Solid Waste Management and Recycling in Igdir

Digital Proceeding of ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA2015

S. Sahinkaya and E. Kalõpcõ (Editors) Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015

Solid Waste Management and Recycling in Igdir

Argun Y.A.*1, Altikat A.2, Dogru S.3 and Bayram T.4

1, 3

Environmental Health Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Igdir University, TURKEY. (E-mail: sevtap.dogru@igdir.edu.tr, yusuf.argun@igdir.edu.tr)

2

Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, TURKEY. (E-mail: aysun.altikat@igdir.edu.tr)

4

Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, TURKEY. (E-mail: tubabayram@yyu.edu.tr)

ABSTRACT

Igdir, was raised to the status of the province in 1992 by splitting up Kars, is a settlement of 190.409 people according to 2013 census and has four municipalities of the districts named Center, Aralik, Karakoyunlu and Tuzluca and four municipalities of the towns named Tasburun, Halfeli, Hoshaber and Melekli. Because of the province experience and history limited as a local management, some problems have been encountered about the fulfillment of the responsibilities required of urbanization by understanding, planning and bureaucratic. Solid waste and recycling are the most important of the ongoing problems.

It was given information about solid waste type and quantities of Igdir, its districts and towns, existing storage methods and locations and landfill which was come into operation in 2013 and packaging waste collection separation facility that have been designed. Landfill is constructed and operated to solve problem about solid waste of Municipality of Igdir, its four districts and its four towns and Igdir Special Provincial Administration, Municipality of Dogubayazit and Diyadin. Solid Waste Management Project made by these 10 municipalities and Igdir Special Provincial Administration is a plant required for disposal and recycle complying with National Solid Waste Regulations and EU Directives.

A project about collecting and recycling of packaging wastes has been presented and accepted to SERKA by Igdir province of Environmental Services Association. Area that planned as a garage in solid waste landfills has been transformed to Collecting and Separation of Packaging Wastes facility (TAT) within the project but could not operate due to the cancellation of the procurement. It has been assessed current status of the landfill, the problems about packaging waste collection and separation facilities, TAT facilities in terms of cost.

Keywords: Igdir, Local management, Landfill, Recycling, Solid waste.

1. INTRODUCTION

An increase has been observed in our country in the amount and composition of the generated waste per capita due to the rapidly growing population, technological developments, economical recovery, and the rising living standards. As an unignorable result of this situation, the fact that the natural sources will be polluted, be exhausted and correspondingly that great environmental and public health problems appear is an indisputable fact [13].

The solid wastes, in the waste cycle, are in direct or indirect interaction with the environment and people from the production to the phase of removal. The solid wastes may adversely affect the environment and human health due to both the pathogen or infectious materials within them and that they are the source of feeding and breeding for other organisms such as mouse, fly, etc. [6, 11, 14, 15].

One of the most important tasks of the local authorities in Turkey is collection of the solid wastes according to the technique, their recycling and disposal. In most of the cities in our country, adequate restructuring and planning related to the disposal and recycling of these wastes are not available [2, 9].

2. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE PROVINCE, DISTRICTS AND TOWNS OD IGDøR

2.1. Current Institutional Structure

In the city-centre of Igdir, the waste services is carried out by the Directorate of Cleaning under the body of municipality. This service is performed by the municipal police authority in Tuzluca, by the municipal police chieftainship in Karakoyunlu, by the Unit of Cleaning Services in Aralik, by the chairmanship in Halfeli and Hoshaber, by the Municipal Police Services in Melekli and by the Municipal Police Unit in Tasburun. Sorting the wastes that are recyclable in the waste dump site where the wastes are eliminated is informally performed in the towns of Igdir and wild sortation and collection are carried out [1].

