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NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY

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Faculty of Arts and Sciences

Department of English Language and

Literature

GOVS ANV GOVV'ESSES

IN

GR'fff

MYTtlOLOGY

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Prepared by:GUL YAMAN

Supervised by: Assoc.Prof.Dr. :

GUL

CE

LKAN

1999

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2. IJ\J'f}l()l)lJC:'fl()J\J--- 1-\111

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to Z --- 1-94

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I would like to give my special thanks to all the lecturers of

the English Department who did their best to educate us and

especially to GUL CELKAN the chairperson of the English

Department who has been very helpful to me in preparing this

thesis as well, and to MINE CALISKAN, !RADE SIRINOVA and

ROGER SIMPSON for all their help and patience through out my

two and a half

years.

Myths are stories that narrate in an imaginative and symbolic

manner the total and basic structures upon which a culture

rests. Given this emphasis on what is fundamental to cultural

meaning and value, the myth may appear to be fantastic and

bizarre, because the mythic story cannot be explained in the

terms of the ordinary conventions of the culture. In fact, the

ordinary conventions of the culture are understood as having

their origins in the myth.

The term mythology may describe a certain body of myths, for

example, Greek, African, or Scandinavian, or it may refer to

the study of myths. The study of myths may take several

forms. Some studies aim at a careful understanding of the

beings, personages, and actions in a particular cycle of myths.

Others seek to understand the reason or necessity for these

kinds of stories and their importance in the life of any culture.

Studies of this kind might seek to locate in the origin of these

stories expressions of the human psychic structure or consider

them as a collective societal response to the mystery of life.

Myths often merge into legends, sagas, and tales. Although no

absolute differentiation can be made, some lines of distinction

can usefully be drawn. Mircea Eliade has emphasized the

temporal qualities of myth, holding that mythic time is

qualitatively different and discontinuous from ordinary,

existential time. The latter is related to mythic time only as an

imitation of it.

Legends are traditional stories that, although containing

fictional and imaginative elements, have a historical basis and

extraordinary

enough to be remembered

and embellished.

Here again the temporal mode of the events and actors is

continuous with conventional and ordinary time.

Until the 18th century the term myth was used to refer

primarily to myths from the ancient Greeks and Romans, that

is, to the ancient pagan myths of the Western world. Since

that time the term has been used to classify narratives of this

kind from almost every geographical area of the world. Myths

may be classified according to the dominant theme expressed

in the narrative. Some of the most important themes treated

in myths are creation and origins, the birth of gods and divine

beings, death and the afterlife, and the

renewal and rebirth of the world.

TYPES OF MYTHS

Creation Myths

The creation, or cosmogonic, myth is usually the most

important myth of the culture because it relates how the

entire world came into being. Not only the beings revealed in

the myth but also the qualitative mode of creation becomes a

model for all other forms of creation in the culture. Creation

may also be seen as the result of violent acts and warfare

among the gods.

Myths of the Origin of Deities

Specific deities may appear at the time of creation and are

thus part of the narrative of creation myths. The oldest forms

of these deities in myths of creation are often symbolized

through the expressions of sky and earth. The sky may be a

symbol of a father; the earth, a mother.

Whereas modern societies conceive of a time as a linear

process moving always into a new and infinite future, in

primitive and traditional societies time was understood and

experienced as a cyclical rhythm that at various intervals

came to the end of a cycle and began again. This

understanding of time was no mere abstract formulation.

ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN MYTHOLOGIES

Mesopotamian Myths

Religion and mythology undergo successive interpretations

hroughout

the history of Mesopotamian culture. The

mythology can be divided into three major periods: BCBCthe

protoliterate age; from the 2d dynasty of to the beginnings of

he Old Babylonian period ( c.19th century BC); and the Old

Babylonian period until the end of the Assyrian-Babylonian

ivilization in the 7th century. In the middle period, the cycle

f myths continues fertility motifs but in a muted form. The

emphasis in these myths is on the origin, meaning, and

authority of the ruler; historically they correspond to the use

of collective

organization

among

the

city-states

of

Ancient Egyptian culture, myth, and religion might be

characterized as a duality with rhythmic structures contained

within a static unity. Unlike Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt as a

civilization did not develop several powerful city-states along

two rivers. Egypt had one river of significance, the Nile, and

smaller villages grew up alongside its banks. Each of these

village communities manifested a mythology, but these

mythologies did not create tensions among the communities.

Canaanite Mythology

The biased nature of sources made knowledge of this religion

conjectural and vague until the discovery of mythological texts

at Ras Shamra, the site of ancient Ugarit, in 1929. The Ras

Shamra texts provide much more detail concerning the

Canaanite gods and the mythological cycles. Canaanite scribes

wrote down many of these texts.

INDO-EUROPEAN MYTHOLOGY

The study of Inda-European mythology was a direct result of

he growth of knowledge about the family of Inda-European

languages, from Sanskrit to the languages of modern Europe,

which developed- in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The

eclectic comparative study that arose, in which Max Muller is

he most important figure, was by and large discredited by the

early 20th century; only recently, with the work of Georges

Dumezil and his followers, has the Inda-European myth again

The earliest 'development of Inda-European mythology for

which evidence is plentiful comes from the Indian Rig-Veda,

compiled probably at the end of the 2d millennium BC by the

Aryans, who had overrun northern India (see Vedas). At this

time the high god was Varuna, the overpowering master of

knowledge and magic, presiding over the changing spectacle

of the universe. The mythology of India is in constant flux,

however, and gods who have but a minor part in the Rig-Veda

become important in later Vedic and other literature.

Greek Mythology

Greek mythology expresses neither unity nor consistency. The

lack of coherence is due to the several factors that went into

he formation of Greek myths and mythological personages.

First, the existing fragments of Greek myths cover a period

rom the 2d millennium BC to the beginnings of the Christian

era. These myths and fragments of myths are in many cases

parts of total mythological cycles in local communities, but in

any cases the entire cycle is not known today. Second, the

orpus of Greek mythology contains mythological elements

rom different cultures and histories.

oman Mythology

he historical background out of which the myths of Rome

merge is similar in some aspects to that of the Greeks.

here, too, the Inda-European elements were superimposed

cultural religious meanings from Greece, Syria, Iran, and

Egypt played a role in Roman mythology. Nonetheless, Roman

mythology has a special character and nature that can be

delineated. Unlike Greek mythology, which is varied, complex,

and rich in poetical and speculative allusions, Roman religion

and Roman myths are prosaic, prudent, and precise in a legal

and moral sense.

Norse (Germanic and Scandinavian) Mythology

After 1000 BC some form of Inda-European language was

spoken by most European cultures. From the middle of the 1st

millennium BC, Germanic tribes lived in southern Scandinavia

and northern Germany. Their expansions and migrations from

the 2d century BC onward are recorded in history.

Scandinavian and Germanic mythology have a common origin

and structure; they will, therefore, be discussed in their unity.

With the exception of the observations made by the Romans

Julius Caesar and Tacitus, all of the sources on Germanic

mythology are late and Christian. The main body of traditions

is contained in the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson, an

Icelandic historian who is considered the most accurate editor,

edactor, and interpreter of the religious and mythological

sources of the Old Norse religion.

Celtic Mythology

The Celts originally inhabited an area in southern Germany

and Bohemia. By the end of the 5th century BC they had

expanded into the Iberian peninsula; in 390 BC they sacked

ome. In the east they went as far as Anatolia. In the west

hey migrated to Britain in the 5th century BC and Ireland in

Celts from the archaeological materials left behind in the

various countries where their culture dominated for several

centuries. Most of the written documents of Celtic culture and

religion are from Ireland and date from the 12th century AD,

when they were written under Christian aegis.

A13A'RIS: In- (ireek- ~ Abt;c.ri4-' WM a,,~ who- -C-raveled, w~ a- mafjW arrow ffivew-C-o- hMw by the- god,

Apollo: TM ~ arrow cured ~ allowed Abt;c.r4f,-C-o-callup o-Y~ ~renderedhuwt,n:v~

cJ~

M

were- believed to- Uve- be,yo--nd the- north- wt,,,u;l tr,,, a- realt1v of perpecuab ~ Apollo; the- sun, god1 m,ade, ~~of~

arrow whew

M helped Abt;c.ri4-' flee, frcmv S~

s~r;..n,~fo-r ~r;..n,p~hy.

