ORIGINAL PAPER
Evaluating the deterioration effects of building stones using NDT:
the Küçükköy Church, Cappadocia Region, central Turkey
M. Ergün Hatır1
&Mustafa Korkanç2&M. Emin Başar1
Received: 19 March 2018 / Accepted: 28 June 2018 / Published online: 23 July 2018 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract
Many churches have been constructed during the last two millennia in the Cappadocia region of Central Anatolia. Among these buildings, the Küçükköy Church, constructed in 1834, is distinguishable from other churches by its icons and distinctive roof. However, this monument is in a state of rapid deterioration due to its derelict status, local atmospheric conditions, and the geological characteristics of the stones used in the structure. It is therefore important to determine deterioration status and the amount of deterioration of each building stone to facilitate the sustainable preservation of this monument. In recent years, non-destructive tests (NDT) have been commonly used to evaluate the detrioration status of such historic buildings. In the study reported here, we conducted laboratory studies on stone samples and performed in situ NDT (P-wave velocity test, Schmidt hammer rebound [SHR] test, and surface moisture measurement test) to determine the deterioration status of building stones used in the Küçükköy Church. The lithological characteristics of building stones are known to be the most important parameters in the deterioration process. We found that the deterioration effects were most advanced in those building stones which had properties similar to one type of andesite, as demonstrated by high voids and low P-wave velocity and SHR values. The benefits of NDT is that they are repeatable and that reliable results are obtained rapidly and economically.
Keywords Building stone . Cappadocia region . Deterioration . Küçükköy Church . Nigde . Non-destructive tests
Introduction
Deterioration is the process of chemical weathering and phys-ical disintegration that occurs in building stones at a rate de-pending on geological and atmospheric conditions (Charola
2000; El-Gohary2012; Fener andİnce2015; Korkanç2013; Korkanç and Savran 2015; López-Doncel et al. 2013; Lourenço et al.2006; Rirsch and Zhang 2010; Sandrolini and Franzoni 2007; Snethlage2005; Vařilová et al. 2011; Wedekind et al.2011; Yavuz et al. 2006). Building stones may be exposed to different deterioration processes and grades due to both external (the position of stones in the mon-ument, aspects of facades, among other factors) and internal factors (lithology, mineralogy, petrography, among other
factors) (El-Gohary2017; Esaki and Jiang2000). The biggest challenge in preservation–restoration applications is to predict the complex deterioration behaviors of building stones (Bortz et al. 1993). Qualitative and quantitative indices have been defined for the estimation of weathering grades (Gokceoglu et al.2009; International Society for Rock Mechanics [ISRM]
1981; Török and Přikryl 2010). However, the quantitative indices obtained by laboratory studies cannot represent the whole of a monument since it is not possible to take a sample from each building stone due to the preservation requirements of these monuments. Alternatively, fast, practical, and repeat-able identification studies have been carried out in recent years without any damage being inflicted to the structure through the use of non-destructive tests (NDT) (Rivera-Gomez and Galàn-Marin2013; Török and Přikryl2010; Vasconcelos et al.2007). With respect to the diagnostics of cultural heritage, there is a growing tendency in recent years to employ non-destructive techniques as much as possible to obtain a suffi-cient evaluation before any restoration work is undertaken (Abbaneo et al. 1995; Binda 1997; Casula et al. 2007; Christaras1997; Christaras et al.2015; Cultrone et al.2012; Fais and Casula2010; Fais et al.1999; Grinzato et al.2004). It * M. Ergün Hatır
ergunhatir@gmail.com 1
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Engineering, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
is very beneficial to identify the damage and degradation of monumental buildings early in order to evaluate and monitor their conditions before initiating restoration works (Buj et al.
2010; Cuccuru et al.2014; Jo and Lee 2014; Laurie et al.
1986; Raymahashay and Sharma 1993; Siedel and Siegesmund 2014; Stück et al. 2011). Thus, an effective NDT is crucial. The Schmidt hammer rebound (SHR) test (Aoki and Matsukura2007) and P-wave velocity tests (Fort et al.2013) are appropriate tests for estimating the engineering properties of stones indirectly, with the aim to determine the weathering effects in historic buildings quantitatively. In situ NDTs which are conducted and interpreted in a coordinated manner with laboratory studies makes the identification of the deterioration mechanisms in each building stone more reliable (Anzani et al.2010; Lim and Cao2013).