2.2. Current Waste Quantities

2.2.1. Municipal wastes (domestic waste and domestic trade effluent)

According to the data, the average solid wastes amount per day collected by the municipality in the winter period is 98,4 tons and it is observed that this amount decreases to 82,8 in the summer period. An average of 88 tons of solid waste is collected in the summer and winter periods. In the calculation made in accordance with the amount and rate of collected waste and the population, the amount of waste per capita is about 1,2kg / day. There is no clear data by the municipalities about the amount of waste for other settlements. According to the estimated data, the waste amounts could be calculated as 12 tons/day for Aralik, 6 tons/day for Karakoyunlu, 25 tons/day for Tuzluca, 7,5 tons/day for Melekli, 1 tons/day for Hoshaber, 1,2 ton/day for Tasburun and 1,7 ton/Day for Halfeli [12].

2.2.2. Construction and debris wastes

About 525 tons/year of construction and debris waste occurs due to the rapid city structuring and increasing constructions in Igdir. These wastes are dumped into the available landfills. The people in Karakoyunlu use the construction wastes as packing material. The people in Tuzluca make use of this type of waste by using it around their houses. The construction waste in Aralik is occasionally collected by the municipality and transported to current landfill. In Melekli and Tasburun, approximately 40 tons /year of construction waste and debris occur in each of them and these kinds of waste are dumped into the landfills of the municipalities. The construction wastes and debris occurring in Halfeli about 360 tons /year and in Hoshaber about 240 Tons /year are generally used as packing material [1].

2.2.3. Hazardous wastes

Although there is not any institutions generating hazardous wastes in Igdir and its districts, there can be some hazardous wastes such as battery, paint, thinner, fluorescent, spray bottles whose amounts are thought to be very low and that may arose from domestic and trade fields. Since there is not any study that has been made or being made about the hazardous wastes, these wastes are collected together with the domestic wastes and transported to the landfill [12].

2.2.4. Plantal waste oils

The municipality of Igdir hasn't created a plantal waste oils collection system yet, and there is not Palantal Waste Oils Recycling Facility or Palantal Waste Oils Transport Vehicle that are permitted or licensed by the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization within the scope of Palantal Waste Oils Control Legislation [7].

2.2.5. Medical waste

In Igdir, a total of 178 kg /day medical waste is produced and 148 kg/day of this waste is from three hospitals with a capacity of 235 beds and 30 kg/day from other health institutions. Medical waste is collected separately from the domestic waste and it is taken to the elimination facility in Van after it is sterilized in the medical waste sterilization facility in the current landfill. Surgery is performed in the 30-bed state hospital in Tuzluca, daily 200 kg of medical waste is eliminated together with the domestic waste. 5 kg of medical waste occurs in the only health center in Karakoyunlu. These wastes is also eliminated together with the domestic wastes. The medical wastes occurred in the 15-bed medical center and the only health center are eliminated together with the domestic wastes. About 10-15 kg/day medical waste occurs since there is only one health center in Halfeli. The medical wastes in Halfeli are collected and eliminated together with the domestic wastes. Since there is no health care institutions in Hoshaber, no medical wastes occurs there. In the health center in Melekli, about 20 kg of

medical waste occurs per week. Like other settlements, the medical wastes in this town is also collected and eliminated together with domestic wastes. Similar to other towns, there is one health center in Tasburun. The waste occurring in the health center is reported as 10kg per month. The medical wastes in Tasburun are collected and eliminated together with domestic wastes. For the landfill covering the province of Igdir and its districts, a total of approximately 230 kg/day medical waste has been calculated considering all the other settlements [12].

2.3. Collection of Waste

In Igdir, the wastes have been left to street in nylon bags since 2005. These wastes are collected earch day of the week. The wastes in Tuzluca are accumulated in containers whose places were determined by the municipality. The capacity of the containers whose number is about 40 is 1m3. Barrels are also used in addition to containers. The wastes in Karakoyunlu are collected everyday from about 70 containers. Barrels and containers are used as accumulation containers for the wastes collected everyday in Aralik. The number of the barrels is about 100 and the number of the containers is about 12. The wastes in Helfeli are collected once in a fortnight in the summer period and once in a week in the winter period. 18 container with a capacity of about 120 lt are used to deposit waste. The wastes in Hoshaber are collected once in a fortnight in the summer period and once in a week in the winter period. 10 containers with a capacity of 100lt are used for the waste accumulation. The wastes in Melekli are collected everyday after accumulating them in 60 trash bins or containers with a capacity of 200 lt. The wastes in Tasburun are collected in nylon bags or in barrels. The trash bins have approximately 100 liters of capacity. The wastes in Tasburun are collected 5 days in a week [12].

