Başlık: Yazılı kaynaklara göre Subartı ve SubarlarYazar(lar):KAÇAR, AbdulganiCilt: 12 Sayı: 1 Sayfa: 031-048 DOI: 10.1501/Archv_0000000144 Yayın Tarihi: 2018 PDF

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ARCHIVUM ANATOLICUM (ArAn)

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Müstakil bir etnik kimli÷i ifade edip etmedi÷i tartÕúmalÕ olan “Subar” terimi ve SubarlarÕn yaúadÕ÷Õ co÷rafya için kullanÕlan “Subartu”, Mezopotamya tarihinin en eski dönemlerinden itibaren, yazÕlÕ kaynaklarda farklÕ biçimlerde karúÕmÕza çÕkmaktadÕr. Subartu terimi ilk dönemlerde belirli bir co÷rafyayÕ belirtmek için kullanÕlmÕú olsa da bölgenin sÕnÕrlarÕ dönemden döneme de÷iúiklik göstermiútir. Bu çalÕúmanÕn temel amacÕ, Subartu ve burada yaúayan halkÕn/halklarÕn, Eski Mezopotamya ve buraya komúu uygarlÕklarÕn yazÕlÕ kaynaklarÕnda nasÕl geçti÷ini kronolojik olarak ortaya koymaktÕr. Bundan dolayÕ, Hurri-Subar tartÕúmalarÕ, bu makalede kapsam dÕúÕnda tutulmuútur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Subar, Subartu, Eski Mezopotamya, Çivi

yazÕlÕ Kaynaklar.

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Abstract

Subartu and Subarians According to the Written Sources

The term Subar and as a geographical term Subartu, appear in written sources in different forms since earliest historical periods of Mesopotamia. Whether the term Subar implies a certain ethnic identity or language is unclear. Although the term Subartu was used to specify a precise geographic area at the earliest times, after, the borderline of this scope is differentiated at varied periods. The main aim of this study is to put forth a chronological evaluation of how the term Subartu and the people(s) lived there appear in the written sources of the ancient Mesopotamia and the neighboring civilizations.

Keywords: Subar, Subartu, Ancient Mesopotamia, Cuneiform

Sources.

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“… öfkelendirdi [... daha], o [... S]ubartu sakinlerini kÕrÕp geçti.”

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“Tüm kavimlerin hükümdarÕ Akad kralÕ Naram-Sin, Paraېše’ye kadar bütün Elam’Õ ve Sedir OrmanlarÕna_{kadar bütün} Subartu’yu ele geçirdi.”

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³øšbƯ-ørra Nippur’u fethetti; Subir’in ensisi Ziguume’yi esir aldÕ ve ۏamazi’yi talan etti.´

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³TanrÕ Marduk’un sevgilisi, bilge kral Hammurabi’nin yÕlÕ. Hammurabi büyük tanrÕlarÕn üstün gücüyle, Elam’Õn ordusunu Marېaši’den çÕkardÕ. Büyük bir güçle isyana kalkmÕú olan Subartu, Gutium, Ešnunna ve Malgû’yu yendi. Akad ve Sumer’in temelini birleútirdi.”

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³YÕl: Kral Hammurabi, kahraman, Marduk’un galibiyetini elde eden, güçlü silahla Ešnunna, Subartu ve Guti ordularÕnÕ savaúta yendi ve Mankisu úehrini ve Dicle kÕyÕsÕna kadar Subartu ülkesini geri aldÕ.”

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“Da÷larÕ uzak ve dilleri karmaúÕk olan [Elam](?), Gutium, Subartu (ve) Tukrišlilerin ellerini sivrilttim ve onlarÕn karÕúÕk durumlarÕnÕ bir düzene koydum.” GHU.