ACl{JLLES: Iw (ire,e/v ~ A~ WM the. ;t"r~ Mtft'est; and,, l1'W;St' compa-ene- of~ (ireek- heroes- who-~ tr,,,

~Tr<!JaA'l/War. f{e-wM~J<J"11/of~,ytmp~ rJ,r,er14-; who-dipped hMw Maw tnfa,nt' ~ the- Rwer S01P a.nd: tha« m,ade, every pe<,,rt' of hts,, bod:Y t,n:vu,lnerab/,e, eµ;ep-C-~ lied by w~

.sk

of KIA1ff' Ly~ f{e,, WM found there- by &dy~ however: and, perJt,t,aded, to- .f<Ji,n, the. (i reek- arJn;Y befo-re,, Troy.

Acconi~ to- f{mner~ I~ tr,,, the. -C-~ year of~. Tr<!JaA'l/ War, A~ withdrew fr0111/ the. ~~ aft-er A~

~ ~r~ hts,, {two-Yue- ;kwe-pb. He-~ tr,,, hts,,-C-ent' urird- ~~of~ clo1e, friend Pat"r~ ~ifred hMw to- return- to- baa!& TM ;,,nitivgod, Hep~~ forged hu1v a- ~ Jet' of ar~ ~a,,~ Jl,,ieu;t ow w~ wa« depta-ed the- wJwl,e,, r~ of the- ruunaA'V ~um,,: thu4,, equipped; M av~

Patr~~ ~ tr,,, a- c;elebrat"ed duet w~ ~ g:rear TrOj'aw hero- f{ec,t-or. A(ier dr~ f{ec,t-o-Y~ bod:Y sevew tune« ar<JUYUI,,

the- w~ of Troy belu,nd hts,, chariot; A~ WM perJt,t,aded,

w-

ACTE&N: Iw(ire,e/v~ Act"aeun,w~a,,hur,rer, ~J<J"11/of Ar~aeur. Whew M uru,nt"enr'wr,,al,ly Jt,U"prtsed, the- goddesr Art"~~ na,l.;e,d- tr,,,~ woo-ck Jk ~ hu1v tnw- a- Jt"ag; a,ul,hts,, dogr killed hinv.

AVcJNIS: In- (ireek- ~ A~ WM a» ~ Y<JUnfl' Jhephertt loved- by Aphroda'e: The, o(/jprU'lff' of a- love- affeur

bettoeen: KIA'lfr Cuy.trM of Cypr"'11' and, hiy dauf!Jit"er Myrr~ A~ WM born- /rCJ11'V the, t"r~ of the, f11jlrrh, tree- tn:t'o-- w~ hiy mothe« had been: chanf!ed, by the,~ Aphrodire,, lefr the, i,n,fa,nC" A~ ?n, the, care- of PerJe/}~ thef queen, of the, ueuierworld; who- also- fell- vn, love- wttlv hi:,,,u Whae,, hun,t--'IA1ffi A~ wounded a- wild boar, w~ turned- on, hi:.,,w and killed hMn: Aphroda-e,, pleaded that- he- be- restored. to- her, bur Z eas- decided that- both: ~ JlwuU share. hi:.,,w for a-erntty.· A~ would JPend the, JPrU'lff' and,~ wttlv Aphroda-e,, and the, r~ of the, year witlv PerJe/}~ ?n, the, underworld.

The, anemone. the, wild flower that- each- year ~ briefly and then,~ ~ Jaid- to-have- J/JrU1'1,fr fro-rn,, hiy blood:

AEACllS.·In-(ireek-~ Aeacu,s,WM/;l/.JUft"~who-vn,li(e, ruled, the, 4lland of A~ bur ?n, the, aft'erli(e, was-a- .fudge, of the, dead U1/ I{~ f{e,, WM the, .WW of the, 11:)!m/Jh,A ~ and of

Z~ ruler of heaven: When, Her~ Z~' wife; ~ercxl her h«4band'J-' tnf(delay, ~ t"oolv revenge, by 1141«~ a- deadl;J!

p~ on, a-n- 4,land whose- ~U'ne/

a:

AEGEllS: In- (ireek- ~ A~ WM~ of A~ and father of the, hero- ~ by A ethra: f{e,, lat-er nuwrted the, sorcereer M~ who- bore- hi:.,,w a- second- JOn; M~ and,~

aft'er att'empttng, to- t"ridvA~ tn:t'o-- marderU'lff' ~ Beru: on- heroco ~huJ, ~ Jailed for Crde,, vn, a- Jhip witlv bladv ~ to- con/roru: the, )vft,no:t-aur. If he: prevailet:4 he- pr~

A egeus; the,~ of hiy hmnebound vewd would be- wha-e: f{e,, forf!<Yi hiy pr~ however; and A~ war~ fro-rn,, the, A crop~ ~ hiy son: had died'IA'l/ the, CrdfM'l/ labyr~

f{e,, killed ~ by leaptA'lfr into- the-sea; w~ came- to- be. called the,A egearv.

AEGIS: In- (ireek- ~ the,~ WM a- JlueU ~e,d

wttlv Z~ who- wa« .called, ·~ ~ bearer, '' and wttlv the, ~ A~ fibm,e,r ~i/Je,d ~ ~ M a- ~

breast/)~~ bordered walv ,serpent"';,: ~ t'~ ~ of A~ ~rudedof~ war ia-wttlvthe,~head

ofM~ the,gurgurv.

AEGISTf{US: The, ~ ftffur~ of A~

w

characte« in,~ (iree/v t'rag:edjt. The. son: of Thy~~ who- raped h4J,, daught-er, Pe/op~ A~ war JUCkle,d by a- g,oat" {ht:r na-me- means- gcat' #ren9-th/) a-nd. ra4ed by At'reus; whom:

he, late« ~ W~ At'r~'r son: A~ war aUJIAj/ ~fA'lff' the, Trefcui,, War, A~ became- the, iover of ht:r wtfe,

Cf:yt'~rcv. Tog-ether the:Y marderedA~ ar J001'l/ as-

he, returned- fro-m,, Troy, and in, rev~ h4J,, childre-111 &re,JC"'~ and Elea'ra- killed,,~

AENEAS: Irv the-Aeneid of Ver!fil; Aeneas- war the, Tr<!Ja,n., hero- whose- ~ founded f?o-,n,e: Whew the, (ir~ dea-royed Troy, ~ JUYl!Worr fled the, b-urntA1,ff ~ A~ the, refufJ,eer were- A~ h4J,, wife,- and ~ JOn1 and ht:r ~ father,

A~ Hw wife,- war lo1t" i,n, the,~ but- A~ ~ ht:r son: and canyinff' ht:r ~ (t:aher on- ~ back made, ni,J, WIAj/ to- Ja{ety. Walv a- ba,ndof fug,u"w~A~ set: ~

to- f{,nd a- new ~ but- war ;hipwreded at"

c~

where- he, #IAj/ed w~ Queew Vido-: rhe. Aeneid ~~ the, wtvnderinfjr of the, Tr<!J~ who- afrer ~ advent"'ur~ finally reached the, shor~of It'~

A E&Lus.· Irv (iree/v ~ A e<JUtr war the, fjOd of the, w~ and ruler of t/ie,A eoican- IJ,/a,uk Accor~ trr: !{o-,n,er, he, gay~ &dj;~ fiworabk, w~ for h4J,, lw-,ne,ward voyage, and a- ~ i,n,w~the,C-Ont"rary w~wer~c&n/tned.

