Sources
• Encyclopedia of Islam (First and second editions), Brill-Laiden
• Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Ages of Caliphates, Edinburgh 1986.
• G. E. Von Grunebaum, Classical Islam: A History 600-1258, Chicago 1978.
• J. J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam, New York 1965
• H. U. Rahman, A Chronology of Islamic History 570-1000, Boston-London 1989.
• Dominique Sourdel, Medieval Islam, New York 1983.
• Al-Tabarî, The history of al-Ṭabarī = Taʼrīkh al-rusul wa'l mulūk. Albany : State University of New York, 1985-<c1994
• Umayyads and 'Abbasids : being the fourth part of Jurji Zaydan's History of Islamic civilization / translated by D.S. Margoliouth, London : Darf, 1987.
• Biographies of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, Translation from Inb Kasîr, Tabarî and Suyût
“Rightly Guided Caliphs”
• Translation of al-Khulafâ al-Râshidûn
• According the narration of Irbad b. Sâriya The Prophet said:
• “If you encounter any problem or division of opinion on an issue, your duty is to follow my tradition and the tradition of my Rightly
Guided Caliphs”
• Translation of al-Khulafâ al-Râshidûn
• According the narration of Irbad b. Sâriya The Prophet said:
• “If you encounter any problem or division of opinion on an issue, your duty is to follow my tradition and the tradition of my Rightly
Guided Caliphs”
Reactions to the Death of the Prophet
• Umar’s exiting and threatining speech:
“How can he be dead? By God he is not dead, like Moses and Jesus he is wrapt in a holy
trance and speedily wil he returne to his faithful people. I will kill who claims that Muhammad is dead”
• Umar’s exiting and threatining speech:
“How can he be dead? By God he is not dead, like Moses and Jesus he is wrapt in a holy
trance and speedily wil he returne to his
faithful people. I will kill who claims that
Muhammad is dead”
Reactions to the Death of the Prophet
• Abu Bakr’s calming speech:
"O people, verily whoever worshipped Muhammad, behold! Muhammad is indeed dead. But whoever
worships Allah, behold! Allah is alive and will never die.''
And then he concluded with a verse from the Qur'an:
"And Muhammad is but a Messenger. Many Messengers have gone before him; if then he dies or is killed, will
you turn back upon your heels?" [3:144]
• Abu Bakr’s calming speech:
"O people, verily whoever worshipped Muhammad, behold! Muhammad is indeed dead. But whoever
worships Allah, behold! Allah is alive and will never die.''
And then he concluded with a verse from the Qur'an:
"And Muhammad is but a Messenger. Many Messengers have gone before him; if then he dies or is killed, will
you turn back upon your heels?" [3:144]
The Questions around the succession
• Who should lead the Umma?
• What status and power should such a leader have?
• Was he to be the first among the equals, like a tirbal chief or was he to be a real and effective power?
• Was he to be chosen by the community or to take power by some process of heredetary succession within the Prophet’s clan?
• Who or which part of the society would elect the new deputy?
• Who should lead the Umma?
• What status and power should such a leader have?
• Was he to be the first among the equals, like a tirbal chief or was he to be a real and effective power?
• Was he to be chosen by the community or to take power by some process of heredetary succession within the Prophet’s clan?
• Who or which part of the society would elect the new deputy?
Muslim Society in Madina
• Muhâjirûn
– Who accepted and served Islam from the beginning (Abû Bakr, Umar, Uthman…)
– The Hashimids, Ali among them.
– New converts (Abû Sufyan, Khalid, Ikrime, Muawiya…)
• Ansâr
– Aws
– Khazraj
• Muhâjirûn
– Who accepted and served Islam from the beginning (Abû Bakr, Umar, Uthman…)
– The Hashimids, Ali among them.
– New converts (Abû Sufyan, Khalid, Ikrime, Muawiya…)
• Ansâr
– Aws
– Khazraj
Choosing the first successor
• Meeting of Ansar in the Hall of Banû Saide
• Paritcipation of a small group of Muhâjirûn in the discussion
• Who lacks?
