DEVELOPMENT AND APPROBATION OF THE UNIVERSAL PSYCHOACOUSTIC METHOD OF THE PERSON'S FUNCTIONAL
STATE CORRECTION
Karina Anatolyevna Nazarova1, Sapozhnikov Mikhail Sergeevich2 , Milchakova Nataliya Egorovna 3
1Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Leading Researcher, Department of Ergodesign, Moscow Technological University
2Leading Researcher of the Innovation Center for Self-Development "Resource"
3Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of Computer Design Department, Moscow Technological University
e-mail: ryab4ik@mail.ru
K.A. Nazarova, M.S. Sapozhnikov (Moscow, Russia) ABSTRACT
the purpose of this article is the developed complex of musical levers on a person's functional state substantiation, presented in the "Simulator for active musical therapy" (SAMT) method. This is a brand new psychocorrective tool used to develop conditioning, cause-and-effect relationships, higher mental functions and the formation of functional comfort. There are theoretical and methodological fundamentals of the correctional method from the point of the system-structural approach view, as also, modern conceptual approaches to the study of musical psychophysiology. The simulator contains the projected and approved stimulus sound material, developed on the basis of the author's system musical means of the functional state’s optimization research, presented as a correct diagnostic tool of the person’s functional state. Reliability of results in several laboratories and real life conditions. The reliability of the results is proved in several laboratory researches and real life conditions.
Keywords: functional comfort, accessible environment, psychophysiology, psychocorrection, emotional regulation.
INTRODUCTION
Emotional regulation of human vital activity reflects the process of internal work of the body and is one of the main problems being solved in the fields of ergonomics, psychophysiology and labor psychology [1, 2]. Insufficient investigation of the emotional sphere of the functional state, as well as leveling of the role of emotions in the human activity regulation, is the reason for the absolutization of logical aspect in the system-structural study of vital activity, at the consideration of which the fundamentally important value of emotional structure as a segment of thinking, often prevailing over the logical structure of world perception, is ignored [ 3, 4].
One cannot deny the fact that the absence of a constant development of sanogenic thinking leads to an exclusively external (objective) rectilinear management of cognitive (mental) activity, and, as a consequence, it disturbs psychosomatic health, affects the quality of development of the person's cognitive sphere [5].
While the modern popular psychology is increasingly suggesting methods of repressing and suppressing emotions as a method of educating a successful competitive personality, one should not forget that the regulation of emotions is a process of recognition and implementation of subjective biologically based experiences [6], their transformation from the destructive in the constructive field of thinking, which promotes the productive implementation of life-activity and personal processes [7], as well as contributes to the formation of an optimal comfortable psychosomatic condition that is a major factor in the functional comfort formation in the terms of psychology of work and ergonomics [8, 9]. The analysis of individual
features of the emotional sphere, the analysis of structural and dynamic properties of a person and the level of influence of the musical means of expressiveness on the person's functional state, taking into account the type of higher nervous activity, allowed us to reveal the main predictors of individual reaction to the sound stimulus and to form a stable model of perception of musical means of expression by different types of personality [10, 11, 12]. The structured knowledge obtained by the theoretical- methodological and experimental methods formed the basis of the SAMT methodology, which is presented in this study as a musical-acoustic projected auditory means of optimizing a person's functional state, taking into account the psycho-physiological and socio-ergonomic factors [13].
Study object: influence of a set of designed musical means of expressiveness (melody, harmony, rhythmic) on the person's functional state, taking into account the individual and typological properties of a person.
Study subject: development and approbation of a set of musical means of expressiveness (melody, harmony, rhythmic), structurally and dynamically correlated with the individual and typological properties of a person.
Study hypothesis: designed set of musical means of expressiveness, presented in the form of structurally and dynamically differentiated musical criteria: melody, harmony, rhythmic is a theoretically and methodologically grounded set of musical characteristics that provide a stable effect of optimizing a person's functional state.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF STUDY
The task of this technique is to find the most convenient and effective, affordable means of optimizing a person's condition, capable of providing the development of higher mental functions, cause-effect relationships, sanogenic (creative) thinking and, ultimately, influence the formation of the person's functional comfort in the game form.
To achieve the objectives, the work was built in several stages:
1. Identification of the main descriptive criteria for the means of musical expression, differentiated on the basis of the predominant type of higher nervous activity.
2. Creation of a set of musical means of expressiveness of various structural and dynamic content hypothetically optimal for a certain type of higher nervous activity. Design of stimulating sound material, presented in the form of patterns of melodies, tempo-rhythmic structures and harmonics, is carried out on the basis of the results obtained when revealing descriptive criteria for the means of musical expression, differentiated by the prevailing type of higher nervous activity.