AGAMEMN&N. Irv (iree/v ~ A~ a- son: of Atreas, war the-conzma-nder in, chief of the, (ir~ in, the,·Trefcui,, War. H~ war the,~ of Mycef'La,e/ and a- brother of M~

whose- kidnapped wtfe, !(e/en,, of Troy, war the, wunediar~ caase: of the, co-nfuct: &rv h4J,, WIAj/ to- Troy, A~ agreed to- Jaerif,:ce,-h4J,, daught-er Ip~ tn,order

to-

to- av~ her daught-erJ-- ;acr~ When,, her hud,and war ai-- ease- U1/ the. ~ she. and: her lover mardered hinv. Hw J01'v &r~erlat-er avengedA~rdeadk

AGANIPPE: Zn: Greelv ~ Agantpp~ daught-er of~ rwer-god, Per~ war a- f1::Yl1t/Jh: Her founi--atn., on- the, .slope.r of Mount"' H~ war sacred- to-the-mase« Ii war beluwed that" ,n,o-,--t'al4,, who-drank,, of~ water» would recea/e- -poeac, po-werJ: AGAVE.· Accor~ to- Greelv ~ AfftWe- war~ daught-er of

c~

c~

{~t/{ed, wttlv the, R~ 13~ came- to- ~ Ag:ave- rtyed'ed ~ wo·r,slu:p, U1/ w~ ~ fo{iowerr ~ U1/ wad ruual, ~ and tore- apari-- UYe- (awnr. P~ unpr4so-ned lr,i,,w. Vt<J1yl~ ttJolv nw~ by ~Agcwe-to- tear her J01'v to-

p~

AGLAIA: The, dauifht"er of Z~ and Eurynome, Afflaia,- {''brilliance/J war one- of the- three- Charu~ or Gr~ the. ~ who- emlJodi.ed beauty and cha,r,w U1/ ~

~ The, otherr were- Euphr01Jlne- {)'oy'J and 71udia,, {"lwom/' or "f/,o-werlA1,ff''J. Their name« and number differ U1/ vartaeu: accourus. Pro-ba/J{y ba4ed on: very early J/)trur of v~wn; the;y had no- cul,t- of importance, U1/ ~ ~ and are- bea- Enown: ar popular fi:f!urer U1/ art: Afflaia,- w ~~~t/{ed,arthe-w~of Hephaea-u,:

t{[AX.· In- Greelv ~ Aja:,v { or A~ was- the- name, of two-- heroes; both, of whom: fout!}i,i-- U1/ the- Troyan, War. A.Ja,p of S~ ~~called ~Great"er

1/AA

T~ aw old co-mrade-of Hercukf: A Uhoug/v charaa-er~ by Homer ar J-hw-wifted; A.fa,p of s~ war nev~ one, of the- bea- /{ghi--err anun1fr the- Gr~ and war famed for ~ ,,C-~ c.ourag:e, U1/ the-~ of adverJ£ty. A{ier the- deach: of A~ u/hose- armor had been- claifned by both, A.Ja,p and

&dy~ and war fi,nally, awarded to- &dy~ A.fa,pJ-- reseni-mene-dro-ye-~ mad, and~£Wentuallj! lc£lled~

Aji:i1v of Lo-cr4,,; or the, L~ A.;AA war aha-- a- good (ighi-er, bur l{<J11UW freq~ merutoru- ~ aJrma,nnered and vtoieeu: behavto-r. Shipwrededon, lt4r wcy; home- to-(ir~a:{t'er the, war, A.Ji:l1vof Lo-crw ~ to- JWWV ashore- w~ the,a,idof the, sea- god P~ Lat"'er, however, M bo-a,Ft-ed 'that- M had JCWed

hiwvJel/ wahoiu: d,;v{,ne, ~ and, for di£r unperr~ P~~hun-to-fall, tn@- the, Je(A/anddroww.

ALCESTIS: In, (ireek- ~ A~w war the, daught-er of Peliar and the, devot"ed w~ of Adm.et-as: Whew A dmet-~

uy;

volaeueered; In, one- version- of the, ~ ar A kesrw too-Iv her hud,a,nd/r p~ PerJePM"ne; unpre,wu:l, by her devotton; rescued: her fro-rn, death: In, another, f{erCt,Uey grappled, w/Xh; H~for her ~andr~her.

ALCINOUS.· In, (ireek- ~ A~ a- gr~ of the, god P~ war~of the,pJiaeadans,; l{e, war the,~

of Aret'e,and the,father of N~ In, the, Od:J!J1ej! {books,, 6, 7, and 8) he- ~ the, 4fland of Scheru:v {possibly Corcyrev} and-of/err Jheker to- Od:J!~ who-liar been, drwe,n, a:shore, by a- J@YIH/. In, the, lefl,end of the, Ar~ A~ /,?J;ey on, the,

~

ef

Jawrv

their fl.£9ht/ro-rn,

c~

A LCMAEON.· In, Greelv ~ A lcmaeon- led, the, Epif!On,4 Jany of th& Seye,n,aga£nst"' The~ I{ w father, A mphlarcr...£~ Wal' a- pare-of

the, ~~I.Orv. Aicenaeon: learned thac ~ mother, Eripllj/~ had been, bribed to- ur~ the- war that- br~ ~ to- h4,, father, who; ar he, ~ dj-,tng,; exhorted: A Icmaeon- to- avenge,

Eripllj//,e,'J,, decea: A Icmaeon/ killed ~ mother, but- t,n, p~the,Furterdro-ve,h,,;,,-,v;r~

ALCMENE.· In, (ireelv ~ A~ war the, daught-er of KIA'lf!" Elea'ryon, of Ar~ w~ of A ,npl,,a-ry0"111 and mother, by Z £!.U4; of Hera-e/e:f, { see- He.r~. Z eas- caene- to- her t,n, the,~

of her~ and ~ga,ve, birtlvto-two- sons- ,fU'IUl/r~:

l{e,;,iod; Zeu,s, chose- A Icmene- because- she- wa,;, tr,.,eorrupttb-l& WMl'v she. ~ he, Jent" f{ermer to- bYU1fl' her

to-

'B~ where- she- 1r.,arried f?hada,naM,tly;;,: A lcmene- war

wo-rJhiped IA'l/~ sacred. gr011e-- U1/

r~

ti!,mpl,e,, of !{er~ {,rt./ Athen#W mad. !{e, wc;r~ wo-rJhiped c;r...:t"

r~a{ier hi:,ydeat/v.

Afi'IAZOtVS: Irv (iree/v 1nytho-logy~ the, Anta;fOYw u/ere- a- race, of women: warrcors- who- !i:,ved U'l/ A~ a-nd. fought"' witlv the-

Tro.;arv;,, agai,rvJ-i the- (ireeks, u,z,, the, Tro.;aw k/a«: At' that- t6f111e1 their quee,n, w~ P~ who- wa« eveni-uallj! ~ by the- (i ree/v/1.,ero-A chtller. lege-l'td had it'tfo.at"'tfo.,e,A ma,g.onr dealr witlv men: for onlj! tJuo- rea4<J114; procreat""wrv a-nd: bactie, a,nd that' they re-are-d o-rt,o/ thdr ,.fema/g ymM1f}': A namoe« of (iree/v her~ fought"' ~the,A ,na,pn1,1:- Her~ had to- o-b-t'a,i,n, the, girdle,

of Queen, Hipp~e-- ~ one- of h4f, rweue- Labor}{ ~ abduot-ed Que£Wv H ippo·fyc~-- who: bore- lww ~ J<J--n1 Hippolyt'U,i;

a-nd: who- led her tr~ tl1/ an- i+ul~ of Atttca« 'Bellerophon, had to- fiuht'the,n, and- ~ed witlv h4f, ~ pr~ ridi;ng,- p~· Vimy/Jarconquered them,, ~pare-of h4f,~louJ: Arrl4tJ,, ~ ~ tl1/ b-aftl,e,,frequend;y depta-ed -the-A~ witlv mew. AMBROSIA.· I n- Greek-~ tu'l'lhY{)-J-Uv was- the. food of the:

~ Frag:ra-nt"' a-nd: p~ t'Cv,f(""IA1,ff;

a:

AMPHIA'RAllS: Iw(ireelv ~ A,nphiar~ was-a. seer a-nd: hero- who- t'oolv pare- tn, the, calytUJnian, boar hunt; the, voyage, of -the-Ar~{see,,J~

~J~

the, Seven-~ rheoe« A ,nphiar~ foresaw h4f, own: ~

tn, the- war w~ ~ Ina- he, w~ bo-untl by a- vo-w to- h4f, greed:)t w~ Eriphy/,e; to- become- the, JeV~ champioru f{e,,