• Meeting of Ansar in the Hall of Banû Saide
• Paritcipation of a small group of Muhâjirûn in the discussion
• Who lacks?
The reasons for the eleccion of Abû Bakr
• His age
• Vast knowledge about the tribes and tribal politics of the Arabia
• One of the first converts
• Very close friend of the Prophet (remember the perilious journey to Madina)
• His leading the prayers during the Prophet’s last illness
• What about the tradition saying: “The calips should be chosen from the Quraysh”
• His age
• Vast knowledge about the tribes and tribal politics of the Arabia
• One of the first converts
• Very close friend of the Prophet (remember the perilious journey to Madina)
• His leading the prayers during the Prophet’s last illness
• What about the tradition saying: “The calips should be chosen from the Quraysh”
the bay’a for Abû Bakr
• Meeting in the mosque
• Oath of allegiance by the majority
• Attitude of Ali-Fatıma and Hashimids
– Was Ali expecting benig caliph?
– Was the real reason the land of Fadak?
“The Prophets of God do not leave as inheritance any worldly possessions”
• Reaction of Sa’d b. Ubâde, promonent Ansarî
• Meeting in the mosque
• Oath of allegiance by the majority
• Attitude of Ali-Fatıma and Hashimids
– Was Ali expecting benig caliph?
– Was the real reason the land of Fadak?
“The Prophets of God do not leave as inheritance any worldly possessions”
• Reaction of Sa’d b. Ubâde, promonent Ansarî
Abû Bakr’s Khutba
• Abu Bakr’s khutba:
“I have been given the authority over you, although I am not the best of you. If I do well, help me; and if I do wrong, set me right. Sincere regard for truth is loyalty and disregard for truth is treachery. The weak amongst you shall be strong with me until I have secured his rights, if God wills; and the strong amongst you shall be weak with me until I have wrested/taken from him the rights of others, if God wills. Obey me so long as I obey God and His Messenger. But if I
disobey God and His Messenger, ye owe me no obedience. Arise for your prayer, God have mercy upon you.”
• Abû Bakr’s caliphate title:
“Khalifetu Rasûlullah”
• Abu Bakr’s khutba:
“I have been given the authority over you, although I am not the best of you. If I do well, help me; and if I do wrong, set me right. Sincere regard for truth is loyalty and disregard for truth is treachery. The weak amongst you shall be strong with me until I have secured his rights, if God wills; and the strong amongst you shall be weak with me until I have wrested/taken from him the rights of others, if God wills. Obey me so long as I obey God and His Messenger. But if I
disobey God and His Messenger, ye owe me no obedience. Arise for your prayer, God have mercy upon you.”
• Abû Bakr’s caliphate title:
“Khalifetu Rasûlullah”
Significance of the caliphate
• the head of the Muslim community
• his primary responsibilty: to continue in the path of the Prophet
• to make all laws in accordance with the Qur'an and the Sunnah
• a ruler over Muslims but not their sovereign
• to be obeyed as long as he obeyed Allah
• to administer justice to every citizen
• To provide paz
• the head of the Muslim community
• his primary responsibilty: to continue in the path of the Prophet
• to make all laws in accordance with the Qur'an and the Sunnah
• a ruler over Muslims but not their sovereign
• to be obeyed as long as he obeyed Allah
• to administer justice to every citizen
• To provide paz
First Action: Sending Army of Usâma
• His insructions to the soldiers were:
• "Do not be deserters (flee), nor be guilty of disobedience.
• Do not kill an old man, a woman or a child.
• Do not injure date palms and do not cut down fruit trees.
• Do not slaughter any sheep or cows or camels except for food.
• You will encounter persons who spend their lives in
monasteries. Leave them alone and do not harm them."
• His insructions to the soldiers were:
• "Do not be deserters (flee), nor be guilty of disobedience.
• Do not kill an old man, a woman or a child.
• Do not injure date palms and do not cut down fruit trees.
• Do not slaughter any sheep or cows or camels except for food.
• You will encounter persons who spend their lives in
monasteries. Leave them alone and do not harm them."