2.4. Storage of Waste

The wastes in the Igdir municipality that is a member of the province of Igdir and environmental services unity, Halfeli, Karakoyunlu, Melekli and provincial special administration are uncontrolled and randomly discharged in the organized solid waste collection facility and the wastes in Tuzluca, Aralik, Hoshaber and Tasburun municipalities are discharged to current landfills. This poses a potential hazard to the environment and public health. Records about the amounts of the wastes stored in these uncontrolled landfills aren't kept and there is no data about the amount of waste. The discharge processes are performed inconsistently.

Figure 1. Current dump sites in the province of Igdir and controlled landfills

The wastes of Igdir municipality, Halfeli, Karakoyunlu, Melekli and provincial special administration are collected with compressive and dump vehicles and then they are covered by compressing after transferring them to controlled solid waste collection facility. The dump site is 5 km away from the city center and located on the stream bed. The filtrate water formed as a result of the leakage of the rain into the wastes flows into the Aras river. However, no other protective measures are taken. The dump site of the Aralik municipality is an area located 8 km away and the wastes are thrown into the pits. Garbage mass is occasionally covered with ground cover. The site that has been used for 5 years is spread over one hectare and the waste height is approximately 1,5 m. No protective measures are taken in the site. The dump site of the Hoshaber municipality is located 2 km away from the city center in the west in a rural area. This site was used as a pebble stone quarry in the past. No protective measures are taken in the field. Tasburun municipality discharges its wastes in to dump site in Kire location. The site whose approximate area is 20m2 was organized to excavate. It is 1500 m away from the settlements. There are many factors such as smell, flies and mouse. When the garbade mass reaches about 1-2 m high, it is covered with ground cover and the process of waste discharging continues from created new level. The dump sites of municpalities are the problem areas. Although it has been planned to close the dump sites in use

and to take security measures in the short term after controlled landfills are established, this has not been realized yet [7, 12].

The current dump sites within the city limits of Igdir and the map showing the location of controlled dump sites were given in Figure 1.

2.5. Recycling

Extraction process is informally performed in the solid waste storage areas and in the wastes within the settlements. There is not any information about the types and quantities of the extracted materials with these studies aiming at recycling. It has been reported by the municipal authorities that in the dump site of Karakoyunlu, some people are sorting the wastes that are economically valuable and that can be recycled. However, there is no data on the types and quantities of extracted material [7].

3. THE PROVINCE OF IöIR THE UNION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES SOLID WASTE STORAGE FACILITY

3.1. Current situation

The project are of the controlled landfill (Storage area, administrative/technical units et al.) is the area numbered 3190 and with a 154.568 m2 extent located in the province of Igdir, in the town of Melekli. The project area has been divided into three separate lots and the storage will be firstly initiated in the area of LOT. The numerical properties of the Controlled Solid Waste Storage Area of Igdir were given in Table 1 [3].

Table 1. The numerical properties of I÷dõr Solid Waste Storage Area

Project Population 2013 year 217.839 person

2023 year 463.000 person

Total Storage in Landfill 68348 m2

Area of LOTs I. LOT II. LOT III. LOT

23.646 24.978 20.724

Total Storage Capacity in 1.157.500 m3

Capacity of LOTs I. LOT II. LOT III. LOT

287.500 485.000 385.000

Expected Life of an Item of Landfill 20 Yõl

Expected Life of an Item of LOTs

I. LOT II. LOT III. LOT

5 7 8

3.2. Project General Layout

Figure 2. Solid Waste Controlled landfill Facility General Layout [10]

With the solid waste controlled landfill, controlled landfill facility was established for the purpose of storing the domestic wastes in the municipalities that are members of the Province of Igdir Environmental Services Union; of protecting the environmental quality. In the facility, there are Waste Admission Building, Weighbridge Unit, Administration Building, Wheel Cleaning Unit, Car Park, Garage Building where the technical and administrative services will be performed. In addition, there are two tanks for fire and drinking water, a

impermeable cesspool and a transformer building [10].

