Başlık: Sicarii örgütü ve faaliyetleri = Sicarii organization and its activitiesYazar(lar):Cilt: 38 Sayı: 65 Sayfa: 021-042 Yayın Tarihi: 2019 PDF

6ø&$5øø g5*h7h VE )$$/ø<(7/(5ø

SICARII ORGANIZATION AND ITS ACTIVITIES

5HFHS g=0$1

Okan $d,/

0DNDOH%LOJLVL $UWLFOH,QIR

%DúYXUX : .DVÕP 5HFHLYHG : 1RYHPEHU .DEXO : ùXEDW $FFHSWHG : )HEUXDU\

Özet

Yahudi ülkesi Iudaia M.S. 6 senesinde Roma’ya ED÷OÕ bir eyalete G|QúWUOPúWU Bu durumu kabul etmeyen Yahudiler, dini ve politik gerekçelerle Roma hâkimiyetine NDUúÕ oHúLWOL isyan hareketlerine JLULúPLúWLU. Simon ben Gioras ve *LVFKDODOÕ John gibi karizmatik úDKVL\HWOHU ile Sicarii ve Zealotlar gibi örgütlü gruplar ortaya oÕNPÕúWÕU. Bahsedilen JUXSODUÕQ ana hedefi JD\UÕPHúUX gördükleri Roma hâkimiyetini ortadan NDOGÕUPDNWÕ Sicarii, faaliyetleri ve etki DODQÕ EDNÕPÕQGDQ dönemin LV\DQFÕ JUXSODUÕQD göre IDUNOÕOÕNODU göstermektedir. Öyle ki örgüt, Roma hâkimiyetini sona erdirmenin \DQÕ VÕUD 7DQUÕ\Õ tek hâkim NÕOPD\Õ da amaç HGLQPLúWL Bu GR÷UXOWXGD Yahudi liderlere ve özellikle rahiplik kurumuna da cephe DOPÕúWÕ Sicarii eylemlerinde hedef olarak 5RPDOÕODUGDQ ziyade onlarla LúELUOL÷L yapan GLQGDúODUÕQÕ ve rahiplik aristokrasisinden Yahudileri VHoPLúWLU Bu isimlere NDUúÕ JLULúWLNOHUL eylemlerle bir korku RUWDPÕ \DUDWPÕú ve kendi ideolojilerini kabul ettirmeye oDOÕúPÕúODUGÕU Örgüt bu yönüyle bilinen en eski terör örgütü olarak GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU I. \]\ÕO boyunca aktif olan bu JUXSODUÕQ faaliyetleri dâhilinde bölge Yahudileri büyük VÕNÕQWÕODU oHNPLú ve 70 senesinde Kudüs ile burada bulunan kutsal WDSÕQDN \ÕNÕPD X÷UDPÕúWÕU Bu oDOÕúPDGD bu gruplardan biri olan Sicarii’nin ideolojisi, eylemleri ve taktikleri incelenmeye oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sicarii, Yahudi, Roma, Terör, Masada.

* _{Doç. Dr., øQ|Q Üniversitesi, Fen – Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü,} recep.ozman@inonu.edu.tr.

Abstract

Judaea was converted into a Roman province in 6 A.D. The Jews, who found this situation unacceptable, started various rebellion movements against Roman domination, on religious and political grounds. As part of the rebellion movements, organized groups such as Sicarii and Zealots, and charismatic gang lords such as Simon ben Gioras and John of Giscala emerged. The main aim of these groups was to eliminate the Roman dominance, which they regarded to be illegitimate The Sicarii differed from the rebel groups of the period in terms of their activities and area of influence. So much that, the organization aimed to make God the sole ruler as well as ending the Roman domination. In this respect, they took on the Jewish leaders and especially the priesthood. In their actions, the Sicarii chose Jewish people collaborating with the Romans and Jewish people of priesthood aristocracy as their targets, rather than Romans. They have created an atmosphere of fear with their actions against these names and tried to impose their ideologies. The organization is considered to be the oldest known terrorist organization. Within the scope of the activities of these groups that were active during the 1st century, the Jews of the region suffered great challenge, and the sacred temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in the year 70. In this study, the ideology, actions and tactics of the Sicarii organization will be examined.

Keywords: Sicarii, Jew, Rome, Terror, Masada.

*LULú

6LFDULL M.S. ¶OL \ÕOODUGD1 _{RUWD\D oÕNDQ YH 73 VHQHVLQH NDGDU ,XGDLa}

<DKXGL\H EDúWD ROPDN ]HUH $OHNVDQGULD (øVNHQGHUL\H YH .\UHQH¶GH2 _oHúLWOL

H\OHPOHUGH EXOXQDQ ELU |UJWWU. gUJW LVPLQL, VXLNDVW H\OHPOHULQGH NXOODQÕODQ VLODKODUGDQ DOPDNWDGÕU 5RPDOÕODUÕQ sica DGÕQÕ YHUGL÷L EX VLODKODU NÕYUÕPOÕ ELU WU KDQoHUGLU. gUJW \HOHUL, VXLNDVWODUÕ EX KDQoHUOHUOH JHUoHNOHúWLUGLNOHUL LoLQ NHQGLOHULQH NDWLO \D GD VXLNDVWoÕ DQODPÕQGD 6LFDULL GHQLOPLúWLU3

1 _{IRVHSKXV, |UJWQ IDDOL\HWOHULQH EDúODGÕ÷Õ G|QHPL WDULKOHQGLULUNHQ )HOL[ ]DPDQÕQGD}

GHPHNWHGLU )HOL[¶LQ 52-60 \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD J|UHY \DSPÕú ROPDVÕ J|] |QQH DOÕQDUDN ¶Oi \ÕOODU WDELUL NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU %N] ,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.13.3; IRVHSKXV Antiquitates

Iudaicae, XX.8.5.

2 _{$IULND¶QÕQ NX]H\ NÕ\ÕODUÕQGD <XNDUÕ /LE\D¶GD \HU DODQ YH E|OJH\H Pentapolis DGÕQÕQ}

YHULOPHVLQH VHEHS RODQ EHú E\N úHKLUGHQ ELULGLU *HQLú ELOJL LoLQ +HUPDQ 5RVHQWKDO ³&\UHQH´ The Jewish Encyclopedia, (G ,VÕGRUH 6LQJHU &LOW IV, New <RUN 1901, s. 401-402.

3 _{,RVHSKXV, Antiquitates Iudaicae, XX.8.10; ,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.13.3; 6RORPRQ}

=HLWOLQ “The 6LFDULL DQG 0DVDGD´ The Jewish Quarterly Review, 6D\Õ 57, 3HQQV\OYDQLD 1967, s. 251; 5LFKDUG A. +RUVOH\ ³$QFLHQW Jewish 7HUURULVWV´ The Journal of Religion, 6D\Õ 59, &KLFDJR 1979, s. 436; 6WHZDUW J. '$OHVVLR /LVD 6WRO]HQEHUJ, ³6LFDULL DQG WKH Rise of 7HUURULVP´ Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 6D\Õ 13, UK 1990, s. 333.

(\OHPOHULQH ¶OL \ÕOODUGD EDúOD\DQ 6LFDULL¶QLQ ILNUL WHPHOOHUL IDDOL\HWWH EXOXQGXNODUÕ G|QHPGHQ oRN GDKD |QFHVLQH &HOLOHOL -XGDV¶ÕQ4 _{RUWD\D NR\GX÷X}

J|UúOHUH GD\DQPDNWD\GÕ. %X J|UúOHU ,XGDLD¶QÕQ GR÷UXGDQ 5RPD KkNLPL\HWLQH ED÷ODQPDVÕ VUHFLQGH JHOLúHUHN RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU. ,XGDLa .UDOÕ %\N +HURG¶XQ M.Ö. 4 VHQHVLQGH |OPHVL ]HULQH 5RPD øPSDUDWRUX $XJXVWXV, NUDOÕQ PLUDVÕQÕ RQXQ oRFXNODUÕ DUDVÕQGD WDNVLP HWWL. <DSÕODQ WDNVLPDWD J|UH ,XGDLa, IGXPHD YH 6DPDULD E|OJHOHUL etnarch5 _XQYDQÕ\OD $UFKHODXV¶XQ LGDUHVLQH YHULOGL BDVLUHWVL] ELU \|QHWLP VHUJLOH\HQ $UFKHODXV LGDUHVL DOWÕQGD E\N VÕNÕQWÕODUOD NDUúÕODúDQ <DKXGLOHU YH 6DPDULDOÕODU, 5RPD¶\D úLNk\HWOHUGH EXOXQDUDN $UFKHODXV¶XQ D]OHGLOPHVLQL LVWHGLOHU. 7DOHEL X\JXQ EXODQ $XJXVWXV, M.S. 6 VHQHVLQGH E|OJH\L GR÷UXGDQ 5RPD KkNLPL\HWLQH DODUDN ,XGDLD¶\D PHUNH]GHQ \|QHWLFL DWDPD\D EDúODGÕ.6

(\DOHWH G|QúWUOHQ ,XGDLD¶GD LGDUL G]HQOHPHOHUH EDúOD\DQ LPSDUDWRU, LON Lú RODUDN 6XUL\H Legatus¶X P. 6XOSLFLXV 4XLULQLXV¶D E|OJHGHQ DOÕQDFDN YHUJL PLNWDUÕQÕQ hesapODQDELOPHVL LoLQ VD\ÕP \DSPDVÕ WDOLPDWÕQÕ YHUGL 4XLULQLXV¶XQ VWOHQGL÷L EX J|UHY ,XGDLD¶QÕQ LON \|QHWLFLVL RODUDN DWDQDQ &RSRQLXV (6- G|QHPLQH GHQN JHOPHNWHGLU.7 _{<DKXGLOHU EDúODQJÕoWD YHUJL\H WDEL ROPD}

NRQXVXQX KRú NDUúÕODPDGÕ\VD GD \NVHN Uahip8 _{%RHWKRXV R÷OX -RD]DU KDONÕ}

X\XP J|VWHUPHOHUL NRQXVXQGD LNQD HGHUHN ELU NDUJDúD \DúDQPDVÕQÕ |QOHGL.

4 _{³&HOLOHOL´ RODUDN ELOLQHQ (]HNLDV R÷OX -XGDV DVOHQ *DXORQLWLV¶WH EXOXQDQ *DPDOD}

E|OJHVLQGHQGLU hONHVLQH WXWNX\OD ED÷OÕ YH 5RPDOÕODUGDQ QHIUHW HGHQ ELUL RODUDN ELOLQPHNWHGLU *HQoOLN \ÕOODUÕQGD &HOLOHOLOHU DUDVÕQGD |QH oÕNDUDN ELU hizip ROXúWXUPXú YH RQODUD OLGHUOLN HWPLúWLU %DKVHGLOHQ VD\ÕP PHVHOHVLQGHQ |QFH GH &HOLOH¶QLQ PHUNH]L NRQXPXQGD EXOXQDQ 6HSSKURLV¶WH FHSKDQHOL÷L HOH JHoLULS WDUDIWDUODUÕQÕ VLODKODQGÕUDUDN 5RPD LOH PFDGHOH HWPLúWLU *HQLú ELOJL LoLQ +HLQULFK *UDHW] History of Jews vol. II, The Jewish 3XEOLFDWLRQ 6RFLHW\ of $PHULFD 3KLODGHOSKLD 1967, s. 125-126; (PLO 6FKUHU The History

of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C. – A.D. 135) vol. I, dHY Geza

9HUPHV YH )HUJXV 0LOODU T&T &ODUN /WG (GLQEXUJK 1973, s. 331-332, 381.

5 _{Ethnos YH arche NHOLPHOHULQGHQ WUHWLOHQ ethnarch NHOLPHVL E|OJHVHO ROPD\DQ HWQLN OLGHUOLN}

YH\D KkNLPL\HW WU DQODPÕQD JHOPHNWHGLU *HQLú ELOJL LoLQ 1DGDY 6KDURQ “The 7LWOH (WKQDUFK LQ 6HFRQG 7HPSOH 3HULRG -XGHD´ Journal for the Study of Judaism, &LOW 41, 6D\Õ 4, 1HWKHUODQG 2010, s. 474.

6 _{6WUDERQ Geographika, XVI.2.46; (XVHELRV Ekklesiastike Historia, I.9.1; W.D. 0RUULVRQ}

The Jews under Roman Rule, 3XWQDP¶V 6RQV New <RUN 1890, s. 90-118; 6FKUHU 1973, s.

330-357; 0DUWLQ *RRGPDQ The Ruling Class of Judaea, &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV &DPEULGJH 1989, s. 33.

7 _{*UDHW], 1967, s. 129; 6FKUHU 1973, s. 400; 5LFKDUG A. +RUVOH\ -RKQ S. +DQVRQ, Bandits,}

Prophets and Messiahs: Popular Movements in the Time of Jesus, :LQVWRQ 3UHVV 0LQQHVRWD

1985, s. 190.

8 _{5DKLSOLN KL\HUDUúLVLQGH WP UDKLSOHULQ EDúÕQGa EXOXQDQ NLúL\H YHULOHQ XQYDQ *HQLú ELOJL}

LoLQ (PLO G. +LUVFK ³+LJK 3ULHVW´ The Jewish Encyclopedia, (G ,VÕGRUH 6LQJHU &LOW VI, New <RUN 1901, s. 389-393.

