AIP Conference Proceedings 2205, 020067 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142982 2205, 020067 © 2020 Author(s).
New hybrid nano additives for thermoplastic
compounding: CVD grown carbon fiber on
graphene
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2205, 020067 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142982
Published Online: 10 January 2020
Elcin Cakal Sarac, Leila Haghighi Poudeh, Jamal Seyyed Monfared Zanjani, Fevzi Çakmak Cebeci, Ismail Aydin, Yusuf Menceloglu, and Burcu Saner Okan
ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN
Graphene from waste tire by recycling technique for cost-effective and light-weight automotive plastic part production
AIP Conference Proceedings 2205, 020046 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142961
Low density, high modulus polypropylene wood composites prepared by using thermo kinetic mixer
AIP Conference Proceedings 2205, 020020 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142935
Properties of lignocellulosic composites of coffee husk filled polypropylene
'79$2+&#/0&&+4+6'3(02*'2.01-#34+%
0.105/&+/) 207/#2$0/+$'20/2#1*'/'
?6<A4>4?)4E46
12,a#8<?44:;<:;<'BH78;
3!4@4?)8LL87$BA94E8704A=4A<
48IM<N4>@4>8586<
5F@4<?L7<A
2/HFH9$8A68?B:?H
35HE6H)4A8E&>4A
31),- %($% %-.$& %()*,%-.(/& ($%-.(/&/,% 3
2-.(/&($0 ,-$.3 ,,#*-/&.3)!("$( ,$("0$&,'*/-0$&, -.(/&/,% 3 3($($0 ,-$.3(. ",. (/!./,$(" #()&)"$ - - ,#(**&$.$)( (. ,)'*)-$.
#()&)"$ - (. ,)!2 && ( %()*,%-.(/& ($%-.(/&/,% 3
4/&.3)!("$( ,$(" #()&)"3($0 ,-$.3)!1 (. (-# # .# ,&(- 5/&.3)!("$( ,$("(./,&$ ( -($($0 ,-$.3 /4&-.(/&/,% 3
a8?6<A F4E46>BE7F4 6B@
$342#%4 %4AB 477<G<I8F ;4I8 HA<DH8 6;4E46G8E<FG<6F J<78?L HF87 <A ;<:; G86;AB?B:L 4CC?<64G<BAF 7H8 GB G;8<E H?GE4;<:;