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(VNL %DELO G|QHPLQH WDULKOHQHQ ED]Õ E\ PHWLQOHULQGH GH 6XEDUWX LOHLOJLOLND\ÕWODUEXOXQPDNWDGÕUgUQH÷LQ6XEDUWXGLOLQGH\D]ÕOGÕ÷ÕDQODúÕODQ ELUPHWLQGH

“inim-inim-ma ne-šag4-ga eme-Su-bir4ki-a´

LIDGHVLJHoPHNWHIDNDWPHWQLQLoHUL÷LWDPRODUDNELOLQPHPHNWHGLU

6XEDUWX FR÷UDI\DVÕ ELULQFL %DELO 'HYOHWLQGHQ VRQUD $VXU øPSDUDWRUOX÷XG|QHPLQGH³$VXU´RODUDNDGODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU_{*XUQH\¶HJ|UHEX} G|QHPGH6XEDUWXWHULPL%DELOOLOHUWDUDIÕQGDQ$VXU¶XGDNDSVD\DQNX]H\YH NX]H\GR÷XGDNLELUE|OJH\LEHOLUWPHNLoLQNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU_{2UWD%DELO.DVVLW} G|QHPLQGH $VXU 'HYOHWL¶QLQ NX]H\GHNL E|OJHOHUGH GDKD JoO ELU GHQHWLP NXUPDVÕ VRQXFX .DVVLW NUDOODUÕ EX E|OJHOHUGH HWNLOL IDDOL\HW \UWHPH] YH EXQXQ VRQXFXQGD 6XEDUODUOD WHPDV NXUPDODUÕ GD ]RUODúÕU_{%XQGDQ GROD\Õ} G|QHPLQ ND\ÕWODUÕQGD 6XEDUWX WHULPL \DOQÕ]FD LNL GHID JHoPHNWHGLU %XQODUGDQ ELUL ,,, .DãWLOLDã 0g G|QHPLQH DLW ROXS 6XEDUWX¶\OD\DSÕODQDVNHULELUPFDGHOHGHQEDKVHGHQELUPHWLQ_GL÷HULLVH =LNLUøOLãXDGOÕELU$VXU\HWNLOLVLWDUDIÕQGDQ$VXU¶DJ|QGHULOHQELUUDSRUGXU _{)LQNOHVWHLQ0LFKDORZVNL} _*HOE _6WHLQNHOOHU _8QJQDG _*XUQH\ _*HOE _8QJQDG _*XUQH\

(9)

<$=,/,.$<1$./$5$*g5(68%$5789(68%$5/$5 %HQ]HUúHNLOGH*Ho%DELOG|QHPLPHWLQOHULQGHGH6XEDUWXWHULPLoRN D] JHoPHNWH YH EX WHULP LOH oHNLUGHN $VXU E|OJHVL NDVWHGLOPHNWHGLU <HQL %DELOGHYOHWLQLQoNUDOÕ1DEXSRODVVDU0g,,1DEXNDGQH]]DU 0g YH 1DEXQLG 0g G|QHPOHULQH DLW PHWLQOHUGH ELUNDo \HUGH $VXU ONHVLQL EHOLUWPHN LoLQ 68%ø5.ø YH $VXUOXODUÕ LIDGH HWPHNLoLQSubarum WHULPLNXOODQÕOÕU

gQFHNL G|QHP PHWLQOHULQLQ JHQHOLQH SDUDOHO RODUDN EX G|QHP ND\ÕWODUÕQGDGD6XEDUWXWHULPLDVNHULPFDGHOHED÷ODPÕQGDNDUúÕPÕ]DoÕNDU gUQH÷LQ1DEXSRODVVDUG|QHPLQHDLWELUPHWLQGH

“Ben SubarlÕyÕ yendikten ve O’nun ülkesini tahrip ettikten sonra …”

V|]OHUL JHoPHNWHGLU %HQ]HU úHNLOGH ,, 1DEXNDGQH]]DU ELU PHWLQGH 6XEDUWX¶\DER\XQH÷GLUGL÷LQGHQEDKVHGHU

“Bütün Subartu ülkesinin [valisi(?)], yukarÕ denizin ortasÕndaki uzak bölgelerin krallarÕ, aúa÷Õ denizin ortasÕndaki uzak bölgelerin krallarÕ, FÕrat’Õn ötesinden batÕya kadar Hitit valileri, onlarÕn hâkimiyeti tanrÕ Marduk’un emriyle bana bahúedildikten sonra bana, Babil’e, Lübnan da÷larÕndan sürekli dayanÕklÕ sedirler getirdiler.”