~rua-ed hi:,y y~ J<JrW A lcmaeon- and A ,nphtloc/utr

to-

to- ~

chariotee«, l3atiJ"rt.< ~ ;po<- beca-me. an, oracular Jhrtn.,& A mphiaraura4o--hada- aunp!,e,ar &rop~

AMPHI&N.· Iw(ireel.;,,~ Amp~4J,the,wn,ofZea:ra,nd,

Anr'wpet W~ ~ ttotn: brother, Zethus-; he- w~

lefr

z

~

I{ er~ iaug}rr hun,, a,nd,gav(J/ hun,, a- golden, lyre< Reunit"'ed w~ A naope: the, brotherr tJuat- the, ~ of rhebe«

z

the, stone« a-nd. the, tunes- fronv A mp~'r lyr(J/ fl'WVW the-n: int"&

placrx Amp~rnarriedN~ the,daught-erofTant"~ who- bore-hcn« Ji1v J0114'a,nd, Ji1vdaught-err {the,N~}. Skangered the,~ and, the:Y .slew aa her children, {thouf!Jv l41/ one, veruon- ofthe,~ Ch/or-4J,~M:a/J~- Z~iurnedN~i&JtlJ-n&

Amp~~~

AMPHITRITE: I n- (iree/v ~ A mphuru(J/ 4J, the,~ of the, sea; wifiy of the, god P~ and, one- of the, Nere£t;4- { see- 11:Ym/Jlw, the, 50 daught-err of Ner~ and, Vo-rts,; pOJeidon, carried her off when-he- Jaw her~ w~her Ji4t"erron, the, ~ of N~ In- a» variant" account' pOJeidon, /trJt" chose- her ~er Thet-'14; but-

a:

When,kiurned~att"ent""~i&Amphuru~ ~ht:d,fronvhun,, unt:"'w he- ~a-dolphin, to--fi:,nd; her. A mphurtX-(J/ had no- Je/)arar(J/ cuU: sk 4J, idenrifi:,ed, w~ s~ the, !?<muu'v ~ of the, .sak-Jea/.

AMPHITRY&N: In. (iree/v ~ Amphuryon, w~ the, son- of A~ ~ofTtryn1: l{4J,wife5 Alomene; ~hun,,to--aveng-e,

the, deatlv of her eifiht" brotherr. Whae,A mphuryon, was- awtyt on,

~~

z~

and, made, her pr~ When, A mphuryon, returned, he- also-

made-r! Icmene- pr~ Skga,v(J/ ~ to- tiocn: J0114'- -Ip~ the,wn,ofAmphurym11 ~Her~ the,wn,ofZeus:

ANCHISES.· In: (ireelv ~ Anch41er w~ the, (adter of A~ w~~r{ounded,1?0111,e,t A ~Y<JUnff'

;hepherdes,s, bore- ~ J0"11/ Aenear. VurtA1ff' the, TrOJa,n, War, A~carriedthe,agedA~w-~· ~ wer~r~

fir;t- tn, C~ thew tn, Itlzl:y. Thdr advent-urer ar~~tbed tn, V trffil'rA enecd.

ANV8<9MACt{E: In, (ireek- ~ Andromache: war- the, wi(iy of !(ea-or-, the, TrOJa,n, hero-lcaled durinff' the, Tr<!f/M1/ War. W~ A ndeomache: learned that-Hecwr war-~ JM tried: to- throw her.self down- frmn- the,~ wa/,ly tn, griefs~ war- ,a1ce,,,v caottve, however, and made- the, concabcne- of Ne.op~ one- of the,

victori,ouy(ireek,, warriors.

ANV8<9MEVA.· In, (ireek,, ~ Andromeda: war- fM1/ Ethiopuuv pr~ daught-er of KtA1ff' cepJieus, and Queen- C~da: Wl,,e,,v C~eia,, boa,st-ed that- A ndromeda: war- more- ~t/id tha-n: the, JetA/-~ called Ner~ P~ f!Od of the, sea- and father of the, Ner~ seru: a- sea- moruter W-rtW~Ethiop@ &nly the,.sacr~ofAndro-,neda,,

could per~ po-Jeido-n, w-caltoff the, monster; .so-A ndrorneda: war- chained naked to- a- sea- diff T~ hero- PerJe,t,14,' Ja,UJ her pUght; rescued- her, and lcaled the, monster: Thereupon;

Posecdon: turned- the, dead monste« vntiJ-- the, sea/» fir;t- cored; PerJe,t,14,'marriedAndr~ and~ tWent"ually ~kinff,

and queen-of the,(ireek,, cay of Ttryns:

ANTARIS: In, (ireek,, ~ Ant"'~ war- a- ~ whose- ;t-r~ war- renewed by coruact: w~ the, eartJl/. H~ war- lA'Wtncib/.e, unt""d f{erc:,u/,es,, ~ered that- he- could overcome- A~ by Ufrl#Lfl' hi,,,;v off the,ground:

ANTIG&NE: Ant-"~ the, daught-er of &edipus-; kinff, of Theber tn, (ireek,, ~ war- aha-- the, herocne. of one- of the, great"est" dr~ of Sopho-cler. AccurCUA1.f}" to- the, ~ when: &edip~ bl,i,nded him:,elf a,'-ter ~ marr~ to- ~ mother war- r£Wealed to- ~ Ant-"~ Jhared her (ather'r ~ near A~ A(t-er ~ death, JM returned- to- Theber and ate-empt'~ w~ her Jilt"'er I~ to reconcde-her quarr~ brotherrEt"~and

Poi:Ynice:f: 13~ brotherr were- killec4 but" her l[nde,, Creoru now lcin.ff; for~ the, bur/at of Poi:Y~ becaase-he had. betrayed

~ Whe,n,,A nr~ ;ecredjl buried her brother~ the, edia-of her~ ;he, her;elf war- buriedalwe:

ANTI&PE:In,(ireeh~ Anrwp~ a-~pr~ war seduced- by the, god Z~ U1/ the, fornv of a- Ja-Olr.

F~

StcyO"rl/ to- escape, the, wr~ of her fi;aher, ;he, bore, tJuU'l/ sons, A ,nphi:urv and, Z~ botlv of whom: were, to- become- ruler» of T~ A ,nphi:urv war a- maste« ~ who- builr the, wall- around T1ieber by char~ the, heavy stones- t,nt-o- pUle,{!/ w~ ~ lj!re, PUo/infl: Z~ war renowned- ar a- warrior and

1nturted ~ for whom. T1ieber war named:

APHR&tJITF.· In, (ireeh ~ Aphrodue, war the,

~t/id

& ne- t,,nport'a,nt" l11()ldv tn, wJu:d,,.; Aphrodue, puy;r a- ,n<:yor role. w the, so-caded. J udg,,nenr of Par41; U1/ w~ the, yo-u,ng,, Tro_fan,

prince, war~ to- cMO-J,e, the, {airest"' of the,~ f{e,

seiecced: Aphrodue, a-nd, tn, cloi+ifr JO; i,nfuru:u-ed the, other two- coruestaeus, the, regat Her~ w~ of the, chief f!Od Z ~ and, the, warU/ce, Athena: Aphrodue, rewarded Parw by helptng, huw abduct-f{e,1,e,n, of Tr~ the, action- tlua-provoked the, Tro_fan, War. Ar the, war neared ur end, Aphrodue, ~ to- rescue- Parw fronv the, f!Ya#J of M~ She, al4o-- da what- ;he, could to-

~ the, escape, of her J01'v Aeneas; whose, fadier A~~ been-anothe« of her Iovers.