@86;4A<64?4A7G;8E@4?CEBC8EG<8F *;8L4E8ABGCE898EE87<ACE<68F8AF<G<I8F86GBEF8FC86<4??L<A4HGB@BG<I84CC?<64G<BAF5864HF8B9 G;8<E;<:;6BFG &AG;8BG;8E;4A7G;8E8<F4:EBJ<A:<AG8E8FGGBHF8:E4C;8A84F4E8<A9BE6<A:4:8AG<A6B@CBF<G8CEB7H6G<BA G G;<FCB<AG:E4C;8A8C?4G8?8G%'CEB7H6879EB@G;8E86L6?8FBHE68J4FHF874F4G8@C?4G89BE64E5BAA4AB9<58ECEB7H6G<BA5L HF<A:6;8@<64?I4CBE78CBF<G<BA,G86;A<DH8GBBI8E6B@86B@@8E6<4?<M4G<BA54EE<8E *;<F5<6B@CBA8AG4A7ABI8?FGEH6GHE8 <F4:BB764A7<74G8GB58HF874F4E8<A9BE6<A:4:8AG<A6B@CBHA79BE@H?4G<BAF *;<FCEB7H687;L5E<7477<G<I8J4F7<FC8EF87<A G;8E@BC?4FG<6 E8F<A 5L G;8E@B><A8G<6 @<K8E GB :8G ;B@B:8A8BHF 7<FC8EF<BA 4A7 CEBI<78 FGEBA: <AG8E946<4? <AG8E46G<BAF A G;8 6HEE8AGJBE>G;8BHGFG4A7<A:CEBC8EG<8FB9:E4C;8A8J<G;64E5BA9<58EFJ8E86B@5<A87 <AGB BA8 GLC8 FGEH6GHE8 -<G; G;8 9HEG;8E E8F84E6; G;8 AH@58E B9 :E4C;8A8 ?4L8E J8E8 47=HFG87 <A G;<F ;L5E<7 FGEH6GHE8 GB 5E<A: 4 A8J <AF<:;G <A :E4C;8A8 4A7 <GF 6B@CBF<G8 4CC?<64G<BAF 9G8E G;8 945E<64G<BA B9 :E4C;8A8 4A7 64E5BA 9<58E54F87 E8<A9BE68@8AGF J<G; 7<998E8AG :E4C;8A8 FBHE68F @86;4A<64??L 4A7 G;8E@4??L <@CEBI87 'B?L4@<78 J8E8 78I8?BC87 4G I8EL ?BJ ?B47<A:F 5L 4 G;8E@B><A8G<6 ;<:; F;84E@<K8E *;<F78I8?BC87G86;AB?B:LJ<??HG<?<M84A<AABI4G<BAGBCEB7H6847I4A687G;8E@BC?4FG<6CE8CE8:F<A6?H7<A::E4C;8A8 4A7<GF;L5E<7477<G<I8FJ<G;;<:;@86;4A<64?CEBC8EG<8F4A7<A6E84F87E86L6?<A:78:E885L786E84F<A:@4AH946GHE<A:6BFGF
'9702&3E4C;8A8L5E<7FGEH6GHE8$86;4A<64?CEBC8EG<8F*;8E@4?CEBC8EG<8F
*;8E8<F4A<A6E84F<A:GE8A7GBHF8G;8E@BC?4FG<6@4G8E<4?F9BE6B@CBF<G8C4EGCEB7H6G<BA7H8GBG;8<E47I4AG4:8F FH6; 4F ;<:; 9E46GHE8 GBH:;A8FF ;<:; F8EI<68 G8@C8E4GHE8 F;BEG8E CEB7H6G<BA G<@8 4A7 E8HF<A: 4A7 E86L6?<A: CBG8AG<4? 121 212 $4GE<68F B9 9<58E 54F87 G;8E@BC?4FG<6 6B@CBF<G8F FH6; 4F CB?LCEBCL?8A8 4A7 CB?L4@<78 ;4I8 4?E847L588AHF87 ABG45?L <A 4HGB@BG<I8 <A7HFGE<4? FCBEGF 4A7 ?8<FHE8 <A7HFGE<8F BJ<A: GB G;8<E 6BFG F4I<A: 4A7 ?<:;G J8<:;G<A: CEBC8EG<8F 4F J8?? 4F 58<A: 84FL GB CEB68FF 4G G;8 ?BJ CEB68FF<A: G8@C8E4GHE8 4A7 CE8FFHE8 12 'B?L4@<78 ' 4F4A8A:<A88E<A:G;8E@BC?4FG<6CB?L@8EJ;<6;;4F;<:;FG<99A8FFGBH:;A8FF4A7E8F<FG4A68 GB7LA4@<694G<:H8J4FF8?86G87 <A G;8 6HEE8AG FGH7L 1212 A 466BE74A68 J<G; G;<F CHECBF8 F8I8E4? @<6EB 4A7 A4ABC4EG<6?8F ;4I8 588A<AI8FG<:4G879BEG;8E8<A9BE68@8AGB9'<A9HA74@8AG4?E8F84E6;4A7<A7HFGE<4?4CC?