<HQL %DELO GHYOHWLQLQ VRQ NUDOÕ 1DEXQLG 0g LVH 6XEDUWX¶\X\HQGL÷LQGHQEDKVHGHU.UDOPHWQLQEDúODQJÕFÕQGD%DELO¶LWDKULS HGHQ ELU \|QHWLFLQLQ KDOND \DSWÕ÷Õ ]XOPOHUL DQODWÕU 8QJQDG¶D J|UH EDKVL JHoHQ\|QHWLFL_{$VXUNUDOÕ6DQKHULE¶GHQEDúNDVÕRODPD]0g}

³Subartu’nun kralÕ, Marduk’un öfkesinde Babil’i yerle bir etti, kendi öz o÷lunu silahla öldürdü.”

$\QÕ PHWQLQ GHYDPÕQGD NUDO WDQUÕVÕQÕQ %DELO¶LQ |FQ DOPDN LoLQ RQD \DUGÕPHWWL÷LQLYH³0HGNUDOÕQÕ´RQXQHPULQHYHUGL÷LQLDQODWÕU

“Korkusuz Med kralÕ, Subartu ülkesinin bütün tanrÕlarÕnÕn kült úehirlerini yok etti.”

8QJQDG ³$VXUOX´ LIDGHVLQLQ PHWQLQ KHUKDQJL ELU \HULQGH JHoPL\RU ROPDVÕ 6XEDUWX DGÕQÕQ $VXU FR÷UDI\DVÕQÕ EHOLUWPHN LoLQ NXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ NDQÕWODPDNWDGÕU´GHU

_*HOE

(10)

$%'8/*$1ø.$d$5

%DELO ND\QDNODUÕQGD6XEDUODUD GDLU HOLPL]GHNL VRQ ND\ÕW 3HUV NUDOÕ ,, .DPE\VHV 0g G|QHPLQH DLWWLU YH V|] NRQXVX PHWLQGH “Babil’de esir olarak bulunan Kimmerler ve Subarlar.” LIDGHVLJHoPHNWHGLU

%XQODUDHNRODUDN<HQL%DELOG|QHPLDVWURQRPLND\ÕWODUÕQGD6XEDUWX NX]H\L$NDG%DELOJQH\L(ODPGR÷X\XYH$PXUUXEDWÕ\ÕJ|VWHULU

$VXU'|QHPL

$VXU NUDOODUÕQD DLW PHWLQOHUGH 6XEDUWX ONHVLQGHQ oRN D] \HUGH EDKVHGLOLU %XQXQ \DQÕQGD V|] NRQXVX PHWLQOHUGH 6XEDU KDONÕ $VXUFDGDNL šubarûIRUPXQGDVÕNOÕNODJHoHU

2UWD YH *Ho $VXU \D]ÕWODUÕ VÕNOÕNOD 6XEDUODUOD \DSÕODQ VDYDúODUGDQ EDKVHGHU %X PHWLQOHUGH 6XEDUODU $VXU¶XQ NX]H\L LOH EDWÕVÕQGDNL JHQLú DODQODUGD \DúD\DQ ELU KDON RODUDN WDVYLU HGLOLU_{%X ROJXGDQ KDUHNHWOH} 6SHLVHU *QH\ 0H]RSRWDP\D¶GD HWQLN ELU DQODP LoHUPHGHQ NXOODQÕODQ 6XEDUWX WHULPLQLQ $VXU G|QHPLQGH +XUULOHU NDVWHGLOHUHN NXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQD LúDUHWHGHU

(VNL $VXU G|QHPLQGH 6XEDUODU LOH LOJLOL ND\ÕWODU .OWHSH WDEOHWOHULQGHGDKDoRNWLFDUHWOHLOJLOLRODUDN\DNODúÕN\LUPL\HUGHJHoHU%X PHWLQOHUGHQELULQGH³Subartu cinsi kumaú´ELUEDúNDVÕQGDLVH

“1 mina gümüúü faizli (borç) olarak Subartuluya verdim.”

FPOHVL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU_{%X LIDGHOHUGHQ 6XEDUODUÕQ NRORQL oD÷ÕQGD} \UWOHQ WLFDUL IDDOL\HWOHUGH URO DOGÕNODUÕ NHQGLOHULQH KDV ELU NXPDú UHWWLNOHULYHEXNXPDúÕQ$QDGROX¶GDUD÷EHWJ|UG÷_{DQODúÕOPDNWDGÕU}

6XEDUWX¶QXQ.OWHSHPHWLQOHULQGHLONGHIDELU\HUDGÕRODUDNJHoWL÷L ELUGL÷HUPHWLQLVH

“Ben Šu-øštar’Õ Subartu(m)’da dava edece÷im.”