$QFDN &HOLOHOL -XGDV 5RPDOÕODUD |GHQHFHN YHUJL\L KDUDo RODUDN J|U\RU YH EXQXQ N|OHOLNOH HúGH÷HU ROGX÷XQX V|\O\RUGX <DKXGL KDONÕQ |]JUONOHUL LoLQ LV\DQ HWPHVL JHUHNWL÷LQL VDYXQX\RUGX O VHEHSOH 6 VHQHVLQGH 6DGGRXN LOH EHUDEHU <DKXGL KDONÕ VD\ÕP YH YHUJL PHVHOHOHULQH NDUúÕ oÕNPDODUÕ LoLQ NÕúNÕUWPD\D EDúODGÕ. VHUJL |GHPH\H LWLUD] HWPH\HQ <DKXGLOHUL NRUNDNOÕNOD YH 7DQUÕ¶GDQ EDúND, |OPO ELULQH NXOOXN HWPHNOH LWKDP HWWL.9 _{-XGDV¶ÕQ EX ILNLUOHUL}

DVOÕQGD NHQGLVLQLQ RUWD\D NR\PXú ROGX÷X ELU |÷UHWLGLU. 7DULKoL IRVHSKXV (37- EX \HQL |÷UHWL\L, söz NRQXVX G|QHPGH <DKXGLOHU DUDVÕQGD YDU RODQ GL÷HU üç PH]KHSWHQ10 _{IDUNOÕ ROGX÷XQX EHOLUWPHN DPDFÕ\OD dördüncü felsefe RODUDN}

DGODQGÕUPÕúWÕU.11

'|UGQF IHOVHIH E\N |OoGH ferisi12 _{J|UúOHUOH X\XúPDNOD EHUDEHU} IDUNOÕ YH |]HO \|QOHUH GH VDKLSWL. g]JUONOHULQH PWKLú ELU WXWNX\OD ED÷OÕ RODQ G|UGQF IHOVHIHQLQ PULWOHUL 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ WHN \|QHWici YH HIHQGL ROGX÷XQX VDYXQX\RUGX. gOPQ KLoELU WUOVQH |QHP YHUPH\LS DNUDEDODUÕQÕQ \D GD DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ |OPOHULQH GDKL DOGÕUÕú HWPL\RUODUGÕ. +LoELU GQ\HYL NRUNX RQODUÕQ 7DQUÕ¶GDQ EDúNDVÕQD NXOOXN HWPHVLQH \RO açaPÕ\RUGX )LNLUOHUL DVOD GH÷LúWLULOHPH]GL YH EX NRQXGDNL NDUDUOÕOÕNODUÕ KHUNHV WDUDIÕQGDQ ELOLQPHNWH\GL13 _{*|UOG÷ ]HUH ö]QGH UDGLNDOL]PL WHPVLO HGHQ G|UGQF}

IHOVHIHQLQ PULWOHUL, LQDQoODUÕ JHUH÷L VDGHFH 5RPD KkNLPL\HWLQH NDUúÕ oÕNPDNOD NDOPÕ\RU D\QÕ ]DPDQGD ELU <DKXGL GH ROVD EDúÕQGD LQVDQ EXOXQDQ WP LGDUL VLVWHPOHUH cephe DOÕ\RUGX.14 _{-XGDV¶ÕQ EX \HQL |÷UHWLVLQLQ GD\DQDN}

QRNWDVÕQÕ 7HYUDW¶WD EXOPDN PPNQGU g\OH NL <DKXGLOHULQ NHQGLOHULQL

9 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XVIII.1.1; IosepKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.8.1; (XVHELRV}

Ekklesiastike Historia, I.5.5-6; 0DUN $QGUHZ %ULJKWRQ The Sicarii in Josephus’s Judean War; Rhetorical Analysis and Historical Observations, 6RFLHW\ of %LEOLFDO /LWHUDWXUH

$WODQWD 2009, s. 50; 8ULHO 5DSSDSRUW “Who ZHUH WKH 6LFDULL"´ The Jewish Revolt Against

Rome; Interdisciplinary Perspectives, (G 0ODGHQ 3RSRYLF %ULOO /HLGHQ 2011, s. 335.

10 _{IRVHSKXV¶D J|UH YHUJL NRQXVXQXQ JQGHPH JHOGL÷i I. \]\ÕOÕQ EDúODUÕQGD <DKXGLOHU DUDVÕQGD}

ferisilik, sadukilik YH essenilik DGODUÕQGD üç PH]KHS EXOXQX\RUGX (,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XVIII.1.2; IosepKXV, Bellum Iudaicum, II.8.2.

11 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XVIII.1.6; IosepKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.8.1.}

12 _{)HULVLOLN3HUXúLP VRQUDNL G|QHP <DKXGLOL÷LQH úHNLO YHUHQ |QHPOL ELU PH]KHSWLU .HOLPH}

D\UÕOPDN NHQGLQL D\UÕ WXWPDN saf YH WHPL] ROPD\DQ úDKÕV YH Hú\DGDQ X]DNODúPDN DoÕNODPDN YH WHIVLU HWPHN JLEL DQODPODU WDúÕPDNWDGÕU Ferisiler, Tora’ya VÕNÕ ED÷OÕOÕNODUÕ LOH WDQÕQPDNWDGÕU +HOOHQOHúPH\H NDUúÕ RODQ ferisiler, \DUDWÕFÕQÕQ KHU úH\L NRQWURO HWWL÷LQH |OPGHQ VRQUD GLULOPH\H ceza YH PNkIDWD, 'DYXG¶XQ VR\XQGDQ ELU PHVLK JHOHFH÷LQH LQDQPÕúODUGÕU 0H]KHELQ PHQVXSODUÕ JHQHOOLNOH RUWD VÕQÕIWDQGÕU *HQLú ELOJL LoLQ $EGXUUDKPDQ .oN $OSDUVODQ .oN Dinler Tarihi, %HULNDQ <D\ÕQHYL $QNDUD 2009, s. 330-331.

13 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XVIII.1.6.} 14 _{'$OHVVLR 1990, s. 331.}

\|QHWPHVL LoLQ ELU NUDO LVWHPHVL YH EDúND LODKODUD NXOOXN HWPHVL EL]]DW Yehova 7DQUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ HOHúWLULOHQ ELU GXUXPGXU. <HKRYD <DKXGLOHULQ NUDO RODUDN NHQGLVLQL UHGGHWWL÷LQL YH EDúND LODKODUD NXOOXN HWWL÷LQL V|\OHPLúWLU A\UÕFD EDúODUÕQD NUDO RODUDN aWDQDFDN NLúLQLQ KDON ]HULQGHNL \HWNLOHULQL YH PXKWHPHO ]DUDUODUÕQÕ GD GHWD\ODUÕ\OD DQODWPÕúWÕU15 _{<DKXGL WRSOXPX DUDVÕQGD JHQLú}

NLWOHOHU WDUDIÕQGDQ EHQLPVHQHQ G|UGQF IHOVHIH DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD -XGDV YH =DGRN oRN VD\ÕGD WDUDIWDU HGLQGL. IRVHSKXV EX \HQL KDUHNHWL KDON DUDVÕQGD ER]JXQFXOXN oÕNDUPDNOD YH NDPX G]HQLQL ER]PDNOD VXoODPDNWDGÕU $\UÕFD JHOHFHNWH <DKXGLOHULQ EDúÕQa JHOHFHN IHODNHWOHUGHQ \LQH EX KDUHNHWLQ VRUXPOX ROGX÷XQX V|\OHPHNWHGLU16 _{IRVHSKXV EX LIDGH\OH PXKWHPHOHQ ¶OL \ÕOODUGD}

IDDOL\HWH JHoHFHN RODQ 6LFDULL |UJWQQ ILNUL WHPHO RODUDN G|UGQF IHOVHIH\L EHQLPVHPHVLQL LúDUHW HWPHNWHGLU

IRVHSKXV -XGDV YH WDNLSoLOHULQLQ DNÕEHWOHUL KDNNÕQGD ELOJL YHUPHPHNWHGLU $QFDN -XGDV¶ÕQ |OGUOG÷ YH KDUHNHWLQ NRQWURO DOWÕQD DOÕQGÕ÷Õ \|QQGH ND\ÕWODU PHYFXWWXU.17 _{-XGDV¶ÕQ DNÕEHWL KDNNÕQGD VXVNXQ NDODQ}

IRVHSKXV, RQXQ R÷XOODUÕ KDNNÕQGD ELU NÕVÕP ELOJLOHU YHUPHNWHGLU IRVHSKXV¶XQ HVHUOHULQGHQ WHVSLW HGHELOGL÷LPL] NDGDUÕ\OD &HOLOHOL -XGDV¶ÕQ 6LPRQ -DPHV YH 0HQDKHP DGODUÕQGD üç R÷OX EXOXQPDNWD\GÕ.18 _{0XKWHPHOHQ EDEDODUÕQÕQ}

L]LQGHQ JLGHQ -DPHV YH 6LPRQ 47 VHQHVLQGH ,XGDLa \|QHWLFLVL 7LEHULXV -XOLXV $OH[DQGHU (46- ]DPDQÕQGD oDUPÕKa JHULOPLúWLU.19 _{hoQF R÷XO 0HQDKHP}

ise 65 VHQHVLQGH 6LFDULL |UJWQQ OLGHUL RODUDN NDUúÕPÕ]D oÕNPDNWDGÕU. 0HQDKHP¶LQ |UJWH OLGHUOLN HWPHVL, GL÷HU NDUGHúOHULQLQ GH G|UGQF IHOVHIH\L EHQLPVH\LS LV\DQ IDDOL\HWOHULQGH EXOXQGXNODUÕQÕQ YH EX VHEHSOH LGDP HGLOGLNOHULQLQ J|VWHUJHVL RODUDN NDEXO HGLOHELOLU 1HWLFHGH -XGDV¶ÕQ |OP\OH G|UGQF IHOVHIH JHoLFL RODUDN HWNLVLQL ND\EHWPLú aQFDN \DNODúÕN NÕUN EHú \ÕO VRQUD D\QÕ |÷UHWLOHU 6LFDULL LOH WHNUDU HWNLQ KDOH JHOPLúWLU.

gUJWQ 2UWD\D dÕNÕúÕ YH FDDOL\HWOHUL

6LFDULL DNWLI ELU |UJW RODUDN ,XGDLa \|QHWLFLVL )HOL[ ]DPDQÕQGD (52- RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU20 _{(\OHPOHULQH .XGV <HUXúDOD\LP VXLNDVWODUÕ LOH EDúOD\DQ}

15 _{I. 6DPXHO 8:4-21.}

16 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XVIII.1.1.}

17 _{“+DEHUFLOHULQ øúOHUL´, Incil, V.37; (XVHELRV, Ekklesiastike Historia, I.5.3.} 18 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XX.5.2; ,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.8.}

19 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XX.5.2; 6LGQH\ B. +RHQLJ, “The 6LFDULL LQ 0DVDGD *ORU\}

RU ,QIDP\"´ Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, 6D\Õ 11, USA 1970, s. 4.

|UJWQ NDWOHWWL÷L LON NLúL \NVHN UDKLS -RQDWKDQ¶GÕU21 _{%XQXQ ROGXNoD ELOLQoOL}

ELU VHoLP ROGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU =LUD 6LFDULL, -RQDWKDQ¶D VXLNDVW G]HQOH\HUHN KHP UDKLSOLN DULVWRNUDVLVLQLQ OLGHULQL KHP GH 5RPD KkNLPL\HWLQLQ VW G]H\ LúELUOLNoLOHULQGHQ ELULQL VHPERO KHGHI RODUDN VHoPLú ROX\RUGX %X WU H\OHPOHU WRSOXP PHQVXSODUÕQÕQ JYHQGL÷L VRV\DO LPJHOHULQ JHOHQHNVHO oHUoHYHVLQL SDUoDODPDNWD YH QHWLFHGH WRSOXPGD JYHQVL]OLN hissi ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU22

$VOÕQGD -RQDWKDQ¶ÕQ |OGUOPHVLQGH )HOL[¶LQ GH E\N SD\Õ ROGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU. -RQDWKDQ EXOXQGX÷X NRQXP JHUH÷L )HOL[ LOH VUHNOL LUWLEDW KDOLQGH\GL YH YDKXGL LúOHUL NRQXVXQGD RQD VUHNOL WDYVL\HOHUGH EXOXQX\RUGX %X WDYVL\HOHUL úLNk\HW RODUDN DOJÕOD\DQ )HOL[ -RQDWKDQ¶ÕQ EXQD KDNNÕ ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ GúQ\RUGX dQN )HOL[¶LQ E|OJH\H DWDQPDVÕQÕ -RQDWKDQ WDOHS HWPLúWL23 _{MHYFXW GXUXPGDQ UDKDWVÕ]OÕN GX\PD\D EDúOD\DQ )HOL[}

-RQDWKDQ¶GDQ NXUWXOPD\D NDUDU YHUGL %X DPDoOD 'RUDV LVLPOL ELU .XGVO\ ERO PLNWDUGD SDUD YDDW HGHUHN FH]EHWPH\L EDúDUGÕ 'RUDV 6LFDULL \HOHULQL -RQDWKDQ ]HULQH VHYN HGHFHNWL <DSÕODQ SODQD X\JXQ úHNLOGH |UJW \HOHUL VDQNL LEDGHW HGHFHNPLú JLEL úHKUH JLULS -RQDWKDQ¶Õ VXLNDVW LOH |OGUG. %X H\OHPGH GH J|UOG÷ ]HUH ö]HOOLNOH ED\UDPODU YH WRSOX \DSÕODQ LEDGHWOHU 6LFDULL H\OHPOHUL LoLQ X\JXQ RUWDP ROXúWXUPDNWD\GÕ. gUJW \HOHUL EX G|QHPOHUGH NXWODPD YH\D LEDGHW DPDFÕ\OD WRSODQDQ NDODEDOÕ÷ÕQ DUDVÕQD NDUÕúDUDN KHGHIOHULQH \DNODúÕ\RU VRQUD JL\VLOHULQLQ DOWÕQGD VDNODGÕNODUÕ KDQoHUOHUL\OH H\OHPOHULQL JHUoHNOHúWLUL\RUODUGÕ. +HGHI NLúL DOGÕ÷Õ GDUEHOHUOH \HUH GúW÷QGH YH\D |OG÷QGH |UJW \HOHUL NXUEDQÕQ HWUDIÕQD WRSODQDQ NDODEDOÕ÷ÕQ DUDVÕQD NDUÕúDUDN WÕSNÕ RQODU JLEL IHU\DW HWPH\H EDúOÕ\RUGX. %X \|QWHPOH NHQGLOHULQL JL]OHPH\L YH \DNDODQPDPD\Õ EDúDUÕ\RUODUGÕ.24

<DSÕODQ LON H\OHPGHQ VRQUD .XGV¶WH EHQ]HU VXLNDVWODU GHYDP HWWL %D\UDPODUD YH WRSOX LEDGHWOHUH VÕ]DQ 6LFDULL \HOHUL D\QÕ \|QWHPOH KHGHIOHULQL UDKDWoD RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUÕ\RUGX ùHKULQ KHUKDQJL ELU QRNWDVÕQGD KDWWD WDSÕQD÷ÕQ ioLQGH GDKL \DSÕODQ VXLNDVWODU VHEHEL\OH úHKLUGH NRUNX KkNLP ROPXúWX. +DON VDQNL VDYDúWD\PÕú JLEL KHU DQ |OGUOPH HQGLúHVL WDúÕ\RUGX øQVDQODU JHOHELOHFHN ELU VDOGÕUÕ\D NDUúÕ KD]ÕUOÕNOÕ ROPDODUÕQD UD÷PHQ KHU JQ FLQD\HWOHU

21 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.13.3; (XVHELRV Ekklesiastike Historia, II.20.6; /HFK}

ChojQRZVNL “The 2ULJLQV DQG :DYHV of 7HUURULVP´ Scientific Journal WSFiP, 6D\Õ 4, 3RORQ\D 2017, s. 169.