3. Approbation of the projected set of musical means of expression in the laboratory conditions using the complex psychophysiological method of fixing the results. Processing of the obtained results and selection of the most valid patterns of musical expressiveness means, providing a stable influence on a person's functional state, taking into account individual and typological characteristics.
The designed SAMT methodology is based on the modern neurocognitive studies based on the developments of the All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics (ergonomics and psychophysiology) in the field of psychoacoustic design and functional states; the Center for Applied Neuroeconomics and Behavioral Research; the Russian-German Center of the European Academy of Natural Sciences [14].
The following empirical methods were used to reveal the peculiarities of influence of the musical means of expression on the person's functional state: laboratory and ascertaining experiments, methods of interrogation, psychological testing, method of expert evaluations; psychophysiological methods:
electroencephalography, registration of vegetative indices: skin-galvanic reaction, photoplethysmogram, electrocardiogram, respiration recursion.
The following methods were used to process the results: descriptive EEG analysis; coherent analysis;
topographic mapping; comparative analysis of the reliability of indicators, revealed using the parametric Student's t-test; Spearman correlation analysis; cluster analysis; multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measurements. Data processing was carried out with the help of Logic 10.0, ANOVA/MANOVA, Statistics 22.0, analysis of brain electrical activity, heart rate analysis, cumulative analysis by Medikom LTD.
As is known, the type of higher nervous activity is a stable set of psychophysiological features of a person associated with emotional excitability [16]. The general scientific position that the main properties of the nervous system are the balance, strength and mobility of the nervous system, as well as the theoretical and methodological analysis of the existing fundamental psychophysiological typologies of a person and their comparative analysis, made it possible to identify the basic descriptive criteria for the means of musical expression most suitable for each type of the higher nervous activity. The study and systematization of the influence of harmony, rhythmic and melody of music on the person's functional state made it possible to identify the ways of optimizing the psychoemotional state (to cause a stable fixed effect) [9]. To approbate and confirm the validity of the derived descriptive criteria for the means of musical expression, we developed a test questionnaire, including sound examples aimed at identifying the subjectively preferred and comfortable criteria for choosing the musical means of expression studied: melody, harmony, rhythmic. The total population of a sample included 1,400 respondents, which were differentiated according to the following criteria: the prevailing type of higher nervous activity, the level of musical education, gender, age, and the level of general education.
The creation of musical stimulus methodical material was carried out at a professional recording studio by the professional musicians and music psychologists.
In a study aimed at identifying stable psychological correlators of differentiated perception of musical means of expressiveness, the sample consisted of 440 respondents aged 11 to 65 years old. To identify the psychophysiological predictors of the perception of subjectively preferred/non-preferred musical means of expressiveness, a complex psychophysiological experiment was performed on a sample of 46 people aged 16 to 46 years old.
The system of musical means of influencing the person's functional state in this technique is presented as a designed ordered set of interrelated musical characteristics that provide stable effects of changes in the person's functional state, recorded with the help of psychophysiological indicators as a whole.
RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION
The results of testing aimed at revealing the main descriptive features of means of musical expression, differentiated according to the type of higher nervous activity, confirmed the validity of the designed sound stimulus material representing the SAMT methodology. The hypothesis of this research was based on the fact that the structure and dynamics of the musical means of expressiveness correlates with a certain type of higher nervous activity in terms of strength, balance and mobility, the frequency of discretization of the information component, its mobility, the way of perception, processing of information and the output signal. The reliability of results is confirmed by the volume of general population and the level of statistical significance (p <0.05), as well as a representative sample of respondents in the further psychophysiological study.
Based on the results obtained, the expert group identified the most suitable projected musical patterns according to the following criteria: melody, rhythmic, harmony, differentiated on the basis of a prevailing type of higher nervous activity. Musical patterns formed the basis of the SAMT methodology, presented in
the form of a musical sampler, consisting of mutually-compatible musical means of expressiveness according to the following criteria: melody, harmony, rhythmic. For each criterion, a person tested, by listening and comparing, selects the subjectively preferred sound of melody, harmony, rhythmic. Thus, a person makes an informed choice of musical movement, musical phrasing and emotional components in favor of subjective comfort and achieves an optimal result for himself by an experienced way: formation of functional comfort (homeostasis), achieved by the empirical subjective experience and, as a consequence, the development of higher mental functions and cause-effect relationships. It is proved that depending on the individual and typological features of a person, certain musical means of expressiveness expressing a certain emotion that are stably reflected in the presented musical patterns will be subjectively comfortable to the person [9, 10]. All musical patterns are synchronized with each other and will create a common musical sound, regardless of the choice of pattern.
