By
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çağdaş OTO
Ankara University Faculty of Vet Med Department of Anatomy
It is a biological system consisting of specific structures used for the respiration.
The structures are specialized to intake and exchange the air. So the airway is supplied by bone and cartilage tissue.
The Respiratory tract is lined by respiratory mucosa for cleaning, heating and mousturising of the enviromental air.
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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory tract: pathway for the air
Lungs: the organs where the gases exchanging take place
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The Respiratory Organs
Nasus (Nose)
Nares (Nostrils)
Cavum nasi (Nasal cavity)
Sinus paranasal
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Pulmones (Lungs)
Enterence (the first part) of the airway.
Nose is the sense organ for smelling.
Rhinitis (infection – sniffles)
Rhinoraji (epistaxis – nosebleed)
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NASUS (Gr.Rhin-Nose)
The nose consists of some bone and cartilage structures
Bone structures;
Front side: os nasale, maxilla, os incisivum
Back side: os frontale, os lacrimale, os zygomaticum
Cartilage structures;
Nasal cartilages (cartilago nasales)
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Nasus - Nose
Due to the lenght and shape of the nasal bones, Type of the cranium is different among mammals.
1-Brachicephalic (Shorthead) 2-Mesaticephalic
3-Dolicocephalic (Longhead)
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Nasus - Burun
Cartilago septi nasi
Cartilago nasi lateralis dorsalis :
It supports the lateral border of the nasal bone (d,g) (absent in car.)
Cartilago nasi lateralis ventralis :
It supports the nasal process of the incisive bone (e) (absent in horse)
Cartilago alaris :
Main supporting tissue of nostrils. It is well developed in horse.
Cornu – Absent in carnivores and ruminants (h) Lamina – It supports to the nasal septum (h)
Cartilagines nasales accessoriae
Cartilago nasalis accessoria lateralis – Absent in horse (f)
Cartilago nasalis accessoria medialis – Well-developed in horse (g)
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Nasal Cartilages
Two main parts;
1. Nasus externus 2. Cavum nasi
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Nasus - Nose
Nares (nostrils)
Cartilago septi nasi
Alae nasi
Nasus cutaneus (eq) Diverticulum nasi (eq)
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Nasus externus
Philtrum (human, car, small rum)
Planum nasale (car, small rum)
Planum nasolabiale (large rum)
Planum rostrale (su)
This area is alwalys moist in animals.
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Nasus externus
The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils to the ethmoid bone at the backside. It is divided right and left by nasal septum. It communicates the nasopharynx through choanae coudoventrally. There are 3 main parts of the nasal cavity;
1-Vestibulum 2-Conchae 3-Meatus
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Cavum Nasi
These are thin cone-shaped osseous scrolls that are originate from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Concha nasalis dorsalis (4) – Endoturbinale I, plica recta (43)
Concha nasalis media (6) – Endoturbinale II
Concha nasalis ventralis (5) – Maxilloturbinale, Plica alaris (44) (inside CNAM in horse), Plica basalis (45)
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CONCHAE NASALIS
The conchae divides the nasal cavity into a series of clefts
Meatus nasi dorsalis (40) – narrower, olfactory pathway
Meatus nasi medius (41) – Comminicate with nasal sinuses
Meatus nasi ventralis (42) – Wide, Respiratory pathway
Meatus nasi communis – Common pathway
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NASAL MEATUSES
Regio vestibularis – Cutaneous mucosa, in entrance
Regio olfactoria – Dorsocaudal part of the cavity
Regio respiratoria – Ventrocaudal part of the cavity
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Mucosa of the Nasal Cavity
Air-filled spaces lined with respiratory mucosa that comminicate with the nasal cavity.
These cavities are located in the crainal bones where the bones are surround the nasal cavity.
Function;
- The sinuses do tend the lessen the weight of the head,
- It supports the forming of voice vibration, - It provides the absorbtion of blows,
- It protects the sense organs,
- It helps to heating and moisturing of inspiration air.
Sinusitis
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SINUS PARANASALIS
Sinus maxillaris (cavum higmori) – the largest
Sinus frontalis
Sinus sphenoidalis – absent in car
Sinus lacrimalis – (ru and su)
Sinus palatinus
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SINUS PARANASALIS
The larynx is a short cartilaginous tube that connects the lower part of the pharynx with the trachea.
It is also responsible organ of the phonation
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LARYNX
It locates at the base of the cranium, near below the entrance of the esophagus.