22 _{+RUVOH\, 1979, s. 440,450.}

23 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XX.8.5; E. 0DU\ 6PDOOZRRG, The Jews Under Roman Rule;}

From Pompey to Diocletian, %ULOO /HLGHQ 1976, s. 268.

LúOHQPH\H GHYDP HGL\RUGX25 _{ùHKULQ KX]XUXQX NDoÕUDQ EX sXLNDVWODUÕ \D÷PD}

NXQGDNODPD YH WHKGLW H\OHPOHUL WDNLS HWWL 6LFDULL ELU WDUDIWDQ GD KDONÕ LV\DQD WHúYLN HGL\RU 5RPD KkNLPL\HWLQL NDEXO HGHQOHUL YH\D RQODUD ER\XQ H÷HQOHUL ise |OPOH WHKGLW HGL\RUGX. %LU VRQUDNL DGÕPGD |UJW E|ONOHUH D\UÕODUDN WDúUD\D GD WHVLU HWPH\H EDúODGÕ. .ÕUVDO NHVLPGH 5RPDOÕODUD ER\XQ H÷HQ YH\D RQODUOD LúELUOL÷L \DSDQ VDNLQOHUL |OGUGNWHQ VRQUD PDOODUÕQÕ \D÷PDOÕ\RU YH HYOHULQL NXQGDNOÕ\RUODUGÕ.26 _{$oÕNoD J|UO\RU NL WDúUDGD L]OHQHQ EX \|QWHP}

.XGV¶WH \DSÕODQ VXLNDVWODUÕQ DNVLQH JL]OLFH \DSÕOPÕ\RUGX $QFDN EX H\OHPOHU GH X\DUPD FD\GÕUPD YH FH]DODQGÕUPD |]HOOLNOHUL EDNÕPÕQGDQ VXLNDVWODU LOH a\QÕ DPDFD KL]PHW HGL\RUGX.27

<DúDQDQ EX NDUPDúD LoHULVLQGH )HOL[ J|UHYGHQ DOÕQDUDN \HULQH )HVWXV (60- DWDQGÕ28 _{)HVWXV LGDUH\L HOH DOGÕ÷ÕQGD ,XGDLa¶QÕQ KHU WDUDIÕ 6LFDULL}

H\OHPOHUL GROD\ÕVÕ\OD VÕNÕQWÕ oHNL\RUGX 7P NÕUVDO E|OJHOHU \D÷PDODQÕ\RU YH DWHúH YHULOL\RU sXLNDVWODU GD WP KÕ]Õ\OD GHYDP HGL\RUGX. %X G|QHPGH 6LFDULL’\H NDWÕOÕP RUDQÕ GD DUWPÕú |UJW LQVDQ ND\QD÷Õ EDNÕPÕQGDQ E\N VD\ÕODUD XODúPÕúWÕ )HVWXV, VRUXPOX ROGX÷X E|OJHOHUGH \DúDQDQ ROD\ODUD VRQ YHUPHN DPDFÕ\OD VYDUL YH SL\DGHOHUGHQ ROXúWXUGX÷X ELU ELUOL÷L |UJW ]HULQH VHYN HWWL )HVWXV¶XQ J|UHYOHQGLUGL÷L NXYYHWOHU ELU NÕVÕP 6LFDULL \HVLQL EHUWDUDI HWPH\L EDúDUGÕ29 _{)HVWXV¶WDQ VRQUD ,XGDLa \|QHWLFLOL÷LQH DWDQDQ $OELQXV}

(62- GD NHQGLVLQGHQ |QFH EDúODWÕODQ PFDGHOH\L VUGUG 1HWLFHGH oRN VD\ÕGD |UJW \HVL RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUÕOGÕ ELU NÕVPÕ GD WXWXNODQGÕ.30

6LFDULL, )HVWXV YH $OELQXV NDUúÕVÕQGD VW VWH DOGÕ÷Õ GDUEHOHUOH Jo ND\EHWPH\H EDúOD\ÕQFD \HQL WDNWLNOHUH \|QHOGL TXWXNOX |UJW \HOHULQLQ VHUEHVW NDOPDVÕQÕ VD÷OD\DELOPHN DPDFÕ\OD UHKLQ DOPD H\OHPOHULQH EDúODGÕODU. (OEHWWH KHGHIOHULQH XODúDELOPHOHUL LoLQ |QHPOL LVLPOHUL UHKLQ DOPDODUÕ JHUHNL\RUGX %X DPDoOD NDoÕUÕODQ LON NLúL \NVHN Uahip $QDQLDV¶ÕQ R÷OX (OHD]DU’GÕU31 _{BDEDVÕ $QDQLDV¶ÕQ UDKLSOLN DULVWRNUDVLVLQLQ VW G]H\}

\|QHWLFLOHULQGHQ ELUL ROPDVÕ YH G|QHPLQ ,XGDLa \|QHWLFLVL $OELQXV LOH RODQ \DNÕQOÕ÷Õ, (OHD]DU¶ÕQ KHGHI seoLOPHVLQLQ VHEHSOHUL DUDVÕQGD EXOXQPDNWDGÕU.

25 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XX.8.5; ,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.13.3.} 26 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XX.8.6; ,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.13.6.} 27 _{+RUVOH\, 1979, s. 441.}

28 _{)HOL[ J|UHYGH ROGX÷X VUH ER\XQFD N|W ELU \|QHWLP VHUJLOHPLúWLU %X VHEHSOH 60 VHQHVLQGH}

1HUR WDUDIÕQGDQ JHUL oD÷ÕUÕOPÕúWÕU ø]OHGL÷L \DQOÕú SROLWLNDODUÕQ LV\DQ KDUHNHWOHULQL NÕúNÕUWWÕ÷Õ GúQOPHNWHGLU 7DFLWXV Annales, XII.54; 7DFLWXV Historiae, V.9; 6FKUHU, 1973, s. 459-465.

29 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XX.8.10.} 30 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XX.9.2-3.} 31 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XX.9.3.}

SLFDULL \HOHUL \DNODúDQ ELU ED\UDPGDQ |QFH, JHFH YDNWL .XGV¶H JLUGL (OHD]DU¶Õ \DNDOD\ÕS GHUGHVW HGHUHN EHUDEHUOHULQGH úHKULQ GÕúÕQD J|WUGOHU $QDQLDV¶D R÷OXQXQ HOOHULQGH ROGX÷XQX ELOGLUHUHN (OHD]DU¶D NDUúÕOÕN WXWXNOX EXOXQDQ RQ 6LFDULL \HVLQLQ VHUEHVW EÕUDNÕOPDVÕ LoLQ $OELQXV¶X LNQD HWPHVLQL LVWHGLOHU 1HWLFHGH $QDQLDV |UJWQ WDOHELQLQ \HULQH JHOPHVLQL VD÷OD\DUDN R÷OXQX NXUWDUPD\Õ EDúDUGÕ. $QFDN EX H\OHPLQ EDúDUÕ\D XODúPDVÕ GL÷HU UHKLQ DOPD H\OHPOHUL LoLQ |UQHN WHúNLO HWWL 6LFDULL \HOHUL DUWÕN VUHNOL $QDQLDV¶ÕQ \DNÕQODUÕ YH\D J|UHYOLOHUL DUDVÕQGD EXOXQDQODUÕ UHKLQ DOPD\D oDOÕúÕ\RUGX. BX \|QWHPOH oRN VD\ÕGD \HVLQLQ VHUEHVW NDOPDVÕQÕ VD÷OD\DQ |UJW, VD\Õ EDNÕPÕQGDQ WHNUDU JoOHQHUHN ,XGDLD¶GDNL H\OHPOHULQL VUGUG.32 _$OELQXV¶WDQ

VRQUD ,XGDLa \|QHWLFLOL÷L J|UHYLQL VWOHQHQ )ORUXV G|QHPLQGH (64- 0DVDGD .DOHVL¶QH33 _{VDOGÕUDQ 6LFDULL EXUDGD EXOXQDQ 5RPDOÕ PXKDIÕ]ODUÕ |OGUHUHN}

NDOH\L HOH JHoLUPH\L EDúDUPÕúWÕU. IosepKXV 0DVDGD¶QÕQ VDYDúDUDN GH÷LO KLOH \ROX\OD DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQÕ V|\OHPHNWHGLU34 _{$QFDN QH WU ELU KLOH\H EDúYXUXOGX÷X}

KDNNÕQGD ELOJL YHUPHPHNWHGLU

6LFDULL IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ <DKXGL WRSOXPXQD NDVÕWOÕ RODUDN YHUGL÷L ]DUDUÕQ \DQÕQGD GROD\OÕ RODUDN VHEHS ROGX÷X VÕNÕQWÕODU GD EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 0XKWHPHOHQ )HOL[ (52-6 \D GD $OELQXV (62- G|QHPLQGHQ LWLEDUHQ UDKLSOHULQ YH NUDOL\HW DLOHVL \HOHULQLQ 6LFDULL VDOGÕUÕODUÕQGDQ NRUXQDELOPHN DPDFÕ\OD oHYUHOHULQH FUHWOL NRUXPDODU WRSODPD\D EDúODGÕ÷Õ ELOLQPHNWHGLU $QFDN EX NLúLOHU VDGHFH NRUXPD RODUDN J|UHY \DSPÕ\RU LúYHUHQOHULQLQ |]HO ELUOLNOHUL JLEL KDUHNHW HGL\RUGX gUQH÷LQ $QDQLDV¶ÕQ NRUXPDODUÕ KDVDW ]DPDQODUÕQGD KDUPDQ \HUOHULQH JLGHUHN oLIWoLOHUGHQ WDOHS HGLOHQ YHUJL\L UDKLSOHU DGÕQD ]RUOD DOÕ\RU, öGHPH \DSDPD\DFDN GXUXPGD RODQ YH\D \DSPDN LVWHPH\HQOHUH NDUúÕ úLGGHW NXOODQPDNWDQ oHNLQPL\RUODUGÕ 'L÷HU UDKLSOHU GH KDOND NDUúÕ EHQ]HU ELU WXWXP LoHULVLQGH\GL.35

0DVDGD .DOHVL¶QLQ HOH JHoLULOGL÷L G|QHPGH .XGV¶WH 6LFDULL¶GHQ ED÷ÕPVÕ] ED]Õ EDúND JHOLúPHOHU GH \DúDQPDNWD\GÕ. 65 VHQHVLQGH .XGV¶WHNL WDSÕQDNWD ELU NXUEDQ PHVHOHVL VHEHEL\OH \NVHN Uahip $QaQLDV R÷OX (OHD]DU OLGHUOL÷LQGH, <DKXGLOHULQ 5RPDOÕODUD NDUúÕ E\N LV\DQÕQÕQ LON HPDUHOHUL

32 _{,RVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae, XX.9.3; *UDHW], 1967, s. 249.}

33 _{0DVDGD .DOHVL øVUDLO’GH EXOXQDQ (Q-*HGL XOXVDO SDUNÕQÕQ 25 NP JQH\LQGH EXOXQPDNWDGÕU}

.DOH KDNNÕQGD GHWD\OÕ ELOJL LoLQ 6DPXHO Rocca, The Forts of Judaea 168 BC – AD 73, 2VSUH\ 3XEOLVKLQJ *UHDW %ULWDLQ 2008, s. 33-37.

34 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.2, VII.8.1; 'HVPRQG 6HZDUG, Jarusalem’s Traitor;}

Josephus, Masada and the Fall of Judea, Da Capo 3UHVV 3KLODGHOSKLD 2009, s. 49.

