUHQ

WÕEEL PDO]HPHOHUH \DSÕúDUDN EXUDODUGD \HUOHúHELOLU YH ED]HQ FLGGL NDQ GRODúÕPÕ

LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQD\RODoDU%XUXQGDStaphylococcus aureus EDVNÕQGÕU>].

0LNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕQNHúILQGHQ|QFHGR÷DGDNL EWQFDQOÕODUÕQKD\YDQ\DGDELWNL

RUMLQOLROGX÷XGúQOUG0LNURVNREXQNHúILLOHJ|]OHJ|UOPH\HQEDúNDFDQOÕODUÕQ

GD ROGX÷X DQODúÕOPÕúWÕU %X FDQOÕODUÕQ LQVDQ YH KD\YDQODUGD KDVWDOÕN ROXúWXUGXNODUÕ

VDSWDQGÕNWDQ VRQUD |QHPOHUL GDKD GD DUWPÕú YH ]HUOHULQGH \R÷XQ oDOÕúPDODU

\DSÕOPÕú YH KDOD GDKD \DSÕOPD\D GHYDP HWPHNWHGLU 7UNL\H¶ GH  \ÕOÕQGD DúÕ

\DSPDoDOÕúPDODUÕLOHPLNUREL\RORMLDODQÕJHOLúPH\HEDúODPÕúYH\ÕOÕQGDQVRQUD

oLoHNDúÕVÕKD]ÕUODQDUDNEDúDUÕLOHNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU>].

3.2. Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae IDPLO\DVÕQGD Escherichia JHQXVX LoLQGH \HU

DODQ LQVDQ YH KD\YDQODUÕQ NDOÕQ ED÷ÕUVD÷ÕQGD \DúD\DQ QRUPDO IORUD \HVLGLU >].

*DVWURLQWHVWLQDO VLVWHPGH KDVWDOÕN \DSPD]NHQ ED÷ÕUVDN GÕúÕ RUJDQODUD |]HOOLNOH

YFXGXQ VWHULO E|OJHOHULQH XODúWÕ÷ÕQGD VHSWLVHPL \HQLGR÷DQ PHQHQMLWL idrar yolu infeksiyonu yapar [57@ øQVDQ YH VÕFDNNDQOÕ KD\YDQODUGD GR÷XPX WDNLEHQ -2 saat YH\D JQLoLQGHED÷ÕUVDNPXNR]DVÕQDWXWXQXUODU%LU E.coli VXúX \HUOHúWLNWHQVRQUD

aylar veya \ÕOODUFD QRUPDO IORUDGD NDOÕU $QWLEL\RWLN NXOODQÕPÕ LOH RUWDPGDQ

kaybolurlar [58@ øoPH VX\XQGD EXOXQPDVÕ IHNDO NRQWDPLQDV\RQXQ GROD\ÕVÕ\OD VX

ND\QD÷ÕQÕQJYHQLOLUROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕQELUJ|stergesi olarak kabul edilir [59@øoPHVXODUÕ

14

LoLQJHoHUOLRODQNULWHUOHUHJ|UH úHUPO¶OLN|UQHNWHE.coli PLNWDUÕVÕIÕUROPDOÕGÕU

[46].

ùHNLO2. E. coli JHQHOJ|UQP>]

3.2.1. E.coli µQLQJ|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL

E.coli \DNODúÕNRODUDN-—PER\XQGD-—PHQLQGHG]XoODUÕ\XYDUODNEDVLO

úHNOLQGHGLU .OWUOHU GH NRND EHQ]HU NoN NÕVD úHNLOOHUL YH\D X]XQ GDOODQDQ

úHNLOOHUL EXOXQDELOLU *HQHOOLNOH NLUSLNOHUL LOH KDUHNHW HGHUOHr, hareketleri yavaúWÕU

[52@+DVWDOÕN\DSPD\HWHQH÷LQHNDWNÕGDEXOXQDQSLOLELUNDSVOHQGRWRNVLQYHLNLVL

VXOX LVKDOH ELUL GH NDQOÕ LVKDO YH KHPROLWLN ± UHPLN VHQGURPD QHGen olan 3 HN]RWRNVLQLYDUGÕU>@%DNWHUL\RORMLNER\DODUODNROD\ER\DQÕUODUJUam negatiftirler [56].

3.2.2. E.coli µQLQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL

E.coli ODNWR]XIHUPHQWHHGHUYHEX|]HOOL÷LLOHShigella ve Salmonella JLELGL÷HULNL

ana barsak patoMHQOHULQGHQD\ÕUWHGLOHELOLU>,61]. Kan, serum, glikoz gibi maddeler ilave HGLOPHPLúEHVL\HUOHULQGHGHNROD\FDUHUOHU(QL\LUHPHÕVÕVÕƒ&YHS+-

GLU)DNDWƒ- ƒ&GHGHYHS+-DUDVÕQGDGDUHU%X\\RQGDSHSWRQOXVXGD

EROUHUKRPRMHQEXODQÕNOÕN\DSDU'LSWHKDILIELUo|NHOWLROXúXUYHWSoDONDODQÕQFD

NROD\OÕNODGD÷ÕOÕU'DKDVRQUD\]H\GHLQFHELU]DUROXúXUE.coli gibi, enterik gram- QHJDWLI oRPDNODU LoHUGL÷LQGHQ NXúNXODQÕODQ |UQHNOHU LON RODUDN NDQOÕ DJDU LOH (0%

agar gibi faUNOÕ EHVL\HUOHULQGH UHWLOLU >]. E.coli bakterileri Endo besiyerinde ODNWR]X SDUoDOD\ÕS DVLW ROXúWXUGXNODUÕQGDQ NRORQLOHUL NÕUPÕ]Õ PDGHQL SDUODNOÕN

YHULUOHU/DNWR]XSDUoDOD\DPD\DQEDNWHUilerin kolonileri renksizdir [56].

