The determination of yield and some yield components of different forage Kochia (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.) phenotypes collected and grown from natural areas

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(2) . . . !" ! . . ''%!"'#"#+ "&#!+ #!$#""'&#%"'#%# &%$"#'+$& # '"%#*"%#!"'(% %& %,7,C,8.,;">;9.. Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Konya, Turkey. &'%' Forage Kochia (

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(7) family and native to Turkey's rangeland. Owing to its particular biological properties such as, drought, cold, and salt tolerance, deep root systems, and rapid growth rate, this species is primarily used for erosion control and reclamation of degraded areas. The stem color of forage kochia generally varies from red, yellow, gray, or white, and can even show a color variance according to soil type. This research aimed to compare forage kochia of varying stem colors grown in Konya’s arid conditions with respect to their morphological and yield properties. The research compared Red, Green, and an Intermediate phenotype (i.e., a stem color form between the Red and Green phenotypes). The Red phenotype emerged as having a higher hay yield (i.e., 140 % greater hay yield than the Parcel form) and thus, is highly recommended for increasing pastureland yield; whereas, the Green phenotype had a higher seed yield (i.e., 85% higher seed yield than the Parcel form) and is the favored phenotype in terms of seed production. In this regard, the Green phenotype could potentially be the most suitable phenotype when considering precedence for natural seeding under specific rangeland conditions; while, the Red phenotype would be more appropriate for sustainable forage crop production where low precipitation and wind erosion is prevalent. For this reason, we recommend that an in-depth investigation of varying forage kochia phenotypes be considered for their suitability in Turkish pastureland reclamation and improvement. . "'%#('#" In the central Anatolian rangelands of Turkey there are limitations to economic yield due to factors such as, soil salinity, precipitation scarcity, and failure to comply with sustainable principles of grazing [1]. Pasture improvement is undoubtedly necessary for obtaining economic and sustainable yields in these regions. The plants used in these rangelands should be native to the region or adaptable to arid and semiarid areas [2]. The success of pastureland reclamation/improvement is highly dependent on the plant’s ability to grow without the supply of irrigation, thus having a high drought tolerance; current practices using herbaceous plants has proven to be difficult and with little success without the use of irrigation [3]. Hence, the perennial semi-evergreen shrub forage kochia (

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(10) (L.) Schrad), has been considered one of the best-suited forage crops for water shortage environments. Its various biological properties such as, naturally occurring in the Central Anatolian Region, high salt tolerance due to salt accumulation in the vacuole [4], cold and drought tolerance on account of having deep root systems [5, 6], and its promotion of bio-diversity and ground cover, may play a vital role in rangeland improvement when concerning prevention and control of wind erosion and wildfire in arid or semiarid regions, in addition to, soil conservation in salt-affected soil and dry land. The

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(15) differs phenotypically from similar forage types such as

(16) [7]. Their anthers, stamens, leaves, and stems come in an assortment of colors [8, 9, 10]. Stems of the Immigrant forage kochia variety (

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(18) ) turn red in late summer and fall [11, 12], while the stems of the cultivar Snowstorm (

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(20) ) turn grayish/green - yellow at seed maturity [12, 13]. In one study, the Intermediate forage kochia phenotype (i.e., green-red stem) had a higher hay yield than the Green, and Red stem phenotypes [9]; this may be a potential indicator for hay yield and requires further investigation. For this reason, this research aimed to determine the morphological. +*#%&

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(24) (L.) A.J. Scott Forage Kochia, Hay Yield, Pasture Improvement. 1429.

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(26) . . . !" ! . 2013); 523.7 mm in 2014; 375.6 mm in 2015, and 293.5 mm in the harvest year (i.e., 2016).. and yield performance of three forage kochia phenotypes (i.e., Red, Green, and its Intermediate phenotypes) with respect to their stem and leaf color when grown in Konya under dryland conditions. !'% &"!'#&. &946 $;9:0;=40< 91 =30 406/ ';4,6 The soil was classified as clayey-loamy, and had a pH of 8.12; it had a CaCO3 content of 35.6%; and an Electrical Conductivity of 0.88 dS/m-1. According to our soil analysis, soil Zn levels were sufficient however, P levels were considered low (i.e., 0.40 ppm and 1.83 kg da-1, respectively) while, there was an adequate level in terms of Fe (i.e., 14.16 ppm), Cu (i.e., 1.65 ppm), and Mn (i.e., 6.96 ppm). Three different phenotypes of forage kochia were distinguished based on their stem and leaf color as described in Table 1 and shown in Figure 1. The plants that were mature and with available seeds were selected. These plants were harvested on the 24th of November 2016. In addition, plants from mature forage kochia in the production field were also randomly selected to create the “Parcel Form”. These plants were chosen to represent all of the production fields. Their morphological and yield properties were compared with those of the other phenotypes (i.e., Red, Green, and Intermediate phenotypes).. The plants used in the study were selected from the production field of forage kochia planted in 2013 by Prof. Dr. Abdulkadir Akcin at the Experimental Field of the Department of Field Crops at Selcuk University. This trial was conducted with three replications in a Randomized Block Design. No irrigation or fertilization was made during or following the plantation. 647,=0,=,91=30406/';4,6 The average temperatures were 12.9 ºC from 1980-2013; 12.3 ºC in the year of plantation (i.e., 2013); 12.6 ºC in 2014; 11.5 ºC in 2015, and 12.8 ºC in the harvest year (i.e., 2016). The total precipitation was 283.1 mm from 1980-2013; 237.9 mm in the year of plantation (i.e.,. (% '3;00/4110;08=19;7<9119;,2059.34, ' '30?,;49><.969;/0<.;4:=498<19;=30<=07,8/60,?0<91=3;00/4110;08=19;,2059.34,:3089=B:0< $3089=B:0< 969;91&=07 969;91 0,?0< %0/:3089=B:0 Red Bluish green ;008:3089=B:0 Yellow- Green Green Red 8=0;70/4,=0:3089=B:0 Green (Only The Root Crown of Stem) $,;.06 Randomly selected from mature forage kochia in the production field. 1430. .