RUWD\D oÕNWÕ. 5RPD¶QÕQ JD]DEÕQD X÷UDPDNWDQ oHNLQHQ UDKLSOHU YH úHKULQ GL÷HU |QGH JHOHQOHUL NDUPDúD E\PHGHQ (OHD]DU YH WDNLSoLOHULQL EDVWÕUPD\D oDOÕúWÕ $QFDN LV\DQcÕODUÕ DOW HWPH\H JoOHULQLQ \HWPH\HFH÷LQL IDUN HWWLOHU YH )ORUXV LOH <DKXGL .UDO II.$JULSSD¶\D36 _{KDEHU J|QGHUHUHN \DúDQDQ NDUJDúD\D}

PGDKDOH HWPHOHULQL LVWHGLOHU )ORUXV JHOHQ \DUGÕP WDOHELQH NDUúÕOÕN YHUPHPH\L WHUFLK HWWL\VH GH II.$JULSSD GLQGDúODUÕQD \DUGÕP HWPHN PDNVDGÕ\OD LNL ELQ VYDUL J|QGHUGL KUDOL\HW VYDULOHULQLQ NHQGLOHULQH NDWÕOPDVÕ\OD JoOHQHQ 5RPD \DQOÕVÕ UDKLSOHU YH KDON úHKULQ \XNDUÕ NÕVPÕQÕ HOH JHoLUPH\L EDúDUGÕ. AúD÷Õ úHKLU YH WDSÕQDN ise LV\DQFÕODUÕQ HOLQGH\GL .UDOL\HW ELUOLNOHUL EDUÕú \DQOÕVÕ JUXSOD EHUDEHU DúD÷Õ úHKUL YH GROD\ÕVÕ\OD PDEHGL HOH JHoLUPH\H (OHD]DU YH LV\DQFÕODUGDQ ROXúDQ JUXS ise KkOLKD]ÕUGD sahip ROGXNODUÕ E|OJHOHUL NRUXPD\D YH \XNDUÕ úHKUL ND]DQPD\D oDOÕúÕ\RUGX 7DUDIODUÕQ ELUELULQH VWQON VD÷OD\DPDGÕ÷Õ PFDGHOH \HGL JQ VUG37

øo VDYDú GHQLOHELOHFHN EX ROD\ODUÕQ EDúODGÕ÷Õ HVQDGD .XGV GÕúÕQGD RODQ 6LFDULL sHNL]LQFL JQ PFDGHOH\H GkKLO ROGX. O JQ LQDQÕúD J|UH KHUNHVLQ VXQD÷D ELU PLNWDU RGXQ JHWLULS DWHúLQ VUHNOL \DQPDVÕQÕ VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ D÷Do WDúÕPD ED\UDPÕ\GÕ38 _{gUJWQ ED\UDPODUGD YH WRSOX LEDGHWOHUGH JHUoHNOHúWLUGL÷L}

H\OHPOHU ELOLQGL÷L LoLQ W|UHQH NDWÕOPDODUÕ HQJHOOHQPH\H oDOÕúÕOGÕ $QFDN 6LFDULL WP HQJHOOHPH oDEDODUÕQD UD÷PHQ VÕ]PD WHNQLNOHUL NXOODQDUDN úHKUH JLUPH\L EDúDUGÕ YH JoOHULQL GL÷HU LV\DQFÕODUOD ELUOHúWLUGL. %LUOLNWH GDKD FHVXU VDOGÕUÕODUGD EXOXQDQ LV\DQFÕODU úehULQ \XNDUÕ NÕVPÕQÕ HOLQGH WXWDQODUD NDUúÕ KDUHNHWH JHoWL. %X \HQL KFXP NDUúÕVÕQGD \XNDUÕ úHKLU WXWXQDPDGÕ. 0D÷OXS RODQ NUDOL\HW DVNHUOHUL, \NVHN Uahip $QDQLDV¶ÕQ GD LoLQGH EXOXQGX÷X ED]Õ YDKXGL DULVWRNUDWODUOD EHUDEHU úHKULQ GDKD üsW NÕVÕPODUÕQGD EXOXQDQ ELU QRNWD\D oHNLOPHN ]RUXQGD NDOGÕ.39

36 _{Marcus Julius Agrippa, <DKXGL NUDO ,$JULSSD¶QÕQ R÷OXGXU 44 VHQHVLQGH EDEDVÕ |OQFH}

øPSDUDWRU &ODXGLXV EDEDVÕQÕQ \HULQH RQX DWDPDN LVWHGL\VH GH \DúÕ NoN ROGX÷X LoLQ EX DWDPD JHUoHNOHúPHGL 52 VHQHVLQGH, \DúÕ ELUD] GDKD E\\QFH, \|QHWLFL RODUDN DWDQGÕ *HQLú ELOJL LoLQ 6FKUHU, 1973, s. 471-483.

37 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.2-5; 0RUULVRQ 1890, s. 170; *UDHW], 1967, s. 256-270;}

6FKUHU 1973, s. 486; *RRGPDQ 1989, s. 154-155; 0DUWLQ +HQJHO The Zealots, dHY 'DYLG 6PLWK T&T &ODUN (GLQEXUJK 1989, s. 359; 6HZDUG 2009, s. 48-49.

38 _{IRVHSKXV EX ED\UDPGDQ EDKVHGHUNHQ xylophory WDELULQL NXOODQPÕúWÕU (%HOOXP ,XGDLFXP}

II $QFDN D÷Do WDúÕQDQ YH DWHú \DNÕODQ ED\UDP <DKXGLOHULQ II. 7DSÕQDN G|QHPL ER\XQFD ,XGDLD¶GD \D\JÕQ RODUDN NXWODGÕ÷Õ Ab ED\UDPÕGÕU 0XKWHPHOHQ $÷XVWRV D\ÕQÕQ ¶LQH GHQN JHOPHNWHGLU %X ED\UDPGD zHQJLQ-IDNLU WP JHQo NÕ]ODU EH\D] JL\VLOHU JL\HUHN VRNDNODUD oÕNDU $\UÕFD KHP UDKLSOHU KHP GH KDON VXQD÷D ERO PLNWDUGD RGXQ JHWLULS \DNPDNWDGÕU *HQLú ELOJL LoLQ .DXIPDQQ .RKOHU, “$E´ The Jewish Encyclopedia, (G ,VÕGRUH 6LQJHU &LOW I, New <RUN 1901, s. 25-26.

*HOLQHQ QRNWDGD EDúNHQW .XGV¶WH ELUGHQ ID]OD GLQL-SROLWLN JUXS YH KDON EXOXQX\RUGX. AQFDN EX JUXSODU 5RPD \DQOÕODUÕQD NDUúÕ RUWDN KDUHNHW HGL\RUODUGÕ 6LFDULL, |÷UHWLVL JHUH÷L KLoELU |OPOQQ HIHQGLOL÷LQL NDEXO HGHPH\HFH÷LQGHQ LV\DQÕQ OLGHUOL÷LQL HOH JHoLUPHN LoLQ KDUHNHWH JHoWL %XQX EDúDUDELOPHOHUL LoLQ GDKD |QFHNL H\OHPOHUL VHEHEL\OH NHQGLOHULQH WHSNLOL RODQ KDONÕ VDIODUÕQD NDWPDODUÕ JHUHNL\RUGX40 _{øV\DQFÕODUD GHVWHN YHUHQ JUXS D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ}

RODUDN IDNLU KDONWDQ ROXúPDNWD\GÕ. 6LFDULL EX VHEHSOH ERUo ND\ÕWODUÕQÕQ WXWXOGX÷X DUúLYOHUL \RN HWPH\H NDUDU YHUGL. %|\OHFH NHQGLOHULQH PLQQHWWDU NDODQ ERUo sahiSOHULQLQ GHVWH÷LQL HOGH HWPH\L SODQOÕ\RUODUGÕ. 7DVDUÕODUÕQD X\JXQ úHNLOGH KDUHNHWH JHoHUHN ND\ÕWODUÕQ EXOXQGX÷X ELQD\Õ \DNÕS \RN HWWLOHU. .D]DQGÕNODUÕ ]DIHU YH \DSWÕNODUÕ WDKULEDWWDQ WDWPLQ RODQ LV\DQFÕ JUXS o JQ LoLQ GDKD ID]OD LOHUOHPHGL.41 _{(UWHVL JQ WHNUDU KDUHNHWH JHoHUHN $QWRQLD .DOHVL¶QH}

LOHUOHGLOHU øNL JQ VUHQ NXúDWPDGDQ VRQUD NDOH\L HOH JHoLUPH\L EDúDUGÕODU. øOHUOHPH\H GHYDP HGHUHN ,,$JULSSD¶QÕQ NUDOL\HW DVNHUOHULQLQ YH ED]Õ YDKXGL DULVWRNUDWODUÕQ VÕ÷ÕQPÕú ROGX÷X NÕVPD KFXP HWWLOHU. $VNHUOHULQ J|VWHUGL÷L GLUHQLú NDUúÕVÕQGD 6LFDULL¶QLQ GH DUDODUÕQGD EXOXQGX÷X LV\DQFÕ JUXS NXúDWPD SR]LV\RQXQD JHoHUHN VDUD\GDNLOHULQ ND\QDNODUÕQÕQ WNHQPHVLQL EHNOHPH\H EDúODGÕ.42

.XúDWPDQÕQ VUG÷ HVQDGD &HOLOHOL -XGDV¶ÕQ R÷OX YH 6LFDULL¶QLQ DGÕQÕ ELOGL÷LPL] LON OLGHUL RODQ 0HQDKHP RUWD\D oÕNWÕ 0HQDKHP 65 VHQHVLQGH \DQÕQD DOGÕ÷Õ ELU JUXSOD EHUDEHU GDKD |QFH HOH JHoLULOHQ 0DVDGD .DOHVL¶QH JLWWL %XUDGD FHSKDQHOL÷H JLUHUHN KHP 6LFDULL KHP GH GL÷HU LV\DQFÕODU LoLQ VLODK WHPLQ HWWL .XGV¶H JHUL G|QHQ 0HQDKHP ERUo ND\ÕWODUÕQÕQ \RN HGLOPHVL H\OHPLQH EX VLODK JFQ GH HNOH\LQFH WP LV\DQÕQ OLGHUL KDOLQH JHOGL YH GHYDP HWPHNWH RODQ VDUD\ NXúDWPDVÕQÕ VWOHQGL .XúDWÕODQODU, FDQODUÕQÕQ ED÷ÕúODQPDVÕ NDUúÕOÕ÷ÕQGD WHVOLP ROPD WHNOLILQGH EXOXQGX THNOLIL NDEXO HGHQ LV\DQFÕ JUXS NDOHQLQ ERúDOWÕOPDVÕQD L]LQ YHUGL. $QFDN VRQUDVÕQGD \HQL WHUN HGLOHQ EX \HUOHUL \D÷PDOD\ÕS DWHúH YHUGLOHU.43

65 \ÕOÕ (\OO D\ÕQGD \DSÕODQ DUDPDODUGD \NVHN Uahip $QDQLDV JL]OHQGL÷L \HUGH HOH JHoLULOHUHN LQID] HGLOGL.44 _{$QDQLDV¶ÕQ |OGUOPHVL 6LFDULL¶QLQ VDGHFH}

7DQUÕ’\Õ KkNLP NDEXO HWPH LGHRORMLVLQLQ ELU \DQVÕPDVÕGÕU. dQN G|UGQF IHOVHIH\H J|UH YahXGL ELU \|QHWLFL HQ az 5RPDOÕ ELU \|QHWLFL NDGDU

40 _{'$OHVVLR 1990, s. 333.}

41 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.6.} 42 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.7.}

43 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.8; 6HZDUG, 2009, s. 50.} 44 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.9; +RHQLJ, 1970, s. 9.}

VDNÕQFDOÕGÕU.45 _{.XúDWPDQÕQ EDúDUÕ\OD \UWOPHVL YH $QDQLDV¶ÕQ LQID] HGLOPHVL}

0HQDKHP¶LQ LWLEDUÕQÕ ROGXNoD DUWÕUPÕúWÕ. $QFDN NHQGLVLQH J|VWHULOHQ LOWLIDW RQXQ DFÕPDVÕ] ELU WLUDQD G|QúPHVLQH \RO DoWÕ. $WÕODFDN DGÕPODUOD LOJLOL hiç NLPVH\H GDQÕúPÕ\RU NLPVH NHQGLVL\OH WDUWÕúPD\D ELOH FHVDUHW HGHPL\RUGX. $QDQLDV R÷OX (OHD]DU YH WDNLSoLOHUL ö]JUONOHUL LoLQ 5RPDOÕODUD LV\DQ HWWLNWHQ VRQUD 0HQDKHP¶H ER\XQ H÷PHPH\H GROD\ÕVÕ\OD RQX RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUPD\D NDUDU YHUGL. %X NDUDUÕQ DOÕQPDVÕQGD (OHD]DU¶ÕQ EDEDVÕQÕQ |OGUOPú ROPDVÕ GD HWNLOL ROPXúWXU.46 _{(OHD]DU YH WDNLSoLOHUL EX GR÷UXOWXGD KDUHNHWH JHoHUHN}

WDSÕQD÷D JLWWL÷L HVQDGD 0HQDKHP¶H VDOGÕUGÕ. 7|UHQ LoLQ WDSÕQDNWD EXOXQDQ NDODEDOÕN GD (OHD]DU WDUDIÕQGD saf WXWWX 0HQDKHP YH WDNLSoLOHUL ELU VUHOL÷LQH GLUHQGL\VH GH WP KDONÕQ ]HUOHULQH JHOGL÷LQL IDUN HWWLNOHULQGH NDoPD\D EDúODGÕODU $QFDN ELUoRN 6LFDULL \HVL FDQÕQÕ NXUWDUDPDGÕ 6DOGÕUÕ ]HULQH 2SKODV .DOHVL¶QH VÕ÷ÕQDQ 0HQDKHP GH GDKD VRQUD \DSÕODQ DUDPDODUGD HOH JHoLULOGL dHúLWOL LúNHQFHOHUH WDEL WXWXOGXNWDQ VRQUD LGDP HGLOGL47 _%|\OHFH

&HOLOHOL -XGDV¶ÕQ oQF R÷OX GD LGDP HGLOPLú ROX\RUGX

6LFDULL, .XGV¶WH \DúDQDQ EX ROD\GDQ VRQUD GD YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ GHYDP HWWLUPH\L VUGUPúWU. 0HQDKHP¶H VDOGÕUÕODU EDúODGÕ÷Õ HVQDGD ELU JUXS |UJW \HVL 0DVDGD .DOHVL¶QH NDoPD\Õ EDúDUPÕúWÕ %XQODUÕQ DUDVÕQGD GHYULN OLGHU 0HQDKHP¶LQ DNUDEDVÕ RODQ GROD\ÕVÕ\OD CHOLOHOL -XGDV¶ÕQ GD DNUDEDVÕ RODQ -DLU R÷OX (OHD]DU GD EXOXQX\RUGX48 _{67 VHQHVLQGH (OHD]DU EXUDGD 6LFDULL¶QLQ \HQL}

OLGHUL ROGX49

gUJW 0DVDGD¶\D oHNLOGLNWHQ VRQUD GD .XGV¶WHNL NDUÕúÕNOÕNODU GHYDP HWWL. øV\DQFÕ JUXSODU YH 5RPD \DQOÕVÕ <DKXGLOHU DUDVÕQGDNL iç sDYDú ELU VUH GDKD GHYDP HWWLNWHQ VRQUD VRQXQGD E\N LV\DQ EDúODGÕ. 5RPD 66 VHQHVLQGH oÕNDQ EX E\N LV\DQÕ EDVWÕUPDN LoLQ |QFH WP ,XGDLa úHKLUOHULQGH YH VRQUD .XGV¶WH <DKXGLOHUOH VDYDúPD\D EDúODGÕ.50 _{6LFDULL ROGXNoD LURQLN úHNLOGH}

oÕNPDVÕQGD E\N SD\ VDKLEL ROGX÷X LV\DQ VUHVLQFH KLoELU úHNLOGH ROD\ODUD NDUÕúPDGÕ <DKXGLOHUOH 5RPDOÕODU DUaVÕQGDNL VDYDúÕQ EDúODPDVÕQGDQ 0DVDGD .DOeVL¶QLQ GúPHVLQH NDGDU JHoHQ VUH LoHULVLQGH (66- pasif ELU úHNLOGH

45 _{=HLWOLQ, 1967, s. 259.}

46 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.9; +RHQLJ 1970, s. 10.} 47 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.9.}

48 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.9, VII.8.1; *UDHW], 1967, s. 261.}

49 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.17.9, IV.7.2, VII.8.1; =HLWOLQ 1967, s.260; 5DSSDSRUW, 2011,}

s. 331.