Koli basilleri glikoz, maltoz, mannitol, ksiloz, ramnoz, arabinoz sorbitol, trehaloz ve JOLVHURODVLWYHJD]\DSDUDNSDUoDODUODU6XNUR]VDOLVLQGXOVLWROYHUDILQR]]HULQH

HWNLOHUL GH÷LúNHQ ROXS DGDQLWRO LQR]LWRO YH VHOORELR]X QDGLUHQ IHUPDQWH HGHUOHU

QLúDVWDGDQ JD] ROXúWXUPD]ODU E .coli bakterileri triptofandan indol yaparlar. Metil NÕUPÕ]ÕVÕ WHVWL ROXPOX 9RJHV 3URVNDYHU WHVWL ROXPVX]GXU 6LPRQ¶ XQ VLWUDWOÕ

EHVL\HULQGH UHPH]OHU %X G|UW |]HOOLN \DQL øQGROL PHWLO NÕUPÕ]ÕVÕ m), voges proskever (v) ve sitraW F ELUOLNWH LQFHOHQLU YH LON KDUIOHULQ ELUOHúPHVLQGHQ ROXúDQ

ø09ø&WHVWOHULDGÕQÕDOÕUg]HOOLNOHEDUVDNEDNWHULOHULQLEXWHVWOHUOHRODQLOLúNLOHULQH

J|UHD\ÕUWHWPHNPPNQGU%XGXUXPGDE. coli LoLQø09ø&WHVWOHUL--) olur. E.

coli EDNWHULOHUL ED]Õ N|NHQOHUL GÕúÕQGD UH\L SDUoDOD\DPD]ODU *HQHOOLNOH ED]Õ

N|NHQOHU GÕúÕQGD +26 LoLQ D\ÕUDoOÕ EHVL\HUOHULQL VL\DKODQGÕUDFDN NDGDU +2S yapmazlarsa da sisteinli besiyerlerinde az miktarlarda H₂6 \DSWÕNODUÕ VDSWDQPÕúWÕU

[62@.R\XQNDQOÕDJDUGDWULSWRIDQGDQLQGROXPHWREROL]HHWPHNVXUHWL\OHD\ÕUWHGLFL

ELUNRNXROXúWXUXUEHWDKHPROL]J|UOHELOLU>62,63].

3.2.3. E.coli µQLQGLUHQo|]HOOL÷L

E.coli GLUHQoOLELUEDNWHULGLU)DNDWPDODúLW\HúLOLVRG\XPWHWUDWL\RQDWIXNVLQEL]PXW

VLWUDWVRG\XPVOIDWVRG\XPGHRVLNRODWIXNVLQER\DODUVDIUDWX]ODUÕJLELER\DODUD

ve kimyasal maddelere Shigella ve Salmonellalardan GDKD GX\DUOÕGÕU %X QHGHQOH

GÕúNÕGDEXOXQDQGL÷HUEDNWHULOHULQL]ROD\RQXQGD (FROL¶ QLQUHPHVLQHHQJHORPDN

LoLQLoHULVLQGHEXPDGGHOHUEXOXQDQVHOHNWLIEHVL\HUOHULKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU>]. (FROL¶

QLQ UHPHVL  1D&O LoHUHQ EHVL\HUOHULQGH |QOHQGL÷LQGHQ GÕúNÕGDQ VWDILORNRN

izolasyonunda bXWUEHVL\HUOHULNXOODQÕOÕU>].

16

E.coli N|NHQOHULQLQ oR÷X EDNWHULGHQ EDNWHUL\H NROD\FD JHoHELOHQ GLUHQo SOD]PLWOHUL

WDúÕGÕNODUÕQGDQEXJQGÕúNÕGDQL]ROe edilen E.coli EDNWHULOHULQLQELUNÕVPÕYH|]HOOLNOH

hastane ortDPÕQGDQ D\UÕODQ N|NHQOHULQ |QHPOL ELU NÕVPÕ DPSLFLOOLQ FHSKDORWKLQ

VWUHSWRP\FLQWHWUDF\FOLQ¶OHUVXOIRQRPLGELUNÕVPÕGDFKORUDPSKHQLFRONDQDP\FLQ

YHWULPHWRSULP¶HYHEDúNDNHPRWHUDS|WLNOHUHNDUúÕGLUHQoND]DQPÕúODUGÕU[62].

3.2.4. E.coli µQLQKDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|]HOOLNOHUL

E. coli LGUDU \ROXLQIHNVL\RQODUÕYH JUDPQHJDWLIoRPDNVHSVLVLQLQHQVÕN UDVWODQDQ

QHGHQLGLU1HRQDWDOPHQHQMLWLQLNL|QHPOLQHGHQLQGHQELULROXSVXOXELULVKDORODQ

WXULVW LVKDOLQLQ GH VHEHELGLU %D]Õ E.coli VXúODUÕ HQWHURKHPRUDjiktir vH NDQOÕ LVKDOH

neden olurlar. øGUDU\ROXHQIHNVL\RQODUÕ\DSDQ(FROL¶QLQND\QD÷ՁURJHQLWDOE|OJH\L

NRORQL]H HWPLú EL]]DW KDVWDQÕQ NHQGLVLQH DLW NRORQ IORUDVÕGÕU 1HRQDWDO PHQHQMLWH

neden olan ( FROL¶ QLQ ND\QD÷Õ DQQHQLQ GR÷XP NDQDOÕGÕU (QIHNVL\RQ GR÷XP

VÕUDVÕQGD HGLQLOPLúWLU 7XULVW LVKDOL \DSDQ ( FROL¶ QLQ ND\QD÷Õ LVH LQVDQ GÕúNÕVÕ

bulDúPÕúVXYHEHVLQDOÕQÕPÕGÕU>].

<HQLGR÷DQ G|QHPLQGH J|UOHQ EDNWHUL\HO PHQHQMLWOHULQ % JUXEX VWUHSWHNRNODUGDQ

VRQUD LNLQFL VÕNOÕNOD NDUúÕODúÕODQ HWNHQL E. FROL¶ GLU <HQLGR÷DQ PHQHQMLWLQH QHGHQ

olan E. coli VXúODUÕQÕQ¶LQGHK 1 NDSVODQWLMHQLEXOXQXU Bakteriyel sepsislere QHGHQRODQJUDPQHJDWLIEDVLOOHUDUDVÕQGDE. coli HQVÕNHWNHQRODQEDNWHULGLU6HSVLV

LQIHNVL\RQD NDUúÕ JHOLúHQ VLVWHPLN LQIODPDWXYDU ELU \DQÕWWÕU øQIODPDV\RQXQ

EDúODPDVÕQGDPLNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕQKFUHGXYDUNRPSRQHQWOHULQGHEXOXQDQDQWLMHQLN

\DSÕODUÕQYHWRNVLQOHULQUROYDUGÕU>].