Apostasy Affair and Apostates
• Real Apostates
“We prefer going to hell behind our prophet to going to pradise following the prophet of
Quraysh”
• Those who reject to pay Zakat/charity/almsgiving
“This was due only to the Prophet”
Famous Imposters
• Musaylima the Liar
• Tulayha b. Huwaylid
• Sacah (soothsayer)
• Aswad al-Ansî
• Musaylima the Liar
• Tulayha b. Huwaylid
• Sacah (soothsayer)
• Aswad al-Ansî
How to deal with Apostates?
• Umar and others:
“cocessions should be done to the zakat evaders for a time”
• Abû Bakr:
– the Divine Law cannot be divided,
– there is no distinction between the obligations of Zakah (charity) and Salah (prayer),
– any compromise with the injunctions of Allah would eventually erode the foundations of Islam.
• Umar and others:
“cocessions should be done to the zakat evaders for a time”
• Abû Bakr:
– the Divine Law cannot be divided,
– there is no distinction between the obligations of Zakah (charity) and Salah (prayer),
– any compromise with the injunctions of Allah would eventually erode the foundations of Islam.
11 Corps and Their Duty
• Khalid b. Walid: First Tulaiha bin Khuwailad Al-Asdee (یدسلااا دلیواخ ناااب ہحیلُط) at
Buzaakhah (ہخاازاااب ), then Malik bin Nuwaira at Butah, then Musaylima at Yamame
• Ikrimah b. Abi-Jahl: Contact Musaylima at Yamamah but not to get involved until more forces were built up.
• Amr b. al-As: The apostate tribes of Quza'a and Wadi'a in the area of Tabuk and Daumat-ul-Jandal.
• Shurahbil b. Hasanah: Follow Ikrimah and await the Caliph's instructions.
• Khalid b. Saeed: Certain apostate tribes on the Syrian frontier.
• Turaifa b. Hajiz: The apostate tribes of Hawazin and Bani Sulaim in the area east of Medina and Mecca.
• Ala b. Al Hadhrami: The apostates in Bahrain.
• Hudhaifa b. Mihsan: The apostates in Oman.
• Arfaja b. Harsama: The apostates in Mahra.
• Muhajir b. Abi Umayyah: The apostates in the Yemen, then the Kinda in Hadhramaut.
• Suwaid b. Muqaran: The apostates in the coastal area north of the Yemen.
• Khalid b. Walid: First Tulaiha bin Khuwailad Al-Asdee (یدسلااا دلیواخ ناااب ہحیلُط) at
Buzaakhah (ہخاازاااب ), then Malik bin Nuwaira at Butah, then Musaylima at Yamame
• Ikrimah b. Abi-Jahl: Contact Musaylima at Yamamah but not to get involved until more forces were built up.
• Amr b. al-As: The apostate tribes of Quza'a and Wadi'a in the area of Tabuk and Daumat-ul-Jandal.
• Shurahbil b. Hasanah: Follow Ikrimah and await the Caliph's instructions.
• Khalid b. Saeed: Certain apostate tribes on the Syrian frontier.
• Turaifa b. Hajiz: The apostate tribes of Hawazin and Bani Sulaim in the area east of Medina and Mecca.
• Ala b. Al Hadhrami: The apostates in Bahrain.
• Hudhaifa b. Mihsan: The apostates in Oman.
• Arfaja b. Harsama: The apostates in Mahra.
• Muhajir b. Abi Umayyah: The apostates in the Yemen, then the Kinda in Hadhramaut.
• Suwaid b. Muqaran: The apostates in the coastal area north of the Yemen.
Instructions to the corps commanders
• Seek the tribes which are your objectives
• Call the Azaan.
• If the tribe answers with the Azaan, do not attack. After the Azaan, ask the tribe to confirm its submission, including the payment of zakat. If confirmed, do not attack.
• Those who submit will not be attacked.
• Those who do not answer with the Azaan, or after the Azaan do not confirm full submission, will be dealt with by the
sword.
• All apostates who have killed Muslims will be killed.