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(31) . ;008 9;7 $6,8=0423=.7 81,67 78,67 81,33 65,33 $6,8=4,70=0;.7 100,33 115,33 121,00 95,00 ,BB406/:0;$6,8=2:6,8= 97,83235,40, 168,87,117,73,B+406/52/, 107,63258,97, 185,80,129,50&00/+406/:0;$6,8=2:6,8= 10,58 16,96 16,39 19,63 &00/+406/52/, 11,64 18,66 18,03 21,60. <00/*0423=2 2,56 2,84 2,66 2,43 &3,:091,-4=>< 3,33 3,33 3,33 2,67 1 1-4 scale: 1 vertical (< 30°); 2 sub-vertical (30°-45°); 3 sub-horizontal (45°-60°); 4 horizontal ( >60°) &3,BB406/:0;:6,8=$

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(39) ,BB406/:0;$6,8= ,B+406/ &00/+406/:0;$6,8= &00/+406/ <00/*0423= &3,:091,-4=>< **P<0.01; *P<0.05. -0,034 0,202 0,202 -0,243 -0,243 0,202 0,723**. .

(40) . . . . . 0,451 0,451 0,002 0,002 0,081 0,129. 1,000** 0,452 0,453 0,671* 0,010. 0,452 0,453 0,671* 0,009. 1,000** 0,562* -0,533. 0,562* -0,533. 0,018. However, Acar et al. [9] reported that Intermediate and Green stem forage kochia had the largest plant diameter after the first year. The highest hay yield per plant (i.e., 235.40 g plant-1) and maximum hay yield (i.e., 258.97 kg da1) was obtained from the Red phenotype. The hay yield of Red phenotype forage kochia in Turkey could be more productive than the Immigrant (i.e., 150 kg da -1) and Snowstorm (i.e., 250 kg da -1) varieties, which were developed in the U.S.A. [13]. Furthermore, Intermediate and Red phenotypes were more horizontal than the Green phenotype. Our results showed that the Red and Intermediate phenotypes increased hay yield per hectare by 140% and %70, respectively, and thus, using these forms in breeding programs could provide an improvement to pasture conditions. Moreover, Intermediate and Red phenotypes could also play a crucial role in soil conservation thanks to their large plant diameter, providing protection from wind and rain erosion. The results of our correlation analysis are given in Table 3. The results of our study determined a negative correlation between: plant height and plant diameter; plant height and seed yield per plant; plant height and seed yield; seed yield per plant and shape of habitus; and seed yield and shape of habitus; while, there was a positive correlation between all other parameters. The relationship between plant height and shape of habitus had a positive correlation, with a high level of significance (i.e., r=0.723; p<0.01). This may be attributed to a smaller plant. In this study morphological and yield properties such as, plant height, hay yield per plant, hay yield, seed yield per plant, seed yield, 1000 seed weight, and shape of habitus were determined. In the trial, plant height and plant diameter were reported in centimeters; while, 1000 seed weight, hay yield per plant [14], and seed yield per plant were expressed in grams. Hay yield and seed yield were calculated from hay yield per plant and seed yield per plant values, respectively. The shape of habitus was found by using a scale: 1- vertical (< 30°); 2- subvertical (30°-45°); 3- sub-horizontal (45°-60° ); and 4- horizontal ( >60°). All averages were grouped, and a statistical analysis of all parameters investigated was done by using the statistical software package MSTAT-C. %&( '&"&(&&#"& Mean values and each group’s results are given in Table 2. The maximum plant height was found under the Parcel form (i.e., 81.67 cm) and Intermediate phenotype (i.e., 81.33 cm) while, the minimum plant height was found in the Green phenotype (i.e., 65.33 cm). Acar et al. [9], as well as Acar and Dursun [10] corroborate these results, as they also observed the minimum plant height with Green stem forage kochia. The largest plant diameter was under the Intermediate phenotype (i.e., 121.00 cm) in our study.. 1431.