%D÷ÕUVDNODUÕQ PHNDQLN YH\D GL÷HU EL\RORMLN HWNLOHUOH \DUDODQPDODUÕ YH\D

organizmDQÕQ VDYXQPD PHNDQL]PDVÕQGDNL ER]XNOXNODU QHGHQL\OH EDNWHULOHU GH÷LúLN

GRNXODUD JHoHELOLUOHU 6WHULOLWHVLQH GLNNDW HGLOPH\HQ LGUDU VRQGDODUÕ LQWUDYHQ|]

NDWHWHUOHU EX EDNWHULOHULQ GL÷HU GRNXODUD YH NDQD \D\ÕOPDVÕQD PH\GDQ YHULU .ROL

basillerinin safra ve VDIUD \ROODUÕQD \HUOHúPHOHUL LOH NROHVLVWLW YH NRODQMLW

HQIHNVL\RQODUÕ ROXúXU %D÷ÕUVDNODUÕQ EÕoDN YH\D PHUPL LOH \DUDODQPDVÕ \D GD WLIR

WP|U JLEL KDVWDOÕNODU HVQDVÕQGD GHOLQPHOHUL LOH SHULWRQD JHoHQ NROL EDVLOOHUL GL÷HU

basillerle birlikte akut peritoniWROXúWXUXUODU[62].

+DVWDQHOHUGH YH NUHúOHUGH RUWD\D oÕNDQ VDOJÕQODUGD EXODúPDQÕQ GÕúNÕ LOH EXODúÕN

EDNÕFÕ HOOHUL ELEHURQ YH \L\HFHN PDGGHOHUL LOH ROXúWX÷X J|]OHQPLúWLU $\UÕFD

GÕúNÕQÕQ EDWWDQL\H KDYOX oDUúDI YH WR]ODUD NDUÕúDUDN NXUXGX÷X RUDGDQ GR÷Uudan D÷Õ]DJHOHUHNYH\DGROD\OÕRODUDNEHVLQOHUOHDOÕQDUDNEXODúWÕ÷ÕGDVDSWDQPÕúWÕU$QQH

VWHPPHQLQGDKDoRNED÷ÕUVDNIORUDVÕQGDoR÷DODQODNWLNDVLWEDNWHULOHULQLQHtkisi LOH SDUoDODQDQ ODNWR]XQ S+¶ \Õ DVLW \DSPDVÕ \ROX\OD NRUX\XFX HWNL J|VWHUGL÷L

bilinmektedir [62].

%XQODUÕQ GÕúÕQGD E. coli EDNWHULOHULQLQ \DSWÕ÷Õ HQIHNVL\RQODU DUDVÕQGD SURVWDtitler, oHúLWOL SHULQHDO DEVHOHU GDKD D] ROPDN ]HUH WRQVLOOLW IDULQMLW VLQ]LW \DUD

HQIHNVL\RQODUÕJLELORNDOL]HLOWLKDSODQPDODUDUDVWODQPDNWDGÕU[62].

3.3. Staphylococcus aureus

%LUGHQ ID]OD E|OQGNOHULQGH G]HQVL] NPHOHU ROXúWXUDQ RUWDODPD  PP

E\NO÷QGH NDWDOD] SR]LWLI RNVLGD] QHJDWLI JUDP SR]LWLI NRNODUGÕU øON GHID

¶GD øVNRo\DOÕ ELU FHUUDK RODQ 6LU $OH[DQGHU 2JVWRQ NPH ROXúWXUDQ NRNODUÕn oHúLWOLSL\RMHQLNLQIHNVL\RQODUDQHGHQROGX÷XQXVDSWDPÕú\LQHD\QÕDUDúWÕUÕFÕ¶

de bu mikroorganizmalara yunanca Staphylococcus VWDSK\OH]PVDONÕPÕFRFFXV

WDQH DGÕQÕ YHUPLú VDI NOWUQ HOGH HGLOHUHN LQFHOHQPHVL 5RVHQEDFK 1884) WDUDIÕQGDQ\DSÕOPÕúWÕU>].

StafiloNRNODU]PVDONÕPÕúHNOLQGHNRNODUGÕU6ÕFDNNDQOÕKD\YDQODUÕQYHLQVDQODUÕQ

GHULOHUL ]HULQGH QRUPDO IORUD LKWLYD HGHQ ER÷D] EXUXQ JLEL YFXW E|OJHOHULQGH

bulunurlar. S.aureus |]HOOLNOHKDVWDQHGH\DWDQKDVWDODUÕQYHKDVWDQHSHUVRQHOLQLQ|Q

EXUXQ ERúOXNODUÕQGD GHYDPOÕ YH\D JHoLFL RODUDN EXOXQXU LQIHNVL\RQODUGDQ HQ VÕN

L]ROH HGLOHQ WUGU (ULúNLQOHULQ   ± ¶ ÕQÕQ |Q EXUXQ E|OJHOHULQGH GHUL

NDWODUÕQGDVWVROXQXPVLVWHPLYHJHQLWDOE|OJHOHULQGHNDQDOL]DV\RQ\DSDU3OD]PD\Õ

pÕKWÕODúWÕUDQWHNWUGU>].

6D÷OÕNoDOÕúDQODUÕQÕQVWDILORNRNODUÕQWDúÕQPDVÕQGDELUYHNW|UJLELUROR\QDGÕ÷ÕSHNoRN

oDOÕúPDGDJ|VWHULOPLúWLUøQVDQGDQLQVDQDEXODúPDGDHO\ÕNDPDPDQÕQHWNLVLJ|UOU

18

+DYD \ROXLOHEXODúPDHOELVHYH \DWDNLOHWHPDVVRQUDVÕ EXODúPDROGXNoDQDGLUGLU

[63].