• Seek the tribes which are your objectives
• Call the Azaan.
• If the tribe answers with the Azaan, do not attack. After the Azaan, ask the tribe to confirm its submission, including the payment of zakat. If confirmed, do not attack.
• Those who submit will not be attacked.
• Those who do not answer with the Azaan, or after the Azaan do not confirm full submission, will be dealt with by the
sword.
• All apostates who have killed Muslims will be killed.
Sources
• Encyclopedia of Islam (First and second editions), Brill-Laiden
• Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Ages of Caliphates, Edinburgh 1986.
• G. E. Von Grunebaum, Classical Islam: A History 600-1258, Chicago 1978.
• J. J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam, New York 1965
• H. U. Rahman, A Chronology of Islamic History 570-1000, Boston-London 1989.
• Dominique Sourdel, Medieval Islam, New York 1983.
• Al-Tabarî, The history of al-Ṭabarī = Taʼrīkh al-rusul wa'l mulūk. Albany : State University of New York, 1985-<c1994
• Umayyads and 'Abbasids : being the fourth part of Jurji Zaydan's History of Islamic civilization / translated by D.S. Margoliouth, London : Darf, 1987.
• Biographies of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, Translation from Inb Kasîr, Tabarî and Suyût
“Rightly Guided Caliphs”
• Translation of al-Khulafâ al-Râshidûn
• According the narration of Irbad b. Sâriya The Prophet said:
• “If you encounter any problem or division of opinion on an issue, your duty is to follow my tradition and the tradition of my Rightly
Guided Caliphs”
• Translation of al-Khulafâ al-Râshidûn
• According the narration of Irbad b. Sâriya The Prophet said:
• “If you encounter any problem or division of opinion on an issue, your duty is to follow my tradition and the tradition of my Rightly
Guided Caliphs”
Reactions to the Death of the Prophet
• Umar’s exiting and threatining speech:
“How can he be dead? By God he is not dead, like Moses and Jesus he is wrapt in a holy
trance and speedily wil he returne to his faithful people. I will kill who claims that Muhammad is dead”
• Umar’s exiting and threatining speech:
“How can he be dead? By God he is not dead, like Moses and Jesus he is wrapt in a holy
trance and speedily wil he returne to his
faithful people. I will kill who claims that
Muhammad is dead”
Reactions to the Death of the Prophet
• Abu Bakr’s calming speech:
"O people, verily whoever worshipped Muhammad, behold! Muhammad is indeed dead. But whoever
worships Allah, behold! Allah is alive and will never die.''
And then he concluded with a verse from the Qur'an:
"And Muhammad is but a Messenger. Many Messengers have gone before him; if then he dies or is killed, will
you turn back upon your heels?" [3:144]
• Abu Bakr’s calming speech:
"O people, verily whoever worshipped Muhammad, behold! Muhammad is indeed dead. But whoever
worships Allah, behold! Allah is alive and will never die.''
And then he concluded with a verse from the Qur'an:
"And Muhammad is but a Messenger. Many Messengers have gone before him; if then he dies or is killed, will
you turn back upon your heels?" [3:144]
The Questions around the succession
• Who should lead the Umma?
• What status and power should such a leader have?
• Was he to be the first among the equals, like a tirbal chief or was he to be a real and effective power?
• Was he to be chosen by the community or to take power by some process of heredetary succession within the Prophet’s clan?
• Who or which part of the society would elect the new deputy?
• Who should lead the Umma?
• What status and power should such a leader have?
• Was he to be the first among the equals, like a tirbal chief or was he to be a real and effective power?
• Was he to be chosen by the community or to take power by some process of heredetary succession within the Prophet’s clan?
• Who or which part of the society would elect the new deputy?
Muslim Society in Madina
• Muhâjirûn
– Who accepted and served Islam from the beginning (Abû Bakr, Umar, Uthman…)
– The Hashimids, Ali among them.
– New converts (Abû Sufyan, Khalid, Ikrime, Muawiya…)
• Ansâr
– Aws
– Khazraj
• Muhâjirûn
– Who accepted and served Islam from the beginning (Abû Bakr, Umar, Uthman…)
– The Hashimids, Ali among them.
