OS INTERPARIETALE

 The skull is a head part of the skeleton.

 It is made up of a number of fused flat bones.

 It provides a protective cavity for the brain (cranial cavity)

 It also houses some organs such as eyes, ears, nose and mouth

 It has a defensive function by way of the horns

 It contains many foramina, processus and small cavities (sinuses) for the protection, defensive and supporting function.

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 The skull is formed by several articulated flat bones

 The types of the joints between the bones are stationary sutura (except mandible and hyoid bone)

 Some of the bones (pneumatic bones) also have an air cavity (sinus) for some vital functions

 NEUROCRANIUM

 VISCEROCRANIUM

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 The skull is composed of two parts;

NEUROCRANIUM VISCEROCRANIUM (forms the cranial cavity) (supports the face)

Coto - OS OCCIPITALE

- OS INTERPARIETALE - OS PARIETALE

- OS FRONTALE - OS ETHMOIDALE - OS SPHENOIDALE - OS TEMPORALE - OS PTERYGOIDEUM - VOMER

- OS NASALE - OS ROSTRALE - OS LACRIMALE - OS ZYGOMATICUM - OS MAXILLARE - OS INCISIVUM - OS PALATINUM - MANDIBULA - OS HYOIDEUM

 It forms the margins of the cranial cavity of the skull which houses brain. It has a roof, a floor, and walls (laterl, nasal, nuchal) like a box

 Os occipitale

 Os interparietale

 Os parietale

 Os frontale

 Os ethmoidale

 Os sphenoidale

 Os temporale

 Os pterygoideum

 vomer

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NEUROCRANIUM

 It is located on the nuchal wall of the skull. It encloses the foramen magnum which links the brain and spinal cord.

 PARS BASILARIS

Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis Foramen lacerum (eq, su)

Foramen jugulare (Car, ru)

 PARS LATERALIS Condylus occipitalis Processus jugularis Canalis ni hypoglossi

 SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS

Crista nuchae (Car, eq, su) – Linea nuchae (ru) Protuberantia occipitalis externa (absent in Su)

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OS OCCIPITALE

 It is located on the nuchal wall of the skull. It encloses the foramen magnum which links the brain and spinal cord.

 PARS BASILARIS

Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis Foramen lacerum (eq, su)

Foramen jugulare (Car, ru)

 PARS LATERALIS Condylus occipitalis Processus jugularis Canalis ni hypoglossi

 SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS

Crista nuchae (Car, eq, su) – Linea nuchae (ru) Protuberantia occipitalis externa (absent in Su)

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OS OCCIPITALE

 It fuses with the parietal and occipal bones in adult

 Processus tentoricus (Car, eq)

 Tenterium cerebelli osseum

 Tenterium cerebelli membranaceum

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OS INTERPARIETALE

 Tuber parietale

 Crista sagittalis externa (eq ve car)

 Planum nuchale (bo)

 Planum parietale (ov, cap, su)

 Planum temporale

 Linea temporalis

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OS PARIETALE

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OS FRONTALE

 SQUAMA FRONTALIS proc. cornualis (ru)

protuberantia intercornualis (ru) proc.zygomaticus

arcus orbitae

lig.orbitale (Car, su)

for.supraorbitale (Car’da yok) Sulcus supraorbitalis (ru) fossa glandulae lacrimalis

 PARS ORBITALIS

 PARS NASALIS

 It resembles a horizontally placed tube.

 Lamina perpendicularis crista galli

 Lamina cribrosa

fossa ethmoidalis

 Lamina tectoria

 Lamina basalis

 Lamina orbitalis

Ethmoturbinalia

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OS ETHMOIDALE

OS TEMPORALE

 The temporal bone is composed of squamous, petrosal and tympanic parts and forms the lateral wall of the cranial cavity.

 It articulates with the mandible (art.temporomandibularis).

 It consists of three parts; Pars squamosa, Pars petrosa, Pars tympanica

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Pars Squamosa

 It has a cup-like basal part which is involved in the formation of the lateral wall of the cranial cavity.

 Facies cerebralis

 Facies temporalis Linea temporalis Fossa temporalis Proc.zygomaticus Fossa mandibulae

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Pars Tympanica

 It is the retroventral part lying at the base of the skull.

 Porus acusticus externus

 Meatus acusticus externus

 Bulla tympanica (Absent in man

Oval-shaped in eq and ov, Spere-shaped in Car,

Well-developed in bo and su)

 Cavum tympani

***middle ear

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Pars Petrosa

 It is the caudoventral part of the temporal bone.It locates at the inner surface.

 Porus acusticus internus

 Meatus acusticus internus

 Proc.mastoideus (absent in su)

 Proc.styloideus (Ru, eq)

***hyoid bone attaches***

 For.stylomastoideum (Canalis facialis)

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It is an unpaired bone which forms the rostral part of the base of the cranial cavity. The shape of the bone like a wedge and it consists of two fused parts that are united synchondrosis intersphenoidalis at birth.

