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n  However, they are now classified in the bacteria taxonomy.

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(1)

Rickettsiales

(2)

Rickettsiales

n  Microorganisms belonging to Rickettsiales were previously thought to be prozotoa.

n  However, they are now classified in the bacteria taxonomy.

n  Nevertheless, they are often handled with protozoology

because of their association with blood parasites and vectors.

n  Anaplasmosis

n  Aegyptianellosis

n  Ehrlichiosis

n  Cowdriosis

n  Spotted fever group rickettsiae

(3)

Anaplasmosis

n 

The bacteria belonging to anaplasmatacea

n 

A. marginale and A. centrale in cattle and camel

n 

A. phagocytophilum various animals including cattle and dog, and humans

n 

A. ovis in sheep

n 

They are common in Turkey.

n 

Hosts

n 

Ruminants

n 

They multiply in erythrocytes and have point-shaped appearance without the cytoplasm.

n 

Vectors

n 

Ticks (biologically) (Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus, Ixodes, Hyalomma and Ornithodoros genuses)

n 

Biting flies (mechanical) (Tabanidae and Stomaxys spp.)

n 

Blood transfusion and contaminated surgical instruments.

(4)

Anaplasmosis

n 

Clinical findings

n 

It is important especially in highly productive animals.

n 

The severity of the disease increases with age.

n 

Fever and progressive anemia are the most obvious symptoms.

n 

Diagnosis and treatment

n 

Clinical findings

n 

Microscopic examination of thin blood smear.

n 

Tetracycline groups antibiotics and imidocarb are used for treatment.

(5)

Aegyptianellosis

n 

Aegyptianella pullorum and A. moshkovskii

n 

The status of these agents is not known in Turkey.

n 

Hosts

n 

Chicken, turkey, goose, duck and other birds.

n 

They locate in erythrocytes.

n 

Vector

n 

Argas persicus

n 

They can be transported by the blood inoculation.

n 

Symptoms

n 

Fever, inappetency, anemia, icterus, weakness, cachexia and green diarrhea.

n 

Diagnosis and Treatment

n 

Clinical findings.

n 

Thin blood smear, serological and molecular methods can be used for diagnosis.

n 

Oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline are effective in treatment.

n 

Tick control.

(6)

Ehrlichiosis

n 

E. ondiri and A. bovis (E. bovis) in cattle

n 

E. ovina in sheep

n 

E. canis and E. ewingii in dogs.

n 

A. phagocytophilum (E. phagocytophila and E. equi) in cattle, sheep, dog, equids, other ruminants and humans.

n 

A. platys (E. platys) in dogs

n 

E. chaffeensis in humans.

n 

E. canis and A. phagocytophilum have been reported from Turkey.

n  Location sites

n 

E. canis, A. bovis, E. chaffeensis, E. ovina in mononuclear leucocytes (lymphocyte, monocyte);

n 

A. phagocytophilum, E. ondiri, E ewingii in granulocytic leucocytes (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil).

n 

A. platys in platelets.

A. bovis

A. phagocytophilum

(7)

Ehrlichiosis

n  Vectors

n 

Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma and Ixodes spp.

n 

Transstadial transmission

n  Clinical findings

n 

Pancytopenia and thrombocytopenia are seen in E. canis infection.

n 

Bleeding that can not be controlled by the cause of platelet failure and seconder infections due to leukocyte failure are seen.

n  Diagnosis and Treatment

n 

Clinical findings

n 

The observation of initial bodies and morula in blood smears

n 

Doxycycline, oxytetracyline, tetracycline can be used for treatment.

n 

Tick control is important for prevention.

(8)

Cowdriosis (Heart water)

n 

Ehrlichia ruminantium (Cowdria ruminantium)

n 

It does not exist in Turkey.

n  Hosts

n 

Cattle, sheep, goat and other ruminants.

n 

The agents multiply in endothelial cells located in nervous system, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes , salivary glands and heart muscle.

n  Vectors

n 

Amblyomma spp.

n  Clinical findings

n 

They can cause sever neurological symptoms.

n  Diagnosis and treatment

n 

The observation of the agents in capillary endothelial cells.

n 

Oxytetracyline is effective in early period.

(9)

Spotted fever group rickettsiae

n 

Rickettsia aeschlimannii

n 

Rickettsia africae

n 

Rickettsia slovaca (SENLAT)

n 

Rickettsia raoultii (SENLAT)

n 

Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae

n 

Rickettsia conorii (Mediterranean spotted fever)

n 

They cause infection in humans

n 

They have been reported from Turkey.

(10)

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

n  Hosts

n 

Rickettsia ricketsi causes disease in mostly humans and dogs.

n  Vectors

n 

The ticks belonging to Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma genus.

n 

It is transmitted by ticks as transovarial and transstadial.

n 

Rodents play a reservoir role for this pathogen.

n  Clinical findings

n 

Fever, lethargy, mental dullness, inappetence, lymphadenopathy, hyperemia of mucosal surfaces.

n  Diagnosis and treatment

n 

Serological and molecular methods are used for diagnosis.

n 

Tetracyclines can be used for treatment.

n 

This agent has not been reported from Turkey.

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