ùHNLOS. aureus JHQHOJ|UQP[64]

3.3.1. S. aureusun J|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL

S.aureus bakterileri, NoN \XYDUODN RYDO úHNLOOL JUDP SR]LWLI NRNODUGÕU +FUH

E|OQPHVLIDUNOÕG]OHPOHUGHJHUoHNOHúWL÷LLoLQKFUHOHUSUHSHUDWODUGD]PVDONÕPÕ

úHNOLQGHELUDUDGDJ|UOUOHU)DNOWDWLIDQDHURSWXU.DQOÕMHOR]EHVL\HULQGHVDDWWH

SRUVHOHQ J|UQPO NRQYHNV G]JQ \]H\OL VÕNOÕNOD VDUÕ SLJPHQWOL NRORQLOHU

ROXúWXUXU.RORQLOHULQHWUDIÕQGDJHQHOOLNOHNDUDNWHULVWLNKHPROL]]RQODUÕROXúXU[ 65].

7HN WHN LNLOL YH\D G|UWO JUXSODU KDOLQGH GH J|UOHELOLUOHU +DUHNHWVL] VSRUVX]

NDSVOV] EDNWHULOHUGLU $QFDN ED]ÕODUÕ RUJDQL]PDGDQ LON L]ROH HGLOGLNOHULQGH

NDSVOORODELOLU>@6WDILORNRNODUoHúLWOLEDNWHUL\RORMLNER\DODUODNROD\ER\DQÕUODU

(VNLNOWUOHUGHED]ÕNRNODUoDEXNUHQNVL]OHúHUHNJUDPQHJDWLIPLúJLELJ|UQHELOLUOHU

[62].

+FUHGXYDUÕoRNWDEDNDOÕNDOÕQPXUHLQGHQROXúXU7HLNRLNDVLWOHUYHSROLVDNNDULWOHU

PXUHLQGHNL SROLVDNNDULW LOH NRYDOHQW ED÷ODUOD ED÷OÕGÕUODU 6WRSOD]PD ]DUÕQGDNL

OLSRWHLNRLNDVLWOHU WP PXUHLQ WDEDNDVÕ ER\XQFD EXOXQXUODU YH PXUHLQ WDEDNDQÕQ

GÕúÕQD GR÷UX X]DQÕUODU 7HLNRLN DVLWOHU YH OLSRWHLNRLN DVLWOHU NRPSOHPDQÕ DOWHUQDWLI

\ROGDQDNWLIHHGHUOHUPDNURIDMODUGDQVLWRNLQVDOÕQÕPÕQÕX\DUÕUODU+FUHGXYDUÕQGDNL

SURWHLQOHU PXUHLQLQ SHSWLW NÕVÕPODUÕQD SHSWLW ED÷ODUÕ\OD ED÷OÕGÕUODU .PHOHúWLULFL

IDNW|U ILEURQHNWLQ ED÷OD\ÕFÕ SURWHLQ YH NROODJHQ ED÷OD\ÕFÕ SURWHLQ VSHVLILN RODUDN

ILEULQRMHQ ILEURQHNWLQ YH NROODJHQH ED÷ODQÕU GRNX LOH LOJLOL PDWULNV SURWHLQOHUL LOH

NDSOÕ \DEDQFÕ FLVLPOHUH \DSÕúPDGDQVRUXPOXGXUODU3URWHLQ$LPPXQoglobulinlerin øJ * )F NÕVÕPODUÕQD ED÷ODQÕU øPPXQRJOREXOLQOHULQ SURWHLQ $ LOH ³\DQOÕú´

ED÷ODQPDVÕQÕQ RSVDQL]H HGLFL DQWLNRUODUÕQ ³GR÷UX´ ED÷ODQPDVÕQÕ HQJHOOH\HUHN

IRJRVLWR]X ]RUODúWÕUGÕ÷Õ NDEXO HGLOPHNWHGLU %D]Õ S.aureus VXúODUÕ SROLVDNNDULW

\DSÕVÕQGDRODQYHDQWLIDJRVLWLNHWNLQOL÷HVDKLSNDSVOROXúWXUXU [65].

3.3.2. 6DXUHXV¶XQ UHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL

$JDUEX\\RQJLELEDVLWEHVL\HUOHULQGHUHUOHU.DWÕEHVL\HULQGH-24 saatte 3-4 mm oDSÕQGD HWUDIODUÕ PXQWD]DP ]HUOHUL G] 6 WLSL NRORQLOHU ROXúWXUXUODU )DNOWDWLI

anaeropturlar. 18-ƒ& OHU DUDVÕQGD UHPHOHULQH UD÷PHQ RSWLPXP UHPH GHUHFHVL

ƒ& GLU *HQHOOLNOH DOWÕQ VDUÕVÕ SLJPHQW \DSDUODU 3RUVHOHQ EH\D]Õ UHQJLQGH NRORQL

ROXúWXUDQ VWDILORNRNODU GD YDUGÕU +HPROL]LQ VDOJÕODGÕNODUÕQGDQ NDQOÕ DJDUGDNL

NRORQLOHULQLQ HWUDIÕQGD HULWURVLWOHULQ SDUoDODQGÕ÷Õ ELU KHPROL] E|OJHVL J|UOU

7HOOUWOL EHVL\HULQGH WHOOULWLQ UHGNVL\RQX VRQXFX NRORQLOHU JUL VL\DK UHQNWH

J|UOU %X\\RQGD KRPRMHQ EXODQÕNOÕN \DSDU 'LSWH LQFH ELU o|NHOWL ROXúWXUDELOLU

[57].

Stafilokoklar EDúWDJOLNR]ROPDN]HUHELUoRN NDUERQKLGUDWÕSDUoDODUODUYHVRQUQ

RODUDN ODNWLN DVLW ROXúWXUXUODU )DNDW JD] \DSPD]ODU $QFDN úHNHUOHUGHQ PDQQLWRO

]HULQH RODQ HWNLOHUL |QHPOLGLU %X NDUERQKLGUDWÕ \DOQÕ] NRDJXOD] ROXPOX

VWDILORNRNODUSDUoDODUNRDJXOD]ROXPVX]RODQODUSDUoDODPD]%X nedenle mannitole etki deneyi, koagulaz testinden sonra Staphylococcus aureus¶XGL÷HUVWDILORNRNODUGDQ