OS PRESPHENOIDALE Ala orbitalis

Corpus

OS BASISPHENOIDALE Ala temporalis

Corpus

Proc.pterygoideus

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OS SPHENOIDALE

 OS PRESPHENOIDALE Ala orbitalis

crista orbitasphenoidale Corpus

canalis opticus

 OS BASISPHENOIDALE Ala temporalis

for.lacerum

(for.caroticum; Car) (for.ovale; Car, ru) Corpus

fossa hypophysialis dorsum sellae

sella turcica Proc.pterygoideus

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OS SPHENOIDALE

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OS SPHENOIDALE

***Crista orbitasphenoidale for.ethmoidale

(Car; forr.ethmoidalia) for.opticum

fissura orbitalis (Car, eq) for.rotundum (Car, eq)

for.orbitorotundum (Ru, su) for.alare orale (rostrale ) (Car, eq) for.alare aborale (caudale) (Car, eq)

canalis alaris

for.alare parvum (eq)

OS PTERYGOIDEUM

 It is a small paired bones at the base of the skull. It contrubutes the forming of the lateral wall of the choana. It takes the form of a flat bone which is situated between pterygoid process of sphenoid and perpendicular lamina of palatine bones

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OS VOMER

 It is a long unpaired bone that extends the nasal cavity

 sulcus vomeris

 ala vomeris

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The bones of the face surround the nasal and oral cavity. Facial bones can show great variety in shape among species (even if within species especially in dogs).

 os nasale

 os rostrale

 os lacrımale

 os zygomatıcum

 os maxıllare

 os ıncısıvum

 os palatınum

 mandıbula

 os hyoıdeum

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VISCEROCRANIUM

 It forms the roof of the nasal cavity.

 It is situated rostral to the frontal bone

 Inc.nasoincisiva (eq, su, bo) (absent in car)

 Inc.nasomaxillaris (ov)

 Processus nasalis : tapered rostral end

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OS NASALE

Eq, ov, su Bo, cap car

 It forms the rostral wall of the orbit.

 Facies facialis

Fossa lacrimalis externa (su, ov)

 Facies orbitalis

Fossa sacci lacrimalis (absent in su) Foramen lacrimale

Foramina lacrimalia (su) Canalis lacrimalis

Bulla lacrimalis (well-developed in ox)

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OS LACRIMALE

 Arcus zygomaticus : is formed by proc.temporalis of zygomatic bone and proc.zygomaticus of temporal bone

 Processus temporalis and Processus frontalis (ru)

 Crista facialis («S» shaped in ru)

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OS ZYGOMATICUM

 Upper jaw bone is the largest bone of the skull.

 Corpus maxilla

 Processus alveolaris is a longitudinal ridge projects ventrally

 Processus palatinus is a horizontal plate-like part that forms the basis of the hard palate.

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OS MAXILLA – Upper jaw

 Crista facialis

 Tuber faciale (rum)

 For.infraorbitale

 Canalis infraorbitalis

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OS MAXILLA

The Body

 Juga alveolaria is ridges formed by the roots of cheek teeth

 Margo alveolaris is free border of the bone for alveols of teeth

 Margo interalveolaris is a space without teeth

 Tuber maxilla is caudal enlarged part of the bone

 Fossa pterygopalatina I-For. maxillare

II-For. sphenopalatinum III-For. palatinum aborale

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OS MAXILLA

Alveolar process

 It forms both the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity.

 Caudally; it fuses with the palatine bone and in front; it forms the palatine fissure

 Sutura palatina

 For. palatinum majus

 Canalis palatinus

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OS MAXILLA

Palatine process

 It forms the apex of the skull and participates in forming the hard palate.

 Corpus ossis incisivi

 Foramen incisivum (eq, car)

 Fissura incisiva (ru, su)

 Processus palatinus

 Fissura palatina

 Processus nasalis

 Inc. nasoincisiva

 Processus alveolaris

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OS INCISIVUM

 It is situated behind the maxilla.

 Lamina horizontalis contrubutes to the formation of the hard palate

 Lamina perpendicularis margins the lateral wall of the choana

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OS PALATINUM

 Mandible is the lowest part of the skull. It holds the lower teeth and attaches the cranium with a movable joint (art.temporomandibularis)

 The left and right bones are formed a rostral line (synchondrosis intermandibularis) by the fusion during mandibular development after birth

 Spatium mandibulare is a space between two bones. The tongue fills the space in living animals

* CORPUS MANDIBULAE

* RAMUS MANDIBULAE

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MANDIBULA

The Lower jaw bone

 Facies labialis

 Facies buccalis

 Facies lingualis

 Margo ventralis

 Margo alveolaris

 Alveoli dentales

 Margo interalveolaris

 Foramen mentale

 Foramina mentalia (car, su)

 Inc. vasorum facialium

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MANDIBULA

The Body

 Processus muscularis ( proc.coronoideus )

 Processus articularis ( proc.condylaris )

 Caput mandibulae

 Collum mandibulae

 Incisura mandibulae

 Fossa masseterica (Car)

 Foramen mandibulae

 Canalis mandibulae

 Processus angularis (Car)

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MANDIBULA

The Arm

 Hyoid bone is a seperate bone from the cranium like mandible. It attaches the styloid process (mastoid process in car.) of the temporal bone and forms a slightly movable joint. The bone comprises several rod-shaped elements articulate with each other.

 Basihyoideum Proc. lingualis

 Thyrohyoideum

 Ceratohyoideum

 Epihyoideum

 Stylohyoideum

 Tympanohyoideum

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OS HYOIDEUM