– New converts (Abû Sufyan, Khalid, Ikrime, Muawiya…)
• Ansâr
– Aws
– Khazraj
Choosing the first successor
• Meeting of Ansar in the Hall of Banû Saide
• Paritcipation of a small group of Muhâjirûn in the discussion
• Who lacks?
• Meeting of Ansar in the Hall of Banû Saide
• Paritcipation of a small group of Muhâjirûn in the discussion
• Who lacks?
The reasons for the eleccion of Abû Bakr
• His age
• Vast knowledge about the tribes and tribal politics of the Arabia
• One of the first converts
• Very close friend of the Prophet (remember the perilious journey to Madina)
• His leading the prayers during the Prophet’s last illness
• What about the tradition saying: “The calips should be chosen from the Quraysh”
• His age
• Vast knowledge about the tribes and tribal politics of the Arabia
• One of the first converts
• Very close friend of the Prophet (remember the perilious journey to Madina)
• His leading the prayers during the Prophet’s last illness
• What about the tradition saying: “The calips should be chosen from the Quraysh”
the bay’a for Abû Bakr
• Meeting in the mosque
• Oath of allegiance by the majority
• Attitude of Ali-Fatıma and Hashimids
– Was Ali expecting benig caliph?
– Was the real reason the land of Fadak?
“The Prophets of God do not leave as inheritance any worldly possessions”
• Reaction of Sa’d b. Ubâde, promonent Ansarî
• Meeting in the mosque
• Oath of allegiance by the majority
• Attitude of Ali-Fatıma and Hashimids
– Was Ali expecting benig caliph?
– Was the real reason the land of Fadak?
“The Prophets of God do not leave as inheritance any worldly possessions”
• Reaction of Sa’d b. Ubâde, promonent Ansarî
Abû Bakr’s Khutba
• Abu Bakr’s khutba:
“I have been given the authority over you, although I am not the best of you. If I do well, help me; and if I do wrong, set me right. Sincere regard for truth is loyalty and disregard for truth is treachery. The weak amongst you shall be strong with me until I have secured his rights, if God wills; and the strong amongst you shall be weak with me until I have wrested/taken from him the rights of others, if God wills. Obey me so long as I obey God and His Messenger. But if I
disobey God and His Messenger, ye owe me no obedience. Arise for your prayer, God have mercy upon you.”
• Abû Bakr’s caliphate title:
“Khalifetu Rasûlullah”
• Abu Bakr’s khutba:
“I have been given the authority over you, although I am not the best of you. If I do well, help me; and if I do wrong, set me right. Sincere regard for truth is loyalty and disregard for truth is treachery. The weak amongst you shall be strong with me until I have secured his rights, if God wills; and the strong amongst you shall be weak with me until I have wrested/taken from him the rights of others, if God wills. Obey me so long as I obey God and His Messenger. But if I
disobey God and His Messenger, ye owe me no obedience. Arise for your prayer, God have mercy upon you.”
• Abû Bakr’s caliphate title:
“Khalifetu Rasûlullah”
Significance of the caliphate
• the head of the Muslim community
• his primary responsibilty: to continue in the path of the Prophet
• to make all laws in accordance with the Qur'an and the Sunnah
• a ruler over Muslims but not their sovereign
• to be obeyed as long as he obeyed Allah
• to administer justice to every citizen
• To provide paz
• the head of the Muslim community
• his primary responsibilty: to continue in the path of the Prophet
• to make all laws in accordance with the Qur'an and the Sunnah
• a ruler over Muslims but not their sovereign
• to be obeyed as long as he obeyed Allah
• to administer justice to every citizen
• To provide paz
First Action: Sending Army of Usâma
• His insructions to the soldiers were:
• "Do not be deserters (flee), nor be guilty of disobedience.
• Do not kill an old man, a woman or a child.
• Do not injure date palms and do not cut down fruit trees.
• Do not slaughter any sheep or cows or camels except for food.