AP&LL&: In, (ireeh ~ Apoilu- and ~ twtn, Jist"er, A rt'et1t44; were, the, cluldre,n, of Z ~ arid. Leco- and were, born, on.

the,~ of Velor. I{~ Apoilu- war- o(t'e,n, called the, tJrdia,n,

~ and tJ~ UJ11fr remained a- center of~ wor-Jhip. f{e, war al4o-- idenrified, ~ w~ Velph.4 tn, cenrra? (ir~ where, he, ~ the, serpeeu: P_yt/u)n, and founded the, most: renowned-

ceeuer for prophecy iA'v the, ancceeu: iaorid; the, WlA1,e/ of the,

Velphio &rad& Areas,, of ;pea::a.b concern/ to- Apollo- were, prophecy, medidne; the,~ art}; archery, beauty, ~ a-nd:

herck lcuo, courage; ~w~ A~edw~hi;.,n-were,the,

t'rtpod; omp~ { a, beeh{,ye,..Jhaped stone- at- Velph4 ~IA11!' that- ;poi- M the, center or navel-of the, EartizJ, lj!r~

bow a-nd. arrows, laurel- wr~ pa,l,w tree, wolf, htwJk crow, ~fawrv. A ~Apollo- WM not-(ireelv t,n,ortg:,,::n; he-became,

neµ-w-Z~ the,~~ revered- by the, (iree/v.s,, ~the,~

who-~~ the,(ireelv ;ptra: Lat-er he-becaene coruused- w~ the, JU,n,-~ H~ and. WM considered the,~ of light:

&f Apollo-~ ma,y; loves; one, of the, be:ft- known, WM Vap~ who-

fled ~ embr~ a-nd. WM turned- 1/1'1@- ~ tree. the, lauret.

Fr0'111/ that-tt,m,&0111 Apollo- wore-a- laurel- wreath: Laurel- wr~ became- the, prv;e, awarded, t,n, athld""t0 ~ ~

compd"uU'J"r1¥, AJC,/epU111; a, son- of Apollo; became- the, ~ of medidne,;· another son; Lt.nus; WM a, renowned mascc: teacher.

ARACHNE.· Iw(iree/v ~ Aracheie. WMev wo-rna,n,of Lydia,-

who- WM so- J,/dlled t,n, weavinfr that- she. pr~ to- challenge,

the,~ Athena, to- a, coruest; Afrer ~ the, per/e<;ruJrv of Arachne/s- work Athena,ohanfledher ~a, ;pider.

ARES.· Iw(iree/v~ Are4; the,.son,ofZ~~brotherof

Er~ WM the,~of war. A~ he, WM not-greatly admired,

am<Jnff' the, &lj!rnpia,n,,~ he, WM loved by Aphroda-~ by whom.

he-became- the,father of JeVerab chddrew. I n- Hcnner~ I~ Ar~

w

,y;rnph,;~one,ofthe,atc-endan4,,ofArt"'~ Alp~ a-rtve« fl<)d1 Jaw her bathi-ntr tn, a, Jt"'reaH'I/ a-nd. t'rted to- embra-<» her. Ar

JM fled under the sea, JM called on- A rt"'e,n{,s,- for help ~ WM

for,n, of a- rwer, flowed underground to- Sicil;y, where, he- WM' una--ed walvher IA1/~~ofAr~IA1/Syr~

A'RGllS:Iw(ireeh~ Ar~WM'tv~er wi,t;/vJOO (!jl~ ~ called Panopt"'er {''a&~'). IC- ~tied Io: a- mortzd. m,au;le,n, loved- by Zea« whom- M ~ intV-- a- ~ Ar~ WM'~~ name-or: ~o/dtWff'of &dy~ that-r~

ur J'JU14Cer on- lu::r return-to- I~a{t-er a-n-aosence-ot: 19 yearJ-: ARIAVNE: In, (ireeh ~ Ariadne, WM'~ daug:},rer of M~ the. ~ of era-& SM fel,l lA1/ lover wt,t;lv T~ and helpedhuw J/ay the- ~r~M~ by pro-y~ ~

walv a- thread to-~ lu::r Wty! oue-of the: uwyrtntlv lA1/ whidv the- monste« WM' co-nfi:.ned. ~ t"'oolv Ariadne, wt,t;lv huw when, M Jailed- for A~ buc- JOOrv abandoned her, UUWIA1ff' her M/,eep o-rv~4sla,ndofN~ There; Vimyl~ ~god,ofw~ wooed and- Zea-er wed her.

ARISTAEllS: In, (ireeh ~ Arts:t"~ the- son. of Apollo-- and- Cyrene; WM' a- ~dia,n, of herdr and a- beekeeper. fie, fe/,l IA1/WVerwalvEury~ w~of&rpheus; a-nd-trced-to-sedace her. Ar she: fled fhmv AriM"'~ lu::r beer pur;ued her; she. acddenrally #e,pped on- a- J11,ak and died of

ar

Thereafter, alt lu::r beer died.

Arts:t"~ co-,u,ulred Prot"'~ a- seer, and on- lu::r advtce. offered ;acrificer and fiuwrab honors- to- Eury~ and new JWar,ns, of

beer were, then, generae-ed: A riM"'~ J/Jenr lu::r la4t- tUljlr '~~Jlciaof beekeep~

ARTEMIS.· Iw(ireeh~ Art'~WM'~of~hunt"-

-the- ~r~ of wild,~- -and-the- prot"'ect"r~ of youth, and women: In, corurast: to--~ vOUtpt"'UOU4" Aphrodu-e; A rt'~ WM' ~ed wt,t;lv ~e, iove: she. l1Y' ~ depict"ed M' lea-n- and- at/ueru;, and l1Y' /requentlj! accomparued- by a- deer. SM WM'~

tu/en: Jist"er of Apollo- and- the- daug:l,rer of Z~ and La-o-: Art'~ WM'~ ide,nrified wt,t;lv the- Mo-o-rl1 and/or that- reason- she- WM' Zea-er ide,nrified walv the. moon--~ S eiene. Another of her na-mes- WM' Cy~ be,,,st--o-wed·~ ~WM'~

to- ha-ve. been, born, on- Mour,,,c Cy~ on- the: 4fland of Vela-s,; To- the- J?~ ~ was- lJ~

In, her roie-

a.,,,

re-~

ASCLEPillS: In, (ire.ek- ~ AJdep~ JO"W of Apollo-; the- god of~ wa.,,, a- /a,mo-ur phjt;,ioi,a,'k Hw mother; CorO"rU4-; a- prtncesr of ~ died when, M wa.,,, an: in(a,nt: Apollo- e-nt"r~ed the- child',, education. tu- Chirm11 a, ceruaa«; who- t'augJ,.t-AJdep~ the. ~ ~ AJdep~ ~Jo-~

U1/ JUrfl(!l"Y and~~ of medici,n,ab plant}, thta-' M could even: restore- the- dead, tu- /,if& Hader became- al,anned at'~ and amtpui,i,ned tu- Zru14; who- killed AJdep~ w~ a, thunderbolt:

TM~ famo-ur Jhrtne,, of AJdep~ WM' at' £Jlidaurti4-: H ~ Jt'a/f

w oft"en, U4W M' a, Jymbot for the- medical,, pr~ { see- ~-

ASTRAEA: In- (ire.ek- and Roman,~ AJb"Cl,ea/ {''Jt'arry'J wa.,,, the- ~er of Z~ and The+n4; Ji'4t"'er of the- Moer~ and Horae: Some/""~~ w called Viluk Like,, her mothe«, Astraea:

WM' the- fjOddesr of.J~u». Vurtng,, the. (io/den, A~ when, the-

deir~ dwelkd anuJrlff' ~ ~ !wed on: Eartlv. 'But"

a.,,,

a.,,,

war, the,,~ abandoned~ habua,t-'~ Astraea; the,,~ to- leave, WM' placed anuJrlff' the. cons("'ella,t-'w,u, of the- JUdiao M'

Virgo; the. virff{,t'v.