Andesitic rocks have been widely used in the construction of many buildings in Turkey (building stone, tombstone, aq-ueduct, armour stone, aggregate, other applications) (Fener and İnce 2015; Koca and Kıncal 2004; Korkanç 2013; Orhan et al. 2006; Özden and Topal 2009; Özvan et al.
2011; Özçelik 2011; Yavuz 2011; Yavuz et al.2017; Zedef et al.2007). Interestingly, a recent survey of many of these structures has shown that even after many years, the andesite remains fairly well preserved, only showing a slight deterio-ration in the form of limited crumbling (Yavuz et al.2017). In one of these studies, the smallest scale of deterioration on the stone used in historic buildings in the Niğde region was found on andesites, attributed to the high strength of this rock type (Korkanç2013).
The Cappadocia region in Central Anatolia has hosted many civilizations over time, particularly during the first millennia AD. As a consequence, there are many important historic buildings in the region that represent the traces of these civilizations (Korkanç 2013). Christianity began to spread throughout the region with the arrival of Paul the Apostle in 53 AD (Öcal2013), and the following period in-cluded the construction of numerous religious buildings. With the social transformation after the 20th century, such buildings became functionless and became derelict. We have examined 23 churches built during the 19th century in Niğde province, which was one of the most important settlement areas in the Cappadocia region. Most of these churches have a similar plan, typology, building material, and building system (Fig.1). Our findings indicate that the deteriorations observed in these churches mainly originated from atmospheric and anthropogenic conditions (dilapidation, vandalism, excava-tions for treasure, other cases).
We report here our findings from our study of the Küçükköy Church, the church which showed the highest level of deterioration among the churches in the region, using NDT to examine deterioration in the building stones. For this pur-pose, we first determined the index and mechanical properties of the building stones used in the monument and then
conducted in situ surface moisture measurements, SHR tests, and P-wave velocity measurements on the stone surfaces. The aim of our study was to demonstrate that the data on the index and mechanical properties of the building stones and the re-sults obtained using NDT methods can be used as a basis for deterioration assessments of the Küçükköy Church, for which no previous preservation study had been carried out, and for other cultural assets.
Materials and methods
Description of the Küçükköy Church
The Küçükköy Church is located close to Küçükköy village, Niğde province, approximately 11 km west of the city. The monument was built in 1834 as a dedication to Saint Nicholas, who was the source of inspiration of the Santa Claus character (Ekiz2015). The church, constructed in the east–west direc-tion on sloping land, has a basilica-type plan with three apses and three naves (Fig.2). The naves are separated from each other by three rows of columns. The side naves are covered with a cradle vault, and the middle nave is covered with an-other dome. In the passage to the dome, there is a pendentive with frescos of four evangelists, blue-based plant motifs, and flower motifs coming out of the vase (Kocaman 2016) (Fig. 3a). There is a narthex extending along the facade at the western entrance to the structure (Fig.3b) which consists of three parts, with each part covered with cross vaults. The entrance gate to the monument is in the middle narthex. The villagers later covered the south of the narthex with a briquette wall. The apses shaping the eastern facade of the building are in a semi-circular form, and the top has a flat cone roofing system (Fig.3c). The moldings setting the eave line of the apses on the eastern facade continue up to the northern and southern walls and end with a figure of a snake’s head (Fig. 3d). The southern and northern facades of the church are quite simple (Fig. 3e, f). Since the slope of the land in-creases towards the northern facade, the windows on the northern facade were made higher relative to those on the southern facade. The roof of the structure is in a saddleback roof system arranged in two different levels. The church, with dimensions 22.90 × 12.70 m, was built using a masonry tech-nique with andesite cut stones. It became the national monu-ment when it was given legal preservation status in 1992 (Açıkgöz et al.2009).
Sampling area and geology
According to our geological observations in the studied re-gion, the stones used in the Küçükköy Church were taken from a surrounding geological unit. The unit, which is gener-ally observed in lava flows but has tuffs in lower levels and
local volcanic breccia and agglomerates, was first referred to as Melendizdağ volcanite by Beekman (1966). Andesitic lava flows are commonly observed in the area where the structure under study is located. For the present study, the collected block samples (two different textures KCI and KC2) for ex-perimental studies were selected from suitable areas where building stones could be easily obtained from the surface.