The section that is ranked as the 7th in the layout of Solid Waste controlled Landfill Facility is planned as the garage building. However, it was observed that the area that was designed as garage had no functional process. The area garage section can be seen in Figure 3. This inactive area can be transformed into Collection-Sorting facility with some small constructional alterations. With the project, this inactive area will be converted to collection sorting plant by closing its surroundings and supplying the required machine and equipments [8].

Figure 3. The Building Planned for Collection

and Sorting (the area shown as garage) [8]

3.3. Waste Composition and Quantity calculated in the Controlled Landfill 3.3.1. Municipality Wastes

The value of waste generation calculated per capita in the unit of storage is given in Table 2. [4].

Table 2. Waste Generation Values based on Per capita

Settlements Formation of waste per person (kg/person-day)

Igdir merkez 1,00

Tuzluca, Karakoyunlu, Aralik 0,80

Halfeli, Hoshaber, Melekli, Tasburun 0,60

Annual amounts of municipality wastes using 1% of rise according to the socio-economic developments is give in Table 3 [4].

Table 3. Amounts of Project Area Municipal Waste

Settlements Amount of municipal waste (tonne/year)

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Igdir 27.962 34.904 42.528 50.571 58.682 68.095 Tuzluca 2.427 2.488 2.748 3.035 3.353 3.704 Karakoyunlu 1.244 1.243 1.340 1.444 1.595 1.762 Aralik 3.261 4.170 5.081 5.896 6.513 7.195 Hoshaber 613 711 805 889 982 1.085 Halfeli 1.375 1.635 1.898 2.149 2.373 2.622 Melekli 944 1.043 1.152 1.273 1.406 1.553 Tasburun 743 928 1.131 1.312 1.449 1.601 Total 38.569 47.122 56.683 66.569 76.353 87.617

3.3.2. Amounts of domestic waste and domestic quality industrial waste

The amounts of domestic waste, domestic quality trade waste and industrial waste were calculated considering the socio-economic conditions and the annual amounts of the wastes were given in short in Table 4 [4].

Table 4. Amounts of Domestic wastes, Domestic Quality Trade Wastes and Domestic Quality Industrial Wastes

domestic waste

household welded commercial waste

household welded industrial waste Total

2005 26.337 9.091 3.142 38.570 2010 32.105 11.134 3.885 47.124 2015 38.550 13.423 4.711 56.684 2020 45.195 15.799 5.575 66.569 2025 51.755 18.157 6.441 76.353 2030 59.301 20.876 7.442 87.619

3.3. Hazardous, Medical and Construction-Debris Wastes

The hazardous wastes, medical wastes and construction and debris wastes with small quantities in the domestic wastes within the project area (batteries, paints, thinners, fluorescent, spray bottles etc.) were given in Table 5 [4].

Table 5. Hazardous, Medical and Construction-Debris Wastes in the Project Area

TYPES OF WASTES YEARS

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

The Amount Of Hazardous Waste

(tonne/year) 193 236 283 333 382 438

The amount of medical waste (tonne/year) 84(2006) 103 119 136 151 165 wastes of construction and debris

(tonne/year) 6.595 8.017 9.610 11.246 12.861 14.713

4. THE PROVINCE OF IGDøR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES UNION PACKAGING WASTES COLLECTION ANS SORTING FACILITY

4.1. Current situation

Within the scope of TRA2 Region (Agri, Ardahan, Igdir, Kars) "Environmental Sustainability" development axis of the Regional Plan 2014-2023, there has been no study in order to gain the Packaging waste to economy. There isn't any municipality or union that has collection and sorting facility in the provinces in TRA2 region. There is not any business that established TAT among the private businesses [8].