ATALANTA.· In, (ire.ek- ~ At'ala,nt-a, wa.,,, a, princesr farn,ed for her Mt/t"~ U1/ r~ Warne.d ~ ,narriafJ& by the:

oracle- at' Velph4 SM' neverthele:sr challenged each- of her JU,,ibJr"r tu- a, (oot-rac& If At'ala,nt-a, won; the- JUibJr would, for(ea"' ~ ~ and if M ioon; she. would ,narry hu,,u None, oatraced- her. Then, Me/anion, {U'l/ another verscon; Hipp~ JOUffht" the- help of Aphroda-1!1 who- ga,ye-- hutv three- golden, appler. Ar Me/anion, andAt'ala,nt-a, raced, M dropped the: a.pp~ one, at' a,

tUUl marrted: M~ Later the:Y were- chanf!,ed int"'& lunu- by Zeu:,,:

ATE.· In: {ireelv ~ A~ wa:s,, ~~of di4c<Jr~ ~ and i,nfa.tuarW111 ~ per~uJ-rv of moral- ~ The, R~ call,ed her Vts<;o-r~ The- tlaugJit"er of Z~ and Er4J,; ;he, trtcced. Z~ tnto- ~ a- ha:sty ~ thtd- made- the. {ireelv hero- Herader {~ Hercukr} JU!?Jrxt:r W- Eury~ ~n-derofMy~ z~caa-At-~oui--of&g;mpUS, so- Jky Jt"'ayed- on, E~ ~ troaoie, I, Wai' A,~ who- wrote-

''For the- fair~' on, a- f!Olden, app~ and roiled

a-

wa:s,, followed- by the- Luav {~who-pray}, Iame; wrt,n/ded, tlaugJit"errof

z~

ATHENA:Iw{ireelv~ A~wa:s,,~parron,~of

Athenr and aw unpore-ani- memoe« of~ &g;mpto p~

Born- Iulo/ armed and fro-,n, the. forehead of~ chief~ Z euJ; A~ Wai' her fa;ther~ {avor-u~ child. f{~ enrr~ed- her botfv

wulv the- ~ ~ brea,,stplat-~ and wulv ~ ,err~ thunderbolr.

A~~ role, af' a- ~ wa« yart,ed. &w the one-ha-nd, ;he, Wai' a- !1Ul:for- warrior MJU,r~ and ~ ~ depta her dr~ tn, armor a-nd. ~ a- ;pear. In- the- I~ f{o-,ner de.1criber her af' a- fter(;e/ battie. ~ who- conr~

int"'ervened on-the scde- of~ {ir~ tn, the- Trqjaw War. (')w the: other ~ she. took: an, {;nt-ere,st" tn, handu:r~ and agrtculatr~ and the. oiae- tree. w~ she.

w

SM

a4o-

and good~- ~ e1t/)~ her close- assoccatton: wulv the.

o-w4 aw ancceeu: ;,ynibol,,of w~ and reason:

ATLAS: In: {ireelv ~ Atia« was, a- Tuan, who- bore- the- weig/it" of~ Jio/

on,~

f{~ Wai' the- fa;ther of~ Hesper~ who- fft,UU'"ded the- f!Olden, app~

A TREllS: I n- Greek,, mytholo-g;;:, Atnu,,s~ the, son- of Pelnpr and- the, fad,,erofA~~}.,(~ w~KM1f!"ofMyce,na,& He-

~ hi,s,, brother Thy~

for

W~AireurCU4CO'Ye-redthat-Aerop~ ~w~ and-Th:J;w-erhad been- lovers. M lured Thy~~ Atreus- then, ,n,urdered two- of hi,s,, brother~ sons, bo-iled dte,n- U1/ a, cauldron; and, served- their~ to- Thy~ at: a, /ea4,t: When, Aireur ioU hi,s,, brother what-

M

lat-er, A~ a, son- of Thyw-er who- had~ JParet:4 killed hi,s,,~U1/rev~and-pr~ the,~ tiJ-hi,s,,father. ATTIS.· The, ~ consort: of the, great' mother ~

{e,alled Cy~ f/f1/ ~ ~~ Atrw was- a, beaurt/itl y~ born- of N~ ~e,r of the, rae« S~tus, and, the,

hermaphroda-'w A~w. Cy~ (ea f/f1/ love- w~ Atr~ and, on. the, eve,, of /i4f, ,narr~ to- another she- .f~ put" huw tn«J-- a,

fr~ f/f1/ w~ M ca,st-rat-ed ~ and, bled, to- deach: Repeniant; Cy~ prevailed upon,, Zet-W to- grant" th.M- Atrw~ botf:y would, never decay, Jo- every JPrU1fJ' M w~ reborn- o-nlj! to- ~again,~ wint"er.

Al!GEAS: Zn: (ired,,~ A~ w~ the, KM1f/" of El£.f: He- had-a. hert£of 3.,000 01(.eW whose.

.w~

30 year» one- of the, laborr ~ to- He-r~ wa« to- ciea.n. the, Augean, Siabler. He- accumpUihed the, iaf/v f/f1/ one- da;y by d;;yeri---U'lf!' the, wat-e-rr of the, Alp~ and P~ rwe-rr thro+ the,

.wal-4:

BA llBO.· I n- earf:y {ireeh ~ Baubo- was, an, ~~~pr~or~~U'l/AJ-uv

Minor. Ev~ually ~ came- to- M,,Yf!/ a- pare- IA1/ the, E~ my~~ the-ancceeu: ruer thac honored- Verna-er a-nd: her daaght-er PerJe!Jh.o-n& Acco-rdinfr to- one, account; Bau/Jo- war a-n- elderly JIUU"Je,' IA1/ the, home. of C~ at" E~ Sean:A?nfr for PerJeP~ Verna-er came- to- the,~~ ar a-n- old W<J111UM1/. Bau/Jo- cheered her and

br~ her nunf::./la,Yored barley ioate«; the, drinlv served at" the, E~ ruuah-: So-,n.e, sources- Jay Bau/Jo- won, a- J11t,il,e- fro-,,n, Verna-er w~ a- vulf!ar ~ure{ otherr aa-rilnd-f!/ that- act'

to- the, servaeu: I atnbur.

BAllCIS ANV PHILEMON: Iw {ireeh ~ Bauc,iJ,, and philemon, were- a- poor elderly couple- IA1/ Phryg,r:a, who- offered ho1/Jualay to-

z~

wanderers, and richer folk- had re/u4ed the,n,, food or Jh,elt-er. Z~ saved: the, old coapie: fro-,,n, the,~ he, seeu to- ~roy the,

town- and offered t"'o-grant" one, wtYv. They request"'ed never to- be, part'M1 IA1/ Ufe,- or dead,;. When, (he:Y died at" the, same. momeru;

philemon, beca-me- an, oalv and Bauc,iJ,, a- linden, tree, w~ their br~e,ntwtned:

BELLEROPf{ON: In- {ireeh ~ Bellerophon, was, a- descendaeu: of S4syp~ the, founder of Corintlk W~ he, was-

V~IA1ff' KlA1ff" Pro-i~ IA1/ A Yf/01; the, lvt:nfr'r w~ Sthene/Jo-ea; or

Ant"eia; tried: to- seduce- Bellerop~ Ind- he, re/u4ed her adva-nce« A ng,eret4 the-queen- accused- Bellerophon,of unproper conduct: KlA1ff" Pro-i~ then, se,nt-Bellerophon, w~ a-~ to- ~ fiid,.er-mr/,a,w, Io-barer of Lyeu11· the,~ was- to-~ the,

bearer of the, note: llpon, Bellerophorv'r arrwa4 Io-barer unposed a-sert,eroft"'~on,~ ~~to-~hirlv. FirJt; he,was, tl4lced to- JUhdue, the, chim,er~ a, Uon,-goca--serp~ monster, btd-

Bellerophon, ~

a:

Ned; he, encoueuered. a- wild t"'r~ called, the, So1yl1U5 btd- de(eat-ed it: T~ t"'~ were- fol/,o-wed by .se,yera,b other di{ftcuk

~ alt of w~ he, accmnp/,4shed. Impr~ by Bellerophon,'J,, tAW~ Io-barer allowed lu:,n,v to- marry ~

Laodamca, WM- loved by Zeas: Lace«, Bellerophon, treed. to- ride: to- Mouni- cJlymp~ on- P~ but- Zeur caused P~ to- cr~ thro-wtng:,,o(fBelleroplwn, who-wM-uuned. In,t/ze,I~

Ho-mer Ja:Yr tha,t- Belkroplwn, then: "waeidered: tMUJ~ ~ the,patl,.yof,ne.w."

t3cJ8EAS.· In, (ireelv ~ Boreas- WM- a, perJ<Jni(icarwn, of the north. wt,,u:4 the, son- of E~ a-nd- Astr~ When, lur wo-o-ilifr of the, Adteni:a,n, pr~ cJreitlylia/ WM' ~ Boreas, carried- her IMU!Cl:JI t,,n,, a, great"~ of wuut. Their tJum, sons. c~a,nd,, Zde.f; called the, Boreadee accompanied Jason, and,, t/ze,Ar~ Ath.enr held the, Boreasmos- ~wed tn, honor of Boreas.