D\ÕUW HWPHGH HQ \DUDUOÕ GHQH\GLU   JOLNR] LoHUHQ EHVL\HUOHULQGH UHWLOLQFH GDKD

EHOLUJLQRODUDNNDWDOD]SR]LWLIRNVLGD]QHJDWLIWLU1LWUDWODUÕQLWULtlere indirgerler. % 10 1D&O¶ O RUWDPGD UHU YH &KDSPDQ EHVL\HULQGH WX] NDWÕOPÕú L]RODV\RQ RUDQÕ

\NVHNWLU/LVRVWDILQHGX\DUOÕOL]R]LPHGLUHQoOLGLUOHU>2,57]

20

3.3.3. 6DXUHXV¶ XQGLUHQoPHNDQL]PDVÕ

6WDILORNRNODUÕVÕYHoHYUHNRúXOODUÕQDGD\DQÕNOÕEDNWHULOHUGLU.XUXOX÷DGLUHQoOLGLUOHU

*HQHOOLNOH ƒ& GH ELU VDDWWH DNWLYLWHOHULQL ND\EHGHUOHU <NVHN WX]

NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕQGD  - UHPH \HWHQH÷LQGHGLUOHU %X |]HOOLNWHQ VHOHNWLI

EHVL\HUL KD]ÕUODQPDVÕQGD \DUDUODQÕOÕU %R\DODUÕQ EDNWHUL\RVWDWLN HWNLOHULQH GX\DUOÕ

RODQ VWDILORNRNODU  RUDQÕQGD NULVWDO YL\ROHW EXOXQDQ EHVL\HUOHULQGH

UHPH]OHU.XUXPXúEDOJDPYHLULQGHKDIWDODUFDFDQOÕNDOÕUODU.OWUOHUGHƒ&GHYH

RGD ÕVÕVÕQGD FDQOÕOÕNODUÕQÕ D\ODUFD NRUXUODU $QWLEL\RWLNOHUH KÕ]OÕ GLUHQo JHOLúWLUHQ

EDNWHULOHUGLU3HQLFLOLQGLUHQFL¶OL\ÕOODUGDRUWD\DoÕNPÕúYHEXGLUHQFLPDNUROLG

tetrasiklin ve aminoglikozid antibL\RWLNGLUHQoOHULL]OHPLúWLU>].

3.3.4. 6DXUHXV¶XQ KDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|]HOOLNOHUL

Stafilokoklar KDVWDOÕNPH\GDQDJHWLUHELOPHEDNÕPÕQGDQoHúLWOLGXUXPODUJ|VWHULUOHU

øQVDQODUÕQ  - ÕQÕQ EXUXQODUÕQGD Staphylococcus aureus bulunabilir. Buna NDUúÕOÕN KDVWDQHGH \DWDQ YH oDOÕúDQ NLPVHOHUGH S.aureusun EXUXQGD EXOXQPD RUDQÕ

GDKD \NVHN RODELOLU %XUXQ GÕúÕQGD QD]RIDULQNV GHUL YH GDKD D] ROPDN ]HUH

JDVWURLQWHVWLQDO VLVWHP YH JHQLWDO E|OJHGH S. aureus NRORQL]DV\RQODUÕQD

UDVWODQPDNWDGÕU %XQXQ GÕúÕQGD VWDILORNRNODU EHVLQ ]HKLUOHQPHOHULQGHQ ORNDO

LULQOHQPHOHU YH D÷ÕU VHSVLVOHUH YDUDFDN NDGDU oHúLWOL KDVWDODQGÕUÕFÕOÕN |]HOOL÷L

J|Vterebilirler [62].

6WDILORNRNODU GHUL HQIHNVL\RQODUÕQGD \D÷ YH WHU EH]OHUL LOH NÕO GLSOHULQGHQ

RUJDQL]PD\D JLUHU 'HUL \DQÕNODUÕ WUDYPDWLN \DUDODU LVH KD]ÕUOD\ÕFÕ IDNW|UOHUGLU

øQVDQODUGD HQ VÕN J|UOHQ VWDILORNRNDO LQIHNVL\RQ WLSL GHUL YH \XPXúDN GRNX

eQIHNVL\RQODUÕGÕU .ÕO IROLNOOHUL oHYUHVLQGH PH\GDQD JHOLU (QIHNVL\RQXQ GHUL DOWÕ

GRNX\D \D\ÕOPDVÕ LOH úLúOLN NÕUPÕ]ÕOÕN YH D÷UÕ PH\GDQD JHOLU 3DUODN YH LQFH

J|UQPO GHUL GHOLQLU .UHP UHQJLQGH YH\D VDUÕPVÕ LULQ GROX DEVHOHU JHOLúLU

Emziren annelerdHPHPHEDúÕoDWODNODUÕQGDQ6DXUHXV¶ XQJLULúLLOHGHULYH\XPXúDN GRNXLQIHNVL\RQXROXúDELOLU>].

/RNDOOH]\RQXGHULNDYODPDVÕL]OHU<HQLGR÷DQGDYHoRFXNODUGDEXOH]\RQ³5LWWHU¶V

+DVWDOÕ÷Õ´\DSDUdR÷XQOXNODSHULDQDOE|OJHGHG|NQWYHGHULGX\DUOÕOÕ÷ÕLOHEDúODU

'HUL\]H\LNROD\OÕNODVR\XOXU%XVR\XOPDODUVRQXFXJHQLúDODQODUÕWXWDQOH]\RQODU

J|UOU%XEXOJXODU³6WDILODNRNDOKDúODQPÕúGHULVHQGURPX´RODUDNWDLVLPOHQGLULOLU

[56].

*|UOHQGL÷HUELUKDVWDOÕNLVHWRNVLNúRNVHQGURPXGXU%XVHQGURP¶GH7RGGYH

DUNDGDúODUÕWDUDIÕQGDQ\HQLELUKDVWDOÕNRODUDNWDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU%XKDVWDOÕN6DXUHXV¶

un toksin-1 (TSST-LOHPH\GDQDJHOPHNWHGLU%XVHQGURPDWHúEXODQWÕNXVPDYH

GL\DUH \D\JÕQ G|NQWOHU úHNOLQGH VH\UHGHU - \DúÕQGDNL NDGÕQODUGD GDKD VÕN

J|UOPHNWHGLU 0HQVWUXDV\RQ VÕUDVÕQGD NXOODQÕODQ WDPSRQODUÕQ YDMLQDGD S. aureus kolonizasyonuna yol DoPDVÕ\ODRUWD\DoÕNPDNWDGÕU>].