LIDGHOHULQLLoHULU%XPHWLQ$VXUOXWFFDUODUÕQ6XEDUWXE|OJHVLQGHGH NRORQL NXUGXNODUÕQD LúDUHW HGHU oQN WFFDUODU DUDVÕQGDNL DGOL YDNDODUÕQ VDGHFH kƗrum YH wabartum PHUNH]OHULQGH YH\D $VXU úHKLU PHFOLVLQGH J|UOG÷ELOLQPHNWHGLU(URO¶DJ|UHED]Õ.OWHSHPHWLQOHULQGH6XEDUWX¶GD _*HOE _*HOE _8QJQDG _*HOE _6SHLVHU _(URO _.ÕOÕo

(11)

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2UWD $VXU G|QHPL ND\ÕWODUÕQGD 6XEDU hONHVLQLQ NDODEDOÕN RUGXODUÕ\OD\DSÕODQ ELUoRN PFDGHOHGHQ EDKVHGLOLU %XQODUGDQ ELUL , $GDG 1vUDUL¶\H 0g DLW ELU NLWDEHGLU YH NUDO EXUDGD LoLQGH 6XEDU JoOHULQLQ GH ROGX÷X PXKWHPHOHQ ELU PWWHILN RUGXVXQD NDUúÕ ND]DQGÕ÷Õ ]DIHUGHQEDKVHGHU

“Kassit, Guti, Lullu(bu) ve Subar’Õn güçlü ordularÕnÕ yerle bir eden.”

%LU GL÷HU PHWLQGH , 7XNXOWL1LQXUWD 0g NHQGLVLQL “Šubar, Guti ülkesinin kralÕ ve tüm Nairi ülkelerinin kralÕ”RODUDNEHOLUWLU %X LIDGH 6XEDUWX¶QXQ 2UWD $VXU G|QHPLQGH *XWL YH 1DLUL NUDOOÕNODUÕ\OD FR÷UDIL RODUDN \DNÕQ ROGX÷XQX DNOD JHWLUPHNWHGLU_{.UDOD DLW ELU GL÷HU} PHWLQGHLVH³JHQLú6XEDUONHVLQGHNL´NUDOOÕNODUÕQIHWKLQGHQEDKVHGLOLU

“O zamanlarda, geniú Subar Ülkesine yayÕlmÕú olan Kurtu, Katmuېu, Buššu, Mummu, Alzu, Madanu, Niېanu, Alaya, Teburzu, Burulumzu ülkelerini yendim, onlarÕn kral naipleri ayaklarÕma kapandÕ ve onlarÕ haraca ba÷ladÕm.”

0HWLQGH 6XEDU ONHVLQLQ úHKLUOHUL RODUDN RQ WDQH NHQW LVPLQLQ VÕUDODQPDVÕ YH EX úHKLUOHULQ 6XEDU ONHVL NUDOÕQD ED÷OÕ ROGXNODUÕQÕQ EHOLUWLOPHVL 6XEDUODUÕQ 2UWD $VXU G|QHPLQGH PHUNH]L ELU \|QHWLPH VDKLS ROGXNODUÕQD LúDUHW HGHU %XQD NDUúÕQ EXUDGD $VXU NUDOÕQÕQ 6XEDU¶ÕQ PHUNH]LQL HOH JHoLUGL÷LQH GDLU KHUKDQJL ELU LIDGH \RNWXU *HOE )RUUHU¶LQ ³6XEDUODUÕQ ONHVL´ RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHQ \XNDUÕGD OLVWHOHQPLú GHYOHWOHULQ oR÷XQXQORNDOL]DV\RQXLoLQ7RURVGL]LVLLOH<XNDUÕ'LFOHDUDVÕQGDNLE|OJH\H EDNPDPÕ]JHUHNWL÷LGúQFHVLQLDNWDUÕU _(URO _*HOE _8QJQDG _*HOE _8QJQDG _*HOE

(12)

$%'8/*$1ø.$d$5

)RUUHU¶H SDUDOHO RODUDN *RHW]H GH 0g \DNODúÕN RODUDN ¶OHUGH $VXU¶XQEDWÕVÕQGDNLWRSUDNODUÕQ

+DEXUYH)ÕUDWYDGLOHULQGHNL+DQLJDOEDW0LWDQQLONHVL

<XNDUÕ 'LFOH E|OJHVLQGH JHQLú ELU DODQD \D\ÕOPÕú RODQ 6XEDU ONHOHUL

7UNL\H¶QLQGR÷XVXQGDNLGD÷ODUGDEXOXQDQGDKDNX]H\GHNL1DLUL ONHOHULRODUDNoE|OJH\HD\UÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕV|\OHU