• You will encounter persons who spend their lives in
monasteries. Leave them alone and do not harm them."
• His insructions to the soldiers were:
• "Do not be deserters (flee), nor be guilty of disobedience.
• Do not kill an old man, a woman or a child.
• Do not injure date palms and do not cut down fruit trees.
• Do not slaughter any sheep or cows or camels except for food.
• You will encounter persons who spend their lives in
monasteries. Leave them alone and do not harm them."
Apostasy Affair and Apostates
• Real Apostates
“We prefer going to hell behind our prophet to going to pradise following the prophet of
Quraysh”
• Those who reject to pay Zakat/charity/almsgiving
“This was due only to the Prophet”
Famous Imposters
• Musaylima the Liar
• Tulayha b. Huwaylid
• Sacah (soothsayer)
• Aswad al-Ansî
• Musaylima the Liar
• Tulayha b. Huwaylid
• Sacah (soothsayer)
• Aswad al-Ansî
How to deal with Apostates?
• Umar and others:
“cocessions should be done to the zakat evaders for a time”
• Abû Bakr:
– the Divine Law cannot be divided,
– there is no distinction between the obligations of Zakah (charity) and Salah (prayer),
– any compromise with the injunctions of Allah would eventually erode the foundations of Islam.
• Umar and others:
“cocessions should be done to the zakat evaders for a time”
• Abû Bakr:
– the Divine Law cannot be divided,
– there is no distinction between the obligations of Zakah (charity) and Salah (prayer),
– any compromise with the injunctions of Allah would eventually erode the foundations of Islam.
11 Corps and Their Duty
• Khalid b. Walid: First Tulaiha bin Khuwailad Al-Asdee (یدسلااا دلیواخ ناااب ہحیلُط) at
Buzaakhah (ہخاازاااب ), then Malik bin Nuwaira at Butah, then Musaylima at Yamame
• Ikrimah b. Abi-Jahl: Contact Musaylima at Yamamah but not to get involved until more forces were built up.
• Amr b. al-As: The apostate tribes of Quza'a and Wadi'a in the area of Tabuk and Daumat-ul-Jandal.
• Shurahbil b. Hasanah: Follow Ikrimah and await the Caliph's instructions.
• Khalid b. Saeed: Certain apostate tribes on the Syrian frontier.
• Turaifa b. Hajiz: The apostate tribes of Hawazin and Bani Sulaim in the area east of Medina and Mecca.
• Ala b. Al Hadhrami: The apostates in Bahrain.
• Hudhaifa b. Mihsan: The apostates in Oman.
• Arfaja b. Harsama: The apostates in Mahra.
• Muhajir b. Abi Umayyah: The apostates in the Yemen, then the Kinda in Hadhramaut.
• Suwaid b. Muqaran: The apostates in the coastal area north of the Yemen.
• Khalid b. Walid: First Tulaiha bin Khuwailad Al-Asdee (یدسلااا دلیواخ ناااب ہحیلُط) at
Buzaakhah (ہخاازاااب ), then Malik bin Nuwaira at Butah, then Musaylima at Yamame
• Ikrimah b. Abi-Jahl: Contact Musaylima at Yamamah but not to get involved until more forces were built up.
• Amr b. al-As: The apostate tribes of Quza'a and Wadi'a in the area of Tabuk and Daumat-ul-Jandal.
• Shurahbil b. Hasanah: Follow Ikrimah and await the Caliph's instructions.
• Khalid b. Saeed: Certain apostate tribes on the Syrian frontier.
• Turaifa b. Hajiz: The apostate tribes of Hawazin and Bani Sulaim in the area east of Medina and Mecca.
• Ala b. Al Hadhrami: The apostates in Bahrain.
• Hudhaifa b. Mihsan: The apostates in Oman.
• Arfaja b. Harsama: The apostates in Mahra.
• Muhajir b. Abi Umayyah: The apostates in the Yemen, then the Kinda in Hadhramaut.
• Suwaid b. Muqaran: The apostates in the coastal area north of the Yemen.