The laboratory psychophysiological study was based on the following scenario: before registering the bioindicators, a person tested was asked to listen to four types of patterns of melody, harmony and rhythmic that differed structurally and dynamically, and correlated with four types of higher nervous activity. Then, from the patterns chosen for each criterion of the proposed means of musical expression, it was created the general sound of harmony, melody and rhythmic, most preferred by the person tested, making together a full-fledged musical composition. Then a person tested was asked to create a composition of patterns that did not fit his subjective choice and induce an indifferent or rejecting reaction, in order to compare the subjective and objective recorded values for two compositions.
When calculating the Pearson correlation ratio, which characterizes the linear relationship between two variables, we have compared the subjective assessment of the persons tested for all functional tests with vegetative indices. As a result of processing by the functional sample "listening to subjectively selected patterns" and calculating the correlation ratio, we found out the following: 38 people have a positive correlation in terms of electrocardiogram (82% of persons tested), which confirms the fact that subjective predisposition to music positively affects the person's functional state.
In terms of skin galvanic reaction, which characterizes irritation and emotional reaction, 28 people (60%
of the persons tested) could see a positive correlation when listening to subjectively preferred patterns.
40% of the persons tested had an increase in negative emotional reactions when listening to the subjectively unpleasant patterns, which was due to improper type of speed and strength of the stimulus.
Linear mapping of the functional brain activity occurred on the dichotomous scales: subjectively preferred patterns - subjectively non-preferred patterns in all frequency ranges. The average sample index showed significant results in the theta-2, alpha-1, beta-2 ranges. The brain mapping showed that the activity of the frontal-central, upper frontal and parieto-occipital region is predominantly higher when listening to subjectively preferred patterns, while it was observed a pronounced activity in the left anterior-frontal abduction Fp-1 when listening to subjectively non-preferred patterns, the region of which was responsible for the logical concentration of attention and logical perception of information. In the averaged value in theta-2 range, the most pronounced increase in the spectral power of the frontal, frontal-central and parietal are is also observed. When listening to subjectively preferred patterns, pronounced activity is observed on P3, P4 abductions, responsible for sensory-cognitive perception and cognitive processing of the incoming signal. When listening to subjectively preferred patterns, pronounced alpha-2 rage activity is observed in the right central, frontal, temporal region in the averaged index.
Taking into account the trends revealed in the topographical mapping, as well as the presence of subjective and objective physiological factors, comprehensively evaluated in this study, we carried out an analysis of variance between group differences in scales: subjectively preferred patterns - subjectively non-preferred patterns, to identify possible patterns between different dependent samples. There is the activity of the evoked potentials in the range of P3, P4 abductions, responsible for cognitive cognition and verbal remembering of information, in the ranges of theta-2 and alpha-1. There is the activity in the
frequency ranges of alpha-1, alpha-2 in F7, F8 abductions, which are responsible for cognitive, as well as endogenous mood regulation, emotional expression, verbal perception and processing of the verbal signal.
The obtained data testify to the fact that the systemic body response, when interacting with the SAMT, provides adequate mobilization of the body's psycho-physiological processes that contributes to the optimal functional state of an active person and the development of a state of functional comfort.
Synchronous activation of the affective and cognitive components of the psyche contributes to the development of sanogenic thinking and the regulation of person's emotional states.
CONCLUSIONS
We proved that the developed set of musical means of influence, presented in the form of "Simulator for active music therapy" methodology (SAMT), was a powerful way of influencing the person's functional state and could be used for the development of conditioned reflex, cause-effect relationships, higher mental functions and the formation of functional comfort. The study conducted in the field of musical preferences of modern man revealed that the most significant criteria in the music evaluation for all typologies of personality were: melody, rhythmic, harmony. We found some regularities for evaluating musical criteria depending on the personality psychotype.
The simulator is a universal practical tool and allows diagnosing the structural and dynamic qualities of a person, as well as adjusting the functional state. We presented the satisfactory indicators of the criteria for evaluating the technique quality, as well as showed the reliability of correlation analysis of the psychophysiological parameters.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work was prepared with the support of the European Academy of Natural Sciences (Hannover), the Center for the Development of Social Innovation "Technology of Opportunities".
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