<HQL $VXU G|QHPLQGH ³6XEDUODUÕQ hONHVL´ 1DLUL ONHOHUL LoHULVLQH GkKLOROXUYHEXLIDGHNXOODQÕPGDQNDONDU$VXUOXODUÕQ,,ELQ\ÕOÕQRUWDODUÕQGD +DQLJDOEDW0LWDQQL GHGLNOHUL ONH +XUULOHULQ NRORQLVL GXUXPXQGDGÕU *RHW]H¶\H J|UH \LQHROGXNoDJHQLúELU DODQD VDKLS 6XEDUODUÕQ hONHVL GH EX G|QHPGHPXKWHPHOHQELUV|PUJHDODQÕGÕU

3UL]PD úHNOLQGHNL ELU GL÷HU NLWDEHGH , 7LJODW3LOHVHU 0g 6XEDU hONHVLQH NDUúÕ JLULúWL÷L ELU PFDGHOHGHQ YH HOGH HWWL÷L EDúDUÕODUGDQEDKVHWPHNWHGLU

“Asi ve kibirli halkÕyla birlikte, Subar Ülkesini hâkimiyet altÕna aldÕm. Vergilerini vermeyen Burulum(?)zi ve Alzi ülkelerine gelince, onlarÕ hâkimiyetimin a÷Õr boyunduru÷u altÕna aldÕm. Böylelikle onlar, yÕllÕk haraç ve vergiyi úehrim Asur’a, benim huzuruma getirmek zorunda kaldÕlar. TanrÕ Asur, kendisine itaatkâr olan Subar Ülkesinin úehirlerinde zorbalÕk yapan Hitit ülkesinin asileri, 4000 GaúkalÕ (ve) Urumiyeliyi yenmem ve ülkesini geniúletmem için kahramanlÕ÷Õma uygun olarak, bana güçlü bir silah verdi. Benim Subartu ülkesine seferimi iúittiklerinde, kahramanlÕ÷ÕmÕn dehúetinden yerlere kapandÕlar. Savaúmaktan korkup silahlarÕnÕ bÕraktÕlar. Mal ve mülklerinin yanÕnda yüz yirmi savaú arabasÕnÕ kendime aldÕm ve onlarÕ kendi halkÕmÕn hizmetine soktum.”

6RQ LNL PHWLQGHQ $O]L YH %XUXOXP]L ONHOHULQLQ GH 6XEDU hONHVL RODUDNNDEXOHGLOGL÷LDQODúÕOPDNWDGÕU%XQXQ\DQÕQGD8QJQDGEXG|QHPGHNL 6XEDUWX FR÷UDI\DVÕQÕQ 6HGLU 2UPDQÕQD NDGDU X]DQDQ HVNL ³E\N 6XEDUWX´ ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWLU

<HQL $VXU G|QHPL PHWLQOHULQGH 6XEDUWX ONHVL LIDGHVL NXOODQÕPGDQ NDONPÕú YH \HULQH³Šub-ri-aŠu-ub-ri-a-aŠub-ri-a-aYH\DŠub-ri-e ONHVL´ NXOODQÕOPD\DEDúODQPÕúWÕU

_*RHW]H

_8QJQDG _*HOE

(13)

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“Büyük bir kÕtlÕktan kaçÕp, Šubria’dan sonra di÷er ülkelere giden AsurlularÕ getirdim ve Tušېan’a yerleútirdim.”