<64G<BAF 12 E4C;8A8 J;<6; ;4F 7<@8AG<BA4? FGEH6GHE8 4A7 ;<:; FHE9468 4E84 <F 4 CEB@<F<A: E8<A9BE6<A: 4:8AG <A 6B@CBF<G8F 5864HF8 B9 <GF ;<:; @86;4A<64? 4A7 G;8E@4? CEBC8EG<8F 12121212 BJ8I8E ;B@B:8A8BHF 7<FC8EF<BA B9 :E4C;8A8 F;88GF <A G;8 CB?L@8E<6 @4GE<K <F FG<?? 4 6;4??8A:<A: <FFH8 1212 (868AG?L @4AL FGH7<8F ;4I8 9B6HF87 BA G;8 <@CEBI8@8AG B9 @86;4A<64?4A7G;8E@4?CEBC8EG<8FB9A4AB6B@CBF<G8F5L<AG8:E4G<A: A4AB9<??8EFFH6;4F:E4C;8A864E5BAA4ABGH58F
%*4A7A4AB9<58EF%5LBI8E6B@<A:G;84::?B@8E4G<BACEB5?8@B9A4ABC4EG<6?8F A477<G<BA:E4C;8A84A7 %*;4I8588AHF87GB:8G;8E<ACB?L@8E<6@4GE<68FGB:8GG;8FLA8E:8G<689986GGB4GG4<A4A<784?6B@CBF<G8FGEH6GHE8 A G;8 6HEE8AG FGH7L 64E5BA A4AB9<58EF % J8E8 :EBJA BA G;E88 7<998E8AG :E4C;8A8 G8@C?4G8F J;<6; J8E8 :E4C;8A8A4ABC?4G8?8GF%'@H?G<?4L8EG;8E@4??L8K9B?<4G87:E4C;8A8BK<78*&4A7F<A:?8?4L8E:E4C;8A8 BK<78&5L4CC?L<A:,G86;A<DH8 *;8F8:E4C;8A8@4G8E<4?F;4I87<998E8A68F<AG8E@FB964E5BABKL:8AE4G<B ?4L8E AH@58E 4A7 CEB7H6G<BA G86;A<DH8 A BE78E GB HA78EFG4A7 G;8 C8E9BE@4A68 B9 G;8F8 CEB7H687 ;L5E<7 A4AB477<G<I8F@8?G6B@CBHA7<A:CEB68FFJ8E84CC?<879BEA4AB6B@CBF<G8CEB7H6G<BA *;8F8A8J78F<:A477<G<I8F J8E8HF874FE8<A9BE6<A:4:8AGF<A' 9BEGBHA78EFG4A7G;8<E7<@8AF<BA4?FGEH6GHE8BA@BEC;B?B:<64?6ELFG4??<A8 G;8E@4?4A7@86;4A<64?CEBC8EG<8FB9G;8A4AB6B@CBF<G8F
"
9/4*'3+30(9$2+&#/0.#4'2+#-3
)<A:?8:E4C;8A8A4ABC?4G8?8G%'4A7G;8E@4??L8K9B?<4G87:E4C;8A8BK<78*&;4I<A: :E4C;8A8?4L8EF J8E8CHE6;4F879EB@%%&(%B )<A:?8?4L8E:E4C;8A8BK<78&J4FFLAG;8F<M879EB@:E4C;<G89?4>8F 5L<@CEBI87H@@8EFTG86;A<DH81 2 EBAJ4FHF874F464G4?LFG<A,CEB68FFGB:EBJ%BAG;8FHE9468 B9:E4C;8A854F87G8@C?4G8F12 FE868<I87:E4C;8A8%'6BAG4<AF 4G<EBA<A<GFFGEH6GHE8B5G4<A879EB@ .E4LC;BGB8?86GEBAFC86GEBF6BCL.') EBABK<78<@CE8:A4G<BACEB68FFJ4F4CC?<879BE&4A7*&<A7<998E8AG FB?I8AG FLFG8@F B9 J4G8E 4A7 $ E8FC86G<I8?L HE<A: , CEB68FF 8 <@CE8:A4G87 :E4C;8A8 F4@C?8F J8E8 8KCBF87GBB5LCHE:<A::4F@<KGHE8FB984A7 4A7G;8AF4@C?8FJ8E8>8CG45BHG@<A4GG;<FG8@C8E4GHE8 9BE4AA84?