BRIAREUS: In, (iree/v ~ t3riareur ~ one, of the, three- hecatonchecres, the, ''hundred-haru/,ed" of/Jprtng:,, of l.l raAU/4-'

and,, (ia<!a/.

w~

tn, the, war ~ the, Tuanr. Acco-rdinfr to- one, kg:e,u4 lur brotherr were- caa- into- T art'arUS; iowesc reg=,,:on, of the, tcndenoorid, when: they re,volt-ed ~ Zetl4-: Briarea« WM- thec« g,uard. 8riareur oppo-Jed, Z ~ tn, another accoueu: and- WM- buried, under Mouni- Etna: In, the, I~ Briar~~ rU#l,ed to- the, aid- of Zeur when, A~ Her~ a-nd. Poseidon, threae-en- the, f!Od. M~ al4o-- knew Briareur M- &briar~ by the,~

CAVMllS.·Iw{ireeJ;.,~ C~w~~founderof

T~ f{f7~bee,n,~by Jii,s,,fad,,er, Kin9"A~ of P~ to- (i,,u:? Jii,s,, abducc-ed Jist"'er, Europw.

r ll naoie- to- (i,,u:? her; C~ consuked the- Velphio

oracle: who- direa-ed ~to--~ a- new ~

c~

prot"ed""U1ff'~ A~ W~a-~ent"'~~Jen/~

Athena: ordered-

c~

w-ua

IA'v the. earth. From,,~ J<JWn, c-eedi,, armed. warrtors- sprang,, up,

fi:ffht"'U1ff' each- other u,rz,rd aa but- /tYf7 ioere- J/a,i,w. T~ ftyf7 .fo-i,n,ed

c~

ancestors- by ~ctry;, ~~

CAVllCElfS.· The-cadaceas- was-the- w~off{er~ {ireeK/ffOclof cha-nee- and ~ of the- Ob'mpta,n,, dei:r~ The- iaa-nd, made,of ou,vf7 wood and~ w~ entwined w~ Jerp~ and ;unnount"ed by winfµ-: It"p~ magica,b powerr over drea,nJ;

wa/c.i,n,g; and Jleep. !{er~ placed the- wand gentbt upon: the- e,y~of~ who-werf7~ ~w-~hereafer, and he- carried

u

to-

u.

The- cadaceas- liar become- a- widely accepted- ;ynz,bo-t for the- medicat pr~ The- more- approprua-f7 ;ymbol would~~

;t-aff of A;deptus; who- w~ the. {ireeK/ goct of~ whereas- Her~ w~ the- proceccor of mer~ and thiev~ but-~ ;y~ have-ancceeu: roots. The- ;t-a(f of A;deptus; entwined by a- ~ ~ w~ pare-of~ crea-of the. ll.S. Surgeo-n,, {iene.rcd;, off,:ce, i,,n,, the. earb' 19~ ceruuey, but-

u

varto-ur medicat services.

CA LCHAS.· In, {ireeK/ ~

c~

Caldias-/o-retuU the. ~of~ J£effe; Ja,W that;-th,e;f{eet-could not"~ unt"'dA~ Jaer{/lced Jii,s,, tUUiffht"er, Ip~

to-Art'emi:s, d?vtned the. caase- of the. plaffue' that- had, J1'1Uden, the- (ireelv ar~ and adY~ the- (iree/cr to- bui:U the: wooden- lwrse,,that-kdto-the,,(altofTroy. F~evprop~ Calcltar fiAuul:Y

ma-

Mfr on: a- tree- when: Calcltar cocdd. not: f{e, died of chaffrlA'l/ or C-Om/fnifted, ~

CALLI&PE: Calliope- tr called cJuef of the,,~~ (ireelv perJ01U{icat""UJ-rW of the,,~ aspirat"'UJ-rW of art" a,nd tnrellect:

The,daughi-errof Zear and Mnern<J1Y~ they J<M'tff' and~

at: celehrat"'UJ-rW of~ and heroes. Menrwned by f{mner IA'1/ the- &dj!J1ej!, they are, fi,r.w named- by f{~ IA'1/ the,,~ Wliet-v the, 'R~ lat-er ;eparae-ect their fi:,eld,,--of ~irat"'UJ-111 Calliope, became- the- pae-rorv of ep0 poet"ry. In- West"erw art" she- tr oft'ew pore-n:o/ed, w~ a- i-~ and JtyU/4-: she, arburae-ect the, tiiqJure- between- the,~ Aphrodue, a-nd. Per;ephone, 01/l'A"' A doru«

I n- ~ accoueus- Calliope, tr the, mothe« of &rpheus; by Apollo-- or K?nfr &eagrus,of Thrace:

CA LLIST&: The, daughi-l'A"' of L .ycaoru Callist"'o- was- an: A rcadcan. ,y;rnplv and Cl/ (ollo-wl'A"' of A re-~ who- Wai' raped, by

z

the.

gods:}

l~

r~

CALYPS&: Iw(iree/c,, ~ Ca/j,'pso-was,,ev ,y;rnpk on: whose: ~ &djl~ ;pe,nr seven- years- on- hi:r Wa:Jf home- fro-,n, Troy. Ca/j,'pso- loved &djl~ Jo- JnUCn/ that- she- offered, ~ ~alay if he, would remacn: w~ her. &dyJS,e,Uf; however, lonf!ed for hi:r home: AC- the-comma-nd. of Z~ Ca/j,'pso- helped, &djl~ bui:Uev raft" ;o-that-he,couldconrU'Ut(!/hir .Journey. CASSANV1?A.· I n- (iree/c,, ~ C~ev was,, the, daughi-l'A"' of Pr~ ~ of Trc,y, and Hecuba: Apollo- loved, her and gave,

her the-~ of prophecy. JV~ caw;wulrcv spurned Apollu-'r advances, however, he- cursed» her so- that: no- o-ne- would beluwe- her predia"'l,()11,f: S~ ioarned: the- rro_fa,u, ~ the- wooden: MY~ but-the,y would, not" bduwe- her. When, the- (ir~ capt-ured,

rroy, caw;wulrcv war raptu:l b-y A.;tvP and thew enda,ved by A~ walv whom,,~ re-turned tu- My~ rhere, her

warYUnffr were-~ lf!YWYet:4 a-nd. ~~A~ were- ,nurdered by h4r w~ c~rt:i1 and her Iover; A~

CASr&R ANO P&LLUX: In- (iree/.:,, ~ Casw-r and P~ { or POo/~ were-called the-

oum;urv

clo-se/j.t ide,n,t-'t(i:ed, walv the-~ of Sparta; casw-r ar a» renowned MY~ a,nd P~ ar a- V01UW- rhej; Jaded walv the-

Ar~ part"'teipae-ed IA1/ the- ca!j;do--rz,iaw boar haeu; and

Iaa»: helped tu- rescae- their Jt¥"er l(e/ew of

rroy,

I~ a,nd Ly~ WMj,e,, t,nt-end,ed br~ CaJWY ~ P~

~ kidrzappet:4 P~ Ulled tynceas, but- I~ killed CaJWY ~ war IA1/ turn: killed by a- thunderbolr of Zeu4-: P~ bei-nfr

~~ war allowed tu- }hare,, h4r ~alay walv Cast'or.. ~ pernutr'IA'tff' them,, tu- spend akernat"e- da:Yr IA1/ heaven- a-nd: IA1/ the- undeeworid« P~ ar the- MorJUl1,ff'

stu« ~

the- Evenin.ff' St'ar. A no-titer verscon: held, thcu: Z eas- pu-i-- ~ IA1/

the, hea,yen,y ar the, conscelklrwn, (iemi-nu rn;e,

tw~

CECR&PS: In- (iree/.:,, ~ Cecropr war the- ftr;t- ki41,ff' a-nd: founder of Adie,ny. l(e,, called the- ~ Cecroptcv a-nd- chose. Athena: ar the- pae-ron, deay. Cecropr war~ to- have. been, half

man,a,nd half Jerpent:

CENrAUR.· In: (iree/.:,, ~ CV ceruua« war half maw a-nd.