The lava flows in the region exhibit a mineralogical char-acteristic between andesite and basalt, with the lower levels of the unit more closely resembling andesite and upper levels more closely resembling basalt. The andesitic lava flows in the region have a rather monotonous appearance. Plagioclase and clinopyroxenes of the porphyritic structure, occasionally orthopyroxene, hornblende, and biotites are macroscopically visible phenocrystals (Atabey et al. 1990; Batum 1978; Korkanç and Tuğrul2004).
Experimental procedure
The experimental phase of this study consists of laboratory and in situ NDT studies. For the experimental studies in the laboratory, the samples of two andesite stones with different structural and textural properties exhibiting exact similarity used in the structure were obtained from the old furnace areas in the surrounding area. Experimental samples were prepared in accordance with the relevant standards to determine the
geomechanical properties of the andesite samples. Surface moisture measurements, P-wave velocity tests, and SHR tests were also conducted in the in situ tests of 4873 blocks of andesite.
The index properties of the andesite samples (dry unit weight, saturated unit weight, water absorption, and porosity) and results of the P-wave velocity tests were obtained accord-ing to the ISRM guidelines (2007). The P-wave velocity tests were applied three times to the church’s block stones. The capillary water absorption test was performed according to the techniques described in the standard TS EN 1925 of the Turkish Standards Institute (2000). The number of specimens used for each test was ten core samples.
A Schmidt hammer type-L was used for the determination of rock hardness in the study area and laboratory. The SHR test was performed according to the techniques described in the ASTM standard (ASTM International2014). The number of specimens used for the SHR test is ten rebounded values. The surface moisture values of the stones in the historic build-ing were determined usbuild-ing a Trotec T660 moisture meter (Trotec, Wels, Austria). The surface moisture tests were ap-plied vertically and three times in all building stones.
During the preparation of the maps of the Küçükköy Church, sequential photographs were first taken by a Nikon D80 p hoto came ra (Niko n Corp., Toky o, Ja pan ). Orthophotographs were subsequently obtained from these
b d f a c e
Fig. 1 Examples of (former) churches in Niğde province. a Hamamlı church, b Hasaköy Church, c Dikilitaş Church, d Hançerli Church Mosque, e Aktaş Church Mosque, f Fertek Church Mosque
photographs using the Agisoft Photoscan Pro program (Agisoft LLC, St. Petersburg, Russia). The computer-aided drafting (CAD) drawing of the structure was prepared with orthophotographs, and in situ observations were performed. Each building block was numbered on the CAD drawings of the building facades. To enable they NDT to be applied to each building stone, we used a 16-m high staircase. The lith-ological properties and the NDT data were processed on the obtained CAD drawings. Finally, discoloration–deterioration maps were prepared.
Results and discussion
Climate and common weathering processes
in the Ni
ğde region
Niğde province is a region with an average elevation of 1229 m a.s.l. and dominated by a continental climate. Summers are dry and hot while winters are cold and snowy (Table1). Data collected by the Niğde meteorological station for the period 1950–2017 are presented in Table1. Maximum and minimum Fig. 2 Church plans. a Ground
precipitation for this period occurred in May and August, re-spectively, and the highest and lowest temperatures in the region were recorded in July and January, respectively (MGM2018). According to Fookes et al. (1971),Bvery slight weathering (both physical and chemical)^ is expected in the region based on the mean annual precipitation and the mean annual temperature-dependent weathering chart (Fig.4).