50 _{6PDOOZRRG 1976, s. 293-339; 6LPRQ BDNHU, Eski Roma, dHY (NLQ 'XUX 6D\ <D\ÕQODUÕ}

$QNDUD 2015, s. 243-292; 6LPRQ 6HEDJ 0RQWHILRUH Kudüs; Bir ùHKULQ Biyografisi, dHY &HP 'HPLUNDQ 3HJDVXV <D\ÕQODUÕ øVWDQEXO 2016, s. 124-131.

EHNOHPH\L WHUFLK HWWLOHU. ùSKHVL] öUJWQ EX G|QHPGH pasif KDOH JHoPHVLQLQ oHúLWOL VHEHSOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU. øQVDQ JF EDNÕPÕQGDQ D]DOPÕú ROPDODUÕ, LGHRORMLOHUL JHUH÷L OLGHUOLN HGHPH\HFHNOHUL ELU KDUHNHWH NDWÕOPDN LVWHPHPHOHUL OLGHUOHULQLQ |OPHVL LOH úHYNOHULQLQ NÕUÕOPÕú ROPDVÕ, \HQL G]HQH GDLU XPXWODUÕQÕQ NDOPDPÕú ROPDVÕ YH .XGV¶Q \ÕNÕPÕQÕ 7DQUÕ¶QÕQ YHUGL÷L ELU ceza RODUDN DOJÕODPDODUÕ EX GXUXPXQ VHEHSOHUL RODUDN NDEXO HGLOHELOLU.51

BX DUD G|QHPGH |UJWQ VDGHFH NHQGL KD\DWL LKWL\DoODUÕQÕ NDUúÕODPD\D \|QHOLN JLULúLPOHUGH EXOXQGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU. g\OH NL MDVDGD .DOHVL¶QGHQ KDUHNHWOH oHYUH E|OJHOHUH NoN oDSOÕ \D÷PD KDUHNHWOHUL G]HQOL\RUODUGÕ.52 _%X

IDDOL\HWOHU GR÷UXOWXVXQGD, Pesah53 _{HVQDVÕQGD JHFH YDNWL JL]OLFH (Q *HGGL}

úHKULQH VDOGÕUÕGD EXOXQGXODU. ùHKULQ VDNLQOHUL EX DQL EDVNÕQD NDUúÕ NR\PD\D IÕUVDW EXODPDGDQ GD÷ÕWÕOGÕ. 6LFDULi EXUDGD NDoPD\Õ EDúDUDPD\DQ \HGL \] FLYDUÕ YaKXGL NDGÕQ YH oRFX÷X |OGUGNWHQ VRQUD HYOHUL YH PDKVXOOHUL \D÷PDOD\DUDN JDQLPHWOHULQL 0DVDGD¶\D WDúÕGÕ. %X DUDGD KHPHQ KHU JQ |UJWH NDWÕOPDN LoLQ 0DVDGD¶\D \HQL LQVDQODU JHOL\RUGX.54 _{%XQODU DUDVÕQGD ]HULQH}

J|QGHULOHQ RUGX NDUúÕVÕQGD WXWXQDPD\DUDN 0DVDGD¶\D VÕ÷ÕQPDN ]RUXQGD NDODQ *LRUDV R÷OX 6LPRQ DGOÕ ELU oHWH OLGHUL GH EXOXQPDNWD\GÕ. BDúODQJÕoWD 6LPRQ YH PDL\HWLQL úSKH\OH NDUúÕOD\DQ 6LFDULL RQODUÕQ NDOHQLQ DOW NÕVÕPODUÕQGD LNDPHW HWPHVLQH L]LQ YHUGL $QFDN ]DPDQOD 6LPRQ JYHQOHULQL ND]DQPD\Õ EDúDUGÕ YH 6LFDULL LOH EHUDEHU \D÷PD DNÕQODUÕQD NDWÕOPD\D EDúODGÕ 6LPRQ 6LFDULL¶\L GDKD E\N H\OHPOHU \DSPD\D WHúYLN HWWL\VH GH DPDFÕQGD EDúDUÕOÕ RODPDGÕ gUJW \H VD\ÕVÕQÕ DUWÕUPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ pasif NDOPD NDUDUÕQGDQ YD]JHoPL\RUGX %X GXUXP NDUúÕVÕQGD 6LPRQ ELU VUH VRQUD 6LFDULL¶GHQ D\UÕODUDN GD÷OÕN DUD]L\H oHNLOGL55

6LFDULL¶QLQ 0DVDGD¶GD pasif KDOGH JHoLUGL÷L \ÕOODU LoHULVLQGH 5RPD, <DKXGL LV\DQÕQÕ WP ,XGDLa úHKLUOHULQH ELUHU ELUHU ER\XQ H÷GLUHUHN EDVWÕUPÕúWÕ. %DúNHQW .XGV GH 5RPDOÕ NRPXWDQ 7LWXV WDUDIÕQGDQ 70 VHQHVLQGH HOH

51 _{=HLWOLQ 1967, s.260-261; +RUVOH\ 1979, s. 453-457; '$OHVVLR 1990, s. 333.} 52 _{+RHQLJ 1970, s.13-14.}

53 _{+DPXUVX] %D\UDPÕ; 3HVDK¶ÕQ GL÷HU DGÕ +DPXUVX] %D\UDPÕ¶GÕU. ùDORú Regalim}

ED\UDPODUÕQÕQ LONLGLU øVUDLOR÷XOODUÕ¶QÕQ 0ÕVÕU HVDUHWLQGHQ NXUWXOXúXQX DQPDN LoLQ NXWODQÕU

Pesah, øEUDQL WDNYLPLQH J|UH 1LVDQ D\ÕQÕQ ¶LQGH EDúODU YH øVUDLO¶GH \HGL GL÷HU ONHOHUGH

VHNL] JQ VUHU *HQLú ELOJL LoLQ <XVXI %HVDOHO ³3HVDK´ Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi, &LOW 2, øVWDQEXO 2001, s. 498.

54 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, IV.7.2.} 55 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, II.22.2, IV.9.3.}

JHoLULOPLú YH PDEHW \HUOH ELU HGLOPLúWL.56 _{.XGV¶Q GúPHVL\OH VDYDú KDOD}

<DKXGLOHULQ HOLQGH EXOXQDQ +HURGLXP 0DFKHUXV YH 0DVDGD NDOHOHULQH \|QHOGL. .XGV¶ HOGH HWWLNWHQ VRQUD 7LWXV¶XQ 5RPD¶\D G|QPHVL ]HULQH DGÕ JHoHQ NDOHOHULQ WHVOLP DOÕQPDVÕ J|UHYL ,XGDLa \|QHWLFLVL /XFLOOLXV %DVVXV¶D (71- HPDQHW HGLOGL. %DVVXV NRPXWDVÕQGD NÕVD VUHGH +HURGLXP, DUGÕQGDQ 72 VHQHVLQGH 0DFKHUXV NDOHOHUL 5RPD RUGXVX WDUDIÕQGDQ HOH JHoLULOGL.57

0DFKHUXV .DOHVL DOÕQGÕNWDQ VRQUD |OHQ %DVVXV¶XQ \HULQH E|OJH\H /XFLXV )ODYLXV 6LOYD (72- DWDQGÕ 6LOYD, ,XGDLD¶\D JHOGL÷LQGH 6LFDULL¶QLQ HOLQGH EXOXQDQ 0DVDGD .DOHVL KDULo WP ONH 5RPD KkNLPL\HWLQH ER\XQ H÷PLú YD]L\HWWH\GL 6LOYD 72 VHQHVLQGH JHUHNOL KD]ÕUOÕNODUÕ \DSWÕNWDQ VRQUD EX NDOH\H GR÷UX KDUHNHWH JHoWL.58 _{.ÕVD VUHGH NDOHQLQ EXOXQGX÷X E|OJH\L KkNLPL\HWL}

DOWÕQD DOGÕ YH X\JXQ \HUOHUH DVNHUOHULQL \HUOHúWLUGL 6WUDWHMLN RODUDN HQ X\JXQ J|UG÷ QRNWD\D GD NHQGL NDUDUJkKÕQÕ NXUGX 6LFDULL \HOHULQLQ NDoPDVÕQÕ HQJHOOHPHN DPDFÕ\OD NDOHQLQ HWUDIÕQD ELU VHW LQúD HWWLUGLNWHQ VRQUD NXúDWPD EDúODGÕ59 _{5RPDOÕODU NÕVD VUHGH NDOH sXUXQX \ÕNPD\Õ EDúDUGÕ DQFDN RUWD\D}

LNLQFL ELU VXU GDKD oÕNWÕ 6LFDULL 5RPD DVNHUOHUL LON VXUX DúPD\D oDOÕúÕUNHQ D÷Do GLUHNOHU DUDVÕQD GROGXUGXNODUÕ WRSUDNOD LNLQFL ELU VXU LQúD HWPLúWL %XUDGD NXOODQÕODQ PDO]HPHQLQ D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN DKúDS ROGX÷XQX IDUN HGHQ 6LOYD, DVNHUOHULQH VXUX \DNPDODUÕQÕ HPUHWWL )ÕUODWÕODQ PHúDOHOHU VD\HVLQGH VXU NÕVD VUHGH DOHY DOGÕ $UWÕN 6LFDULL LOH DUDODUÕQGD \DQDQ HQND] GÕúÕQGD ELU HQJHO NDOPDPÕúWÕ 6RQ VDOGÕUÕ\Õ HUWHVL JQ \DSPD\D NDUDU YHUHQ 5RPDOÕODU NDOH oHYUHVLQH Q|EHWoLOHU EÕUDNWÕNWDQ VRQUD NDUDUJkKODUÕQD JHUL G|QG.60

øoLQGH EXOXQGXNODUÕ GXUXP NDUúÕVÕQGD (OHD]DU YH 6LFDULL \HOHULQLQ GLUHQPHN \D GD NDoDELOPHN JLEL XPXWODUÕ NDOPDPÕúWÕ 5RPDOÕODUD HVLU GúHUOHUVH PDUX] NDODFDNODUÕ PXDPHOH\L WDKPLQ HGHELOHQ (OHD]DU, HQ L\L \ROXQ |OPHN ROGX÷XQD NDUDU YHUGL. $OGÕ÷Õ NDUDUÕ WDNLSoLOHULQH ROGXNoD X]XQ YH GUDPDWLN ELU NRQXúPD\OD DoÕNODGÕ .RQXúPDQÕQ WHPHOLQGH 7DQUÕ¶GDQ EDúND

kimseye kul ROPD\DFD÷ÕPÕ]Õ iddia ediyorsak bunu eylemlerimizle NDQÕWODPDPÕ] gerekir ILNUL \DWÕ\RUGX $\UÕFD VUHNOL RODUDN NDKUDPDQOÕNWDQ

56 _{-DFN M. 0\HUV The Story of Jewish People, 7UXEQHU & Co., /RQGUD 1919, s. 112-116; 3HWHU}

6FKDIHU, The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World, 5RXWOHGJH /RQGUD 2003, s. 123-131; 6XVDQ 6RUHN, The Jews Against Rome; War in Palestine AD 66-73, MGP %RRNV &RUQZDOO 2008, s. 45-135.

57 _{*UDHW] 1967, s. 315; 6FKDIHU, 2003, s. 130-131; PDXO -RKQVRQ Yahudi Tarihi, dHY )LOL]}

2UPDQ 3R]LWLI øVWDQEXO \ÕO \RN s. 174.