The instructors of Igdir university (Assoc. Prof. Osmetullah Arvas, Asst. Prof. Dr. Aysun Altikat, instructor Yusuf Alparslan Argun and instructor Sevtap Dogru) were consulted about the management and recycling of solid waste of Igdir municipality and 2 meetings were held within this scope. The municipality authorities were informed at these meetings with solution offers and presentations. As a result of these briefings, acceleration of the tender of machinery equipment of the package wastes collection and sorting of the municipality and the process of tender in order to operate the facility was provided. In this context, it is planned to make a tender for buying machinery equipment in January 2015 and to correct the deficiencies.

4.2. Waste composition and its distribution according to type of waste

Depending on the waste compositions, distribution of kitchen waste, other combustible waste, orher incombustible waste, voluminous metal and metal waste, glass waste, plastic waste, voluminous cardboard and cardboard waste and cardboard waste, according to the solid waste characterization estimate made in 2011 in the province of Igdir (Figure 4), 27.97% of them is on the volumetrical basis and 50% of them is recyclable wastes. In the light of data in the city center of Igdir, about 88 tons/day of annual wastes occurs [7].

Figure 4. Distribution of Waste Types

4.3. Recyclable waste estimates and examination in terms of cost

As required in the Packaging wastes control regulation by Igdir environmental services union, the licensed facilities mentioned in the regulation should posses the conditions that must be provided by the facilities in order for the collection and sorting facility to obtain license and to operate efficiently.

The population of the Province of Igdir Environmental Services Union is 230.521 according to the numbers of the year 2013. According to the data obtained, about 27.97% by weight of the solid waste in Igdir consists of recyclable wastes. As a result of the literature search, the percentages of the recyclable wastes groups of the provinces that has similar population are given in Table 7. Because of the fact that the population density is low and the institutions within the body of the environmental services union are disorganized, the calculations were made where the population density is high and staged in accordance with the development status, and were performed as 6 months of periods in 3 years covering all the union members. Although the determined percentage of recyclable material is 27.97%, due to the fact that there hasn't been any study on recyclable material collection of the environmental services union up to now and that the level of awareness on recyclable wastes is at the minimum level, collecting 6% of them at the first stage and recycling them is foreseen. The collectability predictions of recyclable waste are given in stages in Table 6. The first investment costs are priced by looking at the packaging waste control regulations and benefitting from the feasibility prepared by Igdir environmental services union. The operating cost analysis for each 6 months was prepared considering Cage and Container requirements, Indor Box requirements, Collection Bag consumption, salary of Environmental engineer, vehicle personnel (Driver) expenses, Vehicle personnel (workers) expenses, expenses for the personnel working in the sorting section, expenses for the personnel working at press. expenses for the personnel working at forklift, fuel expenses of the collection vehicles, fuel expenses of the forklift, fuel expenses of other vehicles, leaflets, brochures and expenses for other publicity activities, Taxes and other governmental charges, electricity, water and Other expenses. 6 months of operation income analysis, paper/cardboard, Glass, Metal, PP (poly Proplan), PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate), PE (polyethylene), PS (Poly Styrene), PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) material quantities and fts, Accredited Institutions (AI), Certification Support, AI Cage and Container Support, AI Indoors Box and Bag support, AI Publicity and Activity Support was calculated considering the market values of 20.01.2015. As a result of the calculations, monthly operation cost is given in Figure 5; monthly operation incomes is given in Figure 6; and monthly profit amount is given in Figure 7. In the light of these data, it is observed that the TAT facility substantially began to make profit and that the facility will amortize itself in a short period of 3 years. Starting from this, both the wastes and their effects to environment will be reduced by collecting separately and this will be economically turned into a source of income.

