BIO-310 BIOCHEMISTRY II

(1)

BIO-310

BIOCHEMISTRY II

XIII. WEEK

(2)

LECTURE CONTENTS OF 13TH WEEK

• Malat-aspartate and glycerol phosphate pathways

and their importance, regulation of oxidative

phosphorylation and production of heat in brown

fat cells.

(3)

Malate–aspartate shuttle

Used for amino acid

conversions (absent from last slide) NADH gives its

e

^-

to malate

Malate is

transported across

membrane NADH is regenerated

on other side of membrane

[Oxaloacetate] is

maintained through

conversion to and

from aspartate

(4)

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

Two glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzymes are required – one cytosolic and one membrane-bound.

Note that this gives only 1.5 ATP per NADH, rather than 2.5!

(Complex I is bypassed)

Cytosolic NADH reduces dihydroxyacetone

phosphate to glycerol 3- phosphate

The reverse reaction is catalyzed by FADH

₂

which transfers electrons to

ubiquinone

(5)

ATP production from the catabolism of one molecule of glucose by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and reoxidation of NADH and QH

₂

The complete oxidation of glucose leads to the formation of 30 to 32 molecules of ATP, depending on the shuttle used to move NADH.

( 3 for glycerol

Phosphate shuttle )

(6)

• Synthesis of Fatty Acids:

Structure and synthesis mechanism of the fatty acyl synthases,

Inhibition, energy balance,

(7)

• Lipoproteins; VLDL, HDL, IDL, LDL, receptor

mediated synthesis and its importance,

control of cholesterol synthesis, synthesis of

bile acids are the topics of this week.

(8)

• NADH dehydrogenase in the inner membrane of

the animal cells can only use electrons in the

matrix. With the malat-aspartate (liver, kidney and

heart mitochondria) and glycerol phosphate

pathways (skeletal muscle and brain), the

electrons transported from NADH in the cytosol to

the mitochondria.

(9)

• ^In ^the Malat-aspartate shuttle, malate-α-

ketoglutarate performs these reactions by means

of a glutamate-aspartate carrier, while the glycerol

3-phosphate shuttle is treated with dihydroxy

acetone phosphate.

(10)

• The regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

depends on the ratio of ATP / ADP / Pi

concentrations.

(11)

• Control of the electron transfer rate takes place

through the cycle of respiration, glycolysis and

citric acid.

(12)

• The mitochondria of brown fat cells allow the

protons to return to the matrix without passing

through the ATP synthase by means of separating

proteins called thermognin.

(13)

(14)

• The synthesis of fatty acids begins with the

enzyme acetyl KoA carboxylase of malonyl CoA.

(15)

• THE DETAILED INFORMATIONS

ABOUT THIS SUBJECT WILL BE

GIVEN WITH THE FIGURES AND

FORMULAS.

(16)

(17)

(18)

REFERENCES

MAIN : LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, DAVID L. NELSON, MICHAEL M.

COX, 5TH EDITION, 2013.

(19)

PRİNCİPLES OF BİOCHEMİSTRY, H. R. HORTON, L.

A. MORAN, K. G. SCRİMGEOUR, M. D. PERRY, J.

D. RAWN, PEARSON PRENTİS HALL, 2006.

COLOR ATLAS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, J. KOOLMAN,

K. H. ROEHM, GEORG THIEME VERLAG, 2005.

(20)

BIO-310 BIOCHEMISTRY II

BIO-310

BIOCHEMISTRY II

XIII. WEEK

LECTURE CONTENTS OF 13TH WEEK

• Malat-aspartate and glycerol phosphate pathways

and their importance, regulation of oxidative

phosphorylation and production of heat in brown

fat cells.

Malate–aspartate shuttle

Used for amino acid

conversions (absent from last slide) NADH gives its

e

to malate

Malate is

transported across

membrane NADH is regenerated

on other side of membrane

[Oxaloacetate] is

maintained through

conversion to and

from aspartate

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

Two glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzymes are required – one cytosolic and one membrane-bound.

Note that this gives only 1.5 ATP per NADH, rather than 2.5!

(Complex I is bypassed)

Cytosolic NADH reduces dihydroxyacetone

phosphate to glycerol 3- phosphate

The reverse reaction is catalyzed by FADH

which transfers electrons to

ubiquinone

ATP production from the catabolism of one molecule of glucose by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and reoxidation of NADH and QH

The complete oxidation of glucose leads to the formation of 30 to 32 molecules of ATP, depending on the shuttle used to move NADH.

( 3 for glycerol

Phosphate shuttle )

• Synthesis of Fatty Acids:

Structure and synthesis mechanism of the fatty acyl synthases,

Inhibition, energy balance,

• Lipoproteins; VLDL, HDL, IDL, LDL, receptor

mediated synthesis and its importance,

control of cholesterol synthesis, synthesis of

bile acids are the topics of this week.

• NADH dehydrogenase in the inner membrane of

the animal cells can only use electrons in the

matrix. With the malat-aspartate (liver, kidney and

heart mitochondria) and glycerol phosphate

pathways (skeletal muscle and brain), the

electrons transported from NADH in the cytosol to

the mitochondria.

• In the Malat-aspartate shuttle, malate-α-

ketoglutarate performs these reactions by means

of a glutamate-aspartate carrier, while the glycerol

3-phosphate shuttle is treated with dihydroxy

acetone phosphate.

• The regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

depends on the ratio of ATP / ADP / Pi

concentrations.

• Control of the electron transfer rate takes place

through the cycle of respiration, glycolysis and

citric acid.

• The mitochondria of brown fat cells allow the

protons to return to the matrix without passing

through the ATP synthase by means of separating

proteins called thermognin.

• The synthesis of fatty acids begins with the

enzyme acetyl KoA carboxylase of malonyl CoA.

• THE DETAILED INFORMATIONS

ABOUT THIS SUBJECT WILL BE

GIVEN WITH THE FIGURES AND

FORMULAS.

REFERENCES

MAIN : LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, DAVID L. NELSON, MICHAEL M.

COX, 5TH EDITION, 2013.

PRİNCİPLES OF BİOCHEMİSTRY, H. R. HORTON, L.

A. MORAN, K. G. SCRİMGEOUR, M. D. PERRY, J.

D. RAWN, PEARSON PRENTİS HALL, 2006.

COLOR ATLAS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, J. KOOLMAN,

K. H. ROEHM, GEORG THIEME VERLAG, 2005.

HARPER’S ILLUSTRATED BIOCHEMISTRY, R. K.

MURRAY, D. K. GRANNER, P. A. MAYES, V. W.

• ^In ^the Malat-aspartate shuttle, malate-α-