Petrographic and geomechanical properties
of andesites
For the petrographic examination, thin sections were prepared from the fresh samples taken from two different texture andes-ite samples near the church, denoted hereafter as KC1 and KC2. Varying sizes of phenocrysts were observed in the mi-crolithic plagioclase matrix in thin sections of these andesites,
b d f a c e
Fig. 3 Facades and interior view of Küçükköy Church. a Western facade, b south facade, c eastern facade, d north facade, e southern facade snake’s head, f pendentive and iconographies
Table 1 Meteorological records of the Niğde station for the period 1950–2017 (MGM2018)
Month Temperature (°C) Monthly total precipitation averages (kg/m2) Average Minimum Maximum
January − 0.4 − 4.6 4.8 34.8 February 1.0 − 3.5 6.3 33.6 March 5.0 − 0.3 10.9 35.6 April 10.6 4.3 16.7 42.1 May 15.2 8.3 21.4 49.0 June 19.4 11.8 25.7 27.5 July 22.7 14.7 29.3 4.5 August 22.4 14.4 29.5 5.5 September 17.9 10.3 25.6 10.0 October 12.2 5.9 19.6 26.8 November 6.2 1.1 12.9 31.3 December 1.6 -2.6 7.0 40.4
with KC1 samples found to have more voids than KC2 sam-ples (Fig.5).
The geomechanical properties of samples having similar properties to the two different texture andesite samples used in the Küçükköy Church are given in Table2. In accordance with the Norwegian Group for Rock Mechanics (NBG) (1985), the lowest dry unit weight was determined in the sam-ples (KC1 and KC2). Both building stones used in the
structure were classified asBhigh porous^ rocks in terms of porosity according to the NBG (1985). While the Schmidt hammer hardness value was 37 on average for sample KC1, the average value for sample KC2 was 41. According to De Beer (1967), both building stones are in theBhard rock^ class according to the Schmidt hammer values. The samples were also classified in terms of the P-wave velocity according to NBG (1985), with KC1 classified as aBvery low^ rock and KC2 as aBlow^ rock.
Evaluation of NDT results
It is very important to determine the origin and presence of water, which is the main factor in deterioration processes (i.e., freezing, thawing, wetting, drying, and salt crystalli-zation) in building stones. Surface moisture meters are non-destructive devices that can be used to determine the areas where water actively circulates. The values obtained from these devices provide numerical data that can be used to determine the moisture content of materials through comparisons with other measurement points (Török
2010). Surface moisture measurements of each building stone were made to determine the distribution of water in the building stones that played an active role in the deteri-oration process in Küçükköy Church. The moisture distri-bution in the facades is presented in Table3and Fig.6. The highest moisture values measured in KC1 and KC2 stones were 68 and 50%, respectively, on the northern facade. The lowest measured moisture values were 12 and 14%, Fig. 5 a, b KC1 samples in macro
(a) and thin section views (cross nicols) (b), c, d KC2 samples in macro (c) and thin section views (cross nicols) (d). Plj Plagioclase, Vg volcanic glass, V void
Fig. 4 Relationship between climate and type of weathering for the Niğde region according to Fookes et al. (1971)
respectively, on the southern facade. These measurements indicate that the moisture values of the building stones on the northern facade (46.21%) were in general found to be relatively high. Possible explanations is that the northern facade is exposed to less direct sunshine than the other facades and that the slope of the land is higher on this facade. On other facades, the surface moisture values were concentrated in two zones, namely the capillary and infil-tration zones. The capillary rise effect and subsequent damage to roofing materials are thought to be effective in terms of deterioration.
The SHR test for surface hardness and P-wave velocity tests were performed in each building stone to provide an indirect estimate of the engineering properties of the building stones in the Küçükköy Church. Both methods are commonly used to determine the strength parameters (Aydin and Basu
2005; Christaras et al.1994; Çobanoğlu and Çelik2008; Fais and Casula2010; Fais et al.2002; Kahraman2001; Yasar and Erdogan2004) and deterioration processes (Abbaneo et al.
1995; Akin and Özsan2011; Binda1997; Buj et al.2010; Casula et al.2007; Christaras1997; Christaras et al.2015; Cuccuru et al.2014; Cultrone et al.2012; Fais and Casula
2010; Fais et al. 1999; Fener and İnce 2015; Gökçe et al.
2016; Grinzato et al.2004; Jo and Lee 2014; Laurie et al.