<A: GG;88A7B9G;<FFG4:88G;L?8A8:4FJ4FCHE:87GBCEBI<7864E5BAFBHE684A7:EBJ%BA:E4C;8A8 G8@C?4G8F9BE@<A4GU$BEC;B?B:<8F B9 ;L5E<7 477<G<I8F 4A7 G;8 ?8A:G; B9 9<58E F<M8 J8E8 <AI8FG<:4G87 5L !&# #45 <:; (8FB?HG<BA *E4AF@<FF<BA ?86GEBA $<6EBF6BC8 *$ .E4L 7<99E46G<BA .( 4A7 (4@4A @84FHE8@8AGF J8E8 64EE<87BHG5LHF<A:EH>8E ')(8F>GBCJ<G;4H"WE47<4G<BAFBHE684A7(8A<F;4J<A,<4(89?8K(4@4A $<6EBF6BCL )LFG8@ E8FC86G<I8?L GB HA78EFG4A7 G;8 FGEH6GHE4? 6;4A:8F *;8E@B )6<8AG<9<6 "?C;4 .E4L ';BGB8?86GEBA)C86GEB@8G8E)LFG8@.')J4FHF879BEDH4AG<G4G<I88?8@8AG4?4A4?LF<FB9;L5E<7FC86<@8AF
0.105/&+/)$9*'2.0,+/'4+%+8'2
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
*$<@4:8FB9;L5E<7FGEH6GHE8F<A<:HE8<A7<64G8FG;89BE@4G<BAB9%BA7<998E8AG:E4C;8A8FGEH6GHE8F4A7 4E8 FHCCBEG87 G;8 9BE@4G<BA B9 7<@8AF<BA4? FGEH6GHE8 ;4I<A: GJB 7<998E8AG 6B@CBA8AGF EBA C4EG<6?8F J<G; G;8 4I8E4:8F<M8B9A@J8E8F88A6?84E?L<A*&4A7&54F87477<G<I8F4FF88A<A<:HE854A76J;8E84F G;8?8A:G;B9%<A%'<F6B@C4E45?LF;BEG8EG;4A*&4A7&54F87477<G<I8F *45?8FH@@4E<M8FG;84I8E4:8 7<4@8G8E4A7?8A:G;B9%&E4G<BB5G4<A879EB@.')4A7<AG8AF<GLE4G<BB94A7 E868<I879EB@(4@4A FC86GEBF6BCLB9G;8CEB7H687A4AB477<G<I8F<AG;<FFGH7L %*&;4FG;8;<:;8FG&E4G<B4F45BHG 5HG%' 54F87;L5E<7;4F@BE8BKL:8A9HA6G<BA4?:EBHCFBA<GFFHE9468 *;8FGEH6GHE4?6;4A:8FB9;L5E<7FGEH6GHE8FB9%'&4A7*&J8E8@BA<GBE875L.(4A4?LF<F4FF88A<A <:HE8 4 A4??B9G;8FC86<@8AF47<99E46G<BAC84>4G YQ PJ4F6BEE8FCBA787GBG;8 E89?86G<BAB9:E4C;<G<6 C?4A812 HE<A:%:EBJG;CEB68FF<EBABK<7864G4?LFGJ4FE87H687GB@8G4??<684A78BA4??G;8:E4C;8A8GLC8F?458??87<A<:HE8 412 .(I8E<9<87%:EBJ<A:CEB68FF4A7477<G<BAB964E5BA4GB@FBA@8G4?64G4?LFGF 78CBF<G87BA:E4C;8A8FHE9468 @BA:G;E88GLC8FB9477<G<I8F*&54F87;L5E<7;4FG;8;<:;8FG6ELFG4??<A<GL )H@@4ELB9G;86;4E46G8E<FG<6CEBC8EG<8FB9;L5E<7A4AB477<G<I8F 91'0()2#1*'/'+/*9$2+& 3425%452' 20&5%4+0/.'4*0&0( )2#1*'/' *'0( -'/)4*:. *'&+#.'4'2 0(/. #4 #4 2#4+0 E4C;8A8C?4G8?8G%' (86L6?<A:4A7HC6L6?<A: $H?G<?4L8E:E4C;8A8BK<78 *& *;8E@4?8K9B?<4G<BA )<A:?8?4L8E:E4C;8A8BK<78 & @CEBI87H@@8EF@8G;B7121 2