58 _{=HLWOLQ 1967, s. 253.}

59 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, VII.8.2.} 60 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, VII.8.5.}

|]JUONWHQ NDGÕQODUÕQ YH oRFXNODUÕQ EDúODUÕQD JHOHFHNOHUGHQ EDKVHGL\RU EX V|\OHPOHUOH WDNLSoLOHULQL NHQGLOHULQL |OGUPH\H WHúYLN HGL\RUGX (OHD]DU DGDPODUÕQD NHQGLOHULQL |OGUPHGHQ |QFH, \L\HFHN YH LoHFHNOHU GÕúÕQGD WP ND\QDN YH GH÷HUOL Hú\DODUÕQ \DNÕOPDVÕ HPUHWWL. *HULGH EÕUDNÕODQ JÕGD PDGGHOHUL |UJW \HOHULQLQ DoOÕN YH VXVX]OXN JLEL ]DUXUL LKWL\DoODUÕQÕ NDUúÕOD\DPDGÕNODUÕ LoLQ GH÷LO, DNVLQH KHU WUGHQ ND\QD÷D EROFD sahip ROPDODUÕQD UD÷PHQ |]JU LUDGHOHUL LOH N|OH ROPDN \HULQH |OP VHoWLNOHULQLQ NDQÕWÕ RODFDNWÕ.61

(OHD]DU NRQXúPDVÕQÕ ELWLUGL÷LQGH oR÷XQOX÷XQ NHQGLVL\OH KHPILNLU ROGX÷XQX J|UG $QFDN |UJW \HOHULQLQ ELU NÕVPÕ EX NDUDUD VÕFDN EDNPÕ\RUGX %XQODU oRFXNODUÕQD YH HúOHULQH NDUúÕ KLVVHWWLNOHUL PHUKDPHW GX\JXVX\OD (OHD]DU¶ÕQ SODQÕQD NDUúÕ oÕNWÕ (OHD]DU PXKDOHIHWLQ WP JUXED \D\ÕOPDVÕQGDQ NRUNDUDN WHNUDU X]XQ ELU NRQXúPD \DSPD\D EDúODGÕ øNLQFL NRQXúPDVÕQGDNL DUJPDQODU D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN H\OHPH NDUúÕ oÕNDQODUÕ LNQD HWPH\H \|QHOLNWL +LWDEÕQD EX NLúLOHUL NRUNDNOÕNOD LWKDP HGHUHN YH DúD÷ÕOD\DUDN EDúODGÕ 6RQUD UXKXQ \FHOL÷LQGHQ YH |]JUO÷QGHQ EDKVHWWL .DGÕQODUÕQ YH oRFXNODUÕQ |OGUOPHOHULQLQ 5RPDOÕODUD N|OH ROPDODUÕQD L]LQ YHUPHNWHQ GDKD PHUKDPHWOL ELU GDYUDQÕú RODFD÷ÕQÕ DQODWWÕ $\UÕFD \DSDFDNODUÕ H\OHPLQ HUGHPOL ELU Lú ROGX÷XQX 5RPDOÕODUÕQ NDUúÕODúWÕNODUÕ PDQ]DUD NDUúÕVÕQGD FHVDUHWOHULQH KD\UDQOÕN GX\DFDNODUÕQÕ GD HNOHGL62

/LGHU \DSWÕ÷Õ LNLQFL NRQXúPD\OD WP WDNLSoLOHULQL |OPH UD]Õ HWPH\L EDúDUGÕ YH KDUHNHWH JHoLOGL. %X H\OHP LoLQ L]OHQHQ \|QWHP úX úHNLOGH\GL; <HWLúNLQ HUNHNOHU HúOHUL YH oRFXNODUÕ\OD YHGDODúWÕNWDQ VRQUD NHQGL HOOHUL\OH RQODUÕ |OGUG 6RQUD GH÷HUOL WP Hú\DODUÕQÕ ELU \Õ÷ÕQ KDOLQH JHWLULS \DNDUDN LPKD HWWLOHU. +D\DWWa RODQ HUNHNOHULQ NHQGL DUDODUÕQGDQ NXUD \ROX\OD VHoWL÷L RQ NLúL GL÷HUOHULQL |OGUG GHUL\H NDODQ VRQ RQ NLúL GH NHQGL DUDVÕQGD NXUD \ROX\OD ELU NLúL EHOLUOHGL 6RQ NXUD\Õ oHNHQ NDODQ GRNX] NLúL\L |OGUHFHNWL *|UHYLQL WDPDPODPDVÕQÕQ DUGÕQGDQ 0DVDGD¶GD NDODQ VRQ 6LFDULL WHN WHN EWQ FHVHWOHUL LQFHOHGL E÷HU DOGÕ÷Õ GDUEHOHUOH |OPH\HQ YDUVD DFÕODUÕQÕ GLQGLUHELOHFHN VRQ NLúL R\GX +HUNHVLQ |OG÷QGHQ HPLQ ROXS LoLQGH EXOXQGXNODUÕ VDUD\Õ DWHúH YHUGLNWHQ VRQUD NÕOÕFÕ\OD LQWLKDU HWWL.63 _{73 VHQHVLQGH}

0DVDGD .DOHVL’QGH JHUoHNOHúHQ EX LQWLKDU H\OHPLQGHQ ELU PD÷DUD\D JL]OHQHQ LNL \DúOÕ NDGÕQ YH EHú çocXN GÕúÕQGD NLPVH NXUWXODPDPÕúWÕ. KDGÕQ YH oRFXNODU GkKLO WRSODP GRNX] \] DOWPÕú NLúL \DúDPÕQÕ \LWLUPLúWL.64

61 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, VII.8.6.} 62 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, VII.8.7.} 63 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, VII.9.1.}

(UWHVL JQ NDOH\H KFXP HGHQ 5RPD DVNHUOHUL LoHUL\H JLUGLNOHULQGH HWUDIWD NLPVH\L J|UHPHGL %LU VUH VRQUD hD\DWWD NDODQ NDGÕQODU JL]OHQGLNOHUL \HUGHQ oÕNDUDN JHFH \DúDQDQ ROD\Õ DVNHUOHUH DQODWWÕ65 _{%DúODQJÕoWD NDGÕQODUD}

LQDQPD\DQ DVNHUOHU VDUD\D JLULS |O EHGHQOHUOH NDUúÕODúWÕNODUÕQGD DQODWÕODQODUÕQ JHUoHN ROGX÷XQD LNQD ROGXODU66 _{.DOH E|\OHFH 5RPDOÕODUÕQ HOLQH JHoWL YH WP}

,XGDLD¶GD LV\DQ EDVWÕUÕOPÕú ROGX. 0DVDGD E\N <DKXGL LV\DQÕQÕQ VRQ NDOHVL ROPDVÕ YH EXUDGD JHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ H\OHP VHEHEL\OH EXJQ <DKXGLOHU WDUDIÕQGDQ IHGDNkUOÕ÷ÕQ YH NDKUDPDQOÕ÷ÕQ VHPERO RODUDN NDEXO HGLOPHNWHGLU67 _øVUDLOOLOLN

ELOLQFL ND]DQGÕUÕOPDN LVWHQHQ RUGX PHQVXSODUÕQD G]HQOL RODUDN EX NDOH ]L\DUHW HWWLULOPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD DVNHUL PDUúODUÕQGD Masada bir daha asla GúPH\HFHN JLEL LIDGHOHU GH EXOXQPDNWDGÕU68

,XGDLa 'ÕúÕQGD 6LFDULL gUJW

0DVDGD .DOHVL GúWNWHQ VRQUD 6LFDULL¶QLQ ,XGDLa GÕúÕQGDNL \HOHUL IDDOL\HWOHULQL VUGUPH\H GHYDP HWWL IRVHSKXV¶D J|UH |UJW \HOHULQLQ ELU NÕVPÕ .XGV¶WHQ øVNHQGHUL\H¶\H NDoPD\Õ EDúDUPÕúWÕ69 _{%X JUXEXQ}

øVNHQGHUL\H¶\H JHoLú WDULKi YH J]HUJkKÕ WDP RODUDN ELOLQPHPHNOH EHUDEHU NRQX KDNNÕQGD IDUNOÕ WHVSLWOHU \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU 1HWLFHGH LWWLIDN HGLOHQ QRNWD øVNHQGHUL\H¶\H JHoLúLQ 73 VHQHVLQGHQ |QFH JHUoHNOHúWL÷L, JUXEXQ 0DVDGD¶GDQ JHOPHGL÷L YH LQWLKDU H\OHPLQGHQ ELU VUH VRQUD øVNHQGHUL\H¶GH IDDOL\HW J|VWHUPH\H EDúODGÕ÷Õ \|QQGHGLU70 _{gUJW EXUDGD GD G|UGQF IHOVHIH}

65 _{6LFDULL¶QLQ OLGHUL (OHD]DU¶ÕQ WDNLSoLOHULQL EX H\OHPH WHúYLN HWWL÷L NRQXúPD YH \DúDQDQODU}

IosephXV WDUDIÕQGDQ DNWDUÕOPDNWDGÕU IRVHSKXV GD JL]OHQHUHN KD\DWWD NDOPD\Õ EDúDUDQODUÕQ \DúDQDQODUÕ 5RPD DVNHUOHULQH DQODWWÕ÷ÕQÕ V|\OH\HUHN GROD\OÕ RODUDN NHQGL DNWDUÕPÕQÕ EXUD\D GD\DQGÕUPDNWDGÕU $QFDN ROD\ÕQ \DúDQGÕ÷Õ HVQDGD IRVHSKXV¶XQ 0DVDGD¶GD GH÷LO 5RPD¶GD ROPDVÕ YH NXUWXODQ NDGÕQODUÕQ LoLQGH EXOXQGXNODUÕ \R÷XQ VWUHV DOWÕQGD EX NRQXúPD\Õ WDP RODUDN QDVÕO DNWDUGÕNODUÕ PHVHOHOHUL DNÕOODUGD VRUX LúDUHWL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU %X oHOLúNL (OHD]DU¶ÕQ NRQXúPDVÕQÕQ, IRVHSKXV¶XQ UHWLPL ROGX÷X ILNULQL X\DQGÕUPDNWDGÕU (=HLWOLQ, 1967, s. 258; +RHQLJ 1970, s. 11-

66 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, VII.9.2, VII.10.1.}

67 _{5LFKDUG 1HLW]HO +RO]DSIHO, ³.LQJ +HURG´ Masada and the World of the New Testament, (G}

-RKQ F. +DOO -RKQ W. :HOFK %ULJKDP <RXQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ USA 1996/7, s. 66; ChoMQRZVNL 2017, s. 170.

68 _{+DNDQ 2OJXQ, ³0RGHUQ øVUDLO¶LQ 0LOOL .LPOLN .D\QD÷Õ 2ODUDN -RVHSKXV¶XQ 0DVDGD}

$QODWÕVÕ´ Milel ve Nihal, &LOW 10 6D\Õ 1, øVWDQEXO 2013, s. 20.

69 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, VII.10.1.}

70 _{=HLWOLQ EX JUXEXQ PXKWHPHOHQ 70 VHQHVLQGH .XGV 5RPDOÕODU WDUDIÕQGDQ DOÕQGÕNWDQ YH}

WDSÕQDN \ÕNÕOGÕNWDQ KHPHQ VRQUD .XGV¶WHQ øVNHQGHUL\H¶\H NDoWÕ÷ÕQÕ GúQPHNWHGLU =HLWOLQ 1967, s.  6PDOOZRRG ise EX JHoLúL 72 VHQHVLQH WDULKOHPHNWHGLU 6PDOOZRRG 1976, s. . %ULJKWRQ GD JHoLúLQ 0DVDGD .DOHVL 5RPDOÕODU WDUDIÕQGDQ HOH JHoLULOPHGHQ |QFH \DSÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ GúQPHNWHGLU %ULJKWRQ 2009, s. 131-

|÷UHWLOHULQL \D\PD IDDOL\HWOHULQH JLULúWL. 7ÕSNÕ ,XGDLD¶GD \DSWÕNODUÕ JLEL NHQGLOHULQH NDUúÕ oÕNDQ \D GD 5RPD KkNLPL\HWLQH ER\XQ H÷HQ <DKXGLOHUH VDOGÕUÕODUGD EXOXQX\RUODUGÕ øVNHQGHUL\H <DKXGLOHULQLQ |QGH JHOHQ WHPVLOFLOHUL |UJWQ ]DUDUOÕ IDDOL\HWOHULQH NDUúÕ WHGELU DOPD\D NDUDU YHUHUHN ELU WRSODQWÕ G]HQOHGL G|UúPHGH 6LFDULL IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ E|OJH\H ]DUDU YHUHFH÷L YH 5RPDOÕODUÕQ HU \D GD JHo EX JUXEXQ ]HULQH JHOHFH÷L NRQXVX ]HULQGH GXUXOGX 1HWLFHGH 6LFDULL¶QLQ VXoODUÕQÕQ EHGHOLQL |GHPHN LVWHPHGLNOHULQL LODQ HWWLOHU 5RPDOÕODUOD DQODúPD \DSDELOPHN DPDFÕ\OD |UJW \HOHULQLQ \DNDODQÕS WHVOLP HGLOPHVL NDUDUÕ DOÕQGÕ %X GR÷UXOWXGD KDUHNHWH JHoHQ øVNHQGHUL\H <DKXGLOHUL DOWÕ \] NDGDU |UJW \HVLQL \DNDODPD\Õ EDúDUGÕ. 7UO LúNHQFHOHUH WDEL WXWXODQ 6LFDULL \HOHULQGHQ KLoELUL 5RPD LPSDUDWRUXQX efendi RODUDN NDEXO HWPHGL +DWWD öUJW \HOHULQLQ oRFXNODUÕ ELOH, LúNHQFH\H PDUX] NDOPDODUÕQD UD÷PHQ, |÷UHWLOHULQH VDGÕN NDODUDN FDQ YHUGL.71 _{%|\OHFH 6LFDULL¶QLQ 0DVDGD¶GDQ VRQUD}