Table 6. Waste Estimate Table

Number of people The amount of waste generated per person per day (kg/person-day) The total amount of daily waste (kg/day) Recyclable waste % The amount of recyclable waste (kg/day) The amount of recyclable waste (kg/month) Target 230.521,00 1,00 230.521,00 27,97 64.476,72 1.934.301,71 1. Stage 65.387,00 1,00 65.387,00 6 3.923,22 117.696,60 2. Stage 83.944,00 1,00 83.944,00 7 5.876,08 176.282,40 3. Stage 130.134,00 1,00 130.134,00 8 10.410,72 312.321,60 4. Stage 196.557,00 1,00 196.557,00 9 17.690,13 530.703,90 5. Stage 214.016,00 1,00 214.016,00 10 21.401,60 642.048,00 6. Stage 230.521,00 1,00 230.521,00 12 27.662,52 829.875,60

Table 7. Table for the Distribution of Recyclable Wastes According to Type of Material

Monthly total amount of waste (kg/month) The amount of Paper / cardboard (%43,5) The amount of glass (%17,1) The amount of Metal (%16,3) The amount of Plastics (PET) (% 5,9) The amount of Plastics (PE) (% 8) The amount of Plastics (PP) (% 4,6) The amount of Plastics (PVS) (% 2,3) The amount of Plastics (PS) (% 2,3) Target 1.934.301,71 841.421,24 330.765,59 315.291,18 114.123,80 154.744,14 88.977,88 44.488,94 44.488,94 1. stage 117.696,60 51.198,02 20.126,12 19.184,55 6.944,10 9.415,73 5.414,04 2.707,02 2.707,02 2. stage 176.282,40 76.682,84 30.144,29 28.734,03 10.400,66 14.102,59 8.108,99 4.054,50 4.054,50 3. stage 312.321,60 135.859,90 53.406,99 50.908,42 18.426,97 24.985,73 14.366,79 7.183,40 7.183,40 4. stage 530.703,90 230.856,20 90.750,37 86.504,74 31.311,53 42.456,31 24.412,38 12.206,19 12.206,19 5. stage 642.048,00 279.290,88 109.790,21 104.653,82 37.880,83 51.363,84 29.534,21 14.767,10 14.767,10 6. stage 829.875,60 360.995,89 141.908,73 135.269,72 48.962,66 66.390,05 38.174,28 19.087,14 19.087,14

Figure 6: Chart for Operating Income per Each 6 Months

Figure 7. Chart for Profitability per Each 6 Months

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Igdir is one of the rare provinces that is located in the easternmost of the country and that borders on three countries, and it is suitable for development in the trade, industry, tourism, agriculture, transport and cultural sense. Since it is a border province and a transition point, hundreds of people come and go everyday in the periods when agriculture and commerce are intense. The province of Igdir, when regionally considered, can be made an important tourist attraction where different cultures can live together in brotherhood, where piece arises with tourism investments that would be carried out thanks to its historical structure and cultural potential. However, many environmental problems such as air pollution, water pollution, inadequate infrastructure and solid wastes constitute the biggest obstacles for the foreigners coming in the region to settle down and thus create obstacles to development and growth of the city. In this study evaluated through Igdir scale about the solution f the solid wastes and recycling problem, the economic and environmental contributions about managing the solid wastes and recycling are revealed. In this context, the following suggestions may be listed considering both Igdir and the country.

solution of the problem. In these associations, there must be Integrated Waste Management strategy development unit and studies must be carried out in order to form new and sustainable waste management systems. Formed associations should ensure the member municipalities to determine the waste quantities and compositions and should determine the way of management accordingly. In terms of solid waste investments and operating the systems, the bureaucratic obstacles should be abolished. The problem of insufficient technical staff in local administration units and in the municipalities constituting the union should be eliminated. The incentives or establishing and operating the controlled storing and recycling facilities should be increased and be supported. The rehabilitation should be provided by surrounding the wild landfills and incentives and support should be ensured for this purpose. Inter-agency communication and coordination should be facilitated. Garbage that is considered as worthless and annoyance should be converted into a source of income with recycling projects. The wastes and incomes from recycling should only be used for waste management. Private enterprises on waste management should be increased and should be encouraged. Reducing the wastes in the source is essential, in this context, all the world and his wife should be addressed to education by creating public opinion on the issues of both waste management and recycling. Training and briefings should not be limited to schools, briefings in places for worship, schools, streets, houses, billboards, local and nation-wide media should be increased and should be supported by encouraging.

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