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(42) . . . !" ! . [4] Sagers, J.K. Waldron, B.L. Creech, J.E. Mott, I.W. and Bugbee, B. (2017) Salinity tolerance of three competing rangeland plant species: Studies in hydroponic culture. Ecology and Evolution. 7, 24, 10916-29. [5] Lou, Q. Chen, L. Mei, H. Xu, K. Wei, H. Feng, F. Li, T. Pang, X. Shi, C. Lou, L. and Zhong, Y. (2017). Root Transcriptomic Analysis Revealing the Importance of Energy Metabolism to the Development of Deep Roots in Rice (

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(45) L.). Frontiers in Plant Science. 8, 1314. [6] Waldron, B.L. Eun, J.S. Zobell, D.R. and Olson, K.C. (2010) Forage kochia

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(48) for fall and winter grazing. Small Ruminant Research. 91(1), 47-55. [7] Benson, K.M. (1955) Phenotypic Variations of Kochia Scoparia. Utah State University. MS thesis. [8] Guo, H. Yan, C. and Wei, Y. (2014) Study on Flowering Dynamics and Pollen Viability and Stigma Receptivity of

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(51) Acta Pratacultuae Sinica, 23(4), 87-93. [9] Acar, R., Özköse, A., Isık, S. and Acar, B. (2016) Yield Performance of Forage Kochia with Different Stem Color under Water Shortage Konya Province of Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture and Economic Development. 4(1), 21-26. [10]Acar, R. and Dursun, S. (2011) Some features and important of forage kochia (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schard.) in natural areas of Konya. Int. J. of Sustainable Water and Environmental Amman, Jordan. 3(2), 65-68. [11]Harrison, R.D. Chatterton, N.J. Waldron, B.L. Davenport, B.W. Palazzo, A.J. Horton, W.H. and Asay, K.H. (2000) Forage Kochia Its Compatibility and Potential Aggressiveness on Intermountain Rangelands (Research Report No. 162). Utah State University, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. [12]Roth, A., Fleenor, R., Gillaspy, B. and Santana, L. (2016) Forage Kochia (

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(55) ) – Its History, Uses, and Management in Oregon. Range Technical Note No. 28. USDA-NRCS. Portland, OR. [13]Waldron, B.L. Larson, S.R. Peel, M.D. Jensen, K.B. Mukimov, T.C. Rabbimov, A. ZoBell, D.R. Wang, R.C. Smith, R.C. Deane Harrison, R. and Davenport, B.W. (2013) “Snowstorm”, a New Forage Kochia Cultivar with Improved Stature, Productivity, and Nutritional Content for Enhanced Fall and Winter Grazing. J. Plant Regist. 7, 140. [14]Suttie, J.M. (2000) Hay from shrubs, Hay from Natural Pasture; Hay and Straw Conservation For Small-Scale Farming and Pastoral Conditions. (No: 29). Food & Agriculture Org. Roma. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x7660e/x7660e 0b.htm#bm11.6 (28.01.2019). height which may allow for forage kochia to expand laterally and have a larger horizontal habitus. #" (&#"& Red and Intermediate forage kochia phenotypes were superior thus, resulting in better hay and seed yields. This study’s findings clearly indicate that these two are well suited types for unfavorable degraded conditions. In this regard, they can be strongly recommended for water scant environments for sustainable forage crop production. We recommend that further detailed studies into the phenotypic variation of forage kochia are necessary (e.g., drought and salt tolerance levels, crude protein, cellulose ratio, nutritional elemental content, ADF, NDF, and botanical characteristics), with particular consideration to its reproduction biology. Hence, a reliable protocol for developing forage kochia varieties could be obtained specifically for combating drought and other environmental problems in Turkey’s rangeland. "#* !"'& We thank Pamela Aracena Santos for her comments and assistance in editing that greatly improved the manuscript. %%"& [1] Anonymous. (2014) The Report of working team the Sustainable use of agricultural land. Eds. Agricultural specialization commission. 10th Progress Plan. 2014-2018. T.R. Ministry of Development, 79p. (In Turkish) [2] Acar, R. (2013) The Importance of Forage Kochia in KOP Rangeland and Advantages in Pastureland Improvement. In: Proceeding book of 1st KOP Regional Development Symposium, 14-16 November 2013. Konya, Turkey p: 200203.http://www.kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/69.pdf (28.01.2019) (In Turkish: KOP Doğal Alanlarında Bulunan Bozkır Otu (

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(58) (L.) Schrad.) Bitkisinin Önemi ve Mera Islahında Kullanımının Avantajları, I. KOP Bölgesel Kalkınma Sempozyumu bildiri kitabı 14-16 Kasım 2013 Konya, Türkiye, s: 200-203) [3] Acar, R. Dursun, S. and Ozkose, A. (2013) Usage of Shrubby Trees to Provide as Bait Plant and Improvement Activities in the Arid and Desert Areas. Int. Conference of Ecosystems (ICE 2013). Tirane, Albania, 658-663.. 1432.

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(60) . . . !" ! . . %0.04?0/ ..0:=0/ . . . #%%&$#""('#% ">;9. Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Konya – Turkey e-mail: nurkoc@selcuk.edu.tr. 1433.

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