LIDGHOHUL JHoHU $QODúÕODQ EX G|QHPGH $VXU ONHVLQGH \DúDQDQ ]RU NRúXOODUGDQ GROD\Õ ELU NÕVÕP $VXU YDWDQGDúÕ ONHVLQL WHUN HGLS âXEULD¶\DNDoPÕúelûYHEXUD\D\HUOHúPLúWLU%XGXUXPGD$VXUOXODU âXEULD¶\D JLGHELOPHN LoLQ 'LFOH 1HKUL¶QL DúPÕú ROPDOÕGÕU oQN âXEULD ONHVL $VXU¶D DLW 7XãKDQ H\DOHWLQLQ WDP NDUúÕVÕQGD \HU DOPDNWDGÕU<LQHD\QÕNUDOÕQ\ÕOOÕNODUÕQGDAnېiteGHQLOHQâXEULDONHVL NDOÕQÕQ $VXU NUDOÕQD KDUDo |GHGL÷L YH E|\OHFH ONHVLQL $VXU¶XQ VDOGÕUÕODUÕQDNDUúÕNRUXGX÷XDNWDUÕOÕU

%HQ]HU úHNLOGH ,,, 6DOPDQDVVDU¶ÕQ 0g ELU \D]ÕWÕQGD

“Šubria’nÕn Anhiti’sinin kenti, Upume’yi ele geçirdim.”

FPOHVL EXOXQXU .HVVOHU¶H J|UH PHWLQGH JHoHQ 8SXPHX LOH .XOOLPHUL NHQWOHULâXEULDNUDOODUÕQÕQLNL|QHPOLLNDPHWJkKúHKULGLU8SXPX<HQL$VXU G|QHPLQGH âXEULD GHYOHWLQLQ EDúNHQWLGLU YH D\QÕ ]DPDQGD ELU NDOHNHQWWLU 8SXPX EXJQN /LFH E|OJHVLQH .XOOLPHUL LVH %DWPDQVX YDGLVLQLQ GR÷XVXQGDNL *UH 0LJUR¶\D NRQXPODQGÕUÕODELOLU <HQL $VXU ND\QDNODUÕQGD \LUPL\H \DNÕQ âXEULD NHQWLQLQ DGÕ JHoHU 8SXPX YH .XOOLPHUL GÕúÕQGD EX NHQWOHU DUDVÕQGD VDGHFH 0DUপXপD0DUNXপD NDOHVLQLQ |QHPOL ROGX÷X DQODúÕOPDNWDGÕU

$VXU PHWLQOHULQGH 6XEDUODUOD LOJLOL VRQ ND\ÕWODU $VDUKDGGRQ 0g G|QHPLQH DLWWLU 0HWLQGH 8UDUWX¶GDQ âXEULD hONHVLQH JLGHQ NDoDNODUGDQ YH $VDUKDGGRQ¶XQ âXEULD hONHVLQL HOH JHoLUPHVLQGHQ EDKVHGLOLU _.ÕOÕo _.HVVOHU _.HVVOHU _*HOE

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³… Serserilerin/kaçaklarÕn, kontrolden çÕkmÕúlarÕn, efendilerini terk edip Šupria’ya kaçmÕú olanlarÕn hepsinin parmaklarÕnÕ kestim, burunlarÕnÕ, gözlerini, kulaklarÕnÕ onlardan kesip aldÕm.”

$VDUKDGGRQ ]DPDQÕQD NDGDU 8UDUWX YH $VXU GHYOHWOHUL DUDVÕQGD ELU WDPSRQ E|OJH NRQXPXQGD RODQ âXEULD WRSUDNODUÕ EX G|QHPGH $VXU WDUDIÕQGDQHOHJHoLULOLUYH8SXPXLOH.XOOLPHUL¶\H$VXUOX\|QHWLFLOHUDWDQÕU .UDO âXEULD¶\Õ DOGÕNWDQ VRQUD 8UDUWXOX NDoDNODUÕ 8UDUWX NUDOÕ 5XVD¶\D LDGH HGHU 6DOYLQL¶\H J|UH EX GXUXP LNL GHYOHW DUDVÕQGDNL LOLúNLOHULQ NDUúÕOÕNOÕ DQODúPDODUODG]HQOHQGL÷LQHLúDUHWHWPHNWHGLU

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âXEULDONHVL,ELQ\ÕOGD$VXULOH8UDUWXDUDVÕQGDWDPSRQELUGHYOHW NRQXPXQGDGÕU YH YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ EX LNL Jo DUDVÕQGD GHQJH SROLWLNDVÕ L]OH\HUHN GHYDPHWWLUPLúWLU_{'|QHPG|QHPLNLGHYOHWLQGHVDOGÕUÕODUÕQDPDUX]NDODQ} âXEULDNRQXPXLWLEDUL\OHVUHNOLLNLE\NJFQoHNLúPHDODQÕROPXúWXU

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(15)

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