øVNHQGHUL\H D\D÷Õ GD VRQ EXOPXú ROX\RUGX. $QFDN E|OJH <DKXGLOHUL \DSWÕNODUÕ LúELUOL÷LQH UD÷PHQ ]DUDU J|UPHNWHQ NXUWXODPDGÕ øVNHQGHUL\H¶GHNL EX IDDOL\HWOHU, 5RPDOÕODU DUDVÕQGD <DKXGLOHULQ \HQL ELU LV\DQ oÕNDUDELOHFH÷L úSKHVLQL GR÷XUPXúWX. %X VHEHSOH 73 VHQHVLQGH øVNHQGHUL\H¶GH EXOXQDQ <DKXGLOHUH DLW 2QLDV TDSÕQD÷Õ’QÕQ NDSÕVÕQD NLOLW YXUXOGX72

øVNHQGHUL\H¶GH G]HQ \HQLGHQ VD÷ODQPÕúWÕ DQFDN SiFDULL IDDOL\HWOHUL EX NH] GH .\UHQH¶GH RUWD\D oÕNWÕ. %XUDGDNL IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ GH ND\QD÷ÕQÕQ ,XGDLD¶GDQ NDoDQ |UJW \HOHUL ROGX÷X GúQOPHNWHGLU73 _.\UHQH¶GH

-RQDWKDQ DGOÕ ELU 6LFDULL \HVL IDNLU KDONÕQ DUDVÕQGD HWNLOL ROPD\Õ EDúDUPÕúWÕ. EWNLVL DOWÕQD DOGÕ÷Õ E\N ELU JUXSOD EHUDEHU çöOH oHNLOLUNHQ /LE\D Pentapolis’i \|QHWLFLVL &DWXOOXV GXUXPGDQ KDEHUGDU ROGX DHUKDO ELUOLNOHULQL EX JUXEXQ ]HULQH VHYN HGHUHN VLODKVÕ] NDODEDOÕ÷Õ NROD\FD GD÷ÕWPD\Õ EDúDUGÕ KDoPD\Õ EDúDUDQ -RQDWKDQ ELU VUH VRQUD \DNDODQDUDN CDWXOOXV¶XQ KX]XUXQD JHWLULOGL -RQDWKDQ FH]DODQGÕUÕOPDNWDQ NXUWXODELOPHN DPDFÕ\OD LWLUDIoÕ ROPXú JLEL GDYUDQPD\D EDúODGÕ øúOHGL÷L VXoODUÕQ VRUXPOXOX÷XQX EDúNDODUÕQD \NO\RU fDDOL\HWOHULQLQ WDOLPDWODUÕQÕ ise E|OJHQLQ ]HQJLQ YDKXGLOHULQGHQ DOGÕ÷ÕQÕ LGGLD HGL\RUGX %X LIWLUDODUD NROD\OÕNOD LWLEDU HGHQ &DWXOOXV oRN VD\ÕGD PDVXP YDKXGL\L FH]DODQGÕUGÕ %LU VUH VRQUD \DUJÕODQPDN LoLQ 5RPD¶\D JHWLULOHQ -RQDWKDQ, LPSDUDWRUXQ KX]XUXQD oÕNDUÕOGÕ. VHULOHQ LIDGHOHUGHQ úSKHOHQHQ øPSDUDWRU 9HVSDVLDQXV ROD\ODUÕQ iç \]Q VRUXúWXUPD\D EDúODGÕ 1HWLFHGH -RQDWKDQ¶ÕQ LGGLDODUÕQÕQ DVÕOVÕ] YH VXoODQDQODUÕQ oR÷XQXQ PDVXP ROGX÷XQX

71 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, VII.10.1.}

72 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, VII.10.2-4; 6HZDUG 2009, s. 257.} 73 _{6PDOOZRRG, 1976, s. 369.}

IDUN HWWL. 9HVSDVLDQXV, R÷OX 7LWXV¶XQ GD ULFDODUÕ ]HULQH, LIWLUD PD÷GXUX RODQODUÕ EHUDDW HWWLUGL -RQDWKDQ ise WUO LúNHQFHOHUH WDEL WXWXOGXNWDQ VRQUD \DNÕODUDN LGDP HGLOGL74 _{-RQDWKDQ¶ÕQ LGDPÕ\OD |UJWQ .\UHQH D\D÷Õ GD VRQ}

EXOPXúWX. BX WDULKWHQ LWLEDUHQ 6LFDULL YH IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ GHYDP HWWL÷L \|QQGH ELU ELOJL EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU

6LFDULL gUJW +DNNÕQGD %D]Õ *|UúOHU

6LFDULL, |UJWVHO \DSÕVÕ IDDOL\HWOHUL YH IDDO ROGX÷X G|QHP LWLEDUL\OH WDULKWH ELOLQHQ HQ HVNL WHU|U |UJW RODUDN NDEXO HGLOPHNWHGLU +DWWD ELUoRN DUDúWÕUPDFÕ WHU|U WDULKLQL 6LFDULL LOH EDúODWPD H÷LOLPLQGHGLU75 _{%LOLQGL÷L ]HUH}

WHU|UL]P bireyler veya gruplar WDUDIÕQGDQ \HUOHúLN bir otorite DGÕQD ya da bu

otoriteye NDUúÕ eylemin esas PD÷GXUODUÕQGDQ çok daha JHQLú bir hedef kitle üzerinde azami seviyede HQGLúH ve korku yaratmak suretiyle, politik taleplerini kabul ettirmeye yönelik úLGGHW NXOODQÕPÕ ya da úLGGHW kullanma tehdidi RODUDN

WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU76 _{Daha VDGH ELU LIDGH\OH WHU|UL]P insan NDoÕUPDGDQ}

cinayete kadar uzanan ve DPDFÕ sindirme olan úLGGHW eylemlerine verilen isimGLU77 3ROLWLN WDOHSOHULQL NDEXO HWWLUPH\H \|QHOLN úLGGHW H\OHPOHULQH

EDúYXUPXú ROPDODUÕQÕQ \DQÕ VÕUD |]HOOLNOH úHKLUOHUGH JHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ SODQOÕ YH RUJDQL]H VXLNDVWODUÕQ NDUúÕOÕ÷Õ WDP RODUDN WHU|UL]PGLU 7HU|U YH WHU|UL]Pi QLVSHWHQ \HQL NDYUDPODU ROPDODUÕQD UD÷PHQ, PRGHUQ WHU|ULVW JUXSODUOD LOJLOL \DSÕODQ WP EX JHQHOOHPHOHU 6LFDULL RODUDN ELOLQHQ <DKXGL |UJWOH X\XúPDNWDGÕU78

6LFDULL¶QLQ I. \]\ÕOGD IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ =HDORWODU DGÕQGD EDúND ELU JUXEXQ UDGLNDOOHúPLú ELU X]DQWÕVÕ ROGX÷X YH |UJWQ ED]Õ IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ |]HOOLNOH 0DVDGD H\OHPLQLQ =HDORWODU WDUDIÕQGDQ JHUoHNOHúWLULOGL÷L GH GúQOPHNWHGLU. $QFDN LNL |UJWQ IDUNOÕ \DSÕODU ROGX÷X DoÕNWÕU %X NRQXGD +RUVOH\ 6LFDULL¶QLQ IDDOL\HWOHULQH EDúODGÕ÷Õ WDULKOHUGH =HDORW DGÕ\OD RUJDQL]H

74 _{,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum, VII.11.1-3.}

75 _{+RUVOH\ 1979, s.438; $WLOOD <D\OD ³7HU|U YH 7HU|UL]P .DYUDPODUÕQD *HQHO %DNÕú´ Ankara}

Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, &LOW 45, 6D\Õ 1, $QNDUD 1990, s. 343; :DOWHU /DTXHXU A History of Terrorism, 7UDQVDFWLRQ 3XEOLVKHUV New -HUVH\ 2002, s. 6-7; *HUDUG &KDLODQG $UQDXG

%OLQ The History of Terrorism from Antiquity to Al Qaeda, 8QLYHUVLW\ of &DOLIRUQLD 3UHVV USA 2007, s. 56-58; +DOLV $\KDQ ³7HU|U .DYUDPÕ *YHQOLN .RQVH\L YH *HQHO .XUXO g]HOLQGH %LUOHúPLú 0LOOHWOHU¶LQ 2001 6RQUDVÕ 7HU|U <DNODúÕPÕ´ Güvenlik Stratejileri

Dergisi, 6D\Õ 21, øVWDQEXO 2015, s. 122; /HFK &KRMQRZVNL, 2017, s. 169.

76 _{A\KDQ, 2015, s. 120.}

77 _{$OL .X\DNVLO, ³7HU|U gUJWOHULQLQ øGHRORML 8QVXUX 2ODUDN .XOODQGÕ÷Õ %D]Õ 'LQL .DYUDPODU´}

ASSAM 8OXVODUDUDVÕ Hakemli Dergi, øVWDQEXO 2014, s. 82.

ROPXú ELU WRSOXOX÷XQ EXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕQD GLNNDW oHNHUHN 6LFDULL LOH =HDORWODU’ÕQ EDUL] úHNLOGH ELUELULQGHQ D\UÕ JUXSODU ROGX÷XQX EHOLUWPHNWHGLU.79 _=HLWOLQ

IRVHSKXV¶XQ Bellum Iudaicum DGOÕ HVHULQGH HOOL \HUGH =HDORWODU’a DWÕI \DSDUNHQ RQ EHú \HUGH 6LFDULL’\H DWÕI \DSWÕ÷ÕQÕ Antiquitates Iudaicae HVHULQGH ise 6LFDULL¶GHQ EDKVHGHUNHQ =HDORWODU’GDQ hiç EDKVHWPHGL÷LQL V|\OH\HUHN EX GXUXPX LNL |UJWQ IDUNOÕ JUXSODU ROPDVÕQD GHOLO RODUDN VXQPDNWDGÕU.80 _6PLWK

ise, 6LFDULL LOH =HDORWODU DUDVÕQGD ELU ED÷ODQWÕ ROGX÷XQD GDLU NDQÕW J|UHPHGL÷LQL EHOLUWPHNWHGLU81 _{+RHQLJ GH LNL JUXEXQ IDUNOÕ ROXúXPODU ROGX÷XQX}

GúQPHNWHGLU82 _{2OJXQ PHVHOH\L 0DVDGD H\OHPL ]HULQGHQ GHULQOHPHVLQH}

HOH DOGÕ÷Õ PDNDOHVLQGH 6LFDULL LOH =HDORWODU’ÕQ LNL IDUNOÕ JUXS ROGX÷XQX øVUDLOOL DUNHRORJ <LJDHO <DGLQ¶LQ oDOÕúPDVÕQGD83 _{6LFDULL ROPDVÕ JHUHNHQ \HUOHUGH}

|]HOOLNOH =HDORWODU LIDGHVLQL NXOODQGÕ÷ÕQÕ YH HVDVHQ 0DVDGD ROD\Õ DQODWÕOÕUNHQ NHVLQOLNOH =HDORWODU’GDQ EDKVHGLOPHGL÷LQL V|\OHPHNWHGLU .XWVDO JHoPLú PLWL ]HULQGHQ JoO ELU øVUDLO PLOOHWL NLPOL÷L NXUJXODPD JD\UHWLQGH RODQ DUNHRORJ <DGLQ¶LQ 6LFDULL \HULQH =HDORWODU’Õ LNDPH HGHUHN EX JUXEXQ ROXPOX DOJÕVÕQÕ NXOODQPD\D oDOÕúWÕ÷ÕQÕ GD HNOHPHNWHGLU DROD\ÕVÕ\OD 0DVDGD ROD\ÕQÕQ =HDORWODU’a PDO HGLOPHVLQLQ ELOLQoOL RODUDN \DSÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ YH EX GXUXPXQ øVUDLO PLOOHWL NLPOL÷L ROXúWXUPD\D \|QHOLN SROLWLN YH LGHRORMLN DPDoODUa KL]PHW HWWL÷LQL VDYXQPDNWDGÕU.84 _{+RUVOH\ ise EX NRQXGD, “Yadin, =HDORWODU¶ÕQ}

Masada’daki son GLUHQLú kDKUDPDQOÕNDUÕQÕ överek anlatsa da

Masada’dakilerin Zealotlar GH÷LO Sicarii ROGX÷X DoÕNoD RUWDGDGÕU´

GHPHNWHGLU85

6RQXo

)DDOL\HWOHULQGHQ DQODúÕOGÕ÷Õ ]HUH 6LFDULL Gaha ]L\DGH GLQ WHPHOOL PRWLYH ROPXúWXU $QFDN SROLWLN DQODPGD GD ELOLQoOL ELU VWUDWHML\H YH SODQODQPÕú WDNWLNOHUH sahip |UJWO ELU JUXS RODUDN RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU 5DGLNDOOHúPH VUHFLQH JLUPLú GLQL KDUHNHWOHULQ WLSLN ELU |UQH÷L RODUDN PHYFXW SROLWLN YH VRV\DO G]HQL úLGGHWOH UHGGHWPLúOHUGLU %DúODWWÕNODUÕ KDUHNHW ,XGDLa LOH VÕQÕUOÕ

79 _{+RUVOH\, 1979, s. 437-455; +RUVOH\ YH +DQVRQ, 1985, s. 200.} 80 _{=HLWOLQ 1967, s. 263-264.}

81 _{0RUWRQ 6PLWK, ³=HDORWV DQG 6LFDULL 7KHLU 2ULJLQV DQG 5HODWLRQ´ Harvard Theological}

Review, &LOW 64, 6D\Õ 1, USA 1971, s. 19.

82 _{+RHQLJ 1970, s. 6.}

83 _{<DGLQ¶LQ söz NRQXVX HVHUL LoLQ <LJDHO <DGLQ Masada: Herod’s Fortress and Zealots’ Last}

Stand, 5DQGRP +RXVH New <RUN 1966.