This area is positioned in intermandibular space in horse and ox, or more caudally in others
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Localisation of the Larynx
It is composed of some cartilages that are connected each other by ligaments and muscles.
The cartilages of the larynx are;
* The unpaired cartilages ; epiglottis, cartilago thyroidea ve cartilago cricoidea,
* The paired cartilage ; cartilago arythenoidea.
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Skeleton of the Larynx
The epiglottis fits like a lid over the entrance of the larynx and closes it during swallowing. It is important for the
protection of the trachea and the lungs especially during deglutition.
Basis - Proc.cuneiformis (eq)
Apex – pointed in horse, sheep and car. / rounded in ox and pig yuvarlak
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Epiglottis
The largest cartilage of the larynx that covers the other from laterally and ventrally
It is an unpaired cartilage consists of right and left laminae which are united ventrally.
Prominentia laryngea
Incisura thyroidea rostralis (rum)
Incisura thyroidea caudalis (deep in horse)
Cornu rostrale et caudale
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Thyroid cartilage
It is a paired cartilage has the shape of a three-sided pyramid located inside part of the thyroid cartilage.
Proc.corniculatus; rostrodorsal (absent in cat) / Proc.muscularis; caudodorsal / Proc.vocalis; ventral
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Arythenoid cartilage
It is an unpaired cartilage has the appearance of a signet ring. It is located between the thyroid cartilage and the first tracheal ring.
Arcus cartilaginis cricoidea
Lamina cartilaginis cricoidea
Lig.cricotracheale
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Cricoid cartilage
The cavity is lined by respiratory mucosa.
There are two main mucosal folds in the space plica vestibularis and plica vocalis.
The cavity is divided three parts by the mucosal folds.
Vestibulum laryngis – Aditus laryngis
Ventriculus laryngis - Glottis - Ventriculus laryngeus medianus
- Vent.laryngeus lateralis (horse, pig, dog)
Cavum infraglotticum
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Cavum Laryngis
The narrower part of the larynx that the voice forming structures are placed.
Processus vocalis / Ligamentum vocale / Plica vocalis / Rima glottidis
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Glottis
During the expiration, the air in the lungs are throwed to trachea by the diaphragma and pectoral muscles contraction. The air vibrates the vocal folds like a wire of violin when it pass through the glottis.
Bell is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio of voice. One decibel is one tenth of one bel, named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell
85 dB is harmfull for the hearing.
Roaring of the lion is 110 dB.
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Phonation
It is a pipe-shaped pathway of the respiratory air that is consists of a series of incomplate cartilaginous rings of the hyaline type which prevents the collapse of the tube.
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TRACHEA
It is a noncollapsable tube which continuous the respiratory pathway from the cricoid cartilage to the root of the lung where it bifurcates to form the right and left principal bronchii.
Trachea
Bifurcatio tracheae
Bronchus principalis
Bronchus lobaris
Bronchus Segmentalis
Bronchus subsegmentalis
***Bronchus trachealis*** (Rum, su)
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Trachea
All the rings are connect with a ligament (Lig.anulare) to each other.
1 - Cartilago trachea 2- M.trachealis
Number of the rings; Eq=25, Car=42, Rum=50
Shape of the rings;
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Trachea halkaları
The lungs are located at the left and right side in the pectoral cavity. They are responsible from exchange of the gases. It is consists of bronchii and the alveols.
They are covered by pleura.
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PULMO – THE LUNG
The Color : Light reddish and pink.
The weight: %1,5 of body weight in horse, %1 in others
Lobuli pulmonis (marble shape) (Ox, goat and pig)
Basis pulmonis - Apex pulmonis
Facies costalis
Facies diaphragmatica
Facies medialis
Impressio cardiaca Hilus pulmonis
Facies interlobaris
Margo obtusus (dorsalis)
Margo acutus
Inc.cardiaca
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Genel Anatomisi
A.pulmonalis / Vv.pulmonales
Ramus bronchalis / Vv.bronchales
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Circulation of the lungs
Lobes of the Lungs
Right Lung (Pulmo dexter) Left Lung (Pulmo sinister)
Equine: Lobus cranialis Lobus cranialis
Lobus caudalis Lobus caudalis
Lobus accessorius
Ruminant: Lobus cranialis – pars cranialis Lobus cranialis – pars cranialis pars caudalis pars caudalis
Lobus caudalis Lobus caudalis
Lobus medius Lobus accessorius
Carnivor: Lobus cranialis Lobus cranialis – pars cranialis
Lobus caudalis pars caudalis
Lobus medius Lobus caudalis
Lobus accessorius