1986; Nicholson2002; Özşen et al.2017; Raymahashay and Sharma1993; Siedel and Siegesmund2014; Stück et al.2011; Török and Přikryl2010; Korkanç et al.2018) of building stones. The maps that were prepared according to the data obtained from the P-wave velocity and SHR tests applied to each stone in the building are presented in Figs.7and8. When
the maps in Fig.7were examined, the lowest P-wave velocity values were found on the northern facade as 1200 m/s in the stones used for sample KC1 and as 2050 m/s in the stones used for sample KC2. The highest values were measured on the southern facade as 2300 m/s in KC1 stones and as 2800 m/ s in KC2 stones. When the P-wave velocity values of the andesites used in the church were evaluated according to the NBG (1985), all of the KC1 stones were classified asBvery low^ while 1278 of the KC2 building stones were in the Bvery low^ class and 1108 of them in the Blow^ class (Table4). The lowest P-wave velocity values are compatible with the deteri-oration areas in the discoldeteri-oration–deterioration maps that were prepared (Fig.9). When the maps prepared according to the SHR test values were examined, values of between 17 and 35 were obtained in the building stones similar to the KC1 sam-ples and values varying between 26 and 38 were found in the building stones similar to the KC2 samples. Based on the SHR test measurements, KC1 samples were classified as Bvery weak rock^ (in 49 andesite stones), Bweak rock^ (in 138 an-desite stones),Bmoderate rock^ (in 1350 andesite stones), and Bhard rock^ (in 950 andesite stones when evaluated according to de Beer’s (1967) classification. In comparison, based on the SHR test measurements, 2228 of the KC2 building stones were classified in theBmoderate rock^ class, and 158 of them were classified in theBhard rock^ class (Table4). Breaking and crumbling were observed in the building stones in the Bvery weak rock^ class; rounding, scaling, and geological weakness were observed in the building stones in theBweak rock^ class; and flaking types of deterioration were detected in the building stones in theBmoderate rock^ class (Fig.9). Table 2 Some geomechanical properties of the two andesite samples KC1 and KC2
Sample codea Test number γd(kN/m3) γs(kN/m3) n (%) Wa (%) Vp (m/s) SHR value KC1 10 20.53 ± 0.79 21.77 ± 0.56 12.63 ± 2.28 6.07 ± 1.36 2348.74 ± 139.60 37 ± 3.58 KC2 10 21.26 ± 0.16 21.83 ± 0.26 5.81 ± 1.26 2.68 ± 0.57 2823.50 ± 46.10 41 ± 2.07 Values in table are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD)
γd, Dry unit weight;γs, saturated unit weight; n, effective porosity; Wa, water absorption; Vp, P-wave velocity, SHR, Schmidt hammer rebound a
KC1, KC2, Fresh samples taken from two different texture andesite samples near the church
Table 3 Minimum and maximum surface moisture values according to the facades
Facades Surface moisture (%)
KC1 KC2
Minimum Maximum Mean SD Minimum Maximum Mean SD
West 20 62 33.59 8.91 18 46 26.52 5.71
East 14 62 25.12 9.12 16 42 21.24 6.29
North 28 68 46.21 8.09 24 50 27.57 3.58
When the data obtained from the NDT were examined, the lowest values of the SHR test and P-wave velocity test were generally obtained from stones in the areas where water cir-culated more actively (capillary and infiltration zones). These zones can also be observed clearly in the discoloration–dete-rioration maps (Fig.9).
Deterioration observed in the Küçükköy Church
Building stones exhibit micro- and macro-scale deterioration depending on their engineering properties, their location on the monument under study, and atmospheric conditions
(Korkanç2013; Přikryl and Smith2007). The geomechanical properties of the building material may also cause a faster deterioration process (Turkington and Paradise2005). In the Cappadocia region where the Küçükköy Church is located, the effects of decomposition due to climate are expected to be low (Fookes et al. 1971). However, deterioration due to abandonment, the lack of maintenance, and poor engineering properties of the used andesites was clearly evident. The phys-ical and mechanphys-ical properties of the two types of andesite used in the construction of the Küçükköy Church have differ-ent textural properties. The lithology maps of the stones used in the structure are presented in Fig.10. Examination of these Fig. 6 Surface moisture maps of the building stones in Küçükköy Church
maps reveals that the building stones having similar properties with the KC1 sample were used in most of the face walls of the structure while KC2 stones were mainly used for roofing. It is thought that the use of KC2 stones on the roof was pre-ferred because they had fewer voids.