84 _{2OJXQ 2013, s. 31- 36.} 85 _{+RUVOH\, 1979, s. 455.}

NDOPDPÕú øVNHQGHUL\H YH .\UHQH¶\H GH WHVLU HWPLúWLU %X GXUXP 6LFDULL¶\L I. \]\ÕOGa ,XGDLD¶GD IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ GL÷HU JUXSODUGDQ D\ÕUDQ |QHPOL QRNWDODUGDQ ELULGLU

6LFDULL¶QLQ DQD KHGHIL JD\ULPHúUX J|UGNOHUL 5RPD WDKDNNPQGHQ NXUWXOPDN YDKXGLOHUL |]JUONOHULQH NDYXúWXUPDN YH TDQUÕ’\Õ WHN KkNLP NÕOPDNWÕU. %X GR÷UXOWXGD, SROLWLN ED÷OÕOÕ÷Õ GQ\HYL ELU Jo RODUDN J|UHUHN NDEXO HWPHPLúOHUGLU $\UÕFD DUDFÕ NRQXPGD EXOXQDQ UDKLSOLN PHVVHVHVLQL GH WDQÕPDPÕúODUGÕU6LFDULL NXUEDQODUÕQÕ JHQHOOLNOH 5RPDOÕODUGDQ ]L\DGH RQODUD VÕFDN EDNDQ YH\D RQODUOD LúELUOL÷L \DSDQ SROLWLN DQODPGD EDVNÕQ <DKXGLOHU DUDVÕQGDQ VHoPLúWLU <DKXGL \|QHWLFL JUXEX UDKLSOLN DULVWRNUDVLVL NUDOL\HW DLOHVL YH GL÷HU |QHPOL NLúLOHU |UJWQ DQD KHGHIOHUL KDOLQH JHOPLúWLU %XQXQ UDV\RQHO RODUDN KHVDSODQPÕú ELU VWUDWHML ROGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU g\OH NL 5RPD GQ\DQÕQ KHUKDQJL ELU \HULQGH ROGX÷X JLEL IXGDiD¶GD GD NHQGL ePSHU\DO VLVWHPL\OH LúELUOL÷L \DSDQ VW VÕQÕI DULVWRNUDWODU DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD E|OJH\L \|QHWPHNWH\GL 6LFDULL mevcut sistemi yok etmek ve ona hayat veren elitleri

oL÷QHPHN LoLQ EDUL] ELU \RO RODUDN UDKLSOLN DULVWRNUDVLVLQGHQ DLOHOHUH YH GL÷HU

EDVNÕQ JUXSODUD RGDNODQPÕúWÕU. %X LVLPOHUH NDUúÕ JHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ H\OHPOHUOH \HUOHúLN UHMLPLQ GRNXQXODELOLUOL÷LQL J|VWHUPHQLQ \DQÕ VÕUD \R÷XQ ELU HQGLúH\H GH \RO DoPÕúODUGÕU. 7DEL NL \DEDQFÕ KkNLPL\HWLQH EDúNDOGÕUPD\DQ úHKLUOL YH WDúUDOÕ VÕUDGDQ KDON GD ]DUDU J|UPHNWHQ NXUWXODPDPÕúWÕU 66 VHQHVLQGH EDúOD\DQ E\N LV\DQÕQ oÕNPDVÕQGD |QHPOL SD\ VDKLEL ROGXNODUÕ GD J|UOPHNWHGLU %LOLQGL÷L ]HUH EX LV\DQ 70 VHQHVLQGH WP .XGV¶Q YH II. 7DSÕQD÷ÕQ 5RPDOÕODU WDUDIÕQGDQ \HUOH ELU HGLOPHVLQH VHEHS ROPXúWXU 6LFDULL LV\DQ EDúODGÕNWDQ NÕVD VUH VRQUD 0DVDGD .DOHVL¶QH oHNLOPLú YH 73 VHQHVLQH NDGDU pasif KDOGH EHNOHPLú ROVD GD \DúDQDQ \ÕNÕPÕQ DQD VRUXPOXODUÕQGDQ ELULGLU

gUJWQ NXOODQGÕ÷Õ WDNWLNOHU DUDVÕQGD seçici YH VHPEROLN VXLNDVWODU \D÷PD NXQGDNODPD YH UHKLQ DOPD H\OHPOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU. %X H\OHPOHUL NDPX DODQODUÕQGD úHKLU PHUNH]LQGH |]HOOLNOH LEDGHW PHUNH]OHUL JLEL LQVDQODUÕQ WRSOX ROGX÷X \HUOHUGH \DSPDODUÕ YH NHQGL GLQGDúODUÕQD \|QHOLN JHUoHNOHúWLUGLNOHUL EHNOHQPHGLN VDOGÕUÕODU, WRSOXP LoHULVLQGH NRUNX YH HQGLúH\H \RO DoPÕúWÕU. 6LFDULL úLGGHW IDDOL\HWOHUL DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD <DKXGLOHUL, 5RPD KkNLPL\HWLQH NDUúÕ LV\DQD WHúYLN HGHELOPH\L YH NHQGL LGHRORMLOHULQL KkNLP NÕODELOPH\L XPPXúWXU. gUJW KHGHIOHULQH XODúDELOPHN DPDFÕ\OD JHUoHNOHúWLUGL÷L H\OHPOHU YH EX H\OHPOHULQ ,XGDLD¶GD ROXúWXUGX÷X RUWDP VHEHEL\OH WHU|U |UJW RODUDN GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU Söz NRQXVX H\OHPOHULQGHQ GROD\Õ GD ELOLQHQ HQ HVNL WHU|U |UJW RODUDN NDEXO HGLOPHNWHGLU.

.$<1$./$5

$\KDQ H., ³7HU|U .DYUDPÕ *YHQOLN .RQVH\L YH *HQHO .XUXO g]HOLQGH %LUOHúPLú 0LOOHWOHU¶LQ 2001 6RQUDVÕ 7HU|U <DNODúÕPÕ´ Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 6D\Õ 21, øVWDQEXO 2015, s. 117-147.

%DNHU S., Eski Roma, dHY (NLQ 'XUX 6D\ <D\ÕQODUÕ $QNDUD 2015. %HVDOHO Y., ³3HVDK´ Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi, &LOW 2, øVWDQEXO 2001, s. 498.

%ULJKWRQ M. A., The Sicarii in Josephus’s Judean War; Rhetorical Analysis and

Historical Observations, 6RFLHW\ of %LEOLFDO /LWHUDWXUH $WODQWD 2009.

&KDLODQG G., %OLQ A., The History of Terrorism from Antiquity to Al Qaeda, 8QLYHUVLW\ of &DOLIRUQLD 3UHVV USA 2007.

&KRMQRZVNL / “The 2ULJLQV DQG :DYHV of 7HUURULVP´ Scientific Journal WSFiP, 6D\Õ 4, 3RORQ\D 2017, s. 167-178.

'$OHVVLR S. J, 6WRO]HQEHUJ / ³6LFDULL DQG WKH Rise of 7HUURULVP´ Studies in

Conflict & Terrorism, 6D\Õ 13, UK 1990, s. 329-335.

(XVHELRV Ekklesiastike Historia. .XOODQÕODQ PHWLQ YH oHYLUL The Ecclesiastical

History of Eusebius Pamphilus, dHY C. F. &UXVH -RKQ &KLOGV DQG 6RQ /RQGRQ

1851.

*RRGPDQ M., The Ruling Class of Judaea, &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV &DPEULGJH 1989.

*UDHW] H., History of Jews vol.II, The Jewsih 3XEOLFDWLRQ 6RFLHW\ of $PHULFD 3KLODGHOSKLD 1967.

³+DEHUFLOHULQ øúOHUL´ øQFLO, .XWVDO Söz <D\ÕQODUÕ øVWDQEXO 2010.

+HQJHO M., The Zealots, dHY 'DYLG 6PLWK T&T &ODUN (GLQEXUJK 1989.

+LUVFK E. G., ³+LJK 3ULHVW´ The Jewish Encyclopedia, (G ,VÕGRUH 6LQJHU &LOW VI, New <RUN 1901, s. 389-393.

+RHQLJ S. B., “The 6LFDULL LQ 0DVDGD *ORU\ RU ,QIDP\"´ Tradition: A Journal of

Orthodox Jewish Thought, 6D\Õ 11, USA 1970, s. 5-30.

+RO]DSIHO R. N., ³.LQJ +HURG´ Masada and the World of the New Testament, (G -RKQ F. +DOO -RKQ W. :HOFK %ULJKDP <RXQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ USA 1996/7, s. 35-73. +RUVOH\ R. A., ³$QFLHQW Jewish 7HUURULVWV´ The Journal of Religion, 6D\Õ 59,

&KLFDJR 1979, s. 435-458.

+RUVOH\ R. A., +DQVRQ J. S., Bandits, Prophets and Messiahs: Popular Movements

-RKQVRQ P., Yahudi Tarihi, dHY )LOL] 2UPDQ 3R]LWLI øVWDQEXO \ÕO \RN

,RVHSKXV Bellum Iudaicum. .XOODQÕODQ PHWLQ YH oHYLUL Josephus vol.II, dHY J. ThaFNHUD\ :LOOLDP +HLQHPDQQ /WG /RQGUD 1956.

IRVHSKXV Antiquitates Iudaicae. .XOODQÕODQ PHWLQ YH oHYLUL Josephus vol.IV, dHY J. 7KDFNHUD\ :LOOLDP +HLQHPDQQ /WG /RQGUD 1961.

.RKOHU K., ³$E´ The Jewish Encyclopedia, (G ,VÕGRUH 6LQJHU &LOW I, New <RUN 1901, s. 25-26.

.X\DNVLO A., ³7HU|U gUJWOHULQLQ øGHRORML 8QVXUX 2ODUDN .XOODQGÕ÷Õ %D]Õ 'LQL .DYUDPODU´ ASSAM 8OXVODUDUDVÕ Hakemli Dergi, øVWDQEXO 2014, s. 79-114. .oN A., .oN A, Dinler Tarihi, %HULNDQ <D\ÕQHYL $QNDUD 2009.

/DTXHXU W., A History of Terrorism, 7UDQVDFWLRQ 3XEOLVKHUV New -HUVH\ 2002. 0RQWHILRUH S. S., Kudüs; Bir ùHKULQ Biyografisi, dHY &HP 'HPLUNDQ 3HJDVXV

<D\ÕQODUÕ øVWDQEXO 2016.

0RUULVRQ W. D., The Jews under Roman Rule, 3XWQDP¶V 6RQV New <RUN 1890. 0\HUV J. M., The Story of Jewish People, 7UXEQHU & Co., /RQGUD 1919.

5DSSDSRUW U., “Who ZHUH WKH 6LFDULL"´ The Jewish Revolt Against Rome;

Interdisciplinary Perspectives, (G 0ODGHQ 3RSRYLF %ULOO /HLGHQ 2011,

s. 323-343.

2OJXQ H., ³0RGHUQ øVUDLO¶LQ 0LOOL .LPOLN .D\QD÷Õ 2ODUDN -RVHSKXV¶XQ 0DVDGD $QODWÕVÕ´ Milel ve Nihal, &LOW 10 6D\Õ 1, øVWDQEXO 2013, s. 7-40.

Rocca, S., The Forts of Judaea 168 BC – AD 73, 2VSUH\ 3XEOLVKLQJ *UHDW %ULWDLQ 2008. 5RVHQWKDO H., ³&\UHQH´ The Jewish Encyclopedia, (G ,VÕGRUH 6LQJHU &LOW IV, New

<RUN 1901, s. 401-402.

6FKDIHU P., The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World, 5RXWOHGJH /RQGUD 2003. 6FKUHU E., The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C. – A.D.

135) vol.I, dHY Geza 9HUPHV YH )HUJXV 0LOODU T&T &ODUN /WG (GLQEXUJK 1973.

6HZDUG D., Jarusalem’s Traitor; Josephus, Masada and the Fall of Judea, Da Capo 3UHVV 3KLODGHOSKLD 2009.

6KDURQ N., “The 7LWOH (WKQDUFK LQ 6HFRQG 7HPSOH 3HULRG -XGHD´ Journal for the

Study of Judaism, &LOW 41, 6D\Õ 4, 1HWKHUODQG 2010, s. 472-493.

6PDOOZRRG E. M., The Jews Under Roman Rule; From Pompey to Diocletian, %ULOO /HLGHQ 1976.

6PLWK M., ³=HDORWV DQG 6LFDULL 7KHLU 2ULJLQV DQG 5HODWLRQ´ Harvard Theological

Review, &LOW 64, 6D\Õ 1, USA 1971, s. 1-19.

6RUHN S., The Jews Against Rome; War in Palestine AD 66-73, MGP %RRNV &RUQZDOO 2008.

6WUDERQ Geographika. .XOODQÕODQ PHWLQ YH oHYLUL The Geography of Strabo vol. VII, dHY H. / -RQHV :LOOLDP +HLQHPDQQ /WG *UHDW %ULWDLQ 1930.

7DFLWXV Annales. .XOODQÕODQ PHWLQ YH oHYLUL Tacitus vol.IV, dHY J. -DFNVRQ :LOOLDP +HLQHPDQQ /7' *UHDW %ULWDLQ 1964.

7DFLWXV Historiae. .XOODQÕODQ PHWLQ YH oHYLUL Tacitus vol.II, dHY &OLIIRUG H. 0RRUH :LOOLDP +HLQHPDQQ /7' *UHDW %ULWDLQ 1962.

7HYUDW I. Samuel. .XOODQÕODQ PHWLQ: Kutsal Kitap, Yeni Dünya Çevirisi, :DWFK 7RZHU %LEOH DQG 7UDFW 6RFLHW\ of Pa, ABD 2017.

<DGLQ Y., Masada: Herod’s Fortress and Zealots’ Last Stand, 5DQGRP +RXVH New <RUN 1966.

<D\OD A., ³7HU|U YH 7HU|UL]P .DYUDPODUÕQD *HQHO %DNÕú´ Ankara Üniversitesi SBF

Dergisi, &LOW 45, 6D\Õ 1, $QNDUD 1990, s. 335-385.

=HLWOLQ S., “The 6LFDULL DQG 0DVDGD´ The Jewish Quarterly Review, 6D\Õ 57, 3HQQV\OYDQLD 1967, s. 251-270.