6WDILORNRNODU QD]RIDUHQMLW YH DNXW VLQ]LWLQ HQ oRN J|UOHQ QHGHQOHUL DUDVÕQGD

EXOXQPDNWDGÕUODU+DVWDNLúLOHUGH\NVHNDWHúVDUÕ-NDQOÕEDOJDPoÕNDUPDYH|NVUN

J|UOU >@ <HQLGR÷DQ G|QHPLQGH VROXQXP \ROX HQIHNVL\RQODUÕQGDQ PH\GDQD

geleQ|OPOHULQHQVÕNQHGHQLGLU>].

%DNWHUL\HO EHVLQ ]HKLUOHQPHOHULQLQ HQ ID]OD J|UOHQL VWDILORNRNDO EHVLQ

zehirlenmeleULGLU +DVWDOÕN WRNVLQOL EHVLQOHULQ \HQLOPHVLQGHQ ELUNDo VDDW VRQUD -6 VDDW PH\GDQD JHOLU 8\JXQ ROPD\DQ NRúXOODUGD VDNODQPÕú NUHPDOÕ WDWOÕODU

GLOLPOHQPLú HW YH HW UQOHUL GRQGXUPD V]PH SH\QLU JLEL \L\HFHNOHU EHVLQ

]HKLUOHQPHOHULQH \RO DoDUODU (QWHURWRNVLQOL EHVLQOHULQ WDGÕ NRNXVX YH J|UQP

QRUPDOGLU <HWHUOL WRNVLQ ƒ& GH - VDDWWH PH\GDQD JHOLU +DVWDOÕ÷ÕQ EHOLUWLOHUL

besinin yenmesinden 6-VDDWVRQUDEDúOD\DQEXODQWÕNXVPDGL\DUHNDUÕQD÷UÕVÕD÷ÕU

NUDPSODUEDúD÷UÕVÕWHUOHPHYHúRNWXU$WHúJ|UOPH]>].

22

3.4. Staphylacoccus epidermidis

.RDJOD]QHJDWLIVWDILORNRNODUGDQGÕU'HULYHPXNR]DQÕQQRUPDOIORUDEDNWHULOHULGLU

)ÕUVDWoÕEDNWHULOHUGLU.RQDNRUJDQL]PDGDX\JXQNRúXOODUGDLQIHNVL\RQROXúWXUXUODU

[65].

ùHNLOS. epidermidis JHQHOJ|UQP[66]

3.4.1. 6HSLGHUPLGLV¶LQ J|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL

dR÷XNH]GHULYHVWVROXQXP\ROODUÕ PXNR]DVÕQGDEXOXQDELOHQNRNODUROXSNOWUYH

LULQ LoHULVLQGH G|UWO YH\D LNLOL \D GD G]HQVL] JUXSODU KDOLQGH QDGLUHQGH WHN WHN

J|UOUOHU*UDPSR]LWLIROXSMHOR]GDNLUOLEH\D]UHQNWHYHS. aureuslara J|UHGDKD

NoN NRQYHNV G] \D GD JUDQOO \]H\OL NRORQLOHU \DSDUODU .OWUOHULQGHQ

\DSÕODQSUHSHUDWODUGDG|UWOJ|UQú\DGDG]HQVL]NPHOHUJ|UOHELOLU%D]ÕODUÕVDUÕ

ya da turuncu pigment yapabilirler [62].

3.4.2. 6HSLGHUPLGLV¶ LQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL

%D]ÕN|NHQOHUHWUDIODUÕQÕoHYUHOH\HQNDSVOHEHQ]HU\DSÕúNDQELUPDGGHROXúWXUXUODU

%XQODUÕQNRORQLOHULGHPXNRLGHEHQ]HUJ|UQúWHGLU)DNOWDWLIDQDHURSWXUODUDQFDN

RNVLMHQOLRUWDPGDGDKDL\LUHUOHUhUHPHGHUHFHOHUL-DUDVÕROXSHQL\L-ƒ&

GHUHUOHU1D&ORUWDPÕQGDL\LUHPHNOHEHUDEHU1D&ORUWDPÕQGDGDKD

Jo UHPH J|VWHULUOHU .RDJXOD] ROXPVX] PDQQLWROH HWNLVL]GLUOHU DOIDWRNVLQ

yapmazlar [62].

3.4.36HSLGHUPLGLV¶ LQGLUHQoPHNDQL]PDVÕ

S. epidermidis HQIHNVL\RQODUÕQGD VWDILODNRNODUÕQ \DEDQFÕ FLVLPOHULQ \]H\OHULQH

\DSÕúPDYHEX\]H\OHUGHEL\RILOPROXúWXUPD\HWHQHNOHULUROR\QDPDNWDGÕU<DEDQFÕ

FLVLPOHUILEURQHNWLQILEULQRMHQYLWURQHNWLQJLELVWDILORNRNODUÕQVSHVLILNYH\DVSHVLILN

ROPD\DQWDU]GD\DSÕúDELOGLNOHULNRQDNSURWHLQOHULWDUDIÕQGDQVDUÕOÕUlar. Bu proteinlerle NDSOÕ \]H\OHUH \DSÕúDQ VWDILORNRNODU oR÷DOÕUODU YH EX VÕUDGD LoLQH J|POGNOHUL

PXNR] ELU SROLPHU UHWLUOHU %|\OHOLNOH EDNWHUL\L NHPRWHUDS|WLNOHULQ HWNLVLQGHQ

ED÷ÕúÕNOÕNVLVWHPLQLQKXPRUDOYHKFUHVHOPHNDQL]PDODUÕQGDQNRUX\DQKD\OLNDOÕQELU

EL\RILOP ROXúXU %|\OH ELU RGDNWDQ EDNWHULOHU NDQD NDUÕúDUDN VHSWLVHPL EHQ]HUL

KDVWDOÕNWDEORODUÕROXúWXUXUODU[65].

S. epidermidis DQWLEL\RWL÷HROGXNoDGLUHQoOLGLU6XúODUÕQoR÷X%ODNWDPR]UHWLUYH

ELUoR÷X GH÷LúLNOL÷H X÷UDPÕú SHQLVLOLQ ED÷OD\DQ SURWHLQOHUH ED÷OÕ RODUDN PHWLsilin, QDIVLOLQHGLUHQoOLGLU>].