These two building stones, the engineering properties of which are relatively different from each other, did not cause any structural problems in the structure, but they caused dif-ferent effects to be observed in the stones during the deterio-ration process (Fig.11). When the maps in Fig.10are exam-ined, flaking, surface losses in weak sections due to the geo-logical formation and scaling, and stone breakage deteriora-tion types are observed in KC1 stones with more voids (Fig.11). Although no significant deterioration was observed
throughout the structure in KC2 stones with fewer voids, flak-ing and surface losses in weak sections were observed in the areas where water was active (Fig.11).
Water is the main factor in physical, chemical, and biolog-ical degradation processes in rocks (Franzoni et al. 2014). Examination of the facades of the monument revealed the clear presence of water movements in the capillary and infil-tration zones. Water-induced color changes are clearly observ-able in the infiltration zones. Although color changes on the eastern and western facades were mainly caused by stone losses on the roof, it is thought that they resulted from the voids that developed over time between the building stones used in the eaves on the southern and northern facades. The presence of water also increases the development of biological Fig. 8 Maps of the distribution of Schmidt hammer rebound (SHR) test values of the building stones in Küçükköy Church
Table 4 Classification of the andesites used in Küçükköy Church according to P-wave velocity values and Schmidt hammer rebound test values
Facades SHR test results P-wave velocity test results
KC1 KC2 KC1 KC2
Very weak (16-20)
weak (20-24) moderate (24-30) hard (30-45) moderate (24-30)
hard (30-45) very low (0-2500 m/s) very low (0-2500 m/s) low (2500-3500 m/s) West 22 41 357 98 104 32 518 62 74 East 3 32 254 278 332 24 567 102 254 North 9 31 337 156 906 56 533 591 371 South 15 34 402 418 886 46 869 523 409 Total 49 138 1350 950 2228 158 2487 1278 1108
Classification of rock asBvery weak,^ Bweak,^ Bmoderate,^ or Bhard^ according to the SHR test results was according to De Beer (1967). Classification of rock asBvery low^ and Blow^ according to P-wave velocity values was according to NBG (1985)
agents (Korkanç and Savran2015; Papida et al.2000). Since the top cover of the Küçükköy Church was directly exposed to rainwater, the biofilm layer and higher plant formations due to lichens were observed all over the roof (Fig.11). The lichen formations had spread locally in the capillary and infiltration zones of the structure.
Another problem associated with deterioration observed in the monument is anthropogenic effects. The Küçükköy Church, which has been unused and derelict for many years, continues to be damaged due to effects from such factors as the lack of maintenance, new interventions, vandalism, among others (Fig.11). It is believed that the effects of anthropogenic Fig. 9 Discoloration–deterioration maps of the Küçükköy Church
damage on deterioration have increased and that the deterio-ration process of the church has also accelerated. This impor-tant monument should be preserved for future generations by conducting preservation and improvement studies.
Conclusions
The determination of deterioration in building stones used in historic buildings by NDT constitutes an important basis for
assessments to be performed since this strategy provides prac-tical and quick data for restoration and preservation studies. In this study, deterioration of the Küçükköy Church was exam-ined by the NDT.
The geomechanical properties of the building stones used in the Küçükköy Church play an important role in the deteri-oration process. More deterideteri-oration was observed in building stones having similar properties with the KC1 samples that had a high number of voids and a high water absorption value and a low SHR value.
Geological weakness
Stone breakage
Geological weakness and flaking
Mortar loss on the roof stone Flaking
Scaling
Rounding
Anthropogenic impact
Biological activity Anthropogenic impact (graffiti, human damage)
Fig. 11 Views of deterioration in the structure
Flaking, and scaling, and stone breakage deterioration types, which were more apparent in weak sections due to lithological features, were observed in KC1 stones. In KC2 building stones, flaking and surface losses in weak sections were observed.
In the andesites used in the structure, the amounts of dete-rioration also vary according to the aspect. Maximum deteri-oration is observed in the andesites on the western and north-ern facades. Based on the observation that the moisture level was higher in the stones of this facade than in those of the other facades, water was considered to be the most effective parameter in this situation. Deteriorations observed in build-ing stones are more apparent in the capillary and infiltration zones.
The maps obtained from the NDT data are compatible with the discoloration–deterioration maps. NDTenable reliable and detailed data for the assessment of the deterioration effects of all building stones in historic buildings to be obtained rapidly and economically at the identification stage.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Research Fund of Selçuk University under Project 2015-ÖYP-047.
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