#
$ %
*$<@4:8FB9#%%'$%*&4A7%%&
(4@4A6;4E46G8E<M4G<BA<F4A899<6<8AGG86;A<DH8GB8K4@<A8G;86;4A:8F<AFC 4A7FC78:E88B9FGEH6GHE8 4A7G;89BE@4G<BAB9477<G<BA4?64E5BAFGEH6GHE84A778986GF E4C;8A8;4FG;E886;4E46G8E<FG<6(4@4AC84>FB9 4A7 A477<G<BAGBG;8F8C84>F4F86BA7BE78EC84>>ABJA4F)4G4EBHA7 6@<AG;8(4@4AFC86GE4J4F 4CC84E877H8GBG;8<AG8E46G<BAFB9<AG8EI4??8L4A7<AGE4I4??8LC;BABAF64GG8E<A:F58GJ88A:E4C;8A84A7%12 F F;BJA<A<:HE8 54A7*45?84;<:;8EE8FH?G<A B9%*&4A7%&6B@C4E87GB%%'F;BJ87 G;89BE@4G<BAB9@BE8FC5BA7FE8:4E7<A:G;8<AG8AF<GLB954A712 A6BA6?HF<BAG;87<998E8A68F<AFHE9468 6;8@<FGEL 4A7 6ELFG4??<A8 FGEH6GHE8 B9 G;8F8 945E<64G87 A4AB ;L5E<7F 64A 7<E86G?L 49986G G;8 C8E9BE@4A68 B9 ' A4AB6B@CBF<G8F8KC?4<A87<AG;89B??BJ<A:F86G<BAF
#.(FC86GE44A7$(4@4AFC86GE4B9%%'%&4A7%*&
2934#--+/'#/&*'2.#- '*#6+05230(#/09$2+&'+/(02%'&#/0%0.103+4'3
*;86ELFG4??<A858;4I<BHEB9A4AB6B@CBF<G8FJ8E8<AI8FG<:4G875L)G86;A<DH8 FF88A<A*45?8 G;8E8<FAB 5<: 7<998E8A68 <A @8?G<A: G8@C8E4GHE8F *@ B9 A4AB6B@CBF<G8F FC86<@8AF <A 6B@C4E<FBA B9 CE<FG<A8 ' *;8 C8E68AG6ELFG4??<A<GL78:E88<F78G8E@<A87HF<A:+ .6R@R@K θθο !"# !#!"#%$
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
*$E8FH?GFB9;L5E<7A4AB9<??8EF?B4787' 54F87A4AB6B@CBF<G8F #.1-'3 )0 0(4'/+/)'.1'2#452'0 'E<FG<A8' ' JG%%' ' JG%*& ' JG%&'%*#/+%#-'34'35-43
JG;L5E<7E8<A9BE68@8AGFJ8E86B@CBHA787J<G;' CB?L@8E4G;<:;F;84EE4G8F $86;4A<64?G8FGFB9G;8 CEB7H687A4AB6B@CBF<G8FJ8E8C8E9BE@87J<G; @@@<AFC8875LHF<A: AFGEBA )G4G<6*8FG$46;<A89BEG8AF<?8 )& 4A7 9?8KHE4? )*$ G8FGF *45?8 FH@@4E<M8F @86;4A<64? 6;4E46G8E<FG<6F B9 A4AB6B@CBF<G8 FC86<@8AF *8AF<?8@B7H?HF64?6H?4G879EB@G;8?<A84EE8:<BAF<A7<64G87G;4G@B7H?HFB9' A4AB6B@CBF<G8J4F 8A;4A687HCGB4A7 5LG;8<A6BECBE4G<BAB9 JG%%'4A7@H?G<?4L8E%*&<AGBG;8' E8FC86G<I8?L &AG;8BG;8E;4A7<AG;8FC86<@8AE8<A9BE6875L%&;L5E<7477<G<I8G;8<A6BECBE4G<BAB9 JG E8<A9BE68@8AGF;BJ87?BJ8EG8AF<?8@B7H?HF5L *;<F@<:;G6B@89EB@G;84::?B@8E4G<BAB9G;<FGLC8B9;L5E<7 477<G<I84A75EB>8A<GF9<58EF4G;<:;F;84E7HE<A:6B@CBHA7<A: *;<FFG4G8@8AGJ4F4?FB6BA9<E@875L@<6EBGB@L FGH7L5L*$ )H@@4ELB9@86;4A<64?CEBC8EG<8FB9%%'%*&4A7%&?B4787' A4AB6B@CBF<G8F #.1-'3 '/3+-' 0&5-53 # '/3+-'0&5-53 .1206'.'