Instructions to the corps commanders
• Seek the tribes which are your objectives
• Call the Azaan.
• If the tribe answers with the Azaan, do not attack. After the Azaan, ask the tribe to confirm its submission, including the payment of zakat. If confirmed, do not attack.
• Those who submit will not be attacked.
• Those who do not answer with the Azaan, or after the Azaan do not confirm full submission, will be dealt with by the
sword.
• All apostates who have killed Muslims will be killed.
• Seek the tribes which are your objectives
• Call the Azaan.
• If the tribe answers with the Azaan, do not attack. After the Azaan, ask the tribe to confirm its submission, including the payment of zakat. If confirmed, do not attack.
• Those who submit will not be attacked.
• Those who do not answer with the Azaan, or after the Azaan do not confirm full submission, will be dealt with by the
sword.
• All apostates who have killed Muslims will be killed.
Conquests
Some claims about the reasons of the conquests
• To spread Islam by using military force
• To be dominant instead of being dominated:
to overcome inferiority complex
• to get booty/richness of ather nations
Reasons of the Conquests in narrations
• “According to what the narrators said, after solving/coping the apostasy issue, Abû Bakr
decided to send an army to Syria. For this goal he wrote letters to the chiefs of the tribes at Makka, Tâif, Yemen, Nejid, Hijaz encouraging them for
jihad and booty that would be taken from
Byzantine. Some people accepted the proposal in order to to acquire merit in God's sight, others came to Madina hoping booty.” Belazurî, 156.
Reasons of the Conquests in narrations
• Rustam, king of Persia,:
“I know very well that your poverty drew you to my lands. We will send back you after feeding and giving you what you like”
• Mughira b. Shu’ba:
“Allah sent as his messanger , then we got happiness by accepting his message and following his footprints. He
ordered us to battle the people until they submit giving poll- tax. So we are calling you to worship only One Allah and to accept Muhammad as his messanger. Either you accept this or the sword should judge between you and us ”
Reasons for the Conquests
• Political goal: to extend Islamic state/administration
• To mobilize energy of the the tribes towards external threats instead of internal struggle
• To make the conquered people awaire of Islam/to spread Islam
• To get booty
Conquest of Irak
• Raids of Musanna b. al-Hârisa
• Victories and conquests of Khalid
– Battle of Chains, fought in April 633;
– Battle of River, fought in the 3rd week of April 633;
– Battle of Walaja, fought in May 633 (where he successfully used a double envelopment manoeuvre),
– and Battle of Ullais, fought in the mid of May 633.
– In the last week of May 633, Hira capital city of Iraq fell to the Muslims.
– In July 633, the very important city of Al-Anbar was conquered.
– In the last week of July 633 Khalid conquered the city of Ein ul Tamr.
– During November 633, he won the Battle of Muzieh, then the Battle of Sanni, and finally the Battle of Zumail
Result: In less than one year span Khalid ended the Persian control over Iraq
Conquest of Damascus
• Abû Bakr’s order to Khalid to go to Syria
• First qonquests of Khalid
– Sawa, Arak, Tadmur, Sukhnah
– Victory over the Ghassanid army of Christian Arabs in a quick Battle of Marj-al-Rahit
– Victory over Byzantine forces at the Battle of Ajnadayn on 30 July 634
– Conquest of Damascus on 18 September 634
• Death of Abû Bakr and replacement of Khalid with Abû Ubayda by Umar
Sucession of Umar
• “His [Umar's] strictness was there because of my softness when the weight of Caliphate will be
over his shoulders he will remain no longer strict.
If I will be asked by the God to whom I have
appointed my successor, I will tell him that I have appointed the best man among your men.”
• one of the smoothest transitions to power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands
Speech of Umar I
• “O ye faithful! Abu Bakr is no more amongst us. He has the satisfaction that he has successfully piloted the ship of the Muslim state to safety after negotiating the stormy sea. He successfully waged the apostasy wars, and thanks to him, Islam is now supreme in Arabia. After Abu Bakr, the mantle of Caliphate has fallen on my shoulders. I swear it before God that I never coveted this office. I wished that it would have devolved on/passed some other person more worthy than me.