3.4.4. 6HSLGHUPLGLV¶ LQKDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|]HOOLNOHUL

øQVDQODUGD QRUPDO PXNR]DGD EXOXQXUODU (Q ID]OD EXOXQGXNODUÕ \HU LQVDQ GHULVLGLU

'DKDoRNJHQHOGúNQONYHYFXWGLUHQFLQLQoRND]DOGÕ÷ÕKDOOHUGHIÕUVDWoÕSDWRMHQ

RODUDN oHúLWOL HQIHNVL\RQODUD QHGHQ ROXUODU $\UÕFD EDúND EDNWHULOHUOH ELUOLNWH RUWDN

HQIHNVL\RQODUGD EXOXQDELOLUOHU (QIHNVL\RQODUÕQ oR÷XQOX÷X KDVWDQH N|NHQOL ROXS

EXODúPD KDVWDQÕQ NHQGL GHULVL YH SHUVRQHOLQ GHUL YH EXUXQ IORUDVÕQGDNL

24

VWDILORNRNODUGDQGÕU <XPXúDN GRNXODUÕQ DEVHOHUL \DUD HQIHNVL\RQODUÕ NDOS NDSD÷Õ

eklem protezi gibi enfeksiyonlara neden olabilir.

6HSLGHUPLGLV¶ LQ|]HOOLNOHSODVWLNSURWH]NDWHWHUJLEL\DEDQFÕFLVLPOHULQEXOXQGX÷X

ortamlara ilgileri E\NWU <DSD\ NDOS NDSDNoÕNODUÕ YH GL÷HU SURWH]OHUH \DSÕúDUDN

HQIHNVL\RQROXúWXUXUODU6DYXQPDVÕNÕUÕOPÕúNLPVHOHUGHLGUDU\ROXHQIHNVL\RQODUÕYH

QDGLUHQWRNVLNúRNVHQGURPX\DSDELOLUOHU[62].

3.5. Enterococcus faecalis

gQFHOHUL LoHUGLNOHUL DQWLMHQ QHGHQL LOH ' JUXEX VWUHSWRNRNODU LoLQGH \HU DODQ

HQWHURNRNODUDUWÕND\UÕELUFLQVRODUDNVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕUdHYUHGHWRSUDNVXYH

EHVLQOHUGH LQVDQ YH KD\YDQODUÕQ JDVWURLQWHVWLQDO VLVWHPOHULQGH \R÷XQ RODUDN

EXOXQXUODU øQVDQ GÕúNÕVÕQGDQ L]ROH HGLOHQOHULQ oR÷X E. faecalistir. Orofarinkste kolonize olanlar alt solunum yolu infeksL\RQODUÕQDQHGHQRODELOLUOHU>].

ùHNLO. E. faecalis JHQHOJ|UQP>@

3.5.1. (IDHFDOLV¶ LQJ|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL

<DNODúÕN—PE\NO÷QGHRYDOúHNLOOLNRNODUGÕU6ÕYÕEHVL\HULQGHLNLOLYH\DNÕVD

]LQFLUOHUúHNlindedir. Gram pozitiftirler[53]. .DQNOWUYH\DGL÷HUVWHULOE|OJHOHUGHQ

HOGHHGLOHQNOWUOHULQJUDPER\DPDVÕQGDWHNWHNLNLOL\DGD]LQFLUOHUKDOLQGHJUDP

SR]LWLINRNODUJ|UQU[63].

3.5.2. (IDHFDOLV¶ LQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL

  RUDQÕQGD WX] LoHUHQ EHVL\HUOHULQGH   VDIUDOÕ RUWDPODUGD UH\HELOLUOHU

)DNOWDWLI DQDHURS EDNWHULOHUGLU -ƒ& GH UH\HELOLU RSWLPXP UHPH GHUHFHVL

ƒ& GLU .DUERQKLGUDWODUÕQ oR÷XQX IHUPHQWH HGHUHN JD] \DSPDNVÕ]ÕQ ODNWLN DVLW

ROXúWXUXUODU.DWDOD]Qegatif, laktoz pozitiftirler [53].

3.5.3. (IDHFDOLV¶ LQGLUHQoPHNDQL]PDVÕ

2OGXNoD GD\DQÕNOÕGÕUODU +LSHUWRQLN  VDOLQGH YH\D VDIUDGD UH\HELOLUOHU

3HQLVLOLQ*WDUDIÕQGDQ|OGUOPH]OHUGLUHQoJ|VWHULUOHUgOGUOPHOHULLoLQSHQLVLOLQ

ile aminoglikozidin (gentamisin gibi) sinerjik kombinasyonu gerekir. Vankomisin NXOODQÕODELOLUVH GH YDQNRPLVLQH GLUHQo J|VWHUHQOHU J|UOPú YH \DúDPÕ WHKGLW HGHQ

QR]DNLPDO HQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ |QHPOL YH oRN NRUNXODQ ELU QHGHQL KDOLQH JHOPLúWLU

9DQNRPLVLQH GLUHQoOL VXúODUÕQ HWNHQ ROGX÷X LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ WHGDYLVLQGH \HQL

antiEL\RWLNOHUNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU>@.

3.5.4. (IDHFDOLV¶ LQKDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|zellikleri

1RUPDONRúXOODUGDVD÷OÕNOÕNLúLOHUGHQDGLUHQKDVWDOÕN\DSDUODU%D÷ÕUVDNODUÕQYHD÷Õ]

ERúOX÷XQXQ \HVL RODUDN J|UOUOHU )ÕUVDWoÕ SDWRMHQOHUGLU .RQDN GLUHQFLQLQ

]D\ÕIODGÕ÷Õ GXUXPODUGD JDVWURLQWHVWLQDO YH\D ULQHU VLVWHPLQ EWQO÷ ]DUDU

J|UG÷QGH VWHULO YFXW E|OJHOHULQH \D\ÕODUDN ULQHU VLVWem infeksiyonuna, bakteriyemi-septisemiye, safra yolu infeksiyonuna, menenjite neden olurlar [62].

26

3.6. Bacillus subtilis

Hava, toz, toprak, suda bulunan, laboratuvDUGDVÕNOÕNODUH\HQELUEDNWHULGLU6SRUODUÕ

GR÷DGDoRN\D\JÕQGÕU>].