/4 '/3+-' 42'/)4* # '/3+-'42'/)4* .1206'.'/4 -'852#- 0&5-53 # -'852#-0&5-53 .1206'.'/4 'E<FG<A8' ' JG%%' ' JG%*& ' JG%&<:HE8 E8CE8F8AGF *$ <@4:8F B9 6EBFFF86G<BAF B9 ;L5E<7 E8<A9BE687 A4AB6B@CBF<G8F %& 54F87 A4AB6B@CBF<G8;4F4::?B@8E4G87F;88GF<A<:HE854A7<A%%'54F87FC86<@8A9<58EF4E8ABG4?<:A874A7 4::E8:4G874FF88A<A<:HE84 A6BAGE4FG%*&54F87A4AB6B@CBF<G8;4FF8C4E4G87:E4C;8A89<58EF4A7 4?FB<EBA@8G4?64G4?LFG *8AF<?8FGE8A:G;F;BJ87<@CEBI8@8AG<A4??64F8FB9A4AB6B@CBF<G8F6B@C4E87GBA84G' FC86<@8A5HG8K;<5<G877<998E8AG58;4I<BHEE8:4E7<A:G;8GLC8B9E8<A9BE68@8AG A64F8B9BA?L%*&E8<A9BE687 A4AB6B@CBF<G8FG;8;<:;8FGG8AF<?8FGE8A:G;J4F46;<8I874GG;8?B47<A:B9 JG *;89?8KHE4?@B7H?HFB94??GLC8F B9;L5E<7477<G<I8F?B4787' A4AB6B@CBF<G8F4E8F;BJA<A*45?8 *;858FG9?8KHE4?CEBC8EGLJ4F46;<8I875L HF<A: JG%%'CEBI<7<A: <@CEBI8@8AG<A9?8KHE4?@B7H?HF &AG;8BG;8E;4A7%:EBJABA*& 4G JG?B47<A:F;BJ8758GG8EC8E9BE@4A68<A5BG;G8AF<?84A79?8KHE4?G8FGFF<A68G;87<4@8G8EB99<58EFBA*&
J4F F@4??8E G;4A G;8 BA8 :EBJA BA F<A:?8?4L8E & 4A7 G;<F ;L5E<7 @<:;G E87H68 FGE8FF 6BA68AGE4G<BA B9 A4AB6B@CBF<G8F
(a) (b) (c) *$<@4:8FB9#%%'$%&4A7%%*&E8<A9BE687A4AB6B@CBF<G8F4G JG?B47<A:F
*B6BA6?H78%J8E8FH668FF9H??L:EBJABA8?B4787G;E887<998E8AG:E4C;8A8G8@C?4G8F5L,@8G;B74A7 G;8FGEH6GHE4?9BE@4G<BAB9846;F4@C?8J4F6BA9<E@875LFC86GEBF6BC<64A7@46EBF6BC<6G86;A<DH8F ,:EBJA %BA:E4C;8A846G874F4E8<A9BE6<A:4A7AH6?84G<A:4:8AG<AG;8E@BC?4FG<6E8F<AF )GEBA:8E<AG8E946<4?<AG8E46G<BAF J8E8 46;<8I87 5L %*& A4AB477<G<I8 4A7 G;HF <GF A4AB6B@CBF<G8 F;BJ87 58GG8E @86;4A<64? C8E9BE@4A68 HEG;8E<@CEBI8@8AG<A:E4C;8A8FGEH6GHE8J<??<A9?H8A68G;8C8E9BE@4A68B9FGEH6GHE4?6B@CBF<G8F8FC86<4??LHF87 9BE?B47584E<A:4CC?<64G<BAF<A4CBF<G<I8@4AA8E
!
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
# 4:;<:;< 'BH78; )4A8E &>4A ! )8LL87 $BA94E87 04A=4A< $ /<?7<M / $8A68?B:?H () 7I S