Speech of Umar I
• But now that in national interest, the responsibility for leading the Muslims has come to vest in/be delivered to me, I assure you that I will not run away from my post, and will make an earnest effort to discharge/carry out the onerous duties of the office to the best of my capacity in accordance with the
injunctions of Islam. Allah has examined me from you and you from me, In the performance of my duties, I will seek guidance from the Holy Book, and will follow the examples set by the Holy Prophet and Abu Bakr. In this task I seek your assistance.
If I follow the right path, follow me. If I deviate from the right path, correct me so that we are not led astray.”
Reconciliation Policy of Umar
• “Brethren, it has come to my notice that the
people are afraid of me ... they say that he (Umar) has become the Caliph now, God knows how hard he will be. Whoever has said this is not wrong in his assessment ,,, know ye brethren that you will feel a change in me. For those who practise
tyranny and deprive others of their rights, I will be harsh and stern, but for those who follow the law, I will be most soft and tender.”
• “By God, he that is weakest among you shall be in my eye the strongest, until I have
vindicated for him his rights; he that is
strongest I will treat as the weakest, until he
complies with the law.”
• Delivering to Ali his disputed estates in Khayber
• General amnesty for the prisoners captured from the apostates and rebels
• winning out his subjects
Conquests
• During his reign
– the Levant, – Egypt,
– Cyrenaica, – Tripolitania, – Fezzan,
– Eastern Anatolia,
– almost the whole of the Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran
were annexed to Islamic Empire.
According to one estimate more than 4050 cities were captured during these military conquest.
SOME
R E F O R M S and
ACTIONS
1. Province system and Officers in the Provences
Vali/Governer (provinces) Junior Governer (districs) Katib, the Chief Secretary.
Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police chief.
Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Treasury Officer.
Qadi, the Chief Judge.
• 2. construction of the Garrison Cities (Amsâr)
– In 637-638: Basra-Kufa – In 643: Fustat
• 3. Establishment of a permanent army as a state department
• 4. In 638: Extention of the Masjid al-Haram and the Masjid al-Nabawî
• 5. In 638: arrengament of Islamic Calender
• 6. the expulsion of the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar
• 2. construction of the Garrison Cities (Amsâr)
– In 637-638: Basra-Kufa – In 643: Fustat
• 3. Establishment of a permanent army as a state department
• 4. In 638: Extention of the Masjid al-Haram and the Masjid al-Nabawî
• 5. In 638: arrengament of Islamic Calender
• 6. the expulsion of the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar
• 7. In 641: establishment of bayt al mâl, a financial institution and beginning of annual state sponsored allowance for the poor Muslims in Makkah and Al Madinah
• 8. 641: Establishment of Diwân and payment regular salary to the whole muslims
• 9. In 642: allowance for the poor,underprivileged and old non-Muslim citizens of the empire
• 10. Imposing land tax (kharâc) on the lands of Non- Muslims
• 7. In 641: establishment of bayt al mâl, a financial institution and beginning of annual state sponsored allowance for the poor Muslims in Makkah and Al Madinah
• 8. 641: Establishment of Diwân and payment regular salary to the whole muslims
• 9. In 642: allowance for the poor,underprivileged and old non-Muslim citizens of the empire
• 10. Imposing land tax (kharâc) on the lands of Non- Muslims
• 11. Imposing Ushr on trade goods.
• 12. Making irrigating canals
• 13. Ordaining the holding of tarawih prayers in congregation.
• 14. Provision of the punishment for drunkenness with eighty stripes
• 15. Levy of zakât on the Christians of Bani Taghlab in lieu of/instead of jizya
Sunni views Shia views
• the Second of the Rashidun
• Farooq/al-Fârûk
• Solid and Strong Muslim
• just
• statesman
• Modest/humble
• rarely laughing
• never joking
• Traitor to the Prophet
• usurper of Ali's rights of succession
• not assigned to any civil or military authority
during the time of the Prophet
• Murderer of Fatima