half MYJ& and war~ tu- dwelt IA1/ the- ~ains-: The,

o(fjpr~ of I~ ceni-aurr were- men, fro-nv head tu- wa-ist: M~ of~ were- crade. and Ja11ag,e: Chiror11 however, one- of the- ~:1no-ww ce,nt-aur.s; lJLtU" versed IA1/ the- ~ of ~IA1ff;

CEPf{ALllS.· In- (ireeh ~ cep~ WM' the,~ of Pro-cr{4,; who- WM' a-~ of~ Atherua-n: ~ Er~

Pro-crw Jrad,, a- ho-und c:alled Laelapr that" alwayr found, h4" quarry and a-_/a,ve/£,n,, ~ ~tytr hu tX}' mark The- ho-und and

the, Ja,ve/,i,n, Jrad,, prev~ velonf;ed tlJ-ArT~ goddew of the, hunt: Pro-crw f!CU18" ~ of therw to- cep~ One,, day w~

'fhe:y were- ~IA1ff; cep~ threw the, Ja,ve/,i;w and

acdde,nt-al{y killed- Pro-crw. cep~ WM' ~enced, to- per,nanent"~

CE88E8llS.· In: (ireelv- ~ Cerber~ WM' the, threer~

~ that" guarded the, eeurance- to- !{~ f{e,, Jrad,, the, t"ail- of a- ~ and ha-d: ~ wrapped around~ neck: One,,of the, 12

uworrof Herca/,e,y WM' tlJ- ~hi,nv.

CHAOS.· Iw(iree/v- ~ chaor WM' the, UIU)r"~ J('at"~

or vocd, fro-,n, wluc},,, alt ~ arose: Pr~ fro-,n, tune, chaos,, event'ual/y formed a- ~ ef!1f' from, wluc},,, there- t#U,ed f{ea11en; E~ andEr~(lo-ve,,}.

CHARON: In: (ireelv- ~ Chanm/ w the, boatma-n: who- ferrte:s,,the,t/eadacr~the,rwer s~~w-H~ ~oldand

gray, Charon, w Jt'r<J11ff' and Jt'urd:)I. Or~ IA1/ a- Jh,ort-cha/v, he-

choose« ~ p~r fro-,n, ~ the, mulr~ofthe,t/ead

that" crowd, the, ;MY~ On/()' those- properly buried IA1/ the, world

aoove- are-chosen, and then, 01'io/ if ffie:Y ha11e-- the, farer- -a- Jitver

C<JU'v pla,ced IA1/ the, mouth-of the, corpse- before-- burial:

CHIRON.· Chiron, WM' a- ceruaae; the, son- of

crona«

J

~ab. f{e,, ~the,co-n,se-ellat""wwSag:itiariu¥

CHLORIS: In, (ireelv- ~ chwrw WM' the, goddew of flower;,: She- 14-' af4o-lvnown, Af' Meli:/Joea: chwrw WM'onf!/of the, 12

chi/drew of A rnpJuo-w and NuJVe/. When, Niobe- boa,Jt-ed, that" her

childre111 let-o--'J, JOn' aeid: ~ Apollo- arid: A rt'etnis; killed alt NiolJe''r offipr~ eeceat: Chloris; who- ~ed. Slur ,narried N~ KM1ff' of Py~ ~ bore- a, daug,ht"er and, 12 ions,

~ Nest<Jr. Ace,o-r~ to- one, of the,~ JUrroundutfr Her~ N~ sncarred- the, he,o--'J, wr~ a-nd. Her~ killed alt hi4,, ;orw~t" N~ A dqfered' ~ca/ledChlorw WM'

the, 'R<JrlUvf'l/ Flora:

Ct{8YSEIS: In, (ired,, ~ Chry~ WM' the, dauf,ht"er of

Chry~ a, pr~ of Apollo: In, Hcnner'r I/,u;u;4 Chry~ w capt"ured dur~ the, TrOJa,,1/ War and, g:ive,n, to-A~ M'

~~ A~ Jo- rude{y r~ her (ather'rof/er of raYl401'W that"" Apollo- v~ a, p~ U/}011/ the, (ireek- arflo/. 'R~ thas: the, (ir~ ca,nnot" ~ the, Tro.fcuu, ~ the, p~ M' well; A cl,,i:l/,er pr~A~ to- reiease: ChryJei,s,

w~ fur relaa"antiy aureer to- do- o-nlj! if fur caw have. ~ead Acl,,i:l/,er'pr~ 'Br~ ~quarrebr~the,wr~ofA~

a, ma.for theme- of the, IUad. Chry~ bore- a, ch£U by A~ a,,hu-ca/ledChryJl*

CIRCE.· In, (ired,,~ CirCf3/ WM' a, sorceress: who- could,

t"r~m, peopie- tntu- Icoru, wow~ and, iWIA'U!/. When, &dy~ reached her ~ CirCf3/ chanffed, hi4,, comoaeuoru: tntu- iWIA'U!/. A~ by Her~ who- uav~ ht,,w the, #'lOo/ plant" M' a, charm,

~ CirCf3/J' JfJel/4,; &dy~ forced CirCf3/ to- restore- hi4,, comparuoru: to- luuna,,vfor/11/.

CLI&.· In- (ireek- ~ CU:U-

w

rhe- daug,ht"er.s,, of Z ~ a-nd. Mnemo;syne; they Jang, a-nd: danced. at' celeb-rarwrw of fJ'OM a-nd. heroee Ment"'~ by Hcnner tw the,

&dy~ they ar~(irJ,t"nanuutby H~twhi4,, ~- When, ~ R~ late« separai-ed the, ~· ~ of uuptrart<Jn5 CU:U- became- the, pat'rorl/ of /u:a'ory. Her .symbow are: a, wreath. of laurel-~ a- scroll slur w oft"e,n, deptcced w~

c~

CLYTEMNESTRA:

In:

sace«

(J1W/ of the, tnzgio women- u1/t~ TrOJa,n, War. While,A~

w~ away U1/ the, war, c~ev ioolvA~ ~ her lover,

a,nd,; tiJ-gaher they pluttlul- to- marde« A~ when-

M

ave,nge, her ~'r ;acr{/u;e, of their dauf!h,t-er Ip~ When- A~ arrwed- w~ the, captwe, Troj'an, pr~ C~a; Cf:yt"~rev pra-ended, to- ioeicome- ~ Leu-er, ar A~ ~ Cf:yt"~rev l'IUU"'dered- J,,i,,,v a,nd,; then:

w-gaher w~ A~ killed, c~w. clyt"~rev'r dauf!h,t-er Elea'ra- per~ her brothe«,

oresce«

0 resC'ei,f;v.

couus.· In: (ireeiv ~ c~ w~ the, gud of ~ rrwelry, a,nd,; nocturnal: eni-ere-~ By the, 3d century AV

M war concecved: ~ a- w~ y~ robed. tn, whue, who- presided over alb fe,,srwe, occascoru, ~ those- on/ Mo-unt"

Oljlmpu,: Lcu-e,fco-,n,an, ~ idenrt/f:edC~~ the, JO"rl/of B~ a-nd: Circe: By~ M had become- the, gud of alb ~ p/eafure,,s, parru:«larljl earU1ff; dr~ a,nd,;

laug},rer.

CORNUCOPIA: rhe. cornacopta, or horn- of pl-enty, ~ a- J:Ymbol of ~ Iw(iree/v~ the,i,nfa,ni-Z~warent"'r~ed- to- the, care, of the, dau{lht"er~ of Kinfr M~ a-nd: the, goae-- ·,ytmp~A ~ Iwgr~u~

z~

horns- a,nd,; gave,

a: to-

u

CORYBANT.· I n- (ireelv ~ a- corybaeu: war (J1W/ of the,

~that"~ have. been: the, /irJt' ~ (orww on- E~ A~ of their or~ vary. Ovid referred- to- d,,e,m, ~ peo-pU!/

born- ocu: of raouoace«: They were, idenrt/f:ed ~~of Cr<n1.0r a,nd,; Rhea,; Hep~~ Apa-llu-a,nd,; ~ or Corybaf: They are, ofren, awn;iat"ed- or con/i,t4ed w~ the, (iredv (ia/l.4 the, era-an, cura-e,,s, or the, ,nale, ad~ of the, Phryg:,,:a,w ~