ùHNLO. B. subtilis JHQHOJ|UQP[68]

3.6.1. Bacillus sXEWLOLV¶ LQJ|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL

%XEDNWHUL\DNODúÕN-—PER\XQGD-—PHQLQGHWHNWHNEazen zincirler

\DSDQ oRPDNoÕN úHNOLQGH ELU EDNWHULGLU .LUSLNOHUL EXOXQGX÷XQGDQ KDUHNHWOL ROXS

VSRUODUÕ RYDO úHNOLQGHGLU .LUSLNOHU EDNWHULQLQ NDOÕQOÕ÷ÕQÕ DúPD] YH KFUH úHNOLQL

ER]PD]ODU*HQHOOLNOHNDSVO\RNWXUJUDPSR]LWLIWLU%D]HQNDSVOOKDUHNHtsiz ve X]XQ]LQFLU\DSDQYDU\DQWODUÕEXOXQDELOLU[62].

3.6.2%VXEWLOLV¶ LQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL

$HURSROXSDGLEHVL\HUOHULQGHRGDVÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD ELOHUH\HELOLU %X\\RQGDKDILIELU

EXODQÕNOÕN YH \]H\GH NDOÕQ YH EXUXúXN ELU ]DU \DSDUDN Uemesi karakteristiktir.

Jelozdaki kolonileri kirli-EH\D] JUL UHQNWH PDW ROXS NHQDUODU SUWNO \]H\L ERO

JUDQOO5WLSLQGHGLU=DPDQODEROUH\HUHNEHVL\HULQLQ\]H\LQLEXUXúXNELU]DUJLEL

NDSODU %D]Õ N|NHQOHUL NÕUPÕ]ÕPVÕ YH NDKYHUHQJL GDKD D] RODUDk turuncu ve siyah SLJPHQWROXúWXUDELOLUOHU%XROD\EHVL\HUL\DSÕVÕLOHLOJLOLGLU=RUXQOXDHURSWXUODU[62].

3.6.3. %VXEWLOLV¶ LQGLUHQoPHNDQL]PDVÕYHKDVWDOÕN\DSÕFÕ|]HOOLNOHUL

*HQHOOLNOH ]DUDUVÕ]GÕUODU )DNDW ED÷ÕúÕNOÕN VLVWHPL ]D\ÕIOÕ÷ÕQGD HQIHNWe edebilirler.

'DPDU LoL LODo ED÷ÕPOÕODUÕ NRQWDPLQH HURLQOH HQIHNWH ROXS VHSWLVHPL\H NDGDU

gidHELOLUOHU %DNWHUL DVOÕQGD VDSURILW ROPDNOD EHUDEHU GR÷UXGDQ GR÷UX\D GRNX YH

|]HOOLNOH J|] LoHULVLQH JLUPHVL VRQXFXQGD SDQRIWDOPL LULGRVLNOLW JLEL J|] \DQJÕODUÕ

PH\GDQD JHWLUHELOLUOHU %D]Õ EHVLQ ]HKLUOHQPHOHULQGHQ VRUXPOX ROGXNODUÕQGDQ

NXúNXODQÕOPDNWDGÕU (NPH÷LQ \XPXúD\DUDN ER]XOPDVÕQD QHGHQ ROXU .OWU

V]QWOHULQGHQVXEWLOLQDGÕYHULOHQELUNÕVÕPEDNWHULOHUHNDUúÕLQKLELW|UHWNLJ|VWHUHQ

bir madde elde edLOPLúWLU3HQLVLOLQHGX\DUOÕGÕUODU[59,62].

3.7. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas FLQVLLoLQGHHQ|QHPOLLQVDQSDWRMHQLROXS

WRSUDNYHVX\XQEXOXQGX÷XKHU\HUGHGR÷DORODUDNEXOXQXUøONGHID¶GH*HVVDUG

WDUDIÕQGDQ PDYL UHQNOL ELU FHUHKDWWHQ L]ROH HGLOPLúWLU øQVDQODUÕQ QHPOL YFXW

E|OJHOHULQGHQRUPDOIORUDEDNWHULVLRODUDN\HUDOÕU>].

ùHNLO3. aeruginosa JHQHOJ|UQP[69]

28

3.7.1. 3DHUXJLQRVD¶ QÕQJ|UQPYHER\DQPD|]HOOLNOHUL

Gram negatif, genellikle 0,5-—PHQLQGH-—PER\XQGDEDVLOúHNOLQGHGLU

6SRUVX]GXUODU dR÷X WHN XoWDNL IODJHOOD LOH KDUHNHWOLGLU ED]ÕODUÕQGD LNL YH\D o

flagella bulXQPDNWDGÕU.ROD\ER\DQÕUODU>].

3.7.2. 3DHUXJLQRVD¶ QÕQUHPHYHEL\RNLP\DVDO|]HOOLNOHUL

P. aeruginosa RUWDPNRúXOODUÕQDVRQGHUHFHNROD\DGDSWHROXU%HVLQJHUHNVLQLPOHUL

oRN D]GÕU KHU EHVL\HULQGH UH\HELOLUOHU =RUXQOX DHURSWXU hUHPH DUDOÕ÷Õ -ƒ&

optimum UHPH GHUHFHVL ƒ& GLU dR÷X L]RODWODU NDQOÕ DJDUGD WLSLN \HúLO PHWDOLN

SDUODNOÕN ROXúWXUXU %X J|UQP SL\RVL\DQLQ SLJPHQWLQH ED÷OÕGÕU 0DF&RQNH\

agarda mavi-\HúLOUHQNROXúXU%XSLJPHQW\DOQÕ]DHURSRUWDPGDROXúXU%XSLJPHQWL

EDúNDKLoELUEDNWHULROXúWXUPDGÕ÷ÕQGDQJ|UOPHVLQLQ|QHPOLWDQÕGH÷HULYDUGÕU

.OWUOHULQGHWDWOÕPVÕDURPDWLNPH\YHROJXQ]PNRNXVXQDEHQ]HUELU|]HONRNX

ROXúWXUXUODU P. aeruginosa NDUERQKLGUDWODUÕ IHUPHQWH HWPH] *OLNR] NVLOR] JLEL

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